151
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Yambire KF, Rostosky C, Watanabe T, Pacheu-Grau D, Torres-Odio S, Sanchez-Guerrero A, Senderovich O, Meyron-Holtz EG, Milosevic I, Frahm J, West AP, Raimundo N. Impaired lysosomal acidification triggers iron deficiency and inflammation in vivo. eLife 2019; 8:51031. [PMID: 31793879 PMCID: PMC6917501 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal acidification is a key feature of healthy cells. Inability to maintain lysosomal acidic pH is associated with aging and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanisms elicited by impaired lysosomal acidification remain poorly understood. We show here that inhibition of lysosomal acidification triggers cellular iron deficiency, which results in impaired mitochondrial function and non-apoptotic cell death. These effects are recovered by supplying iron via a lysosome-independent pathway. Notably, iron deficiency is sufficient to trigger inflammatory signaling in cultured primary neurons. Using a mouse model of impaired lysosomal acidification, we observed a robust iron deficiency response in the brain, verified by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Furthermore, the brains of these mice present a pervasive inflammatory signature associated with instability of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), both corrected by supplementation of the mice diet with iron. Our results highlight a novel mechanism linking impaired lysosomal acidification, mitochondrial malfunction and inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- King Faisal Yambire
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christine Rostosky
- European Neuroscience Institute, a Joint Initiative of the Max-Planck Institute and of the University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Biomedizinische NMR, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - David Pacheu-Grau
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sylvia Torres-Odio
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Austin, United States
| | - Angela Sanchez-Guerrero
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,European Neuroscience Institute, a Joint Initiative of the Max-Planck Institute and of the University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ola Senderovich
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Esther G Meyron-Holtz
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ira Milosevic
- European Neuroscience Institute, a Joint Initiative of the Max-Planck Institute and of the University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jens Frahm
- Biomedizinische NMR, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - A Phillip West
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Austin, United States
| | - Nuno Raimundo
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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152
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Altered γ-Secretase Processing of APP Disrupts Lysosome and Autophagosome Function in Monogenic Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3647-3660.e2. [PMID: 30590039 PMCID: PMC6315085 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of the endolysosomal and autophagy systems are found in Alzheimer’s disease, but it is not clear whether defects in these systems are a cause or consequence of degenerative processes in the disease. In human neuronal models of monogenic Alzheimer’s disease, APP and PSEN1 mutations disrupt lysosome function and autophagy, leading to impaired lysosomal proteolysis and defective autophagosome clearance. Processing of APP by γ-secretase is central to the pathogenic changes in the lysosome-autophagy system caused by PSEN1 and APP mutations: reducing production of C-terminal APP by inhibition of BACE1 rescued these phenotypes in both APP and PSEN1 mutant neurons, whereas inhibition of γ-secretase induced lysosomal and autophagic pathology in healthy neurons. Defects in lysosomes and autophagy due to PSEN1 mutations are rescued by CRISPR-knockout of APP. These data demonstrate a key role for proteolysis of the C-terminal of APP by γ-secretase in neuronal dysfunction in monogenic Alzheimer’s disease. APP and PSEN1 mutant neurons have deficits in lysosome proteolysis BACE1 inhibition rescues lysosome and autophagy defects PSEN1 mutant phenotypes are rescued by genetic deletion of APP Lysosome and autophagy defects are causes of neuronal dysfunction in AD
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153
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Malik BR, Maddison DC, Smith GA, Peters OM. Autophagic and endo-lysosomal dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease. Mol Brain 2019; 12:100. [PMID: 31783880 PMCID: PMC6884906 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their post-mitotic state, metabolic demands and often large polarised morphology, the function and survival of neurons is dependent on an efficient cellular waste clearance system both for generation of materials for metabolic processes and removal of toxic components. It is not surprising therefore that deficits in protein clearance can tip the balance between neuronal health and death. Here we discuss how autophagy and lysosome-mediated degradation pathways are disrupted in several neurological disorders. Both genetic and cell biological evidence show the diversity and complexity of vesicular clearance dysregulation in cells, and together may ultimately suggest a unified mechanism for neuronal demise in degenerative conditions. Causative and risk-associated mutations in Alzheimer's disease, Frontotemporal Dementia, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and others have given the field a unique mechanistic insight into protein clearance processes in neurons. Through their broad implication in neurodegenerative diseases, molecules involved in these genetic pathways, in particular those involved in autophagy, are emerging as appealing therapeutic targets for intervention in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal R Malik
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Daniel C Maddison
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Gaynor A Smith
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - Owen M Peters
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
