151
|
Chen X, Ding Y, Yang Y, Song C, Wang B, Yang S, Guo Y, Gong Z. Protein kinases in plant responses to drought, salt, and cold stress. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:53-78. [PMID: 33399265 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases are major players in various signal transduction pathways. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses has become critical for developing and breeding climate-resilient crops. In this review, we summarize recent progress on understanding plant drought, salt, and cold stress responses, with a focus on signal perception and transduction by different protein kinases, especially sucrose nonfermenting1 (SNF1)-related protein kinases (SnRKs), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs/CPKs), and receptor-like kinases (RLKs). We also discuss future challenges in these research fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuexue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanglin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chunpeng Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, Henan Province, Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan, 250000, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhizhong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071001, China
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Sánchez-López J, Atarés A, Jáquez-Gutiérrez M, Ortiz-Atienza A, Capel C, Pineda B, García-Sogo B, Yuste-Lisbona FJ, Lozano R, Moreno V. Approaching the genetic dissection of indirect adventitious organogenesis process in tomato explants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 302:110721. [PMID: 33288027 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The screening of 862 T-DNA lines was carried out to approach the genetic dissection of indirect adventitious organogenesis in tomato. Several mutants defective in different phases of adventitious organogenesis, namely callus growth (tdc-1), bud differentiation (tdb-1, -2, -3) and shoot-bud development (tds-1) were identified and characterized. The alteration of the TDC-1 gene blocked callus proliferation depending on the composition of growth regulators in the culture medium. Calli from tds-1 explants differentiated buds but did not develop normal shoots. Histological analysis showed that their abnormal development is due to failure in the organization of normal adventitious shoot meristems. Interestingly, tdc-1 and tds-1 mutant plants were indistinguishable from WT ones, indicating that the respective altered genes play specific roles in cell proliferation from explant cut zones (TDC-1 gene) or in the organization of adventitious shoot meristems (TDS-1 gene). Unlike the previous, plants of the three mutants defective in the differentiation of adventitious shoot-buds (tdb-1, -2, -3) showed multiple changes in vegetative and reproductive traits. Cosegregation analyses revealed the existence of an association between the phenotype of the tdb-3 mutant and a T-DNA insert, which led to the discovery that the SlMAPKKK17 gene is involved in the shoot-bud differentiation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Atarés
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marybel Jáquez-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Ortiz-Atienza
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL). Universidad de Almería, 04120-Almería, Spain
| | - Carmen Capel
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL). Universidad de Almería, 04120-Almería, Spain
| | - Benito Pineda
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011, Valencia, Spain
| | - Begoña García-Sogo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando J Yuste-Lisbona
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL). Universidad de Almería, 04120-Almería, Spain
| | - Rafael Lozano
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL). Universidad de Almería, 04120-Almería, Spain
| | - Vicente Moreno
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Ali A, Chu N, Ma P, Javed T, Zaheer U, Huang MT, Fu HY, Gao SJ. Genome-wide analysis of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase gene family expression in response to biotic and abiotic stresses in sugarcane. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:86-107. [PMID: 32909626 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To systematically analyze mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase gene families and their expression profiles in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids; Sh) under diverse biotic and abiotic stresses, we identified 15 ShMAPKs, 6 ShMAPKKs and 16 ShMAPKKKs genes in the sugarcane cultivar R570 genome. These were also confirmed in one S. spontaneum genome and two transcriptome datasets of sugarcane trigged by Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae (Aaa) and Xanthomonas albilineans (Xa) infections. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that four subgroups were present in each ShMAPK and ShMAPKK family and three sub-families (RAF, MEKK and ZIK) presented in the ShMAPKKK family. Conserved protein motif and gene structure analyses supported the evolutionary relationships of the three families inferred from the phylogenetic analysis. All of the ShMAPK, ShMAPKK and ShMAPKKK genes identified in Saccharum spp. R570 were distributed on chromosomes 1-7 and 9-10. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses indicated that ShMAPK07 and ShMAPKKK02 were defense-responsive genes in sugarcane challenged by both Aaa and Xa stimuli, while some genes were upregulated specifically by Aaa and Xa infection. Additionally, ShMAPK05 acted as a negative regulator under drought and salinity stress, but served as a positive regulator under salicylic acid (SA) treatment. ShMAPK07 plays a positive role under drought stress, but a negative role under SA treatment. ShMAPKKK01 was negatively modulated by both salinity stress and SA treatment, whereas ShMAPKKK06 was positively regulated by both of the two stress stimuli. Our results suggest that members of MAPK cascade gene families regulate adverse stress responses through multiple signal transduction pathways in sugarcane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ali
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Na Chu
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Panpan Ma
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Talha Javed
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Uroosa Zaheer
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Mei-Ting Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hua-Ying Fu
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - San-Ji Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Hsu PK, Dubeaux G, Takahashi Y, Schroeder JI. Signaling mechanisms in abscisic acid-mediated stomatal closure. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:307-321. [PMID: 33145840 PMCID: PMC7902384 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a central role in the regulation of stomatal movements under water-deficit conditions. The identification of ABA receptors and the ABA signaling core consisting of PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors, PP2C protein phosphatases and SnRK2 protein kinases has led to studies that have greatly advanced our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms mediating ABA-induced stomatal closure in the past decade. This review focuses on recent progress in illuminating the regulatory mechanisms of ABA signal transduction, and the physiological importance of basal ABA signaling in stomatal regulation by CO2 and, as hypothesized here, vapor-pressure deficit. Furthermore, advances in understanding the interactions of ABA and other stomatal signaling pathways are reviewed here. We also review recent studies investigating the use of ABA signaling mechanisms for the manipulation of stomatal conductance and the enhancement of drought tolerance and water-use efficiency of plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Kai Hsu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Guillaume Dubeaux
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Park HC, Park BO, Kim HS, Kim SH, Lee SW, Chung WS. AtMPK6-induced phosphorylation of AtERF72 enhances its DNA binding activity and interaction with TGA4/OBF4 in Arabidopsis. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:11-20. [PMID: 33073469 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ethylene-responsive element binding factor (ERF) family is a large family of transcription factors involved in plant development and environmental stress responses. We previously reported the identification of 29 putative substrates of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase3 (AtMPK3), AtMPK4 and AtMPK6, based on a solid-phase phosphorylation screening using a lambda phage expression library in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, a putative MPK substrate, AtERF72 (At3g16770), was strongly phosphorylated by AtMPK6 on the serine residue at position 151 (Ser151). AtERF72 binds to the GCC box (AGCCGCC) in the promoters of several pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and activates their transcription. We also show that the DNA-binding activity of AtERF72 is enhanced upon phosphorylation by AtMPK6 in vitro. In addition, transient co-expression experiments in Arabidopsis protoplasts revealed that effector constructs expressing a mutant variant of AtERF72, AtERF72S151D (carrying a Ser to aspartic acid [Asp] substitution at amino acid position 151) showed higher expression of the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene driven by the GCC box element than effector constructs expressing the wild-type AtERF72. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid assays revealed that the interaction between AtERF72S151D and TGA4/OBF4 was stronger than that between wild-type AtERF72 and TGA4/OBF4. Since AtERF72S151D is equivalent to AtERF72 phosphorylated by AtMPK6 at Ser151, these results suggest that the phosphorylation of AtERF72 by AtMPK6 triggers an event of transcriptional regulation from defence signalling in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H C Park
- Team of Vulnerable Ecological Research, Division of Climate and Ecology, Bureau of Conservation & Assessment Research, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - B O Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - H S Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - S H Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - S W Lee
- Department of Agronomy & Medicinal Plant Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science & Technology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - W S Chung
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Guo H, Zhang Y, Tong J, Ge P, Wang Q, Zhao Z, Zhu-Salzman K, Hogenhout SA, Ge F, Sun Y. An Aphid-Secreted Salivary Protease Activates Plant Defense in Phloem. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4826-4836.e7. [PMID: 33035482 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that aphids facilitate their colonization of host plants by secreting salivary proteins into host tissues during their initial probing and feeding. Some of these salivary proteins elicit plant defenses, but the molecular and biochemical mechanisms that underlie the activation of phloem-localized resistance remain poorly understood. The aphid Myzus persicae, which is a generalized phloem-sucking pest, encompasses a number of lineages that are associated with and adapted to specific host plant species. The current study found that a cysteine protease Cathepsin B3 (CathB3), and the associated gene CathB3, was upregulated in the salivary glands and saliva of aphids from a non-tobacco-adapted (NTA) aphid lineage, when compared to those of a tobacco-adapted lineage. Furthermore, the knockdown of CathB3 improved the performance of NTA lineages on tobacco, and the propeptide domain of CathB3 was found to bind to tobacco cytoplasmic kinase ENHANCED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1-like (EDR1-like), which triggers the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in tobacco phloem, thereby suppressing both phloem feeding and colonization by NTA lineages. These findings reveal a novel function for a cathepsin-type protease in aphid saliva that elicits effective host plant defenses and warranted the theory of host specialization for generalist aphids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiahui Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Panpan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zihua Zhao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Keyan Zhu-Salzman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH, Norwich, UK
