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Plassmann H, Schelski DS, Simon M, Koban L. How we decide what to eat: Toward an interdisciplinary model of gut-brain interactions. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2022; 13:e1562. [PMID: 33977675 PMCID: PMC9286667 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Everyday dietary decisions have important short-term and long-term consequences for health and well-being. How do we decide what to eat, and what physiological and neurobiological systems are involved in those decisions? Here, we integrate findings from thus-far separate literatures: (a) the cognitive neuroscience of dietary decision-making, and (b) growing evidence of gut-brain interactions and especially influences of the gut microbiome on diet and health outcomes. We review findings that suggest that dietary decisions and food consumption influence nutrient sensing, homeostatic signaling in the gut, and the composition of the gut microbiome. In turn, the microbiome can influence host health and behavior. Through reward signaling pathways, the microbiome could potentially affect food and drink decisions. Such bidirectional links between gut microbiome and the brain systems underlying dietary decision-making may lead to self-reinforcing feedback loops that determine long-term dietary patterns, body mass, and health outcomes. This article is categorized under: Economics > Individual Decision-Making Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilke Plassmann
- Marketing AreaINSEADFontainebleauFrance
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM)INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Daniela Stephanie Schelski
- Center for Economics and NeuroscienceUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical CenterBonnGermany
| | - Marie‐Christine Simon
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science (IEL), Nutrition and Microbiota, University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Leonie Koban
- Marketing AreaINSEADFontainebleauFrance
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM)INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
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152
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What do experimental animal models of mood disorders tell clinicians about influence of probiotics on the gut-brain axis? POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2022-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
It is commonly pointed out that enteric microbiota have a significant impact on the behavioral and neurophysiological parameters relevant to brain-gut axis disorders. Accordingly, many data have demonstrated that probiotics can alter the central nervous system function via this gut-brain axis and commensal bacteria consumption can ameliorate stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, modulating the enteric microbiota is increasingly considered a new therapeutic approach for these disorders, although so far there is a lack of reliable pre-clinical and clinical data confirming the usefulness of probiotics in the treatment of affective disorders. In this review, we discuss various mechanisms linking specific probiotic bacteria with behaviors related to anhedonia and the exact mechanisms of their action, including data provided by using animal models and tests. Finally, we point to potential clinical impact resulting from future studies investigating the gut-brain axis activity with respect to the efficacy of probiotic treatment of mental disorders.
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153
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Huang L, Lv X, Ze X, Ma Z, Zhang X, He R, Fan J, Zhang M, Sun B, Wang F, Liu H. Combined probiotics attenuate chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive-like and anxiety-like behaviors in rats. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:990465. [PMID: 36159940 PMCID: PMC9490273 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.990465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicated that probiotics can be effective in improving behaviors similar to depression and anxiety disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, as is the effects of single vs. combined probiotics on depression and anxiety. This study aimed to determine whether combined probiotics could attenuate depressive-like and anxiety-like behavior induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and its potential mechanisms. Rats underwent CUMS treatment and then administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (HN001) or Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 (HN019), alone or in combination. Levels of neurotransmitters, inflammatory factors, and the gut microbiota were measured. HN001 and (or) HN019 treatment improved depressive-like and anxiety-like behavior in rats, including increased moving distance and exploratory behavior (p < 0.05). In addition, altered gut microbiota structure induced by CUMS was amended by HN001 and/or HN019 (p < 0.05). HN001 and/or HN019 intervention also remarkably normalized levels of 5-HT, DA, NE, HVA, DOPAC, HIAA, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-18 and IL-1β in CUMS rats (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the effects of combined probiotics on decreasing inflammation and improved gut microbiota (Chao1 index and ACE index, p < 0.05) were superior to the single probiotics. Moreover, spearman analysis showed a certain correlation between the different microbiota, such as Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobias, Proteobacterias and Actinobacterias, and inflammation and neurotransmitters. These findings suggested that CUMS induced depressive and anxiety-like behaviors can be alleviated by the combination of probiotics, which was possibly associated with the alterations in the gut microbiota composition and increased neurotransmitters and decreased inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xia Lv
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolei Ze
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition & Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zewei Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuguang Zhang
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition & Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruikun He
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition & Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junting Fan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Meilin Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Boran Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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154
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Kim J, Kim DW, Lee A, Mason M, Jouroukhin Y, Woo H, Yolken RH, Pletnikov MV. Homeostatic regulation of neuronal excitability by probiotics in male germ-free mice. J Neurosci Res 2021; 100:444-460. [PMID: 34935171 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that probiotics can influence the gut-brain axis to ameliorate somatic and behavioral symptoms associated with brain disorders. However, whether probiotics have effects on the electrophysiological activities of individual neurons in the brain has not been evaluated at a single-neuron resolution, and whether the neuronal effects of probiotics depend on the gut microbiome status have yet to be tested. Thus, we conducted whole-cell patch-clamp recording-assisted electrophysiological characterizations of the neuronal effects of probiotics in male germ-free (GF) mice with and without gut microbiome colonization. Two weeks of treatment with probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium animalis) significantly and selectively increased the intrinsic excitability of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, whereas reconstituting gut microbiota in GF mice reversed the effects of the probiotics leading to a decreased intrinsic excitability in hippocampal neurons. This bidirectional modulation of neuronal excitability by probiotics was observed in hippocampal neurons with corresponding basal membrane property and action potential waveform changes. However, unlike the hippocampus, the amygdala excitatory neurons did not show any electrophysiological changes to the probiotic treatment in either GF or conventionalized GF mice. Our findings demonstrate for the first time how probiotic treatment can have a significant influence on the electrophysiological properties of neurons, bidirectionally modulating their intrinsic excitability in a gut microbiota and brain area-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adrian Lee
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Madisen Mason
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yan Jouroukhin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hyewon Woo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert H Yolken
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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155
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Tan X, Zhang L, Wang D, Guan S, Lu P, Xu X, Xu H. Influence of early life stress on depression: from the perspective of neuroendocrine to the participation of gut microbiota. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:25588-25601. [PMID: 34890365 PMCID: PMC8714134 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Depression is the most common mental disorder and has become a heavy burden in modern society. Clinical studies have identified early life stress as one of the high-risk factors for increased susceptibility to depression. Alteration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in response to stress is one of the key risk factors for depression susceptibility related to early life stress. Laboratory animal studies have demonstrated that maternal separation (MS) for extended periods elicits HPA axis changes. These changes persist into adulthood and resemble those present in depressed adult individuals, including hyperactivity of the HPA axis. In addition, there is growing evidence that inflammation plays an important role in depression susceptibility concerned with early life stress. Individuals that have experienced MS have higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and are susceptible to depression. Recently, it has been found that the gut microbiota plays an important role in regulating behavior and is also associated with depression. The translocation of gut microbiota and the change of gut microbiota composition caused by early stress may be a reason. In this review, we discussed the mechanisms by which early life stress contributes to the development of depression in terms of these factors. These studies have facilitated a systematic understanding of the pathogenesis of depression related to early life stress and will provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Longqing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Danning Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shaodi Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Pei Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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156
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Research Progress on the Role of Inflammatory Mechanisms in the Development of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:3883204. [PMID: 34869762 PMCID: PMC8642009 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3883204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), as one of the common postoperative complications, mainly occurs after surgery and anesthesia, especially in the elderly. It refers to cognitive function changes such as decreased learning and memory ability and inability to concentrate. In severe cases, there could be personality changes and a decline in social behavior. At present, a great deal of research had been carried out on POCD, but its specific mechanism remains unclear. The release of peripheral inflammation-related factors, the degradation and destruction of the blood-brain barrier, the occurrence of central inflammation, and the neuronal apoptosis and synaptic loss could be promoted by neuroinflammation indicating that inflammatory mechanisms may play key roles in the occurrence of POCD.
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157
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Gut Microbiota Extracellular Vesicles as Signaling Molecules Mediating Host-Microbiota Communications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313166. [PMID: 34884969 PMCID: PMC8658398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, gut microbiota dysbiosis has been linked to many health disorders; however, the detailed mechanism of this correlation remains unclear. Gut microbiota can communicate with the host through immunological or metabolic signalling. Recently, microbiota-released extracellular vesicles (MEVs) have emerged as significant mediators in the intercellular signalling mechanism that could be an integral part of microbiota-host communications. MEVs are small membrane-bound vesicles that encase a broad spectrum of biologically active compounds (i.e., proteins, mRNA, miRNA, DNA, carbohydrates, and lipids), thus mediating the horizontal transfer of their cargo across intra- and intercellular space. In this study, we provide a comprehensive and in-depth discussion of the biogenesis of microbial-derived EVs, their classification and routes of production, as well as their role in inter-bacterial and inter-kingdom signaling.