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154
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Pushpalatha KV, Besse F. Local Translation in Axons: When Membraneless RNP Granules Meet Membrane-Bound Organelles. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:129. [PMID: 31824961 PMCID: PMC6882739 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cell compartmentalization relies on long-known membrane-delimited organelles, as well as on more recently discovered membraneless macromolecular condensates. How these two types of organelles interact to regulate cellular functions is still largely unclear. In this review, we highlight how membraneless ribonucleoprotein (RNP) organelles, enriched in RNAs and associated regulatory proteins, cooperate with membrane-bound organelles for tight spatio-temporal control of gene expression in the axons of neuronal cells. Specifically, we present recent evidence that motile membrane-bound organelles are used as vehicles by RNP cargoes, promoting the long-range transport of mRNA molecules to distal axons. As demonstrated by recent work, membrane-bound organelles also promote local protein synthesis, by serving as platforms for the local translation of mRNAs recruited to their outer surface. Furthermore, dynamic and specific association between RNP cargoes and membrane-bound organelles is mediated by bi-partite adapter molecules that interact with both types of organelles selectively, in a regulated-manner. Maintaining such a dynamic interplay is critical, as alterations in this process are linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Together, emerging studies thus point to the coordination of membrane-bound and membraneless organelles as an organizing principle underlying local cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florence Besse
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biology Valrose, Nice, France
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155
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Wheeler S, Sillence DJ. Niemann-Pick type C disease: cellular pathology and pharmacotherapy. J Neurochem 2019; 153:674-692. [PMID: 31608980 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPCD) was first described in 1914 and affects approximately 1 in 150 000 live births. It is characterized clinically by diverse symptoms affecting liver, spleen, motor control, and brain; premature death invariably results. Its molecular origins were traced, as late as 1997, to a protein of late endosomes and lysosomes which was named NPC1. Mutation or absence of this protein leads to accumulation of cholesterol in these organelles. In this review, we focus on the intracellular events that drive the pathology of this disease. We first introduce endocytosis, a much-studied area of dysfunction in NPCD cells, and survey the various ways in which this process malfunctions. We briefly consider autophagy before attempting to map the more complex pathways by which lysosomal cholesterol storage leads to protein misregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death. We then briefly introduce the metabolic pathways of sphingolipids (as these emerge as key species for treatment) and critically examine the various treatment approaches that have been attempted to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wheeler
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, UK
| | - Dan J Sillence
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, UK
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156
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Rocha EM, De Miranda BR, Castro S, Drolet R, Hatcher NG, Yao L, Smith SM, Keeney MT, Di Maio R, Kofler J, Hastings TG, Greenamyre JT. LRRK2 inhibition prevents endolysosomal deficits seen in human Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 134:104626. [PMID: 31618685 PMCID: PMC7345850 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
LRRK2 has been implicated in endolysosomal function and likely plays a central role in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (iPD). In iPD, dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra are characterized by increased LRRK2 kinase activity, endolysosomal deficits, and accumulation of autophagic vesicles with incompletely degraded substrates, including α-synuclein. Although LRRK2 has been implicated in endolysosomal and autophagic function, it remains unclear whether inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity can prevent endolysosomal deficits or reduce dopaminergic neurodegeneration. In this study, we characterized the endolysosomal and autophagic defects in surviving dopaminergic neurons of iPD patient brain tissue. We next showed that these defects could be reproduced reliably in vivo using the rotenone model of iPD. Results suggested that there was impaired endosomal maturation, resulting in lysosomal dysfunction and deficits in protein degradation. A highly selective, brain-penetrant LRRK2 kinase inhibitor not only improved apparent endosomal maturation and lysosomal function, but also prevented rotenone-induced neurodegeneration in vivo. The fact that a LRRK2 kinase inhibitor was capable of preventing the neuropathological and endolysosomal abnormalities observed in human iPD suggests that LRRK2 inhibitors may have broad therapeutic utility in iPD, not only in those who carry a LRRK2 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Rocha
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.
| | - Briana R De Miranda
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Sandra Castro
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Robert Drolet
- Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, United States of America
| | - Nathan G Hatcher
- Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, United States of America
| | - Lihang Yao
- Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, United States of America
| | - Sean M Smith
- Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, United States of America
| | - Matthew T Keeney
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Roberto Di Maio
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Julia Kofler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Teresa G Hastings
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - J Timothy Greenamyre
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.