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yucheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
De Saeger J, Park J, Chung HS, Hernalsteens JP, Van Lijsebettens M, Inzé D, Van Montagu M, Depuydt S. Agrobacterium strains and strain improvement: Present and outlook. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 53:107677. [PMID: 33290822 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Almost 40 years ago the first transgenic plant was generated through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, which, until now, remains the method of choice for gene delivery into plants. Ever since, optimized Agrobacterium strains have been developed with additional (genetic) modifications that were mostly aimed at enhancing the transformation efficiency, although an optimized strain also exists that reduces unwanted plasmid recombination. As a result, a collection of very useful strains has been created to transform a wide variety of plant species, but has also led to a confusing Agrobacterium strain nomenclature. The latter is often misleading for choosing the best-suited strain for one's transformation purposes. To overcome this issue, we provide a complete overview of the strain classification. We also indicate different strain modifications and their purposes, as well as the obtained results with regard to the transformation process sensu largo. Furthermore, we propose additional improvements of the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation process and consider several worthwhile modifications, for instance, by circumventing a defense response in planta. In this regard, we will discuss pattern-triggered immunity, pathogen-associated molecular pattern detection, hormone homeostasis and signaling, and reactive oxygen species in relationship to Agrobacterium transformation. We will also explore alterations that increase agrobacterial transformation efficiency, reduce plasmid recombination, and improve biocontainment. Finally, we recommend the use of a modular system to best utilize the available knowledge for successful plant transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas De Saeger
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 406-840, South Korea; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jihae Park
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 406-840, South Korea; Department of Marine Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-840, South Korea
| | - Hoo Sun Chung
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Mieke Van Lijsebettens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Montagu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephen Depuydt
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 406-840, South Korea; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Fàbregas N, Yoshida T, Fernie AR. Role of Raf-like kinases in SnRK2 activation and osmotic stress response in plants. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6184. [PMID: 33273465 PMCID: PMC7712759 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19977-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental drought and high salinity impose osmotic stress, which inhibits plant growth and yield. Thus, understanding how plants respond to osmotic stress is critical to improve crop productivity. Plants have multiple signalling pathways in response to osmotic stress in which the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays important roles. However, since little is known concerning key early components, the global osmotic stress-signalling network remains to be elucidated. Here, we review recent advances in the identification of osmotic-stress activated Raf-like protein kinases as regulators of ABA-dependent and -independent signalling pathways and discuss the plant stress-responsive kinase network from an evolutionary perspective. A better understanding of how plants respond to osmotic stress could potentially help improve crop yields. Here Fàbregas et al. review the recent characterization of Raf-like kinases that act in both in ABA-dependent and -independent responses to osmotic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norma Fàbregas
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Takuya Yoshida
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Komatsu K, Takezawa D, Sakata Y. Decoding ABA and osmostress signalling in plants from an evolutionary point of view. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2894-2911. [PMID: 33459424 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is fundamental for land plant adaptation to water-limited conditions. Osmostress, such as drought, induces ABA accumulation in angiosperms, triggering physiological responses such as stomata closure. The core components of angiosperm ABA signalling are soluble ABA receptors, group A protein phosphatase type 2C and SNF1-related protein kinase2 (SnRK2). ABA also has various functions in non-angiosperms, however, suggesting that its role in adaptation to land may not have been angiosperm-specific. Indeed, among land plants, the core ABA signalling components are evolutionarily conserved, implying their presence in a common ancestor. Results of ongoing functional genomics studies of ABA signalling components in bryophytes and algae have expanded our understanding of the evolutionary role of ABA signalling, with genome sequencing uncovering the ABA core module even in algae. In this review, we describe recent discoveries involving the ABA core module in non-angiosperms, tracing the footprints of how ABA evolved as a phytohormone. We also cover the latest findings on Raf-like kinases as upstream regulators of the core ABA module component SnRK2. Finally, we discuss the origin of ABA signalling from an evolutionary perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Komatsu
- Department of Bioresource Development, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takezawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakata
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Lim CW, Jeong S, Lee SC. Differential expression of MEKK subfamily genes in Capsicum annuum L. in response to abscisic acid and drought stress. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1822019. [PMID: 32988271 PMCID: PMC7671057 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1822019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs or MEKKs) are crucial components of the MAPK signaling cascades, which play central roles in the signaling transduction pathways for plant growth, development, and response to abiotic stresses such as drought. The MAPKKK gene families in pepper have not been functionally characterized yet. Here, from the pepper genome, we predicted 27 putative MAPKKK genes belonging to the MEKK subfamily (named CaMEKK1-27), based on in silico analysis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 14 CaMEKK genes were clustered into A5 of the five groups (A1-A5), of which 9 genes are primarily on chromosomes 2 and 7, and are located close to each other. These nine genes showed transcriptional regulation by treatment with abscisic acid (ABA) and drought stress in quantitative reverse-transcription PCR analysis. Among the ABA- and/or drought-induced CaMEKK genes, in a previous study, we isolated CaAIMK1 (Capsicum annuum ABA Induced MAP Kinase 1), which plays a positive role in drought resistance via an ABA-dependent pathway. Our expression analysis and functional characterization of the MEKK subfamily genes will provide a better understanding of the functional roles of pepper MAPK cascades in ABA-mediated drought responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chae Woo Lim
- Department of Life Science (BK21 Program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soongon Jeong
- Department of Life Science (BK21 Program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lee
- Department of Life Science (BK21 Program), Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Wang W, Shao A, Amombo E, Fan S, Xu X, Fu J. Transcriptome-wide identification of MAPKKK genes in bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon L.) and their potential roles in low temperature stress responses. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10159. [PMID: 33194398 PMCID: PMC7602684 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As upstream components of MAPK cascades, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) act as adaptors linking upstream signaling steps to the core MAPK cascades. MAPK cascades are universal modules of signal transduction in eukaryotic organisms and play crucial roles in plant development processes and in responses to biotic and abiotic stress and signal transduction. Members of the MAPKKK gene family have been identified in several plants,however, MAPKKKs have not been systematically studied in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.). In this study, 55 potential CdMAPKKKs were produced from bermudagrass transcriptome data, of which 13 belonged to the MEKK, 38 to the Raf, and 4 to the ZIK subfamily. Multiple alignment and conserved motif analysis of CdMAPKKKs supported the evolutionary relationships inferred from phylogenetic analyses. Moreover, the distribution pattern in Poaceae species indicated that members of the MAPKKK family were conserved among almost all diploid species, and species-specific polyploidy or higher duplication ratios resulted in an expansion of the MAPKKK family. In addition, 714 co-functional links which were significantly enriched in signal transduction, responses to temperature stimuli, and other important biological processes of 55 CdMAPKKKs were identified using co-functional gene networks analysis; 30 and 19 co-functional genes involved in response to cold or heat stress, respectively, were also identified. Results of promoter analyses, and interaction network investigation of all CdMAPKKKs based on the rice homologs suggested that CdMAPKKKs are commonly associated with regulation of numerous biological processes. Furthermore, 12 and 13 CdMAPKKKs were significantly up- and downregulated, respectively, in response to low temperature stress; among them, six CdMAPKKKs were significantly induced by low temperature stress, at least at one point in time. This is the first study to conduct identification and functional analysis of the MAPKKK gene family in bermudagrass, and our results provide a foundation for further research on the functions of CdMAPKKKs in response to low temperature stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - An Shao
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Erick Amombo
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Shugao Fan
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jinmin Fu
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Yin Z, Zhu W, Zhang X, Chen X, Wang W, Lin H, Wang J, Ye W. Molecular characterization, expression and interaction of MAPK, MAPKK and MAPKKK genes in upland cotton. Genomics 2020; 113:1071-1086. [PMID: 33181247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades, consisting of three types of sequentially phosphorylated kinases (MAPKKK, MAPKK, and MAPK), play vital roles in various processes including plant development and stress response. In this study, 52 GhMAPKs, 23 GhMAPKKs, and 166 GhMAPKKKs were identified in upland cotton. Chromosomal locations, gene duplication and structure, motifs, cis-regulatory elements, and protein subcellular localization were further analyzed. With the identified MAPK cascade genes in G. arboretum and G. raimondii, a syntenic diagram of three cotton species was constructed. The interactions of seven GhMAPK cascade genes were investigated. Two complete signaling modules were defined: The GhMEKK24/GhMEKK31-GhMAPKK9-GhMAPK10 and GhMEKK3/GhMEKK24/GhMEKK31-GhMAPKK16-GhMAPK10/GhMAPK11 cascades. Moreover, interaction networks and the interaction pairs were combined with their expression patterns and demonstrated that the network mediated by the MAPK signaling cascade participates in abiotic stress signaling. Our research provides a foundation for studying the molecular mechanism of the MAPK signaling pathway under abiotic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zujun Yin
- Research Base, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan, PR China.