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158
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Li H, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Tan Y, Chen Z, Wang X, Pei T, Wang L. Identifying Microbe-Disease Association Based on a Novel Back-Propagation Neural Network Model. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 18:2502-2513. [PMID: 32305935 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2020.2986459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, numerous evidences have demonstrated that microbes living in the human body are closely related to human life activities and human diseases. However, traditional biological experiments are time-consuming and expensive, so it has become a research topic in bioinformatics to predict potential microbe-disease associations by adopting computational methods. In this study, a novel calculative method called BPNNHMDA is proposed to identify potential microbe-disease associations. In BPNNHMDA, a novel neural network model is first designed to infer potential microbe-disease associations, its input signal is a matrix of known microbe-disease associations, and its output signal is matrix of potential microbe-disease associations probabilities. And moreover, in the novel neural network model, a new activation function is designed to activate the hidden layer and the output layer based on the hyperbolic tangent function, and its initial connection weights are optimized by adopting Gaussian Interaction Profile kernel (GIP) similarity for microbes, which can improve the training speed of BPNNHMDA efficiently. Finally, in order to verify the performance of our prediction model, different frameworks such as the Leave-One-Out Cross Validation (LOOCV) and k-Fold Cross Validation ( k-Fold CV) are implemented on BPNNHMDA respectively. Simulation results illustrate that BPNNHMDA can achieve reliable AUCs of 0.9242, 0.9127 ± 0.0009 and 0.8955 ± 0.0018 in LOOCV, 5-Fold CV and 2-Fold CV separately, which are superior to previous state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, case studies of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), asthma and obesity demonstrate that BPNNHMDA has excellent prediction ability in practical applications as well.
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159
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Ray P, Pandey U, Das D, Aich P. Vancomycin-Induced Changes in Host Immunity and Behavior: Comparative Genomic and Metagenomic Analysis in C57BL/6 and BALB/c Mice. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:3776-3791. [PMID: 33386517 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06729-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consequence of treatment with antibiotics on the gut microbiota can be destructive. The antibiotics, however, can be utilized to understand the role of gut microbiota on the host physiology. AIM Earlier, we reported the efficacy of vancomycin in gut microbiota perturbation. We continued to understand the effect of restoration kinetics of perturbed gut microbiota on the immunity and behavior of Th1 (C57BL/6)- and Th2 (BALB/c)-biased mice. METHODS We studied restoration kinetics of the gut microbiota for two months following the withdrawal of vancomycin treatment in both mice strains. We analyzed cecal microbiome composition, different behavioral assays, and expression of select genes associated with stress and barrier function in gut and brain. RESULTS Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiota revealed that the treatment with vancomycin caused a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla with a time-dependent increase in Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia phyla. Maximum restoration (> 70%) of gut microbiota happened by the 15th day of withdrawal of vancomycin. BALB/c mice showed a more efficient restoration of gut microbiota compared to C57BL/6 mice. We established the correlation patterns of gut microbiota alteration and its effect on (a) the behavior of mice, (b) expression of key brain molecules, and (c) immunity-related genes. CONCLUSIONS The results revealed that the gut microbiome profiling, behavior, and immune responses varied significantly between Th1- and Th2-biased mice. By withdrawing the treatment with vancomycin of major gut microbes, important physiological and behavioral changes of both mice strains returned to the normal (untreated control) level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratikshya Ray
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, P.O. - Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Uday Pandey
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, P.O. - Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Debasmita Das
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, P.O. - Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Palok Aich
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, P.O. - Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India.
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160
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Deidda G, Biazzo M. Gut and Brain: Investigating Physiological and Pathological Interactions Between Microbiota and Brain to Gain New Therapeutic Avenues for Brain Diseases. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:753915. [PMID: 34712115 PMCID: PMC8545893 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.753915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain physiological functions or pathological dysfunctions do surely depend on the activity of both neuronal and non-neuronal populations. Nevertheless, over the last decades, compelling and fast accumulating evidence showed that the brain is not alone. Indeed, the so-called "gut brain," composed of the microbial populations living in the gut, forms a symbiotic superorganism weighing as the human brain and strongly communicating with the latter via the gut-brain axis. The gut brain does exert a control on brain (dys)functions and it will eventually become a promising valuable therapeutic target for a number of brain pathologies. In the present review, we will first describe the role of gut microbiota in normal brain physiology from neurodevelopment till adulthood, and thereafter we will discuss evidence from the literature showing how gut microbiota alterations are a signature in a number of brain pathologies ranging from neurodevelopmental to neurodegenerative disorders, and how pre/probiotic supplement interventions aimed to correct the altered dysbiosis in pathological conditions may represent a valuable future therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Deidda
- The BioArte Limited, Life Sciences Park, San Gwann, Malta
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Manuele Biazzo
- The BioArte Limited, Life Sciences Park, San Gwann, Malta
- SienabioACTIVE, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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161
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Jiang Z, Zhu Z, Zhao M, Wang W, Li H, Liu D, Pan F. H3K9me2 regulation of BDNF expression in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex is involved in the depressive-like phenotype induced by maternal separation in male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2801-2813. [PMID: 34328517 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05896-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life stress (ELS) induces a depressive-like phenotype and increases the risk of depression. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been confirmed to be involved in the pathophysiology of depression. However, the mechanism by which ELS alters the epigenetic regulation of BDNF and changes susceptibility to depression has not been fully clarified. METHODS The present study used maternal separation (MS) and chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) to establish an MS animal model and a depressive animal model. We assessed depressive-like behaviours, including anhedonia, locomotor activity, anxiety-like behaviour, and spatial memory, using the sucrose preference test, the open field test, the elevated plus maze test, and the Morris water maze test. We also investigated BDNF and H3K9me2 expression in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) by immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and qPCR analysis. Additionally, we used Unc0642, a small molecule inhibitor of histone methyltransferase (G9a), as an intervention. RESULTS The results showed that CUMS induced depressive-like behaviours in rats and resulted in increased H3K9me2 expression and decreased BDNF expression in the hippocampus and mPFC. More importantly, adult MS rats experiencing CUMS had more severe depressive behaviours, had higher expression of H3K9me2 in the hippocampus and mPFC, and had lower expression of BDNF in the hippocampus and mPFC. In addition, administration of the G9a inhibitor reversed most of the changes. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that ELS changed BDNF and H3K9me2 expression in the rat brain, resulting in a depressive-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Jiang
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zemeng Zhu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyue Zhao
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haonan Li
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dexiang Liu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Pan
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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162
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Karen C, Shyu DJH, Rajan KE. Lactobacillus paracasei Supplementation Prevents Early Life Stress-Induced Anxiety and Depressive-Like Behavior in Maternal Separation Model-Possible Involvement of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Differential Regulation of MicroRNA124a/132 and Glutamate Receptors. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:719933. [PMID: 34531716 PMCID: PMC8438336 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.719933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate stressful social experience (SSE) in early life by examining how it can induce alterations in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. To test this, different experimental groups of pups experienced the presence of either a stranger (S) with mother (M+P+S) or without their mother (MS+S-M). Animals were assessed for anxiety-like behavior and high-throughput bacterial 16s rRNA sequencing was performed to analyze the structure of the gut microbiota. Our analysis revealed that early life SSE induced anxiety-like behavior and reduced the diversity and richness of gut microbiota. In the second experiment, all groups were supplemented with Lactobacillus paracasei HT6. The findings indicated that Lactobacillus supplementation had a significant beneficial effect on anxiety-like behavior in stressed rats (MS, M+P+S, and MS + S-M) accompanied by normalized levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone (CORT), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and noradrenaline (NA). Concomitantly, the expression of microRNA (miR)-124a was down-regulated and miR-132, caspase-3, glutamate receptors (GluR1, GluR 2; NR2A, and NR2B) were up-regulated in stressed groups but remained unchanged by Lactobacillus supplementation in stressed individuals. This indicates that stress-associated GluR1-GR altered interactions can be significantly prevented by Lactobacillus supplementation. Analysis of the fecal metabolite profile was undertaken to analyze the effect of Lactobacillus, revealing that five predicted neuroactive microbial metabolites were reduced by early life SSE. Our results showed a potential link between Lactobacillus supplementation and beneficial effects on anxiety-like behavior, the mechanism of which could be potentially mediated through stress hormones, neurotransmitters, and expression of miRNAs, glutamate receptors, and the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Karen
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Douglas J H Shyu
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Koilmani Emmanuvel Rajan
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
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163
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Altered fecal microbiota composition in individuals who abuse methamphetamine. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18178. [PMID: 34518605 PMCID: PMC8437956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97548-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a severe public health problem, methamphetamine (METH) abuse places a heavy burden on families and society. A growing amount of evidence has indicated communication between gut microbiota and the CNS in drug addiction, with associations to neural, endocrine and immune pathways. Thus, we searched for alterations in the gut microbiota and their potential effects in METH users through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A decreased Shannon index indicated lower bacterial diversity in the METH users than in the age-matched control group. The gut microbial community composition in the METH users was also altered, including reductions in Deltaproteobacteria and Bacteroidaceae abundances and increases in Sphingomonadales, Xanthomonadales, Romboutsia and Lachnospiraceae abundances. Moreover, the Fusobacteria abundance was correlated with the duration of METH use. Enterobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Bacteroides, and Faecalibacterium had statistically significant correlations with items related to the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and to general psychopathology in the METH users, and all have previously been reported to be altered in individuals with psychotic syndromes, especially depression. Abstraction, one of the items of the cognitive assessment, was positively related to Blautia. These findings revealed alterations in the gut microbiota of METH users, and these alterations may play a role in psychotic syndrome and cognitive impairment. Although the mechanisms behind the links between these disorders and METH abuse are unknown, the relationships may indicate similarities in the pathogenesis of psychosis induced by METH abuse and other causes, providing a new paradigm for addiction and METH use disorder treatment.