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157
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Abstract
Autophagy is the major cellular pathway to degrade dysfunctional organelles and protein aggregates. Autophagy is particularly important in neurons, which are terminally differentiated cells that must last the lifetime of the organism. There are both constitutive and stress-induced pathways for autophagy in neurons, which catalyze the turnover of aged or damaged mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, other cellular organelles, and aggregated proteins. These pathways are required in neurodevelopment as well as in the maintenance of neuronal homeostasis. Here we review the core components of the pathway for autophagosome biogenesis, as well as the cell biology of bulk and selective autophagy in neurons. Finally, we discuss the role of autophagy in neuronal development, homeostasis, and aging and the links between deficits in autophagy and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K H Stavoe
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
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158
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Arotcarena ML, Bourdenx M, Dutheil N, Thiolat ML, Doudnikoff E, Dovero S, Ballabio A, Fernagut PO, Meissner WG, Bezard E, Dehay B. Transcription factor EB overexpression prevents neurodegeneration in experimental synucleinopathies. JCI Insight 2019; 4:129719. [PMID: 31434803 PMCID: PMC6777809 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The synucleinopathies Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Multiple system atrophy (MSA) — characterized by α-synuclein intracytoplasmic inclusions into, respectively, neurons and oligodendrocytes — are associated with impairment of the autophagy-lysosomal pathways (ALP). Increased expression of the master regulator of ALP, transcription factor EB (TFEB), is hypothesized to promote the clearance of WT α-synuclein and survival of dopaminergic neurons. Here, we explore the efficacy of targeted TFEB overexpression either in neurons or oligodendrocytes to reduce the pathological burden of α-synuclein in a PD rat model and a MSA mouse model. While TFEB neuronal expression was sufficient to prevent neurodegeneration in the PD model, we show that only TFEB oligodendroglial overexpression leads to neuroprotective effects in the MSA model. These beneficial effects were associated with a decreased accumulation of α-synuclein into oligodendrocytes through recovery of the ALP machinery. Our study demonstrates that the cell type where α-synuclein aggregates dictates the target of TFEB overexpression in order to be protective, paving the way for adapted therapies. Targeted overexpression of transcription factor EB (TFEB) decreases accumulation of α-synuclein and prevents neurodegeneration in animal models of synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Arotcarena
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathieu Bourdenx
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Dutheil
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Laure Thiolat
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Evelyne Doudnikoff
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandra Dovero
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Ian and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pierre-Olivier Fernagut
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, INSERM U-1084, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Wassilios G Meissner
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Dehay
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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159
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BK channels regulate extracellular Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR transactivation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12285. [PMID: 31439883 PMCID: PMC6706582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48777-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat is essential for HIV-1 replication and plays an important role in latent HIV-1 infection, HIV-1 associated neurological complication, and other HIV-1 comorbidities. Secreted from HIV-1 infected or transfected cells, Tat can be up-taken into cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis and internalized into endolysosomes. To reach nucleus where it can facilitate HIV-1 viral replication, exogenous Tat has to escape the degradation by endolysosomes. Because of findings that endolysosome de-acidification with, for example, the weak-base anti-malarial drug chloroquine prevents exogenous Tat degradation and enhances the amount of Tat available to activate HIV-1 LTR, we hypothesize that acidifying endolysosomes may enhance Tat degradation in endolysosomes and restrict LTR transactivation. Here, we determined the involvement of endolysosome-resident transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 channel (TRPML1) and the big conductance Ca2+-activated potassium (BK) channel in regulating endolysosome pH, as well as Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR transactivation in U87MG cells stably integrated with HIV-1 LTR luciferase reporter. Activating TRPML1 channels with ML-SA1 acidified endolysosomes and restricted Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR transactivation. These effects of ML-SA1 appeared to be mediated through activation of BK channels, because the effects of ML-SA1 on Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR transactivation were blocked using pharmacological inhibitors or shRNA knock-down of BK channels. On the other hand, activating TRPML1 and BK channels enhanced cellular degradation of exogenous Tat. These results suggest that acidifying endolysosomes by activating TRPML1 or BK channels may provide therapeutic benefit against latent HIV-1 infection, HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders, and other HIV-1 comorbidities.