| | - Weidong Zhu
- Research Base, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan, PR China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, PR China
| | - Xiaopei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiugui Chen
- Research Base, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, PR China
| | - Huan Lin
- Research Base, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan, PR China
| | - Junjuan Wang
- Research Base, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan, PR China
| | - Wuwei Ye
- Research Base, Zhengzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Lu X, Shi H, Ou Y, Cui Y, Chang J, Peng L, Gou X, He K, Li J. RGF1-RGI1, a Peptide-Receptor Complex, Regulates Arabidopsis Root Meristem Development via a MAPK Signaling Cascade. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1594-1607. [PMID: 32916335 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Root growth is maintained by the continuous division of cells in the apical meristem. ROOT MERISTEM GROWTH FACTOR 1 (RGF1) is a critical peptide hormone regulating root stem cell niche maintenance. Previous studies discovered that five closely related leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases (LRR-RLKs), named RGF1 INSENSITIVES (RGIs) or RGF1 RECEPTORS (RGFRs), are able to perceive the RGF1 signal and redundantly control root stem cell niche maintenance. RGF1 regulates root meristem activity mainly via two downstream transcription factors, PLETHORA 1 (PLT1) and PLT2. Regulatory proteins connecting cell surface RGF1-RGI1 and nuclear PLTs, however, were not identified. Here, we report that the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase 4 (MKK4) and MAP kinase 3 (MPK3) were co-immunoprecipitated with RGI1-FLAG after Arabidopsis seedlings were treated with RGF1. Genetic and biochemical assays confirmed that MKK4 and MKK5, and their downstream targets MPK3 and MPK6, are essential RGI-dependent regulators of root meristem development. In addition, we found that the MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 module functions downstream of YDA, a MAPKKK. Our results demonstrate that RGF1-RGI1 regulate the expression of PLT1/PLT2 via a YDA-MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 signaling cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongyong Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang Ou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yanwei Cui
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jinke Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoping Gou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kai He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Shao Y, Yu X, Xu X, Li Y, Yuan W, Xu Y, Mao C, Zhang S, Xu J. The YDA-MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 Cascade Functions Downstream of the RGF1-RGI Ligand-Receptor Pair in Regulating Mitotic Activity in Root Apical Meristem. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1608-1623. [PMID: 32916336 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The mitotic activity of root apical meristem (RAM) is critical to primary root growth and development. Previous studies have identified the roles of ROOT GROWTH FACTOR 1 (RGF1), a peptide ligand, and its receptors, RGF1 INSENSITIVEs (RGIs), a clade of five leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinases, in promoting cell division in the RAM, which determines the primary root length. However, the downstream signaling components remain elusive. In this study, we identify a complete mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK or MPK) cascade, composed of YDA, MKK4/MKK5, and MPK3/MPK6, that functions downstream of the RGF1-RGI ligand-receptor pair. Similar to the rgi1/2/3/4/5 quintuple mutant, loss-of-function mutants of MPK3 and MPK6, MKK4 and MKK5, or YDA show a short-root phenotype, which is associated with reduced mitotic activity and lower expression of PLETHORA 1 (PLT1)/PLT2 in the RAM. Furthermore, MPK3/MPK6 activation in response to exogenous RGF1 treatment is impaired in the rgi1/2/3/4/5 quintuple, yda single, and mkk4 mkk5 double mutants. Epistatic analyses demonstrated that the expression of constitutively active MKK4, MKK5, or YDA driven by the RGI2 promoter can rescue the short-root phenotype of the rgi1/2/3/4/5 mutant. Taken together, these results suggest that the YDA-MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 cascade functions downstream of the RGF1-RGI ligand-receptor pair and upstream of PLT1/PLT2 to modulate the stem cell population and primary root growth in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xinxing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xuwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Wenxin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Chuanzao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Jamshed M, Sankaranarayanan S, Abhinandan K, Samuel MA. Stigma Receptivity Is Controlled by Functionally Redundant MAPK Pathway Components in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1582-1593. [PMID: 32890733 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.09.983767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, the process of pollination relies on species-specific interaction and signaling between the male (pollen) and female (pistil) counterparts where the interplay between several pollen and stigma proteins decides the fate of the pollen. In Brassicaceae, the dry stigmatic papillary cells control pollen germination by releasing resources only to compatible pollen thereby allowing pollen to hydrate and germinate. Despite the identification of a number of stigmatic proteins that facilitate pollination responses, the signaling mechanisms that regulate functions of these proteins have remained unknown. Here, we show that, in Arabidopsis, an extremely functionally redundant mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is required for maintaining stigma receptivity to accept compatible pollen. Our genetic analyses demonstrate that in stigmas, five MAPK kinases (MKKs), MKK1/2/3/7/9 are required to transmit upstream signals to two MPKs, MPK3/4, to mediate compatible pollination. Compromised functions of these five MKKs in the quintuple mutant (mkk1/2/3RNAi/mkk7/9) phenocopied pollination defects observed in the mpk4RNAi/mpk3 double mutant. We further show that this MAPK nexus converges on Exo70A1, a previously identified stigma receptivity factor essential for pollination. Given that pollination is the crucial initial step during plant reproduction, understanding the mechanisms that govern successful pollination could lead to development of strategies to improve crop yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jamshed
- University of Calgary, BI 392, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Senior Scientist, Frontier Agri-Science Inc, 98 Ontario Street, Port Hope, ON L1A 2V2, Canada
| | - Subramanian Sankaranarayanan
- University of Calgary, BI 392, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kumar Abhinandan
- University of Calgary, BI 392, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marcus A Samuel
- University of Calgary, BI 392, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Jamshed M, Sankaranarayanan S, Abhinandan K, Samuel MA. Stigma Receptivity Is Controlled by Functionally Redundant MAPK Pathway Components in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1582-1593. [PMID: 32890733 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, the process of pollination relies on species-specific interaction and signaling between the male (pollen) and female (pistil) counterparts where the interplay between several pollen and stigma proteins decides the fate of the pollen. In Brassicaceae, the dry stigmatic papillary cells control pollen germination by releasing resources only to compatible pollen thereby allowing pollen to hydrate and germinate. Despite the identification of a number of stigmatic proteins that facilitate pollination responses, the signaling mechanisms that regulate functions of these proteins have remained unknown. Here, we show that, in Arabidopsis, an extremely functionally redundant mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is required for maintaining stigma receptivity to accept compatible pollen. Our genetic analyses demonstrate that in stigmas, five MAPK kinases (MKKs), MKK1/2/3/7/9 are required to transmit upstream signals to two MPKs, MPK3/4, to mediate compatible pollination. Compromised functions of these five MKKs in the quintuple mutant (mkk1/2/3RNAi/mkk7/9) phenocopied pollination defects observed in the mpk4RNAi/mpk3 double mutant. We further show that this MAPK nexus converges on Exo70A1, a previously identified stigma receptivity factor essential for pollination. Given that pollination is the crucial initial step during plant reproduction, understanding the mechanisms that govern successful pollination could lead to development of strategies to improve crop yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jamshed
- University of Calgary, BI 392, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Senior Scientist, Frontier Agri-Science Inc, 98 Ontario Street, Port Hope, ON L1A 2V2, Canada
| | - Subramanian Sankaranarayanan
- University of Calgary, BI 392, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kumar Abhinandan
- University of Calgary, BI 392, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marcus A Samuel
- University of Calgary, BI 392, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Sustained Incompatibility between MAPK Signaling and Pathogen Effectors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217954. [PMID: 33114762 PMCID: PMC7672596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) are important signaling components involved in developemental processes as well as in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we focus on the roles of MAPKs in Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI), a specific layer of plant defense responses dependent on the recognition of pathogen effector proteins. Having inspected the literature, we synthesize the current state of knowledge concerning this topic. First, we describe how pathogen effectors can manipulate MAPK signaling to promote virulence, and how in parallel plants have developed mechanisms to protect themselves against these interferences. Then, we discuss the striking finding that the recognition of pathogen effectors can provoke a sustained activation of the MAPKs MPK3/6, extensively analyzing its implications in terms of regulation and functions. In line with this, we also address the question of how a durable activation of MAPKs might affect the scope of their substrates, and thereby mediate the emergence of possibly new ETI-specific responses. By highlighting the sometimes conflicting or missing data, our intention is to spur further research in order to both consolidate and expand our understanding of MAPK signaling in immunity.
Collapse
|
168
|
Wang Z, Gou X. Receptor-Like Protein Kinases Function Upstream of MAPKs in Regulating Plant Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207638. [PMID: 33076465 PMCID: PMC7590044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a group of protein kinase broadly involved in various signal pathways in eukaryotes. In plants, MAPK cascades regulate growth, development, stress responses and immunity by perceiving signals from the upstream regulators and transmitting the phosphorylation signals to the downstream signaling components. To reveal the interactions between MAPK cascades and their upstream regulators is important for understanding the functional mechanisms of MAPKs in the life span of higher plants. Typical receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) are plasma membrane-located to perceive endogenous or exogenous signal molecules in regulating plant growth, development and immunity. MAPK cascades bridge the extracellular signals and intracellular transcription factors in many RLK-mediated signaling pathways. This review focuses on the current findings that RLKs regulate plant development through MAPK cascades and discusses questions that are worth investigating in the near future.