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164
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Vafadari B. Stress and the Role of the Gut-Brain Axis in the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia: A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189747. [PMID: 34575911 PMCID: PMC8471971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder, and its etiology remains largely unknown. Environmental factors have been reported to play roles in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, and one of the major environmental factors identified for this disorder is psychosocial stress. Several studies have suggested that stressful life events, as well as the chronic social stress associated with city life, may lead to the development of schizophrenia. The other factor is the gut–brain axis. The composition of the gut microbiome and alterations thereof may affect the brain and may lead to schizophrenia. The main interest of this review article is in overviewing the major recent findings on the effects of stress and the gut–brain axis, as well as their possible bidirectional effects, in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Vafadari
- Clinic for Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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165
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Snigdha S, Ha K, Tsai P, Dinan TG, Bartos JD, Shahid M. Probiotics: Potential novel therapeutics for microbiota-gut-brain axis dysfunction across gender and lifespan. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 231:107978. [PMID: 34492236 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts, present a health benefit for the host. While the beneficial effects of probiotics on gastrointestinal function are generally well recognized, new animal research and clinical studies have found that alterations in gut microbial communities can have a broad range of effects throughout the body. Non-intestinal sites impacted include the immune, endocrine, cardiovascular and the central nervous system (CNS). In particular, there has been a growing interest and appreciation about the role that gut microbiota may play in affecting CNS-related function through the 'microbiota-gut-brain axis'. Emerging evidence suggests potential therapeutic benefits of probiotics in several CNS conditions, such as anxiety, depression, autism spectrum disorders and Parkinson's disease. There may also be some gender-specific variances in terms of probiotic mediated effects, with the gut microbiota shaping and being concurrently molded by the hormonal environment governing differences between the sexes. Probiotics may influence the ability of the gut microbiome to affect a variety of biological processes in the host, including neurotransmitter activity, vagal neurotransmission, generation of neuroactive metabolites and inflammatory response mediators. Some of these may engage in cross talk with host sex hormones, such as estrogens, which could be of relevance in relation to their effects on stress response and cognitive health. This raises the possibility of gender-specific variation with regards to the biological action of probiotics, including that on the endocrine and central nervous systems. In this review we aim to describe the current understanding in relation to the role and use of probiotics in microbiota-gut-brain axis-related dysfunction. Furthermore, we will address the conceptualization and classification of probiotics in the context of gender and lifespan as well as how restoring gut microbiota composition by clinical or dietary intervention can help in supporting health outcomes other than those related to the gastrointestinal tract. We also evaluate how these new learnings may impact industrial effort in probiotic research and the discovery and development of novel and more personalized, condition-specific, beneficial probiotic therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Ha
- MeriCal, 233 E Bristol St., Orange, CA, USA
| | - Paul Tsai
- MeriCal, 233 E Bristol St., Orange, CA, USA
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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166
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The role of microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105840. [PMID: 34450312 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that the gut microbiota play a crucial role in the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain suggesting that the gut microbes may shape neural development, modulate neurotransmission and affect behavior, and thereby contribute to the pathogenesis and/or progression of many neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurological conditions. This review summarizes recent data on the role of microbiota-gut-brain axis in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, Parkinson's disease, migraine, and epilepsy. Also, the involvement of microbiota in gut disorders co-existing with neuropsychiatric conditions is highlighted. We discuss data from both in vivo preclinical experiments and clinical reports including: (1) studies in germ-free animals, (2) studies exploring the gut microbiota composition in animal models of diseases or in humans, (3) studies evaluating the effects of probiotic, prebiotic or antibiotic treatment as well as (4) the effects of fecal microbiota transplantation.
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167
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Ghannoum MA, Ford M, Bonomo RA, Gamal A, McCormick TS. A Microbiome-Driven Approach to Combating Depression During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Nutr 2021; 8:672390. [PMID: 34504858 PMCID: PMC8421528 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.672390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The significant stressors brought about and exacerbated by COVID-19 are associated with startling surges in mental health illnesses, specifically those related to depressive disorders. Given the huge impact of depression on society, and an incomplete understanding of impactful therapeutics, we have examined the current literature surrounding the microbiome and gut-brain axis to advance a potential complementary approach to address depression and depressive disorders that have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. While we understand that the impact of the human gut microbiome on emotional health is a newly emerging field and more research needs to be conducted, the current evidence is extremely promising and suggests at least part of the answer to understanding depression in more depth may lie within the microbiome. As a result of these findings, we propose that a microbiome-based holistic approach, which involves carefully annotating the microbiome and potential modification through diet, probiotics, and lifestyle changes, may address depression. This paper's primary purpose is to shed light on the link between the gut microbiome and depression, including the gut-brain axis and propose a holistic approach to microbiome modification, with the ultimate goal of assisting individuals to manage their battle with depression through diet, probiotics, and lifestyle changes, in addition to offering a semblance of hope during these challenging times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. Ghannoum
- Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- BIOHM Health LLC, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | - Robert A. Bonomo
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ahmed Gamal
- Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Thomas S. McCormick
- Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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168
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Zubareva OE, Melik-Kasumov TB. The Gut–Brain Axis and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in the Regulation of Epileptogenesis. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021040013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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169
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Forouzan S, McGrew K, Kosten TA. Drugs and bugs: Negative affect, psychostimulant use and withdrawal, and the microbiome. Am J Addict 2021; 30:525-538. [PMID: 34414622 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A growing body of literature demonstrates that the human microbiota plays a crucial role in health and disease states, as well as in the body's response to stress. In addition, the microbiome plays a role in psychological well-being and regulating negative affect. Regulation of negative affect is a factor in psychostimulant abuse disorders. We propose a risk chain in which stress leads to negative affect that places an individual at risk to develop or relapse to psychostimulant abuse disorder. Stress, negative affect, and psychostimulant use all alter the gut microbiome. METHODS This review brings together the literature on affective disorders, stress, and psychostimulant abuse disorders to assess possible modulatory actions of the gut-brain axis to regulate these conditions. RESULTS Studies reviewed across the various disciplines suggest that the dysbiosis resulting from drug use, drug withdrawal, or stress may cause an individual to be more susceptible to addiction and relapse. Probiotics and prebiotics reduce stress and negative affect. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Treatment during the withdrawal phase of psychostimulant abuse disorder, when the microbiome is altered, may ameliorate the symptoms of stress and negative affect leading to a reduced risk of relapse to psychostimulant use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadab Forouzan
- Department of Psychology, Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation and Statistics (TIMES), University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Keely McGrew
- Department of Psychology, Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation and Statistics (TIMES), University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Therese A Kosten
- Department of Psychology, Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation and Statistics (TIMES), University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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170
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Fecal Transplant and Bifidobacterium Treatments Modulate Gut Clostridium Bacteria and Rescue Social Impairment and Hippocampal BDNF Expression in a Rodent Model of Autism. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11081038. [PMID: 34439657 PMCID: PMC8391663 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism is associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction and gut microbiota dysbiosis, including an overall increase in Clostridium. Modulation of the gut microbiota is suggested to improve autistic symptoms. In this study, we explored the implementation of two different interventions that target the microbiota in a rodent model of autism and their effects on social behavior: the levels of different fecal Clostridium spp., and hippocampal transcript levels. Autism was induced in young Sprague Dawley male rats using oral gavage of propionic acid (PPA) for three days, while controls received saline. PPA-treated animals were divided to receive either saline, fecal transplant from healthy donor rats, or Bifidobacterium for 22 days, while controls continued to receive saline. We found that PPA attenuated social interaction in animals, which was rescued by the two interventions. PPA-treated animals had a significantly increased abundance of fecal C. perfringens with a concomitant decrease in Clostridium cluster IV, and exhibited high hippocampal Bdnf expression compared to controls. Fecal microbiota transplantation or Bifidobacterium treatment restored the balance of fecal Clostridium spp. and normalized the level of Bdnf expression. These findings highlight the involvement of the gut-brain axis in the etiology of autism and propose possible interventions in a preclinical model of autism.