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160
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Ugolino J, Dziki KM, Kim A, Wu JJ, Vogel BE, Monteiro MJ. Overexpression of human Atp13a2Isoform-1 protein protects cells against manganese and starvation-induced toxicity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220849. [PMID: 31393918 PMCID: PMC6687281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in ATP13A2 cause Kufor-Rakeb syndrome (KRS), a juvenile form of Parkinson's disease (PD) with dementia. However, the mechanisms by which mutations in ATP13A2 cause KRS is not understood. The mutations lead to misfolding of the translated Atp13a2 protein and its premature degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum, never reaching the lysosome where the protein is thought to function. Atp13a2 is a P-type ATPase, a class of proteins that function in ion transport. Indeed, studies of human, mouse, and yeast Atp13a2 proteins suggest a possible involvement in regulation of heavy metal toxicity. Here we report on the cytoprotective function of Atp13a2 on HeLa cells and dopamine neurons of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). HeLa cells stably overexpressing V5- tagged Atp13a2Isoform-1 protein were more resistant to elevated manganese exposure and to starvation-induced cell death compared to cells not overexpressing the protein. Because PD is characterized by loss of dopamine neurons, we generated transgenic C. elegans expressing GFP-tagged human Atp13a2 protein in dopamine neurons. The transgenic animals exhibited higher resistance to dopamine neuron degeneration after acute exposure to manganese compared to nematodes that expressed GFP alone. The results suggest Atp13a2 Isoform-1 protein confers cytoprotection against toxic insults, including those that cause PD syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Ugolino
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kristina M. Dziki
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Annette Kim
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Josephine J. Wu
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bruce E. Vogel
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mervyn J. Monteiro
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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161
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Wang K, Tian Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Wei X, Hu H, Xu S. Toxicity mechanism of sevoflurane in neural stem cells of rats through DNA methylation. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:237-241. [PMID: 31281437 PMCID: PMC6580096 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the influence of sevoflurane on the cytotoxicity of neural stem cells of rats and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, and analyzed the correlation between degree of methylation and neurotoxicity of sevoflurane. Ten healthy Sprague-Dawley rats aged 6-8 weeks were randomly selected. The neural stem cells in the hippocampus of rats were isolated, followed by multiplication culture and induced differentiation. The nerve-related factors were observed and detected under a microscope. Moreover, the neural stem cells were treated with sevoflurane in different concentrations. Three wells were only added with the normal medium as the control group (C0), 3 wells were added with the low-concentration sevoflurane (0.2 g/ml) prepared by the medium as the low-concentration group (C1), 3 wells were added with the moderate-concentration of sevoflurane (0.5 g/ml) as the moderate-concentration group (C2), and 3 wells were added with the high-concentration sevoflurane (1 g/ml) as the high-concentration group (C3). The apoptosis rate was detected and calculated via Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, the content of genomic DNA methylation in neural stem cells in each group was detected via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the distribution of methylation in the chromosome in each group was compared. During the culture, neurospheres were produced, and the expression levels of four neural markers were increased. With the increase of sevoflurane concentration and the prolongation of time, the apoptosis rate of stem cells was increased. The content of methylation in cells treated with sevoflurane in a higher concentration was higher than that in other groups (P<0.05). According to the Pearsons correlation analysis, the content of methylation in neural stem cells was directly proportional to the concentration of sevoflurane. Methylation mostly occurred in the autosome, and the content of methylation in the high-concentration group was higher than those in the moderate-concentration, low-concentration and control groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, the concentration of sevoflurane can affect the degree of methylation in neural stem cells of rats and produce certain cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Yi Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Yingai Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Xuying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Haiyou Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Shiyuan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
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162