Collapse
|
169
|
Yang Y, Wang X, Chen P, Zhou K, Xue W, Abid K, Chen S. Redox Status, JA and ET Signaling Pathway Regulating Responses to Botrytis cinerea Infection Between the Resistant Cucumber Genotype and Its Susceptible Mutant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:559070. [PMID: 33101327 PMCID: PMC7546314 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.559070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is an important necrotrophic fungal pathogen with a broad host range and the ability to causing great economic losses in cucumber. However, the resistance mechanism against this pathogen in cucumber was not well understood. In this study, the microscopic observation of the spore growth, redox status measurements and transcriptome analysis were carried out after Botrytis cinerea infection in the resistant genotype No.26 and its susceptible mutant 26M. Results revealed shorter hypha, lower rate of spore germination, less acceleration of H2O2, O2 -, and lower total glutathione content (GSH+GSSG) in No.26 than that in 26M, which were identified by the staining result of DAB and NBT. Transcriptome data showed that after pathogen infection, a total of 3901 and 789 different expression genes (DEGs) were identified in No.26 and 26M respectively. These DEGs were highly enriched in redox regulation pathway, hormone signaling pathway and plant-pathogen interaction pathway. The glutathione S-transferase genes, putative peroxidase gene, and NADPH oxidase were up-regulated in No.26 whereas these genes changed little in 26M after Botrytis cinerea infection. Jasmonic acid and ethylene biosynthesis and signaling pathways were distinctively activated in No.26 comparing with 26M upon infection. Much more plant defense related genes including mitogen-activated protein kinases, calmodulin, calmodulin-like protein, calcium-dependent protein kinase, and WRKY transcription factor were induced in No.26 than 26M after pathogen infection. Finally, a model was established which elucidated the resistance difference between resistant cucumber genotype and susceptible mutant after B. cinerea infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Xuewei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Panpan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Keke Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Wanyu Xue
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Kan Abid
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Shuxia Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Xie Y, Ding M, Zhang B, Yang J, Pei T, Ma P, Dong J. Genome-wide characterization and expression profiling of MAPK cascade genes in Salvia miltiorrhiza reveals the function of SmMAPK3 and SmMAPK1 in secondary metabolism. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:630. [PMID: 32928101 PMCID: PMC7488990 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07023-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contribution of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades to plant growth and development has been widely studied, but this knowledge has not yet been extended to the medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza, which produces a number of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites. RESULTS In this study, we performed a genome-wide survey and identified six MAPKKK kinases (MAPKKKKs), 83 MAPKK kinases (MAPKKKs), nine MAPK kinases (MAPKKs) and 18 MAPKs in the S. miltiorrhiza genome. Within each class of genes, a small number of subfamilies were recognized. A transcriptional analysis revealed differences in the genes' behaviour with respect to both their site of transcription and their inducibility by elicitors and phytohormones. Two genes were identified as strong candidates for playing roles in phytohormone signalling. A gene-to-metabolite network was constructed based on correlation analysis, highlighting the likely involvement of two of the cascades in the synthesis of two key groups of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites: phenolic acids and tanshinones. CONCLUSION The data provide insight into the functional diversification and conservation of MAPK cascades in S. miltiorrhiza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Meiling Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tianlin Pei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengda Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Juane Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Sharma K, Niraula PM, Troell HA, Adhikari M, Alshehri HA, Alkharouf NW, Lawrence KS, Klink VP. Exocyst components promote an incompatible interaction between Glycine max (soybean) and Heterodera glycines (the soybean cyst nematode). Sci Rep 2020; 10:15003. [PMID: 32929168 PMCID: PMC7490361 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicle and target membrane fusion involves tethering, docking and fusion. The GTPase SECRETORY4 (SEC4) positions the exocyst complex during vesicle membrane tethering, facilitating docking and fusion. Glycine max (soybean) Sec4 functions in the root during its defense against the parasitic nematode Heterodera glycines as it attempts to develop a multinucleate nurse cell (syncytium) serving to nourish the nematode over its 30-day life cycle. Results indicate that other tethering proteins are also important for defense. The G. max exocyst is encoded by 61 genes: 5 EXOC1 (Sec3), 2 EXOC2 (Sec5), 5 EXOC3 (Sec6), 2 EXOC4 (Sec8), 2 EXOC5 (Sec10) 6 EXOC6 (Sec15), 31 EXOC7 (Exo70) and 8 EXOC8 (Exo84) genes. At least one member of each gene family is expressed within the syncytium during the defense response. Syncytium-expressed exocyst genes function in defense while some are under transcriptional regulation by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The exocyst component EXOC7-H4-1 is not expressed within the syncytium but functions in defense and is under MAPK regulation. The tethering stage of vesicle transport has been demonstrated to play an important role in defense in the G. max-H. glycines pathosystem, with some of the spatially and temporally regulated exocyst components under transcriptional control by MAPKs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keshav Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
- USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1551 Lindig Street, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Prakash M Niraula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M University, 2415 E. Hwy. 83, Weslaco, TX, 78596, USA
| | - Hallie A Troell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Mandeep Adhikari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Hamdan Ali Alshehri
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Texas Women's University, Denton, TX, 76204, USA
| | - Nadim W Alkharouf
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD, 21252, USA
| | - Kathy S Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Life Science Building, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Vincent P Klink
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
- Center for Computational Sciences High Performance Computing Collaboratory, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Kumar RR, Arora K, Goswami S, Sakhare A, Singh B, Chinnusamy V, Praveen S. MAPK Enzymes: a ROS Activated Signaling Sensors Involved in Modulating Heat Stress Response, Tolerance and Grain Stability of Wheat under Heat Stress. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:380. [PMID: 32802722 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade is highly conserved across the species triggering the self-adjustment of the cells by transmitting the external signals to the nucleus. The cascade consists of MAPK kinase kinases (MAPKKKs), MAPK kinases (MAPKKs) and MAPKs. These kinases are functionally interrelated through activation by sequential phosphorylation. MAPK cascade is involved in modulating the tolerance and regulating the growth and developmental processes in plants through transcriptional programming. The cascade has been well characterized in Arabidopsis, Tobacco and rice, but limited information is available in wheat due to complexity of genome. MAPK-based sensors have been reported to be highly specific for the external or intracellular stimuli activating specific TF, stress-associated genes (SAGs) and stress-associated proteins (SAPs) linked with heat-stress tolerance and other biological functions especially size, number and quality of grains. Even, MAPKs have been reported to influence the activity of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily involved in stabilizing the quality of the grains under adverse conditions. Wheat has also diverse network of MAPKs involved in transcriptional reprogramming upon sensing the terminal HS and in turn protect the plants. Current review mainly focuses on the role of MAPKs as signaling sensor and modulator of defense mechanism for mitigating the effect of heat on plants with focus on wheat. It also indirectly protects the nutrient depletion from the grains under heat stress. MAPKs, lying at pivotal positions, can be utilized for manipulating the heat-stress response (HSR) of wheat to develop plant for future (P4F).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet R Kumar
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Kirti Arora
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Suneha Goswami
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Akshay Sakhare
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture (CESCRA), Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Viswanathan Chinnusamy
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Shelly Praveen
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Patavardhan SS, Subba P, Najar A, Awasthi K, D'Souza L, Prasad TSK, Nivas SK. Plant-Pathogen Interactions: Broad Mite ( Polyphagotarsonemus latus)-Induced Proteomic Changes in Chili Pepper Plant ( Capsicum frutescens). OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2020; 24:714-725. [PMID: 32780627 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2020.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant-pathogen interactions are key biological events that shape ecological dynamics, food production, agriculture and economy. In this context, Capsicum frutescens is an economically and culturally significant chili pepper plant grown widely across the globe as an essential ingredient of hot sauces, chili concentrates, oleoresin flavors, and also in traditional medicines. An important pathogen that limits chili cultivation causing low yield and economic loss is the broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus. Broad mite-infested chili plants have stunted growth and leaves appear coppery and dark, which show symptoms of leaf curl and more importantly the smaller fruits unfit for consumption. The molecular mechanisms of how broad mite affect chili remain poorly understood. In this study, we report a tandem mass tag (TMT)-labeled mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic analysis of leaves and apical meristems of healthy and infected chili pepper plants. In total, we identified 5799 proteins, of which 1677 proteins were found to be differentially regulated in infested plants. Related signaling pathways of the differentially expressed proteins were examined using bioinformatics tools. Predominantly, we identified pathways associated with jasmonic acid synthesis, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and plant defense and hormone signal transduction. We also observed upregulation of several enzymes of the phenylpropanoid and carotenoid biosynthetic pathways. This study provides the first in-depth proteomic analysis that correlates broad mite infestation in chili and dysregulation of various pathways that take part in plant defense. In the future, data can be extrapolated for innovation in pest management methods whose ecological footprints are better understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Patavardhan
- Laboratory of Applied Biology, St Aloysius College (Autonomous), Mangalore, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Mangalore University, Mangalore, India
| | - Pratigya Subba
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Altaf Najar
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Kriti Awasthi
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Leo D'Souza
- Laboratory of Applied Biology, St Aloysius College (Autonomous), Mangalore, India
| | | | - Shashi Kiran Nivas
- Laboratory of Applied Biology, St Aloysius College (Autonomous), Mangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
He X, Wang C, Wang H, Li L, Wang C. The Function of MAPK Cascades in Response to Various Stresses in Horticultural Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:952. [PMID: 32849671 PMCID: PMC7412866 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved signaling transduction module that transduces extracellular stimuli into intracellular responses in plants. Early studies of plant MAPKs focused on their functions in model plants. Based on the results of whole-genome sequencing, many MAPKs have been identified in horticultural plants, such as tomato and apple. Recent studies revealed that the MAPK cascade also plays crucial roles in the biotic and abiotic stress responses of horticultural plants. In this review, we summarize the composition and classification of MAPK cascades in horticultural plants and recent research on this cascade in responses to abiotic stresses (such as drought, extreme temperature and high salinity) and biotic stresses (such as pathogen infection). In addition, we discuss the most advanced research themes related to plant MAPK cascades, thus facilitating research on MAPK cascade functions in horticultural plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen He