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171
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Kunugi H. Gut Microbiota and Pathophysiology of Depressive Disorder. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2021; 77 Suppl 2:11-20. [PMID: 34350881 DOI: 10.1159/000518274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence has suggested that the bi-directional communication pathway, the microbiota-gut-brain axis, plays an important role in the pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric diseases including major depressive disorder (MDD). This review outlines current evidence and promising findings related to the pathophysiology and treatment of MDD. SUMMARY There are at least 4 key biological molecules/systems underlying the pathophysiology of MDD: central dopamine, stress responses by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system, inflammation, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Animal experiments in several depression models have clearly indicated that gut microbiota is closely related to these molecules/systems and administration of probiotics and prebitotics may have beneficial effects on them. Although the results of microbiota profile of MDD patients varied from a study to another, multiple studies reported that bacteria which produce short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate and those protective against metabolic diseases (e.g., Bacteroidetes) were reduced. Clinical trials of probiotics have emerged, and the majority of the studies have reported beneficial effects on depression symptoms and related biological markers. Key Messages: The accumulating evidence suggests that research on the microbiota-gut-brain axis in major depressive disorder (MDD) is promising to elucidate the pathophysiology and to develop novel treatment of MDD, although there is still a long distance yet to reach the goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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172
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Neurotransmitter Profiles Are Altered in the Gut and Brain of Mice Mono-Associated with Bifidobacterium dentium. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081091. [PMID: 34439760 PMCID: PMC8392031 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Accumulating evidence indicates that the gut microbiota can synthesize neurotransmitters as well as impact host-derived neurotransmitter levels. In the past, it has been challenging to decipher which microbes influence neurotransmitters due to the complexity of the gut microbiota. Methods: To address whether a single microbe, Bifidobacterium dentium, could regulate important neurotransmitters, we examined Bifidobacteria genomes and explored neurotransmitter pathways in secreted cell-free supernatant using LC-MS/MS. To determine if B. dentium could impact neurotransmitters in vivo, we mono-associated germ-free mice with B. dentium ATCC 27678 and examined fecal and brain neurotransmitter concentrations. Results: We found that B. dentium possessed the enzymatic machinery to generate γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from glutamate, glutamine, and succinate. Consistent with the genome analysis, we found that B. dentium secreted GABA in a fully defined microbial media and elevated fecal GABA in B. dentium mono-associated mice compared to germ-free controls. We also examined the tyrosine/dopamine pathway and found that B. dentium could synthesize tyrosine, but could not generate L-dopa, dopamine, norepinephrine, or epinephrine. In vivo, we found that B. dentium mono-associated mice had elevated levels of tyrosine in the feces and brain. Conclusions: These data indicate that B. dentium can contribute to in vivo neurotransmitter regulation.
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173
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Hidden Role of Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Schizophrenia: Antipsychotics or Psychobiotics as Therapeutics? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147671. [PMID: 34299291 PMCID: PMC8307070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic, heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder that has complex symptoms and uncertain etiology. Mounting evidence indicates the involvement of genetics and epigenetic disturbances, alteration in gut microbiome, immune system abnormalities, and environmental influence in the disease, but a single root cause and mechanism involved has yet to be conclusively determined. Consequently, the identification of diagnostic markers and the development of psychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia faces a high failure rate. This article surveys the etiology of schizophrenia with a particular focus on gut microbiota regulation and the microbial signaling system that correlates with the brain through the vagus nerve, enteric nervous system, immune system, and production of postbiotics. Gut microbially produced molecules may lay the groundwork for further investigations into the role of gut microbiota dysbiosis and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Current treatment of schizophrenia is limited to psychotherapy and antipsychotic drugs that have significant side effects. Therefore, alternative therapeutic options merit exploration. The use of psychobiotics alone or in combination with antipsychotics may promote the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In view of the individual gut microbiome structure and personalized response to antipsychotic drugs, a tailored and targeted manipulation of gut microbial diversity naturally by novel prebiotics (non-digestible fiber) may be a successful alternative therapeutic for the treatment of schizophrenia patients.
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174
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Munawar N, Ahsan K, Muhammad K, Ahmad A, Anwar MA, Shah I, Al Ameri AK, Al Mughairbi F. Hidden Role of Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Schizophrenia: Antipsychotics or Psychobiotics as Therapeutics? Int J Mol Sci 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic, heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder that has complex symptoms and uncertain etiology. Mounting evidence indicates the involvement of genetics and epigenetic disturbances, alteration in gut microbiome, immune system abnormalities, and environmental influence in the disease, but a single root cause and mechanism involved has yet to be conclusively determined. Consequently, the identification of diagnostic markers and the development of psychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia faces a high failure rate. This article surveys the etiology of schizophrenia with a particular focus on gut microbiota regulation and the microbial signaling system that correlates with the brain through the vagus nerve, enteric nervous system, immune system, and production of postbiotics. Gut microbially produced molecules may lay the groundwork for further investigations into the role of gut microbiota dysbiosis and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Current treatment of schizophrenia is limited to psychotherapy and antipsychotic drugs that have significant side effects. Therefore, alternative therapeutic options merit exploration. The use of psychobiotics alone or in combination with antipsychotics may promote the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In view of the individual gut microbiome structure and personalized response to antipsychotic drugs, a tailored and targeted manipulation of gut microbial diversity naturally by novel prebiotics (non-digestible fiber) may be a successful alternative therapeutic for the treatment of schizophrenia patients.
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175
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Sabouri S, Kangi S, Najimi S, Rahimi HR. Effects of probiotics on pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions in mice. Epilepsy Res 2021; 176:106723. [PMID: 34304017 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are some reports of the effect of the gut microbiota on the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to find out the effect of probiotics on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced convulsions in mice. METHODS The mice were pretreated with probiotic powder (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and Bifidobacterium bifidum) suspended in normal saline by intragastric gavage (IG-gavage) for 14 (group 1) or 28 (group 2) days prior to injection of PTZ (90 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Diazepam (DZP, 1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was used as the reference drug. The latency and duration of induced convulsion, as well as mortality protection percentage were recorded 30 min after PTZ injection. For the next step, flumazenil (FLZ) was used to block the effect of DZP. RESULTS Pretreatment with probiotics for 14 or 28 days had not a significant effect on the latency and duration of seizures induced by PTZ. Neither seizure nor mortality was observed in co-administration of probiotics with DZP. FLZ pretreatment decreased the DZP-induced seizure latency; however, FLZ could not have such an effect in probiotic and DZP group. CONCLUSION Probiotics alone did not show anticonvulsant effects, but enhanced the anticonvulsant effect of DZP; this suggests the involvement of GABAergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salehe Sabouri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sahar Kangi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sara Najimi
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid-Reza Rahimi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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176
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Liu YW, Wang YP, Yen HF, Liu PY, Tzeng WJ, Tsai CF, Lin HC, Lee FY, Jeng OJ, Lu CL, Tsai YC. Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 Ameliorated Visceral Hypersensitivity in Rats Through the Gut-Brain Axis. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:980-993. [PMID: 31691208 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-019-09595-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and alterations in bowel habits. Current treatments for IBS are unsatisfactory due to its multifactorial pathogenesis involving the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 (PS128) was reported to exhibit neuromodulatory activity which may be beneficial for improving IBS. This study aimed to investigate the effect of PS128 on visceral hypersensitivity (VH) and the gut-brain axis using a 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)-induced VH rat model without colonic inflammation induction, mimicking the characteristics of IBS. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered with PS128 (109 CFU in 0.2 mL saline/rat/day) or saline (0.2 mL saline/rat/day) for 14 days. Colorectal distension (CRD) with simultaneous electromyography recording was performed 30 min before and 30 min after the 5-HTP injection. Levels of neuropeptides and neurotrophins were analyzed. PS128 significantly reduced VH induced by the 5-HTP injection and CRD. Neurotransmitter protein levels, substance P, CGRP, BDNF, and NGF, were decreased in the dorsal root ganglion but increased in the spinal cord in response to the 5-HTP injection; PS128 reversed these changes. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis was modulated by PS128 with decreased corticosterone concentration in serum and the expression of mineralocorticoid receptors in the amygdala. Oral administration of PS128 inhibited 5-HTP-induced VH during CRD. The ameliorative effect on VH suggests the potential application of PS128 for IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Wenn Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.,Microbiome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Po Wang
- Endoscopy Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Fang Yen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Liu
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jian Tzeng
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fen Tsai
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chieh Lin
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Fa-Yauh Lee
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | | | - Ching-Liang Lu
- Endoscopy Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11217, Taiwan. .,Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan. .,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan. .,Division of Gastroenterology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan. .,Microbiome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.
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Agustí A, Campillo I, Balzano T, Benítez-Páez A, López-Almela I, Romaní-Pérez M, Forteza J, Felipo V, Avena NM, Sanz Y. Bacteroides uniformis CECT 7771 Modulates the Brain Reward Response to Reduce Binge Eating and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Rat. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4959-4979. [PMID: 34228269 PMCID: PMC8497301 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Food addiction (FA) is characterized by behavioral and neurochemical changes linked to loss of food intake control. Gut microbiota may influence appetite and food intake via endocrine and neural routes. The gut microbiota is known to impact homeostatic energy mechanisms, but its role in regulating the reward system is less certain. We show that the administration of Bacteroides uniformis CECT 7771 (B. uniformis) in a rat FA model impacts on the brain reward response, ameliorating binge eating and decreasing anxiety-like behavior. These effects are mediated, at least in part, by changes in the levels of dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline in the nucleus accumbens and in the expression of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the prefrontal cortex and intestine. B. uniformis reverses the fasting-induced microbiota changes and increases the abundance of species linked to healthy metabolotypes. Our data indicate that microbiota-based interventions might help to control compulsive overeating by modulating the reward response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Agustí
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health. Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish Council for Scientific Research(IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Isabel Campillo
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health. Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish Council for Scientific Research(IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Tiziano Balzano
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alfonso Benítez-Páez
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health. Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish Council for Scientific Research(IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada López-Almela
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health. Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish Council for Scientific Research(IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Marina Romaní-Pérez
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health. Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish Council for Scientific Research(IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Forteza
- Instituto Valenciano de Patología Unidad Mixta de Patología Molecular, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe/Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nicole M Avena
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health. Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish Council for Scientific Research(IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain.