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Tancini B, Buratta S, Sagini K, Costanzi E, Delo F, Urbanelli L, Emiliani C. Insight into the Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Lysosomal Storage Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10070510. [PMID: 31284546 PMCID: PMC6679199 DOI: 10.3390/genes10070510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have received increasing attention over the last two decades. Initially, they were considered as just a garbage disposal tool; however, it has progressively become clear that their protein, nucleic acid (namely miRNA and mRNA), and lipid contents have signaling functions. Besides, it has been established that cells release different types of vesicular structures for which characterization is still in its infancy. Many stress conditions, such as hypoxia, senescence, and oncogene activation have been associated with the release of higher levels of EVs. Further, evidence has shown that autophagic–lysosomal pathway abnormalities also affect EV release. In fact, in neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of toxic proteins, although it has not become clear to what extent the intracellular storage of undigested materials itself has beneficial/adverse effects, these proteins have also been shown to be released extracellularly via EVs. Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are characterized by accumulation of undigested substrates within the endosomal–lysosomal system, due either to genetic mutations in lysosomal proteins or to treatment with pharmacological agents. Here, we review studies investigating the role of lysosomal and autophagic dysfunction on the release of EVs, with a focus on studies exploring the release of EVs in LSD models of both genetic and pharmacological origin. A better knowledge of EV-releasing pathways activated in lysosomal stress conditions will provide information on the role of EVs in both alleviating intracellular storage of undigested materials and spreading the pathology to the neighboring tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunella Tancini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sandra Buratta
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Krizia Sagini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Eva Costanzi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Delo
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorena Urbanelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
- Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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163
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Inpanathan S, Botelho RJ. The Lysosome Signaling Platform: Adapting With the Times. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:113. [PMID: 31281815 PMCID: PMC6595708 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are the terminal degradative compartment of autophagy, endocytosis and phagocytosis. What once was viewed as a simple acidic organelle in charge of macromolecular digestion has emerged as a dynamic organelle capable of integrating cellular signals and producing signal outputs. In this review, we focus on the concept that the lysosome surface serves as a platform to assemble major signaling hubs like mTORC1, AMPK, GSK3 and the inflammasome. These molecular assemblies integrate and facilitate cross-talk between signals such as amino acid and energy levels, membrane damage and infection, and ultimately enable responses such as autophagy, cell growth, membrane repair and microbe clearance. In particular, we review how molecular machinery like the vacuolar-ATPase proton pump, sestrins, the GATOR complexes, and the Ragulator, modulate mTORC1, AMPK, GSK3 and inflammation. We then elaborate how these signals control autophagy initiation and resolution, TFEB-mediated lysosome adaptation, lysosome remodeling, antigen presentation, inflammation, membrane damage repair and clearance. Overall, by being at the cross-roads for several membrane pathways, lysosomes have emerged as the ideal surveillance compartment to sense, integrate and elicit cellular behavior and adaptation in response to changing environmental and cellular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subothan Inpanathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roberto J Botelho
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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164
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Arotcarena ML, Teil M, Dehay B. Autophagy in Synucleinopathy: The Overwhelmed and Defective Machinery. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060565. [PMID: 31181865 PMCID: PMC6627933 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein positive-intracytoplasmic inclusions are the common denominators of the synucleinopathies present as Lewy bodies in Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, or glial cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy. These neurodegenerative diseases also exhibit cellular dyshomeostasis, such as autophagy impairment. Several decades of research have questioned the potential link between the autophagy machinery and alpha-synuclein protein toxicity in synucleinopathy and neurodegenerative processes. Here, we aimed to discuss the active participation of autophagy impairment in alpha-synuclein accumulation and propagation, as well as alpha-synuclein-independent neurodegenerative processes in the field of synucleinopathy. Therapeutic approaches targeting the restoration of autophagy have started to emerge as relevant strategies to reverse pathological features in synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Arotcarena
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Margaux Teil
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Benjamin Dehay
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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165
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Chakraborty D, Felzen V, Hiebel C, Stürner E, Perumal N, Manicam C, Sehn E, Grus F, Wolfrum U, Behl C. Enhanced autophagic-lysosomal activity and increased BAG3-mediated selective macroautophagy as adaptive response of neuronal cells to chronic oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2019; 24:101181. [PMID: 30959460 PMCID: PMC6454062 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and a disturbed cellular protein homeostasis (proteostasis) belong to the most important hallmarks of aging and of neurodegenerative disorders. The proteasomal and autophagic-lysosomal degradation pathways are key measures to maintain proteostasis. Here, we report that hippocampal cells selected for full adaptation and resistance to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (oxidative stress-resistant cells, OxSR cells) showed a massive increase in the expression of components of the cellular autophagic-lysosomal network and a significantly higher overall autophagic activity. A