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, China
| | | | - Haibo Wang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, China
| | - Linguang Li
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Chen LY, Zhang LF, Lu ZY, Xian F, Zhang JZ, Cheng YC, Zhang XQ, Liu Y. Effects of Trace Irrigation at Different Depths on Transcriptome Expression Pattern in Cotton ( G. hirsutum L.) Leaves. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7248513. [PMID: 32802872 PMCID: PMC7403946 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7248513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drought is a limiting factor for cotton productivity and quality. Irrigation could increase cotton yield. This study is aimed at formulating a proper irrigation depth for cotton at China' Inner Mongolia and at investigating the molecular mechanism underlying the difference induced by irrigation. Transcriptomic analysis was carried out to reveal the global transcriptome profiles on the leaves of cotton seedlings (G. hirsutum L. cv. "Zhongmian 92") with trace irrigation tapes at 30 cm (D30) and 50 cm (D50) underground. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and clustered by functional enrichment analysis. The results showed that no significant differences were found in the lint percentage. The yields of unpinned and lint cotton were increased by the D30 regime but decreased by the D50 regime. Transcriptomic analysis showed that 4,549 nonoverlapped DEGs were identified by comparative analysis. Transcription factors, including bZIP, WARK, Myb, and NAC, were altered between D50 and D30. The D50 regime induced more DEGs compared with the D30 regime, which was associated with plant tolerance to abiotic stresses and drought. In conclusion, trace irrigation at 30 cm underground was suitable for cotton irrigation at China's Inner Mongolia, while the D50 irrigation regime influenced the cotton yield via drought stress in cotton plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-yu Chen
- Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Li-feng Zhang
- Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Zhan-yuan Lu
- Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Feng Xian
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Jian-zhong Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Yu-chen Cheng
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Xiang-qian Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Liu KH, Diener A, Lin Z, Liu C, Sheen J. Primary nitrate responses mediated by calcium signalling and diverse protein phosphorylation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4428-4441. [PMID: 31985788 PMCID: PMC7382375 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate, the major source of inorganic nitrogen for plants, is a critical signal controlling nutrient transport and assimilation and adaptive growth responses throughout the plant. Understanding how plants perceive nitrate and how this perception is transduced into responses that optimize growth are important for the rational improvement of crop productivity and for mitigating pollution from the use of fertilizers. This review highlights recent findings that reveal key roles of cytosolic-nuclear calcium signalling and dynamic protein phosphorylation via diverse mechanisms in the primary nitrate response (PNR). Nitrate-triggered calcium signatures as well as the critical functions of subgroup III calcium-sensor protein kinases, a specific protein phosphatase 2C, and RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain phosphatase-like 3 are discussed. Moreover, genome-wide meta-analysis of nitrate-regulated genes encoding candidate protein kinases and phosphatases for modulating critical phosphorylation events in the PNR are elaborated. We also consider how phosphoproteomics approaches can contribute to the identification of putative regulatory protein kinases in the PNR. Exploring and integrating experimental strategies, new methodologies, and comprehensive datasets will further advance our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the complex regulatory processes in the PNR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Hsiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrew Diener
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ziwei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jen Sheen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Katsuta S, Masuda G, Bak H, Shinozawa A, Kamiyama Y, Umezawa T, Takezawa D, Yotsui I, Taji T, Sakata Y. Arabidopsis Raf-like kinases act as positive regulators of subclass III SnRK2 in osmostress signaling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:634-644. [PMID: 32239564 PMCID: PMC7497244 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Given their sessile nature, land plants must use various mechanisms to manage dehydration under water-deficit conditions. Osmostress-induced activation of the SNF1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) family elicits physiological responses such as stomatal closure to protect plants during drought conditions. With the plant hormone ABA receptors [PYR (pyrabactin resistance)/PYL (pyrabactin resistance-like)/RCAR (regulatory component of ABA receptors) proteins] and group A protein phosphatases, subclass III SnRK2 also constitutes a core signaling module for ABA, and osmostress triggers ABA accumulation. How SnRK2 is activated through ABA has been clarified, although its activation through osmostress remains unclear. Here, we show that Arabidopsis ABA and abiotic stress-responsive Raf-like kinases (AtARKs) of the B3 clade of the mitogen-activated kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) family are crucial in SnRK2-mediated osmostress responses. Disruption of AtARKs in Arabidopsis results in increased water loss from detached leaves because of impaired stomatal closure in response to osmostress. Our findings obtained in vitro and in planta have shown that AtARKs interact physically with SRK2E, a core factor for stomatal closure in response to drought. Furthermore, we show that AtARK phosphorylates S171 and S175 in the activation loop of SRK2E in vitro and that Atark mutants have defects in osmostress-induced subclass III SnRK2 activity. Our findings identify a specific type of B3-MAPKKKs as upstream kinases of subclass III SnRK2 in Arabidopsis. Taken together with earlier reports that ARK is an upstream kinase of SnRK2 in moss, an existing member of a basal land plant lineage, we propose that ARK/SnRK2 module is evolutionarily conserved across 400 million years of land plant evolution for conferring protection against drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Katsuta
- Department of BioscienceTokyo University of AgricultureTokyo156‐8502Japan
| | - Goro Masuda
- Department of BioscienceTokyo University of AgricultureTokyo156‐8502Japan
| | - Hyeokjin Bak
- Department of BioscienceTokyo University of AgricultureTokyo156‐8502Japan
| | - Akihisa Shinozawa
- Department of BioscienceTokyo University of AgricultureTokyo156‐8502Japan
- Present address:
The NODAI Genome Research Center (NGRC)Tokyo University of Agriculture1‐1‐1 SakuragaokaSetagayakuTokyo156‐8502Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kamiyama
- Graduate School of Bio‐Applications and Systems EngineeringTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyo184‐8588Japan
| | - Taishi Umezawa
- Graduate School of Bio‐Applications and Systems EngineeringTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyo184‐8588Japan
| | - Daisuke Takezawa
- Graduate School of Science and EngineeringSaitama UniversitySaitama338‐8570Japan
| | - Izumi Yotsui
- Department of BioscienceTokyo University of AgricultureTokyo156‐8502Japan
| | - Teruaki Taji
- Department of BioscienceTokyo University of AgricultureTokyo156‐8502Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakata
- Department of BioscienceTokyo University of AgricultureTokyo156‐8502Japan
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Chen YH, Wang NN, Zhang JB, Zheng Y, Li XB. Genome-wide identification of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) reveals GhMPK6 involved in fiber elongation. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:391-407. [PMID: 32193788 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-00999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are important in regulating plant development as well as stress response. In this study, we genome-widely identified 56 MAPK genes in upland cotton. These MAPK genes unequally distribute on 22 chromosomes of cotton genome, but no MAPK gene is located on At_Chr6, Dt_Chr6, At_Chr13 and Dt_Chr13. The exons and introns in GhMAPK gene family vary widely at the position, number and length. Furthermore, GhMAPK family can be divided into 4 groups (A, B, C and D), and the TEY type of T-loop exists in three groups (A, B and C), but the TDY type of T-loop is only in group D. Further study revealed that some GhMAPK genes (including GhMPK6) are preferentially expressed in elongating fibers. GhMPK6 maintains a high phosphorylation level in elongating fibers, and its phosphorylation was enhanced in fibers by phytohormones brassinosteroid (BR), ethylene and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Additionally, GhMPK6 could interact with GhMKK2-2 and GhMKK4, suggesting that GhMKK2-2/4-GhMPK6 module may be involved in phosphorylation of its downstream proteins for regulating fiber elongation of cotton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hao Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Na-Na Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jing-Bo Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xue-Bao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Nitta Y, Qiu Y, Yaghmaiean H, Zhang Q, Huang J, Adams K, Zhang Y. MEKK2 inhibits activation of MAP kinases in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:705-714. [PMID: 32267570 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis MEKK1-MKK1/MKK2-MPK4 kinase cascade is monitored by the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich-repeat immune receptor SUMM2. Disruption of this kinase cascade leads to activation of SUMM2-mediated immune responses. MEKK2, a close paralog of MEKK1, is required for defense responses mediated by SUMM2, the molecular mechanism of which is unclear. In this study, we showed that MEKK2 serves as a negative regulator of MPK4. It binds to MPK4 to directly inhibit its phosphorylation by upstream MKKs. Activation of SUMM2-mediated defense responses induces the expression of MEKK2, which in turn blocks MPK4 phosphorylation to further amplify immune responses mediated by SUMM2. Intriguingly, MEKK2 locates in a tandem repeat consisting of MEKK1, MEKK2 and MEKK3, which was generated from a recent gene duplication event, suggesting that MEKK2 evolved from a MAPKKK to become a negative regulator of MAP kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukino Nitta
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yichun Qiu
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hoda Yaghmaiean
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Keith Adams
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Guo K, Sui Y, Li Z, Huang Y, Zhang H, Wang W. Colonization of Trichoderma viride Tv-1511 in peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) roots promotes essential oil production by triggering ROS-mediated MAPK activation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 151:705-718. [PMID: 32353676 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) is a flavoring additive used worldwide, and Trichoderma species are beneficial fungi that can stimulate growth and disease resistance of these plants. Here the growth conditions and metabolic processes of essential oil (EO) biosynthesis in response to inoculation with Trichoderma viride Tv-1511 were investigated. The results showed that T. viride Tv-1511 was able to colonize roots of peppermint to promote its growth and photosynthetic activity and induce higher levels of glandular trichomes and elevated EO yield and composition. GC-MS analysis showed that T. viride Tv-1511-inoculated peppermint produced higher concentrations of menthone, menthol, and pulegone and lower concentrations of menthofuran than un-inoculated seedlings, and qRT-PCR showed that T. viride Tv-1511 inoculation induced upregulation of Pr (pulegone reductase encoding gene) and Mr (menthone reductase encoding gene), whereas it led to the downregulation of Mfs (menthofuran synthase encoding gene). Furthermore, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in peppermint, which was determined to be an analog of Arabidopsis MPK6 protein, was found to be responsible for the modulation of EO metabolism at the transcriptional level and for enzymatic activation in the T. viride Tv-1511-inoculated peppermint. Notably, NADPH oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production played vital roles in the root colonization of T. viride Tv-1511 and was also involved in the induction of MAPK activation. These data showed the beneficial effects of T. viride Tv-1511 on the seedling growth and EO yield of peppermint, and they elucidated that T. viride Tv-1511 improved the quantity and quality of EOs by regulating the genes that encode the enzymes involved in EO metabolism through a potential MAPK-mediated signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Guo