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178
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Wilkowska A, Szałach ŁP, Cubała WJ. Gut Microbiota in Depression: A Focus on Ketamine. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:693362. [PMID: 34248517 PMCID: PMC8261217 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.693362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the WHO, major depressive disorder is the leading cause of disability worldwide, and it is a major contributor to the overall global burden of disease. The pathophysiology of this common and chronic disease is still not completely understood. The gut microbiome is an increasingly recognized environmental factor that can have a role in depression, acting through the gut-microbiota-brain axis. The available treatment for depression is still insufficient since 30% of patients are treatment-resistant. There is an unquestionable need for novel strategies. Ketamine is an effective antidepressant in treatment-resistant patients. It is suggested that the antidepressant effect of ketamine may be partially mediated by the modification of gut microbiota. In this study, we presented a review of data on gut microbiota in depression with special attention to the effect of ketamine on the microbiome in animal models of depression. Earlier reports are preliminary and are still insufficient to draw firm conclusion, but further studies in this field might help to understand the role of the gut-brain axis in the treatment of depression and might be the ground for developing new effective treatment strategies.
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179
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Gwak MG, Chang SY. Gut-Brain Connection: Microbiome, Gut Barrier, and Environmental Sensors. Immune Netw 2021; 21:e20. [PMID: 34277110 PMCID: PMC8263213 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut is an important organ with digestive and immune regulatory function which consistently harbors microbiome ecosystem. The gut microbiome cooperates with the host to regulate the development and function of the immune, metabolic, and nervous systems. It can influence disease processes in the gut as well as extra-intestinal organs, including the brain. The gut closely connects with the central nervous system through dynamic bidirectional communication along the gut-brain axis. The connection between gut environment and brain may affect host mood and behaviors. Disruptions in microbial communities have been implicated in several neurological disorders. A link between the gut microbiota and the brain has long been described, but recent studies have started to reveal the underlying mechanism of the impact of the gut microbiota and gut barrier integrity on the brain and behavior. Here, we summarized the gut barrier environment and the 4 main gut-brain axis pathways. We focused on the important function of gut barrier on neurological diseases such as stress responses and ischemic stroke. Finally, we described the impact of representative environmental sensors generated by gut bacteria on acute neurological disease via the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Gyu Gwak
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Sun-Young Chang
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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180
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Sanikhani NS, Modarressi MH, Jafari P, Vousooghi N, Shafei S, Akbariqomi M, Heidari R, Lavasani PS, Yazarlou F, Motevaseli E, Ghafouri-Fard S. The Effect of Lactobacillus casei Consumption in Improvement of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: an Animal Study. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:1409-1419. [PMID: 32124236 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an important neuropsychiatric disorder worldwide. Common treatments of OCD include serotonergic antidepressants, which can cause potentially serious side effects. We assessed the effects of Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) Shirota consumption in an animal model of OCD. OCD-like symptoms were induced in rats by the chronic injection of the D2/D3 dopamine agonist quinpirole hydrochloride. Rats were classified into five groups of 6 rats. Four groups were injected chronically with quinpirole (0.5 mg/kg, twice weekly for 5 weeks). They were fed with L. casei Shirota (109 CF/g, daily for 4 weeks) (group 1), fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, daily for 4 weeks) (group 2), combination of L. casei Shirota and fluoxetine (group 3), and normal saline (positive control group). The last group did not receive dopamine agonist and was only injected with saline (negative control group). Expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf), solute carrier family 6 member 4 (Slc6a4), and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor type 2A (Htr2a) were assessed in orbitofrontal cortex tissues of all rats. Behavioral tests showed improvement of OCD signs in rats treated with L. casei Shirota, fluoxetine, and a combination of drugs. Quantitative PCR analysis showed a remarkable decrease in the expression of Bdnf and an increase in the expression of Htr2a in quinpirole-treated rats. After treatment with L. casei Shirota and fluoxetine, the expression level of Bdnf was increased remarkably, whereas Htr2a expression was decreased. The current study showed the effectiveness of L. casei Shirota in the treatment of OCD in a rat model. The beneficial effects of this probiotic are possibly exerted through the modulation of serotonin-related genes expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Sadat Sanikhani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Parvaneh Jafari
- Microbiology Department, Science faculty, Islamic Azad University, Arak branch, Arak, Iran
| | - Nasim Vousooghi
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shilan Shafei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, International Campus Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Akbariqomi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paria Sadat Lavasani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yazarlou
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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181
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Li YL, Tan ZJ. Discussion on the theory of treating diarrhea from five viscera in Huangdi Neijing based on intestinal microecology. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2021; 29:615-620. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v29.i11.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is a common digestive tract disease that seriously affects the quality of life of patients. With the development of microecology, the relationship between diarrhea and intestinal microecological disorder has been widely recognized. The elaboration of diarrhea in Huangdi Neijing involves etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, and treatment, and especially, it pioneered the theory of treating diarrhea from five viscera. Intestinal flora is a "forgotten organ", and dysbacteriosis is an important mechanism of diarrhea. The theory of treating diarrhea from five viscera in Huangdi Neijing embodies the whole concept of TCM theory, which is highly consistent with the connotation of intestinal microecological imbalance. tThis paper systematically collected the literature on intestinal flora related to the five viscera in recent five years. The general introduction of diarrhea treatment from Huangdi Neijing and the microecological mechanism of treating diarrhea from spleen, kidney, liver, heart, and lung were analyzed and expounded. We conclude that the dynamic balance of intestinal flora is the main characteristic of the coordination of functions of the five viscera, and the dysfunction of the five viscera can lead to the disorder of intestinal flora. The research results of intestinal flora will become a key scientific fulcrum to explore the connotation of the theory of treating diarrhea from five viscera in Huangdi Neijing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Li Li
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhou-Jin Tan
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
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182
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Ligezka AN, Sonmez AI, Corral-Frias MP, Golebiowski R, Lynch B, Croarkin PE, Romanowicz M. A systematic review of microbiome changes and impact of probiotic supplementation in children and adolescents with neuropsychiatric disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 108:110187. [PMID: 33271210 PMCID: PMC8138744 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In recent decades, the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of the microbiome changes and the impact of probiotic supplementation have increased rapidly. However, the potential for clinical translation of microbiome research for children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders is unclear. This review examined available evidence related to gut microbiota as well as the impact of probiotic supplementation on psychiatric disorders in the pediatric population reported to date. METHODS We performed a literature search for the gut microbiota in child and adolescent population (0-18 years old) with mental health disorders from July 1999 through July 2019 in several databases: ClinicalTrials.gov, Ovid EBM Reviews, Ovid Embase, Ovid Medline, Ovid PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science. RESULTS A total of 7 studies met inclusion criteria consisting of randomized controlled trials and cohort studies that examined various associations between psychiatric disorders and gut microbiota in youth. Six studies examined the effects of various treatment interventions such as probiotic supplementation on microbiota composition and behaviors. One study showed an increase in prosocial behavior in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and an increase in the Lachnospiraceae family following prebiotic supplementation. Another study suggested that prebiotic supplementation increased bifidobacterial populations for ASD and healthy controls. A study evaluating infant supplementation of prebiotics showed both a decreased likelihood of developing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or ASD and decreased gut Bifidobacterium. One study did not find significant differences in microbiome composition after micronutrient treatment. CONCLUSION The main goal of this systematic review was to comprehensively examine and summarize the current evidence focused on the potential effect of the relationship between microbiota gut composition as well as the effects of probiotic supplementation on psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. This is a relatively new area of research and the number of included studies is limited. More studies are needed to determine whether gut dysbiosis leads to the development and/or contributes to the severity of mental disorders or whether gut dysbiosis is a result of other processes that accompany mental disorders. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE A better understanding of the specific bacteria contributions, gut-brain pathways, and role in pathophysiological mechanisms in neuropsychiatric disorders in the child and adolescent populations can possibly provide alternative tools for a clinical psychiatrist. Moreover, it may ultimately aid the clinician with intervention strategies, or detect populations at risk for developing neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N Ligezka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - A Irem Sonmez
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Martha P Corral-Frias
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, School of Medicine and University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Psychiatry Department, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Raphael Golebiowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Brian Lynch
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Paul E Croarkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Magdalena Romanowicz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
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183
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Gusso D, Altenhofen S, Fritsch PM, Rübensam G, Bonan CD. Oxytetracycline induces anxiety-like behavior in adult zebrafish. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 426:115616. [PMID: 34102243 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxytetracycline (OTC) is one of the broad-spectrum antibiotics widely used for the treatment of fish-farm infection. Considering that behavior is directly related to reproduction, individual fitness, and survival, it is important to evaluate the impact of antibiotics on the behavioral repertoire in fish. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) presents a well-described behavioral repertoire to reliably demonstrate complex responses to chemical compound exposure. This work aims to identify the role of OTC in comprehensive behavioral parameters and whole-body cortisol levels in adult zebrafish. Here we report that OTC exposure (10, 20, and 100 mg/L) induces an anxiogenic-like phenotype in the novel tank test. OTC exposure also changes the behavior of social interaction with a shoal of unknown zebrafish - characterized as a stimulus group. Zebrafish exposed to OTC (10 mg/L) remains a longer period in the stimulus zone when compared to the control group. Clonazepam (0.006 mg/L) was able to reverse anxiogenic-like behavior and the changes in social behavior induced by OTC. We also demonstrated that cortisol levels were significantly decreased after exposure to OTC (10, 20, and 100 mg/L), which were not reversed by clonazepam. These findings highlight the growing utility of zebrafish as a model to understand the impact of antibiotics on behavior and their underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlan Gusso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Stefani Altenhofen