comparative expression analysis revealed that distinct key regulators of autophagy are upregulated in OxSR cells. The observed adaptive autophagic response was found to be independent of the upstream autophagy regulator mTOR but is accompanied by a significant upregulation of further downstream components of the canonical autophagy network such as Beclin1, WIPI1 and the transmembrane ATG9 proteins. Interestingly, the expression of the HSP70 co-chaperone BAG3, mediator of BAG3-mediated selective macroautophagy and highly relevant for the clearance of aggregated proteins in cells, was found to be increased in OxSR cells that were consequently able to effectively overcome proteotoxic stress. Overexpression of BAG3 in oxidative stress-sensitive HT22 wildtype cells partly established the vesicular phenotype and the enhanced autophagic flux seen in OxSR cells suggesting that BAG3 takes over an important part in the adaptation process. A full proteome analysis demonstrated additional changes in the expression of mitochondrial proteins, metabolic enzymes and different pathway regulators in OxSR cells as consequence of the adaptation to oxidative stress in addition to autophagy-related proteins. Taken together, this analysis revealed a wide variety of pathways and players that act as adaptive response to chronic redox stress in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debapriya Chakraborty
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Vanessa Felzen
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christof Hiebel
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Stürner
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Natarajan Perumal
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Caroline Manicam
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Sehn
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Franz Grus
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christian Behl
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
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166
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Lysosome motility and distribution: Relevance in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1076-1087. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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167
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Worley SL. Reframing Alzheimer's Disease: Guided by a New Research Framework, the Field is Poised For Greater Precision and Promising Horizons. P & T : A PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL FOR FORMULARY MANAGEMENT 2019; 44:282-289. [PMID: 31080337 PMCID: PMC6487972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This in-depth article on the sixth leading cause of death in the U.S. reports on the optimism of cutting-edge leaders in Alzheimer's disease research. The author examines key considerations such as the status of biomarker tests, and the search for new biomarkers; securing an accurate definition of the disease; risk factors; clinical trials and non-pharmacological studies.
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168
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Lysosomal Dysfunction in Down Syndrome Is APP-Dependent and Mediated by APP-βCTF (C99). J Neurosci 2019; 39:5255-5268. [PMID: 31043483 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0578-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal failure underlies pathogenesis of numerous congenital neurodegenerative disorders and is an early and progressive feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Here, we report that lysosomal dysfunction in Down ayndrome (trisomy 21), a neurodevelopmental disorder and form of early onset AD, requires the extra gene copy of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and is specifically mediated by the β cleaved carboxy terminal fragment of APP (APP-βCTF, C99). In primary fibroblasts from individuals with DS, lysosomal degradation of autophagic and endocytic substrates is selectively impaired, causing them to accumulate in enlarged autolysosomes/lysosomes. Direct measurements of lysosomal pH uncovered a significant elevation (0.6 units) as a basis for slowed LC3 turnover and the inactivation of cathepsin D and other lysosomal hydrolases known to be unstable or less active when lysosomal pH is persistently elevated. Normalizing lysosome pH by delivering acidic nanoparticles to lysosomes ameliorated lysosomal deficits, whereas RNA sequencing analysis excluded a transcriptional contribution to hydrolase declines. Cortical neurons cultured from the Ts2 mouse model of DS exhibited lysosomal deficits similar to those in DS cells. Lowering APP expression with siRNA or BACE1 inhibition reversed cathepsin deficits in both fibroblasts and neurons. Deleting one Bace1 allele from adult Ts2 mice had similar rescue effects in vivo The modest elevation of endogenous APP-βCTF needed to disrupt lysosomal function in DS is relevant to sporadic AD where APP-βCTF, but not APP, is also elevated. Our results extend evidence that impaired lysosomal acidification drives progressive lysosomal failure in multiple forms of AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Down syndrome (trisomy 21) (DS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder invariably leading to early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). We showed in cells from DS individuals and neurons of DS models that one extra copy of a normal amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene impairs lysosomal acidification, thereby depressing lysosomal hydrolytic activities and turnover of autophagic and endocytic substrates, processes vital to neuronal survival. These deficits, which were reversible by correcting lysosomal pH, are mediated by elevated levels of endogenous β-cleaved carboxy-terminal fragment of APP (APP-βCTF). Notably, similar endosomal-lysosomal pathobiology emerges early in sporadic AD, where neuronal APP-βCTF is also elevated, underscoring its importance as a therapeutic target and underscoring the functional and pathogenic interrelationships between the endosomal-lysosomal pathway and genes causing AD.