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yonghui Sui
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Yanhua Huang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Agilent Technologies (China) Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100102, China
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Wang C, Guo H, He X, Zhang S, Wang J, Wang L, Guo D, Guo X. Scaffold protein GhMORG1 enhances the resistance of cotton to Fusarium oxysporum by facilitating the MKK6-MPK4 cascade. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1421-1433. [PMID: 31794094 PMCID: PMC7206998 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, MAPK scaffold proteins are crucial for regulating the function of MAPK cascades. However, only a few MAPK scaffold proteins have been reported in plants, and the molecular mechanism through which scaffold proteins regulate the function of the MAPK cascade remains poorly understood. Here, we identified GhMORG1, a GhMKK6-GhMPK4 cascade scaffold protein that positively regulates the resistance of cotton to Fusarium oxysporum. GhMORG1 interacted with GhMKK6 and GhMPK4, and the overexpression of GhMORG1 in cotton protoplasts dramatically increased the activity of the GhMKK6-GhMPK4 cascade. Quantitative phosphoproteomics was used to clarify the mechanism of GhMORG1 in regulating disease resistance, and thirty-two proteins were considered as the putative substrates of the GhMORG1-dependent GhMKK6-GhMPK4 cascade. These putative substrates were involved in multiple disease resistance processes, such as cellular amino acid metabolic processes, calcium ion binding and RNA binding. The kinase assays verified that most of the putative substrates were phosphorylated by the GhMKK6-GhMPK4 cascade. For functional analysis, nine putative substrates were silenced in cotton, respectively. The resistance of cotton to F. oxysporum was decreased in the substrate-silenced cottons. These results suggest that GhMORG1 regulates several different disease resistance processes by facilitating the phosphorylation of GhMKK6-GhMPK4 cascade substrates. Taken together, these findings reveal a new plant MAPK scaffold protein and provide insights into the mechanism of plant resistance to pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Hongbin Guo
- Statistics DepartmentUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Xiaowen He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Shuxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Jiayu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Lijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Dezheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Molecular Characterization of a Date Palm Vascular Highway 1-Interacting Kinase ( PdVIK) Under Abiotic Stresses. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11050568. [PMID: 32438658 PMCID: PMC7288329 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The date palm (Khalas) is an extremophile plant that can adapt to various abiotic stresses including drought and salinity. Salinity tolerance is a complex trait controlled by numerous genes. Identification and functional characterization of salt-responsive genes from the date palm is fundamental to understand salinity tolerance at the molecular level in this plant species. In this study, a salt-inducible vascular highway 1-interacting kinase (PdVIK) that is a MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) gene from the date palm, was functionally characterized using in vitro and in vivo strategies. PdVIK, one of the 597 kinases encoded by the date palm genome possesses an ankyrin repeat domain and a kinase domain. The recombinant PdVIK protein exhibited phosphotyrosine activity against myelin basic protein (MBP) substrate. Overexpression of PdVIK in yeast significantly improved its tolerance to salinity, LiCl, and oxidative stresses. Transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings overexpressing PdVIK displayed improved tolerance to salinity, osmotic, and oxidative stresses as assessed by root growth assay. The transgenic lines grown in the soil also displayed modulated salt response, compared to wild-type controls as evaluated by the overall plant growth and proline levels. Likewise, the transgenic lines exhibited drought tolerance by maintaining better relative water content (RWC) compared to non-transgenic control plants. Collectively, these results implicate the involvement of PdVIK in modulating the abiotic stress response of the date palm.
Collapse
|
183
|
Genome-wide identification of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and expression profiling of CmMAPKs in melon (Cucumis melo L.). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232756. [PMID: 32407323 PMCID: PMC7224490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a form of serine/threonine protein kinase that activated by extracellular stimulation acting through the MAPK cascade (MAPKKK-MAPKK-MAPK). The MAPK cascade gene family, an important family of protein kinases, plays a vital role in responding to various stresses and hormone signal transduction processes in plants. In this study, we identified 14 CmMAPKs, 6 CmMAPKKs and 64 CmMAPKKKs in melon genome. Based on structural characteristics and a comparison of phylogenetic relationships of MAPK gene families from Arabidopsis, cucumber and watermelon, CmMAPKs and CmMAPKKs were categorized into 4 groups, and CmMAPKKKs were categorized into 3 groups. Furthermore, chromosome location revealed an unevenly distribution on chromosomes of MAPK cascade genes in melon, respectively. Eventually, qRT-PCR analysis showed that all 14 CmMAPKs had different expression patterns under drought, salt, salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), red light (RL), and Podosphaera xanthii (P. xanthii) treatments. Overall, the expression levels of CmMAPK3 and CmMAPK7 under different treatments were higher than those in control. Our study provides an important basis for future functional verification of MAPK genes in regulating responses to stress and signal substance in melon.
Collapse
|
184
|
Zhang JB, Wang XP, Wang YC, Chen YH, Luo JW, Li DD, Li XB. Genome-wide identification and functional characterization of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) MAPKKK gene family in response to drought stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:217. [PMID: 32410659 PMCID: PMC7227315 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) are significant components in the MAPK signal pathway and play essential roles in regulating plants against drought stress. To explore MAPKKK gene family functioning in cotton response and resistance to drought stress, we conducted a systematic analysis of GhMAPKKKs. RESULTS In this study, 157 nonredundant GhMAPKKKs (including 87 RAFs, 46 MEKKs and 24 ZIKs) were identified in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). These GhMAPKKK genes are unevenly distributed on 26 chromosomes, and segmental duplication is the major way for the enlargement of MAPKKK family. Furthermore, members within the same subfamily share a similar gene structure and motif composition. A lot of cis-elements relevant to plant growth and response to stresses are distributed in promoter regions of GhMAPKKKs. Additionally, these GhMAPKKKs show differential expression patterns in cotton tissues. The transcription levels of most genes were markedly altered in cotton under heat, cold and PEG treatments, while the expressions of some GhMAPKKKs were induced in cotton under drought stress. Among these drought-induced genes, we selected GhRAF4 and GhMEKK12 for further functional characterization by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) method. The experimental results indicated that the gene-silenced cotton displayed decreased tolerance to drought stress. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was higher, but proline accumulation, relative leaf water content and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) were lower in the gene-silenced cotton, compared with those in the controls, under drought stress. CONCLUSION Collectively, a systematic survey of gene structure, chromosomal location, motif composition and evolutionary relationship of MAPKKKs were performed in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). The following expression and functional study showed that some of them take important parts in cotton drought tolerance. Thus, the data presented here may provide a foundation for further investigating the roles of GhMAPKKKs in cotton response and resistance to drought stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Bo Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079 China
| | - Xin-Peng Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079 China
| | - Ya-Chao Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079 China
| | - Yi-Hao Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079 China
| | - Jing-Wen Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079 China
| | - Deng-Di Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079 China
| | - Xue-Bao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079 China
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Wang G, Liang YH, Zhang JY, Cheng ZM(M. Cloning, molecular and functional characterization by overexpression in Arabidopsis of MAPKK genes from grapevine (Vitis vinifera). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:194. [PMID: 32381024 PMCID: PMC7203792 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), as a part of the MAPKKK-MAPKK-MAPK cascade, play crucial roles in plant development as an intracellular signal transduction pathway to respond various environmental signals. However, few MAPKK have been functionally characterized in grapevine. RESULTS In the study, five MAPKK (MKK) members were identified in grapevine (cultivar 'Pinot Noir'), cloned and designated as VvMKK1-VvMKK5. A phylogenetic analysis grouped them into four sub-families based on the similarity of their conserved motifs and gene structure to Arabidopsis MAPKK members. qRT-PCR results indicated that the expression of VvMKK1, VvMKK2, VvMKK4, and VvMKK5 were up-regulated in mature leaf and young blades, and roots, but exhibited low expression in leaf petioles. VvMKK2, VvMKK3, and VvMKK5 genes were differentially up-regulated when grapevine leaves were inoculated with spores of Erisyphe necator, or treated with salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ETH), H2O2, or exposed to drought, indicating that these genes may be involved in a variety of signaling pathways. Over expression of VvMKK2 and VvMKK4 genes in transgenic Arabidopsis plants resulted in the production of seeds with a significantly higher germination and survival rate, and better seedling growth under stress conditions than wild-type plants. Overexpression of VvMKK2 in Arabidopsis improved salt and drought stress tolerance while overexpression of VvMKK4 only improved salt stress tolerance. CONCLUSIONS Results of the present investigation provide a better understanding of the interaction and function of MAPKKK-MAPKK-MAPK genes at the transcriptional level in grapevine and led to the identification of candidate genes for drought and salt stress in grapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014 Jiangsu China
| | - Ying-hai Liang
- Institute of Pomology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gong Zhuling, Jilin Province, 136100 China
| | - Ji-yu Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014 Jiangsu China
| | - Zong-Ming ( Max) Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996 USA
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Maurya R, Srivastava D, Singh M, Sawant SV. Envisioning the immune interactome in Arabidopsis. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:486-507. [PMID: 32345431 DOI: 10.1071/fp19188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During plant-pathogen interaction, immune targets were regulated by protein-protein interaction events such as ligand-receptor/co-receptor, kinase-substrate, protein sequestration, activation or repression via post-translational modification and homo/oligo/hetro-dimerisation of proteins. A judicious use of molecular machinery requires coordinated protein interaction among defence components. Immune signalling in Arabidopsis can be broadly represented in successive or simultaneous steps; pathogen recognition at cell surface, Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species signalling, MAPK signalling, post-translational modification, transcriptional regulation and phyto-hormone signalling. Proteome wide interaction studies have shown the existence of interaction hubs associated with physiological function. So far, a number of protein interaction events regulating immune targets have been identified, but their understanding in an interactome view is lacking. We focussed specifically on the integration of protein interaction signalling in context to plant-pathogenesis and identified the key targets. The present review focuses towards a comprehensive view of the plant immune interactome including signal perception, progression, integration and physiological response during plant pathogen interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Maurya
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow. 226001; and Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow. 226007
| | - Deepti Srivastava
- Integral Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology (IIAST) Integral University, Kursi Road, Dashauli, Uttar Pradesh. 226026
| | - Munna Singh
- Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow. 226007
| | - Samir V Sawant
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow. 226001; and Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Li W, Wu H, Li X, Chen Y, Yin T. Fine mapping of the sex locus in Salix triandra confirms a consistent sex determination mechanism in genus Salix. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:64. [PMID: 32377355 PMCID: PMC7193568 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Salix triandra belongs to section Amygdalinae in genus Salix, which is in a different section from the willow species in which sex determination has been well studied. Studying sex determination in distantly related willow species will help to clarify whether the sexes of different willows arise through a common sex determination system. For this purpose, we generated an intraspecific full-sib F1 population for S. triandra and constructed high-density genetic linkage maps for the crossing parents using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing and following a two-way pseudo-testcross strategy. With the established maps, the sex locus was positioned in linkage group XV only in the maternal map, and no sex linkage was detected in the paternal map. Consistent with previous findings in other willow species, our study showed that chromosome XV was the incipient sex chromosome and that females were the heterogametic sex in S. triandra. Therefore, sex in this willow species is also determined through a ZW sex determination system. We further performed fine mapping in the vicinity of the sex locus with SSR markers. By comparing the physical and genetic distances for the target interval encompassing the sex determination gene confined by SSRs, severe recombination repression was revealed in the sex determination region in the female map. The recombination rate in the confined interval encompassing the sex locus was approximately eight-fold lower than the genome-wide average. This study provides critical information relevant to sex determination in S. triandra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- The Key Lab of Cultivar Innovation and Germplasm Improvement of Salicaceae, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Huaitong Wu
- The Key Lab of Cultivar Innovation and Germplasm Improvement of Salicaceae, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- The Key Lab of Cultivar Innovation and Germplasm Improvement of Salicaceae, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Yingnan Chen
- The Key Lab of Cultivar Innovation and Germplasm Improvement of Salicaceae, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Tongming Yin
- The Key Lab of Cultivar Innovation and Germplasm Improvement of Salicaceae, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Liu J, Wang X, Yang L, Nan W, Ruan M, Bi Y. Involvement of active MKK9-MAPK3/MAPK6 in increasing respiration in salt-treated Arabidopsis callus. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:965-977. [PMID: 32008084 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 9 (MKK9) is an upstream activator of mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3) and MAPK6 in planta. To investigate MKK9 roles in mitochondrial respiration in Arabidopsis, MKK9DD, the active allele with mutations of Thr-201 and Ser-205 to Asp, and MKK9KR, the allele lacking MKK9 activity with a mutation of Lys-76 to Arg, were used. Results showed that the total respiratory rate (Vt), alternative pathway capacity (Valt) and cytochrome pathway capacity (Vcyt) increased under 0-100 mM NaCl treatments but decreased under 150-300 mM NaCl treatments in Col-0 callus. However, the activation of MKK9 by dexamethasone (DEX) increased Vt, Valt and Vcyt under 200 mM NaCl treatment; moreover, Valt showed more increase than Vcyt. The activation of MKK9 in MKK9DD callus sharply increased AOX protein expression under normal and NaCl conditions, but the increase was not observed in MKK9KR callus. Further results indicated that MAPK3 and MAPK6 were involved in the MKK9-induced increase of AOX protein levels. qRT-PCR results showed that MKK9-MAPK3/MAPK6 was involved in the NaCl-induced AOX1b and AOX1d expression, but only MKK9-MAPK3 was necessary for AOX2 expression; in addition, MAPK3 regulated the AOX1a transcription in an MKK9-independent manner. MKK9 positively regulated SOD and CAT activities by affecting MAPK3 and MAPK6 and negatively regulated APX and POD activities by affecting MAPK3. Moreover, MKK9 functions as a positive factor in H2O2 accumulation under salt stress. The regulation of ethylene on alternative respiration was also associated with MKK9 under salt stress. Taken together, the MKK9-MAPK3/MAPK6 pathway plays a pivotal role in increasing alternative respiration in the salt-treated Arabidopsis callus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Developmental Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Nan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjiao Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yurong Bi
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Zhu D, Chang Y, Pei T, Zhang X, Liu L, Li Y, Zhuang J, Yang H, Qin F, Song C, Ren D. MAPK-like protein 1 positively regulates maize seedling drought sensitivity by suppressing ABA biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:747-760. [PMID: 31863495 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play vital roles in regulating plant growth, development, and stress responses. MAPK-like (MPKL) proteins are a group of kinases containing the MAPK signature TxY motif and showing sequence similarity to MAPKs. However, the functions of plant MPKL proteins are currently unknown. The maize (Zea mays) genome contains four genes encoding MPKL proteins, here named ZmMPKL1 to ZmMPKL4. In this study, we show that ZmMPKL1 possesses kinase activity and that drought-induced ZmMPKL1 expression, ZmMPKL1 overexpression and knockout maize seedlings exhibited no visible morphological difference from wild-type B73 seedlings when grown under normal conditions. By contrast, under drought conditions, ZmMPKL1-overexpressing seedlings showed increased stomatal aperture, water loss, and leaf wilting and knockout seedlings showed the opposite phenotypes. Moreover, these drought-sensitive phenotypes in ZmMPKL1-overexpressing seedlings were restored by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA). ZmMPKL1 overexpression reduced drought-induced ABA production in seedlings and the knockout showed enhanced ABA production. Drought-induced transcription of ABA biosynthetic genes were suppressed and ABA catabolic genes were enhanced in ZmMPKL1-overexpressing seedlings, while their transcription were reversely regulated in knockout seedlings. These results suggest that ZmMPKL1 positively regulates seedlings drought sensitivity by altering the transcription of ABA biosynthetic and catabolic genes, and ABA homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, Henan Province, Institute of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Ting Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiuyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junhong Zhuang
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hailian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chunpeng Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, Henan Province, Institute of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Dongtao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Asano T, Nguyen THN, Yasuda M, Sidiq Y, Nishimura K, Nakashita H, Nishiuchi T. Arabidopsis MAPKKK δ-1 is required for full immunity against bacterial and fungal infection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2085-2097. [PMID: 31844896 PMCID: PMC7094076 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The genome of Arabidopsis encodes more than 60 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) kinases (MAPKKKs); however, the functions of most MAPKKKs and their downstream MAPKKs are largely unknown. Here, MAPKKK δ-1 (MKD1), a novel Raf-like MAPKKK, was isolated from Arabidopsis as a subunit of a complex including the transcription factor AtNFXL1, which is involved in the trichothecene phytotoxin response and in disease resistance against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (PstDC3000). A MKD1-dependent cascade positively regulates disease resistance against PstDC3000 and the trichothecene mycotoxin-producing fungal pathogen Fusarium sporotrichioides. MKD1 expression was induced by trichothecenes derived from Fusarium species. MKD1 directly interacted with MKK1 and MKK5 in vivo, and phosphorylated MKK1 and MKK5 in vitro. Correspondingly, mkk1 mutants and MKK5RNAi transgenic plants showed enhanced susceptibility to F. sporotrichioides. MKD1 was required for full activation of two MAPKs (MPK3 and MPK6) by the T-2 toxin and flg22. Finally, quantitative phosphoproteomics suggested that an MKD1-dependent cascade controlled phosphorylation of a disease resistance protein, SUMO, and a mycotoxin-detoxifying enzyme. Our findings suggest that the MKD1-MKK1/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6-dependent signaling cascade is involved in the full immune responses against both bacterial and fungal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Asano
- Institute for Gene Research, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Thi Hang-Ni Nguyen
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Michiko Yasuda
- Plant Acquired Immunity Research Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasir Sidiq
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kohji Nishimura
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Hideo Nakashita
- Plant Acquired Immunity Research Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Institute for Gene Research, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Hayashi M, Sugimoto H, Takahashi H, Seki M, Shinozaki K, Sawasaki T, Kinoshita T, Inoue SI. Raf-like kinases CBC1 and CBC2 negatively regulate stomatal opening by negatively regulating plasma membrane H +-ATPase phosphorylation in Arabidopsis. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:88-98. [PMID: 31904040 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00329k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal pores, which are surrounded by pairs of guard cells in the plant epidermis, regulate gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere, thereby controlling photosynthesis and transpiration. Blue light works as a signal to guard cells, to induce intracellular signaling and open stomata. Blue light receptor phototropins (phots) are activated by blue light; phot-mediated signals promote plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase activity via C-terminal Thr phosphorylation, serving as the driving force for stomatal opening in guard cells. However, the details of this signaling process are not fully understood. In this study, through an in vitro screening of phot-interacting protein kinases, we obtained the CBC1 and CBC2 that had been reported as signal transducers in stomatal opening. Promoter activities of CBC1 and CBC2 indicated that both genes were expressed in guard cells. Single and double knockout mutants of CBC1 and CBC2 showed no lesions in the context of phot-mediated phototropism, chloroplast movement, or leaf flattening. In contrast, the cbc1cbc2 double mutant showed larger stomatal opening under both dark and blue light conditions. Interestingly, the level of phosphorylation of C-terminal Thr of PM H+-ATPase was higher in double mutant guard cells. The larger stomatal openings of the double mutant were effectively suppressed by the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). CBC1 and CBC2 interacted with BLUS1 and PM H+-ATPase in vitro. From these results, we conclude that CBC1 and CBC2 act as negative regulators of stomatal opening, probably via inhibition of PM H+-ATPase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Hayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hodaka Sugimoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Takahashi
- Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawasaki
- Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Inoue
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Plant Raf-like kinases regulate the mRNA population upstream of ABA-unresponsive SnRK2 kinases under drought stress. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1373. [PMID: 32170072 PMCID: PMC7069986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
SNF1-related protein kinases 2 (SnRK2s) are key regulators governing the plant adaptive responses to osmotic stresses, such as drought and high salinity. Subclass III SnRK2s function as central regulators of abscisic acid (ABA) signalling and orchestrate ABA-regulated adaptive responses to osmotic stresses. Seed plants have acquired other types of osmotic stress-activated but ABA-unresponsive subclass I SnRK2s that regulate mRNA decay and promote plant growth under osmotic stresses. In contrast to subclass III SnRK2s, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the rapid activation of subclass I SnRK2s in response to osmotic stress remain elusive. Here, we report that three B4 Raf-like MAP kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) phosphorylate and activate subclass I SnRK2s under osmotic stress. Transcriptome analyses reveal that genes downstream of these MAPKKKs largely overlap with subclass I SnRK2-regulated genes under osmotic stress, which indicates that these MAPKKKs are upstream factors of subclass I SnRK2 and are directly activated by osmotic stress.