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pâmella Moreira Fritsch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Rübensam
- Centro de Pesquisa em Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Denise Bonan
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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184
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Herman A, Bajaka A. The role of the intestinal microbiota in eating disorders - bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Psychiatry Res 2021; 300:113923. [PMID: 33857846 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED) are both eating disorders (EDs) characterised by episodes of overeating in which large amounts of food are consumed in short periods. The aetiology of BN and BED is not fully understood. Psychological and social factors influence the development of BN and BED, but biological factors such as neurohormones that regulate hunger and satiety, or neurotransmitters responsible for mood and anxiety play a significant role in sustaining symptoms. Increasing numbers of studies confirm the relationship between the composition of intestinal microbiota and the regulation of appetite, mood, and body mass. In this manuscript, we will describe the mechanisms by which intestinal dysbiosis can play an important role in the aetiology of binge eating episodes based on current understanding. Understanding the two-way relationship between BN and BED and alterations in the intestinal microbiota suggest the utility of new treatment methods of these disorders aimed at improving the composition of the intestinal microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herman
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 61 Żwirki i Wigury St., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Armand Bajaka
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 61 Żwirki i Wigury St., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
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185
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Huang H, Wang Q, Guan X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Cao J, Li X. Effects of enriched environment on depression and anxiety-like behavior induced by early life stress: A comparison between different periods. Behav Brain Res 2021; 411:113389. [PMID: 34058267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain development is a prolonged process and it is sensitive to the environment during critical periods. Stress in early life is believed to increase vulnerability to depression, while enriched environment (EE) has beneficial effects on neural plasticity and depression. In this study, we compared the therapeutic effect of EE during different periods on early life stress-induced depression, and investigated the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and protein kinase B (AKT) on the effect of EE. Plasma corticosterone level was also detected to evaluate the reactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a 4-h maternal separation (MS) procedure during postnatal days 2-21. After this separation, the mice were assigned to standard environment groups (SE), EE in the early period groups (3-8 weeks, EEE) and EE in the adult groups (8-13 weeks, EEA). Depression and anxiety behavior were evaluated at 14-weeks of age. The plasma corticosterone was quantified utilizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hippocampus BDNF and AKT/p-AKT were detected using Western blotting. RESULTS The results showed that MS increased depression and anxiety level, while EE in both intervention periods alleviated the symptoms of depression and anxiety. The EEE group showed better effects in terms of anhedonia and anxiety than the EEA group. The difference in despair behavior between the EEE and EEA groups was not significant. MS increased plasma corticosterone level, while EE decreased corticosterone level in both intervention periods. EE increased BDNF and p-AKT expression in the hippocampus, with stronger effects in the EEE group. CONCLUSION EE during the early development period was more effective in alleviating depression and anxiety induced by early life stress. BDNF and AKT may play a significant role in the effect of EE, and further research is needed to explore the detailed neurobiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China; Department of Psychiatry, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Xiaofeng Guan
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Yihan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Jinlong Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth Hospital of Haining People, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaobai Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
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186
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Liu J, Yu C, Li R, Liu K, Jin G, Ge R, Tang F, Cui S. High-altitude Tibetan fermented milk ameliorated cognitive dysfunction by modified gut microbiota in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice. Food Funct 2021; 11:5308-5319. [PMID: 32458851 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo03007g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease that is regarded as a growing global challenge. Accumulating evidence linking gut microbiota with AD has become intriguing. The purpose of this study was to investigate how Tibetan fermented milk affected memory impairment in amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin-1 (PS1) mice, using APP/PS1 transgenic mice as examples. We used Tibetan fermented milk (the yogurt samples with the highest microbial diversity were selected by 16S sequencing) as an intervention in such mice for 20 weeks, with aseptic maintenance feed as their basic diet. At the end of the intervention, we collected fecal samples for 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequencing. We evaluated the effects of Tibetan fermented milk on the mice's cognitive function by behavioral examination, and deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the hippocampus and cortex of the mice by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results showed that Tibetan fermented milk could improve cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice, including spatial learning/memory and object recognition/memory. Sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA in mouse feces showed that Tibetan fermented milk increased intestinal microbial diversity and elevated the relative abundance of Bacteroides and Faecalibacterium spp. Mucispirillum and Ruminiclostridium were highly abundant in APP/PS1 mice. Additionally, correlation analysis revealed that cognitive function was correlated negatively with Mucispirillum abundance and positively with Muribaculum and Erysipelatoclostridium abundance. Tibetan fermented milk could also reduce deposition of Aβ in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Our data suggested that long-term intake of Tibetan fermented milk had a beneficial effect on the composition of intestinal flora, which was correlated with cognitive improvements in APP/PS1 mice and seemed to help prevent and treat AD-induced cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunLi Liu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Key Laboratory for Application of High Altitude Medicine in Qinghai Province, Xining, China. and Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, China
| | - ChunYang Yu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, School of Laboratory Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - RunLe Li
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Key Laboratory for Application of High Altitude Medicine in Qinghai Province, Xining, China.
| | - KunMei Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, School of Laboratory Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - GuoEn Jin
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Key Laboratory for Application of High Altitude Medicine in Qinghai Province, Xining, China.
| | - RiLi Ge
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Key Laboratory for Application of High Altitude Medicine in Qinghai Province, Xining, China.
| | - Feng Tang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Key Laboratory for Application of High Altitude Medicine in Qinghai Province, Xining, China.
| | - Sen Cui
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Key Laboratory for Application of High Altitude Medicine in Qinghai Province, Xining, China. and Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, China
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187
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Engevik MA, Danhof HA, Hall A, Engevik KA, Horvath TD, Haidacher SJ, Hoch KM, Endres BT, Bajaj M, Garey KW, Britton RA, Spinler JK, Haag AM, Versalovic J. The metabolic profile of Bifidobacterium dentium reflects its status as a human gut commensal. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:154. [PMID: 34030655 PMCID: PMC8145834 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bifidobacteria are commensal microbes of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we aimed to identify the intestinal colonization mechanisms and key metabolic pathways implemented by Bifidobacterium dentium. RESULTS B. dentium displayed acid resistance, with high viability over a pH range from 4 to 7; findings that correlated to the expression of Na+/H+ antiporters within the B. dentium genome. B. dentium was found to adhere to human MUC2+ mucus and harbor mucin-binding proteins. Using microbial phenotyping microarrays and fully-defined media, we demonstrated that in the absence of glucose, B. dentium could metabolize a variety of nutrient sources. Many of these nutrient sources were plant-based, suggesting that B. dentium can consume dietary substances. In contrast to other bifidobacteria, B. dentium was largely unable to grow on compounds found in human mucus; a finding that was supported by its glycosyl hydrolase (GH) profile. Of the proteins identified in B. dentium by proteomic analysis, a large cohort of proteins were associated with diverse metabolic pathways, indicating metabolic plasticity which supports colonization of the dynamic gastrointestinal environment. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we conclude that B. dentium is well adapted for commensalism in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A Engevik
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Regernative Medicine & Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, Charleston, USA.
| | - Heather A Danhof
- Department of Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anne Hall
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristen A Engevik
- Department of Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas D Horvath
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sigmund J Haidacher
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen M Hoch
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bradley T Endres
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Meghna Bajaj
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, and Department of Biotechnology, Alcorn State University, Lorman, MS, 39096, USA
| | - Kevin W Garey
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert A Britton
- Department of Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer K Spinler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anthony M Haag
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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Johnson D, Thurairajasingam S, Letchumanan V, Chan KG, Lee LH. Exploring the Role and Potential of Probiotics in the Field of Mental Health: Major Depressive Disorder. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051728. [PMID: 34065187 PMCID: PMC8161395 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of probiotic has been exponentially expanding over the recent decades with a more therapeutic-centered research. Probiotics mediated microbiota modulation within the microbiota–gut–brain axis (MGBA) have been proven to be beneficial in various health domains through pre-clinical and clinical studies. In the context of mental health, although probiotic research is still in its infancy stage, the promising role and potential of probiotics in various mental disorders demonstrated via in-vivo and in-vitro studies have laid a strong foundation for translating preclinical models to humans. The exploration of the therapeutic role and potential of probiotics in major depressive disorder (MDD) is an extremely noteworthy field of research. The possible etio-pathological mechanisms of depression involving inflammation, neurotransmitters, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and epigenetic mechanisms potentially benefit from probiotic intervention. Probiotics, both as an adjunct to antidepressants or a stand-alone intervention, have a beneficial role and potential in mitigating anti-depressive effects, and confers some advantages compared to conventional treatments of depression using anti-depressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinyadarshini Johnson
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Sivakumar Thurairajasingam
- Clinical School Johor Bahru, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Johor Bahru 80100, Malaysia;
| | - Vengadesh Letchumanan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (V.L.); (K.-G.C.); or (L.-H.L.); Tel.: +60-355-146-261 (V.L.); +60-379-677-748 (K.-G.C.); +60-355-145-887 (L.-H.L.)