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169
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Li P, Gu M, Xu H. Lysosomal Ion Channels as Decoders of Cellular Signals. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:110-124. [PMID: 30424907 PMCID: PMC6340733 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes, the degradation center of the cell, are filled with acidic hydrolases. Lysosomes generate nutrient-sensitive signals to regulate the import of H+, hydrolases, and endocytic and autophagic cargos, as well as the export of their degradation products (catabolites). In response to environmental and cellular signals, lysosomes change their positioning, number, morphology, size, composition, and activity within minutes to hours to meet the changing cellular needs. Ion channels in the lysosome are essential transducers that mediate signal-initiated Ca2+/Fe2+/Zn2+ release and H+/Na+/K+-dependent changes of membrane potential across the perimeter membrane. Dysregulation of lysosomal ion flux impairs lysosome movement, membrane trafficking, nutrient sensing, membrane repair, organelle membrane contact, and lysosome biogenesis and adaptation. Hence, activation and inhibition of lysosomal channels by synthetic modulators may tune lysosome function to maintain cellular health and promote cellular clearance in lysosome storage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Mingxue Gu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Haoxing Xu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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170
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171
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Mukherjee AB, Appu AP, Sadhukhan T, Casey S, Mondal A, Zhang Z, Bagh MB. Emerging new roles of the lysosome and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:4. [PMID: 30651094 PMCID: PMC6335712 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs), commonly known as Batten disease, constitute a group of the most prevalent neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Mutations in at least 13 different genes (called CLNs) cause various forms of NCLs. Clinically, the NCLs manifest early impairment of vision, progressive decline in cognitive and motor functions, seizures and a shortened lifespan. At the cellular level, all NCLs show intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent material (called ceroid) and progressive neuron loss. Despite intense studies the normal physiological functions of each of the CLN genes remain poorly understood. Consequently, the development of mechanism-based therapeutic strategies remains challenging. Endolysosomal dysfunction contributes to pathogenesis of virtually all LSDs. Studies within the past decade have drastically changed the notion that the lysosomes are merely the terminal degradative organelles. The emerging new roles of the lysosome include its central role in nutrient-dependent signal transduction regulating metabolism and cellular proliferation or quiescence. In this review, we first provide a brief overview of the endolysosomal and autophagic pathways, lysosomal acidification and endosome-lysosome and autophagosome-lysosome fusions. We emphasize the importance of these processes as their dysregulation leads to pathogenesis of many LSDs including the NCLs. We also describe what is currently known about each of the 13 CLN genes and their products and how understanding the emerging new roles of the lysosome may clarify the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of the NCLs. Finally, we discuss the current and emerging therapeutic strategies for various NCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil B. Mukherjee
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Endocrinology and Molecular Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1830 USA
| | - Abhilash P. Appu
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Endocrinology and Molecular Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1830 USA
| | - Tamal Sadhukhan
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Endocrinology and Molecular Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1830 USA
| | - Sydney Casey
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Endocrinology and Molecular Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1830 USA
| | - Avisek Mondal
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Endocrinology and Molecular Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1830 USA
| | - Zhongjian Zhang
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Endocrinology and Molecular Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1830 USA
- Present address: Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China
| | - Maria B. Bagh
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Endocrinology and Molecular Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1830 USA
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172