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- International Genome Centre, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Correspondence: (V.L.); (K.-G.C.); or (L.-H.L.); Tel.: +60-355-146-261 (V.L.); +60-379-677-748 (K.-G.C.); +60-355-145-887 (L.-H.L.)
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (V.L.); (K.-G.C.); or (L.-H.L.); Tel.: +60-355-146-261 (V.L.); +60-379-677-748 (K.-G.C.); +60-355-145-887 (L.-H.L.)
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189
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Rao J, Xie R, Lin L, Jiang J, Du L, Zeng X, Li G, Wang C, Qiao Y. Fecal microbiota transplantation ameliorates gut microbiota imbalance and intestinal barrier damage in rats with stress‐induced depressive‐like behavior. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:3598-3611. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Rao
- Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong University Jinan China
| | - Ruining Xie
- Department of Public Health Jining Medical University Jining China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Public Health Jining Medical University Jining China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Public Health Jining Medical University Jining China
| | - Lei Du
- Department of Public Health Jining Medical University Jining China
| | - Xindie Zeng
- Department of Public Health Jining Medical University Jining China
| | - Gongying Li
- Department of Mental Health Jining Medical University Jining China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Neurobiology InstituteJining Medical University Jining China
| | - Yi Qiao
- Department of Public Health Jining Medical University Jining China
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190
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Li W, Chen M, Feng X, Song M, Shao M, Yang Y, Zhang L, Liu Q, Lv L, Su X. Maternal immune activation alters adult behavior, intestinal integrity, gut microbiota and the gut inflammation. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02133. [PMID: 33793085 PMCID: PMC8119836 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is characterized by several core behavioral features, in which the gastrointestinal symptoms are frequently reported. Maternal immune activation (MIA) has been developed in a rodent model to study neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia. However, the changes in the gut environment of MIA rats remain largely unknown. METHODS 10 mg/kg of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) on gestational day 9 was intravenously administered to rats to induce MIA in order to assess changes in behavior, the intestinal barrier and microbiota in offspring. RESULTS Maternal immune activation offspring shown increased anxiety as indicated by reduced exploration of central area in open field test and decreased exploration of open arms in elevated plus test. Cognitive impairment of MIA offspring was confirmed by reduced exploration of novel arm in Y maze test and deficiency of PPI. Intestinal muscle thickness became thinner and some specific microbial anomalies previously identified clinically were observed in MIA offspring. In addition, an increase of inflammatory responses was found in the gut of MIA offspring. CONCLUSIONS Maternal immune activation alters behavior, intestinal integrity, gut microbiota and the gut inflammation in adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Li
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Mengxue Chen
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xia Feng
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Meng Song
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Minglong Shao
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Luwen Zhang
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Luxian Lv
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xi Su
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, China
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Generoso JS, Giridharan VV, Lee J, Macedo D, Barichello T. The role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatric disorders. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PSIQUIATRIA (SAO PAULO, BRAZIL : 1999) 2021; 43:293-305. [PMID: 32667590 PMCID: PMC8136391 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a bidirectional signaling mechanism between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. The complexity of the intestinal ecosystem is extraordinary; it comprises more than 100 trillion microbial cells that inhabit the small and large intestine, and this interaction between microbiota and intestinal epithelium can cause physiological changes in the brain and influence mood and behavior. Currently, there has been an emphasis on how such interactions affect mental health. Evidence indicates that intestinal microbiota are involved in neurological and psychiatric disorders. This review covers evidence for the influence of gut microbiota on the brain and behavior in Alzheimer disease, dementia, anxiety, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia. The primary focus is on the pathways involved in intestinal metabolites of microbial origin, including short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan metabolites, and bacterial components that can activate the host's immune system. We also list clinical evidence regarding prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation as adjuvant therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline S. Generoso
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Vijayasree V. Giridharan
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Danielle Macedo
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
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192
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Chen X, Meng S, Li S, Zhang L, Wu L, Zhu H, Zhang Y. Role of 5-Hydroxytryptamine and Intestinal Flora on Depressive-Like Behavior Induced by Lead Exposure in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5516604. [PMID: 33996997 PMCID: PMC8110379 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5516604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and intestinal flora on depression-like behavior induced by lead exposure in rats. METHODS 30 healthy SPF adult male SD rats were randomly divided into control group and lead exposure group. The depression-like behavior of rats was detected. The blood, striatum, and intestinal tissue were collected. The lead content was detected by ICP-MS. The mRNA expressions of ChgA, TPH1, 5-HT, and 5-HT3R were tested by qRT-PCR. The content of 5HT was checked by HPLC-ECD. The content of 5-HT3R was detected by ELISA. The protein expressions of 5-HT, 5-HT3R, ChgA, and TPH were gauged by immunohistochemistry. Fecal samples were collected, and the composition of intestinal flora in experimental rats was analyzed by 16 s RNA metagene sequencing. RESULTS Lead exposure can greatly cause depression. The content of 5-HT in blood and striatum in the lead exposure group decreased, and the expression levels of 5-HT, 5-HT3 R, ChgA, and TPH in the intestine decreased distinctly. Compared with the control group, the distribution of a-polymorphism related indexes Simpson, Chao1, Shannon, and ACE in rats with depressive-like behavior after lead exposure was significantly increased; in the lead exposure group, there were 61 different operational taxonomic units (OUTs) in intestinal flora at the family level. Based on linear discriminant analysis, it was found that the key bacteria were Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae, and their abundance decreased evidently in the lead exposure group. CONCLUSION Lead exposure improves depressive-like behavior by affecting intestinal flora and regulating neurotransmitter 5-HT through the intestinal-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Chen
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Hebei, China
- Workers' Hospital of Caofeidian District, China
| | | | - Shuang Li
- Experimental Animal Center, North China University of Science and Technology Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China
| | - Lijin Zhang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Hebei, China
| | - Lei Wu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Hebei, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Hebei, China
| | - Yanshu Zhang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Hebei, China
- Experimental Animal Center, North China University of Science and Technology Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China
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193
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Role of Microbiota-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Gut-Brain Communication. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084235. [PMID: 33921831 PMCID: PMC8073592 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human intestinal microbiota comprise of a dynamic population of bacterial species and other microorganisms with the capacity to interact with the rest of the organism and strongly influence the host during homeostasis and disease. Commensal and pathogenic bacteria coexist in homeostasis with the intestinal epithelium and the gastrointestinal tract’s immune system, or GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue), of the host. However, a disruption to this homeostasis or dysbiosis by different factors (e.g., stress, diet, use of antibiotics, age, inflammatory processes) can cause brain dysfunction given the communication between the gut and brain. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from bacteria have emerged as possible carriers in gut-brain communication through the interaction of their vesicle components with immune receptors, which lead to neuroinflammatory immune response activation. This review discusses the critical role of bacterial EVs from the gut in the neuropathology of brain dysfunctions by modulating the immune response. These vesicles, which contain harmful bacterial EV contents such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycans, toxins and nucleic acids, are capable of crossing tissue barriers including the blood-brain barrier and interacting with the immune receptors of glial cells (e.g., Toll-like receptors) to lead to the production of cytokines and inflammatory mediators, which can cause brain impairment and behavioral dysfunctions.
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194
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Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Brain Function and Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084052. [PMID: 33919972 PMCID: PMC8070923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As life expectancy has increased, particularly in developed countries, due to medical advances and increased prosperity, age-related neurological diseases and mental health disorders have become more prevalent health issues, reducing the well-being and quality of life of sufferers and their families. In recent decades, due to reduced work-related levels of physical activity, and key research insights, prescribing adequate exercise has become an innovative strategy to prevent or delay the onset of these pathologies and has been demonstrated to have therapeutic benefits when used as a sole or combination treatment. Recent evidence suggests that the beneficial effects of exercise on the brain are related to several underlying mechanisms related to muscle–brain, liver–brain and gut–brain crosstalk. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the most relevant current knowledge of the impact of exercise on mood disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, and to highlight the established and potential underlying mechanisms involved in exercise–brain communication and their benefits for physiology and brain function.
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195
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Raheem A, Liang L, Zhang G, Cui S. Modulatory Effects of Probiotics During Pathogenic Infections With Emphasis on Immune Regulation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:616713. [PMID: 33897683 PMCID: PMC8060567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.616713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to inhibit pathogenic complications and to enhance animal and poultry growth, antibiotics have been extensively used for many years. Antibiotics applications not only affect target pathogens but also intestinal beneficially microbes, inducing long-lasting changes in intestinal microbiota associated with diseases. The application of antibiotics also has many other side effects like, intestinal barrier dysfunction, antibiotics residues in foodstuffs, nephropathy, allergy, bone marrow toxicity, mutagenicity, reproductive disorders, hepatotoxicity carcinogenicity, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which greatly compromise the efficacy of antibiotics. Thus, the development of new antibiotics is necessary, while the search for antibiotic alternatives continues. Probiotics are considered the ideal antibiotic substitute; in recent years, probiotic research concerning their application during pathogenic infections in humans, aquaculture, poultry, and livestock industry, with emphasis on modulating the immune system of the host, has been attracting considerable interest. Hence, the adverse effects of antibiotics and remedial effects of probiotics during infectious diseases have become central points of focus among researchers. Probiotics are live microorganisms, and when given in adequate quantities, confer good health effects to the host through different mechanisms. Among them, the regulation of host immune response during pathogenic infections is one of the most important mechanisms. A number of studies have investigated different aspects of probiotics. In this review, we mainly summarize recent discoveries and discuss two important aspects: (1) the application of probiotics during pathogenic infections; and (2) their modulatory effects on the immune response of the host during infectious and non-infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Raheem
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Liang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Shangjin Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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196
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Kasprzak-Drozd K, Oniszczuk T, Stasiak M, Oniszczuk A. Beneficial Effects of Phenolic Compounds on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3715. [PMID: 33918284 PMCID: PMC8038165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human intestine contains an intricate community of microorganisms, referred to as the gut microbiota (GM), which plays a pivotal role in host homeostasis. Multiple factors could interfere with this delicate balance, including genetics, age, medicines and environmental factors, particularly diet. Growing evidence supports the involvement of GM dysbiosis in gastrointestinal (GI) and extraintestinal metabolic diseases. The beneficial effects of dietary polyphenols in preventing metabolic diseases have been subjected to intense investigation over the last twenty years. As our understanding of the role of the gut microbiota advances and our knowledge of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions of polyphenols accumulates, there emerges a need to examine the prebiotic role of dietary polyphenols. This review firstly overviews the importance of the GM in health and disease and then reviews the role of dietary polyphenols on the modulation of the gut microbiota, their metabolites and how they impact on host health benefits. Inter-dependence between the gut microbiota and polyphenol metabolites and the vital balance between the two in maintaining the host gut homeostasis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kasprzak-Drozd
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Oniszczuk
- Department of Thermal Technology and Food Process Engineering, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 31, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Stasiak
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Anna Oniszczuk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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197
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Bear T, Dalziel J, Coad J, Roy N, Butts C, Gopal P. The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis and Resilience to Developing Anxiety or Depression under Stress. Microorganisms 2021; 9:723. [PMID: 33807290 PMCID: PMC8065970 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Episodes of depression and anxiety commonly follow the experience of stress, however not everyone who experiences stress develops a mood disorder. Individuals who are able to experience stress without a negative emotional effect are considered stress resilient. Stress-resilience (and its counterpart stress-susceptibility) are influenced by several psychological and biological factors, including the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Emerging research shows that the gut microbiota can influence mood, and that stress is an important variable in this relationship. Stress alters the gut microbiota and plausibly this could contribute to stress-related changes in mood. Most of the reported research has been conducted using animal models and demonstrates a relationship between gut microbiome and mood. The translational evidence from human clinical studies however is rather limited. In this review we examine the microbiome-gut-brain axis research in relation to stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Bear
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (C.B.); (P.G.)
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.D.); (N.R.)
| | - Julie Dalziel
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.D.); (N.R.)
- Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Jane Coad
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Nicole Roy
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.D.); (N.R.)
- Department of Human Nutrition, Otago University, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1145, New Zealand
| | - Christine Butts
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (C.B.); (P.G.)
| | - Pramod Gopal
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (C.B.); (P.G.)
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.D.); (N.R.)
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198
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Liu JCW, Gorbovskaya I, Hahn MK, Müller DJ. The Gut Microbiome in Schizophrenia and the Potential Benefits of Prebiotic and Probiotic Treatment. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041152. [PMID: 33807241 PMCID: PMC8065775 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome (GMB) plays an important role in developmental processes and has been implicated in the etiology of psychiatric disorders. However, the relationship between GMB and schizophrenia remains unclear. In this article, we review the existing evidence surrounding the gut microbiome in schizophrenia and the potential for antipsychotics to cause adverse metabolic events by altering the gut microbiome. We also evaluate the current evidence for the clinical use of probiotic and prebiotic treatment in schizophrenia. The current data on microbiome alteration in schizophrenia remain conflicting. Longitudinal and larger studies will help elucidate the confounding effect on the microbiome. Current studies help lay the groundwork for further investigations into the role of the GMB in the development, presentation, progression and potential treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. W. Liu
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; (J.C.W.L.); (I.G.); (M.K.H.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ilona Gorbovskaya
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; (J.C.W.L.); (I.G.); (M.K.H.)
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Margaret K. Hahn
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; (J.C.W.L.); (I.G.); (M.K.H.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Daniel J. Müller
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; (J.C.W.L.); (I.G.); (M.K.H.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Wu SI, Wu CC, Tsai PJ, Cheng LH, Hsu CC, Shan IK, Chan PY, Lin TW, Ko CJ, Chen WL, Tsai YC. Psychobiotic Supplementation of PS128 TM Improves Stress, Anxiety, and Insomnia in Highly Stressed Information Technology Specialists: A Pilot Study. Front Nutr 2021; 8:614105. [PMID: 33842519 PMCID: PMC8032933 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.614105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Information technology (IT) is an industry related to the production of computers, information processing, and telecommunications. Such industries heavily rely on the knowledge and solutions provided by IT specialists. Previous reports found that the subjective stress scores were higher in IT specialists who developed diabetes, hypertension, and depression. Specific probiotics, known as psychobiotics, may alleviate stress and mood symptoms. This study aimed to examine whether an 8-week intervention of a novel psychobiotic, Lactobacillus plantarum PS128TM (PS128TM), improved self-perceived stress and mood symptoms among high-stress IT specialists. Methods: This open-label, single-arm, baseline-controlled study included IT specialists from a large IT company in Northern Taiwan. Participants with a Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) 10-item version score of 27 or higher were included. Participants were asked to take two capsules containing PS128TM powder, equivalent to 20 billion colony-forming units, daily. Self-report measures, such as the Job Stress Scale, Visual Analog Scale of Stress, the Insomnia Severity Index, the State and Trait Anxiety Index, the Questionnaire for Emotional Trait and State, the Patient Health Questionnaire, the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire, and Gastrointestinal Severity Index were compared at baseline and at the end of the trial period. The primary outcome was a 20% reduction in the PSS score at endpoint. Objective measures included salivary levels of stress biomarkers, including cortisol, α-amylase, immunoglobulin A, lactoferrin, and lysozymes, as well as results of the Test of Attentional Performance. Results: Of the 90 eligible IT specialists, 36 met the inclusion criteria. After the 8-week trial period, significant improvements in self-perceived stress, overall job stress, job burden, cortisol level, general or psychological health, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, quality of life, and both positive and negative emotions were found. Conclusion: Our results suggest that PS128TM has the distinct advantage of providing stress relief and can improve mental health for people with a high-stress job. Future placebo-controlled studies are warranted to explore the effect and underlying mechanisms of action of PS128TM. Clinical Trial Registration:https://clinicaltrials.gov/ (identifier: NCT04452253-sub-project 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-I Wu
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Section of Psychiatry and Suicide Prevention Center, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | - Ian-Kai Shan
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ying Chan
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wei Lin
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jung Ko
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Lin Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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200
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Banerjee A, Pradhan LK, Sahoo PK, Jena KK, Chauhan NR, Chauhan S, Das SK. Unravelling the potential of gut microbiota in sustaining brain health and their current prospective towards development of neurotherapeutics. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:2895-2910. [PMID: 33763767 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing incidences of neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are being reported, but an insight into their pathology remains elusive. Findings have suggested that gut microbiota play a major role in regulating brain functions through the gut-brain axis. A unique bidirectional communication between gut microbiota and maintenance of brain health could play a pivotal role in regulating incidences of neurodegenerative diseases. Contrarily, the present life style with changing food habits and disturbed circadian rhythm may contribute to gut homeostatic imbalance and dysbiosis leading to progression of several neurological disorders. Therefore, dysbiosis, as a primary factor behind intestinal disorders, may also augment inflammation, intestinal and blood-brain barrier permeability through microbiota-gut-brain axis. This review primarily focuses on the gut-brain axis functions, specific gut microbial population, metabolites produced by gut microbiota, their role in regulating various metabolic processes and role of gut microbiota towards development of neurodegenerative diseases. However, several studies have reported a decrease in abundance of a specific gut microbial population and a corresponding increase in other microbial family, with few findings revealing some contradictions. Reports also showed that colonization of gut microbiota isolated from patients suffering from neurodegenerative disease leads to the development of enhance pathological outcomes in animal models. Hence, a systematic understanding of the dominant role of specific gut microbiome towards development of different neurodegenerative diseases could possibly provide novel insight into the use of probiotics and microbial transplantation as a substitute approach for treating/preventing such health maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Banerjee
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Lilesh Kumar Pradhan
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Pradyumna Kumar Sahoo
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Kautilya Kumar Jena
- Autophagy Laboratory, Infectious Disease Biology Division, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Nishant Ranjan Chauhan
- Autophagy Laboratory, Infectious Disease Biology Division, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Santosh Chauhan
- Autophagy Laboratory, Infectious Disease Biology Division, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Saroj Kumar Das
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India.
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