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The lysosome as a cellular centre for signalling, metabolism and quality control. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:133-142. [DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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173
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Niu W, Jia J, Li J, Zhang C, Yun K. Ratiometric emission NIR-fluorescent probe for the detection of lysosomal pH in living cells and in vivo. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02771h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A lysosome-targeted ratiometric emission NIR-fluorescent probe for monitoring the lysosomal pH changes at a cellular level and LPS-mediated inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifen Niu
- School of Forensic Medicine
- Shanxi Medical University
- Taiyuan 030001
- P. R. China
| | - Juan Jia
- School of Forensic Medicine
- Shanxi Medical University
- Taiyuan 030001
- P. R. China
| | - Junkai Li
- School of Forensic Medicine
- Shanxi Medical University
- Taiyuan 030001
- P. R. China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine
- Shanxi Medical University
- Taiyuan 030001
- P. R. China
| | - Keming Yun
- School of Forensic Medicine
- Shanxi Medical University
- Taiyuan 030001
- P. R. China
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174
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Prévot G, Soria FN, Thiolat ML, Daniel J, Verlhac JB, Blanchard-Desce M, Bezard E, Barthélémy P, Crauste-Manciet S, Dehay B. Harnessing Lysosomal pH through PLGA Nanoemulsion as a Treatment of Lysosomal-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:4083-4089. [PMID: 30424597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Most neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by deposits of misfolded proteins and neuronal degeneration in specific brain regions. Growing evidence indicates that lysosomal impairment plays a primary pathogenic role in these diseases, in particular, the occurrence of increased lysosomal pH. Thus, therapeutic development aiming at restoring lysosomal function represents a novel, precise, and promising strategy for the treatment of these pathologies. Herein we demonstrate that acidic oil-in-water nanoemulsions loaded with poly(dl-lactide- co-glycolide) (PLGA) are able to rescue impaired lysosomal pH in genetic cellular models of Parkinson's disease. For in vivo assays, nanoemulsions were labeled with an original synthetic hydrophobic far red-emitting dye to allow fluorescence monitoring. Following stereotaxic injection in the mouse brain, widespread diffusion of the nanocarrier was observed, up to 500 μm from the injection site, as well as internalization into the lysosomal compartment in brain cells. Finally, promising preliminary assays of systemic administration demonstrate that a fraction of the formulation crosses the blood brain barrier, penetrates the brain parenchyma, is internalized by cells, and colocalizes with lysosomal markers. Overall, these results suggest the feasibility and the therapeutic potential of this new nanoformulation as an effective drug delivery tool to the brain, with the potential to rescue pathological lysosomal deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Prévot
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM, U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, ARNA, ARN: Régulations Naturelle et Artificielle, ChemBioPharm, F-33000 Bordeaux , France
| | - Federico N Soria
- Université de Bordeaux , Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293 , F-33076 Bordeaux , France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33076 Bordeaux , France
| | - Marie-Laure Thiolat
- Université de Bordeaux , Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293 , F-33076 Bordeaux , France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33076 Bordeaux , France
| | - Jonathan Daniel
- Université de Bordeaux , Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (CNRS UMR 5255) , F-33400 Talence , France
| | - Jean Baptiste Verlhac
- Université de Bordeaux , Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (CNRS UMR 5255) , F-33400 Talence , France
| | - Mireille Blanchard-Desce
- Université de Bordeaux , Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (CNRS UMR 5255) , F-33400 Talence , France
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Université de Bordeaux , Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293 , F-33076 Bordeaux , France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33076 Bordeaux , France
| | - Philippe Barthélémy
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM, U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, ARNA, ARN: Régulations Naturelle et Artificielle, ChemBioPharm, F-33000 Bordeaux , France
| | - Sylvie Crauste-Manciet
- Université de Bordeaux, INSERM, U1212, CNRS UMR 5320, ARNA, ARN: Régulations Naturelle et Artificielle, ChemBioPharm, F-33000 Bordeaux , France
| | - Benjamin Dehay
- Université de Bordeaux , Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293 , F-33076 Bordeaux , France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33076 Bordeaux , France
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