Collapse
|
193
|
Koide E, Suetsugu N, Iwano M, Gotoh E, Nomura Y, Stolze SC, Nakagami H, Kohchi T, Nishihama R. Regulation of Photosynthetic Carbohydrate Metabolism by a Raf-Like Kinase in the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:631-643. [PMID: 31851335 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To optimize growth and development, plants monitor photosynthetic activities and appropriately regulate various cellular processes. However, signaling mechanisms that coordinate plant growth with photosynthesis remain poorly understood. To identify factors that are involved in signaling related to photosynthetic stimuli, we performed a phosphoproteomic analysis with Marchantia polymorpha, an extant bryophyte species in the basal lineage of land plants. Among proteins whose phosphorylation status changed differentially between dark-treated plants and those after light irradiation but failed to do so in the presence of a photosynthesis inhibitor, we identified a B4-group Raf-like kinase, named PHOTOSYNTHESIS-RELATED RAF (MpPRAF). Biochemical analyses confirmed photosynthesis-activity-dependent changes in the phosphorylation status of MpPRAF. Mutations in the MpPRAF gene resulted in growth retardation. Measurement of carbohydrates demonstrated both hyper-accumulation of starch and reduction of sucrose in Mppraf mutants. Neither inhibition of starch synthesis nor exogenous supply of sucrose alleviated the growth defect, suggesting serious impairment of Mppraf mutants in both the synthesis of sucrose and the repression of its catabolism. As a result of the compromised photosynthate metabolism, photosynthetic electron transport was downregulated in Mppraf mutants. A mutated MpPRAF with a common amino acid substitution for inactivating kinase activity was unable to rescue the Mppraf mutant defects. Our results provide evidence that MpPRAF is a photosynthesis signaling kinase that regulates sucrose metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eri Koide
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Noriyuki Suetsugu
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Megumi Iwano
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Eiji Gotoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
| | - Yuko Nomura
- Plant Proteomics Research Unit, RIKEN CSRS, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Sara Christina Stolze
- Protein Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Plant Proteomics Research Unit, RIKEN CSRS, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- Protein Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Zhang J, Gao J, Zhu Z, Song Y, Wang X, Wang X, Zhou X. MKK4/MKK5-MPK1/MPK2 cascade mediates SA-activated leaf senescence via phosphorylation of NPR1 in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:463-475. [PMID: 31916083 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00958-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism by which endogenous salicylic acid (SA) regulates leaf senescence remains elusive. Here we provide direct evidence that an enhancement of endogenous SA level, via chemical-induced upregulation of ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1 (ICS1), could significantly accelerate the senescence process of old leaves through mediation of the key SA signaling component NON EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1) in Arabidopsis. Importantly, by taking advantage of this chemically induced leaf senescence system, we identified a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade MKK4/5-MPK1/2 that is required for the SA/NPR1-mediated leaf senescence. Both MKK4/5 and MPK1/2 exhibited SA-induced kinase activities, with MPK1/2 being the immediate targets of MKK4/5. Double mutants of mkk4 mkk5 and mpk1 mpk2 displayed delayed leaf senescence, while constitutive overexpression of the kinase genes led to premature leaf senescence. Such premature leaf senescence was suppressed when they were overexpressed in an SA synthesis defective mutant (sid2) or signaling detective mutant (npr1). We further showed that MPK1, but not MPK2, could directly phosphorylate NPR1. Meanwhile, MPK1 also mediated NPR1 monomerization. Notably, induction of disease resistance was significantly compromised in the single and double mutants of the kinase genes. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the MKK4/5-MPK1/2 cascade plays a critical role in modulating SA signaling through a complex regulatory network in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Center for Genetic Diversity and Designing Agriculture, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jiong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Center for Genetic Diversity and Designing Agriculture, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Zheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Center for Genetic Diversity and Designing Agriculture, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Center for Genetic Diversity and Designing Agriculture, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Center for Genetic Diversity and Designing Agriculture, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Center for Genetic Diversity and Designing Agriculture, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Center for Genetic Diversity and Designing Agriculture, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Liu Z, Wang L, Xue C, Chu Y, Gao W, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Liu M. Genome-wide identification of MAPKKK genes and their responses to phytoplasma infection in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). BMC Genomics 2020; 21:142. [PMID: 32041543 PMCID: PMC7011567 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play vital roles in signal transduction in response to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. In a previous study, we identified ten ZjMAPKs and five ZjMAPKKs in the Chinese jujube genome. We found that some members of ZjMAPKs and ZjMAPKKs may play key roles in the plant's response to phytoplasma infection. However, how these ZjMAPKKs are modulated by ZjMAPKKKs during the response process has not been elucidated. Little information is available regarding MAPKKKs in Chinese jujube. RESULTS A total of 56 ZjMAPKKKs were identified in the jujube genome. All of these kinases contain the key S-TKc (serine/threonine protein kinase) domain, which is distributed among all 12 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analyses show that these ZjMAPKKKs can be classified into two subfamilies. Specifically, 41 ZjMAPKKKs belong to the Raf subfamily, and 15 belong to the MEKK subfamily. In addition, the ZjMAPKKKs in each subfamily share the same conserved motifs and gene structures. Only one pair of ZjMAPKKKs (15/16, on chromosome 5) was found to be tandemly duplicated. Using qPCR, the expression profiles of these MAPKKKs were investigated in response to infection with phytoplasma. In the three main infected tissues (witches' broom leaves, phyllody leaves, and apparently normal leaves), ZjMAPKKK26 and - 45 were significantly upregulated, and ZjMAPKKK3, - 43 and - 50 were significantly downregulated. ZjMAPKKK4, - 10, - 25 and - 44 were significantly and highly induced in sterile cultivated tissues infected by phytoplasma, while ZjMAPKKK6, - 7, - 17, - 18, - 30, - 34, - 35, - 37, - 40, - 41, - 43, - 46, - 52 and - 53 were significantly downregulated. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we present an identification and classification analysis of ZjMAPKKKs. Some ZjMAPKKK genes may play key roles in the response to phytoplasma infection. This study provides an initial understanding of the mechanisms through which ZjMAPKKKs are involved in the response of Chinese jujube to phytoplasma infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Chaoling Xue
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yuetong Chu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Weilin Gao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yitong Zhao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China. .,Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China.
| | - Mengjun Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China. .,Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Novikova GV, Stepanchenko NS, Zorina AA, Nosov AV, Rakitin VY, Moshkov IE, Los DA. Coupling of Cell Division and Differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana Cultured Cells with Interaction of Ethylene and ABA Signaling Pathways. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E15. [PMID: 32050697 PMCID: PMC7175341 DOI: 10.3390/life10020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate direct links between molecular cell cycle and cell differentiation machineries. Ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) are known to affect cell division and differentiation, but the mechanisms of such effects are poorly understood. As ethylene and ABA signaling routes may interact, we examined their involvement in cell division and differentiation in cell tissue cultures derived from several Arabidopsis thaliana plants: wild type (Col-0), and ethylene-insensitive mutants etr1-1, ctr1-1, and ein2-1. We designed an experimental setup to analyze the growth-related parameters and molecular mechanisms in proliferating cells upon short exposure to ABA. Here, we provide evidence for the ethylene-ABA signaling pathways' interaction in the regulation of cell division and differentiation as follows: (1) when the ethylene signal transduction pathway is functionally active (Col-0), the cells actively proliferate, and exogenous ABA performs its function as an inhibitor of DNA synthesis and division; (2) if the ethylene signal is not perceived (etr1-1), then, in addition to cell differentiation (tracheary elements formation), cell death can occur. The addition of exogenous ABA can rescue the cells via increasing proliferation; (3) if the ethylene signal is perceived, but not transduced (ein2-1), then cell differentiation takes place-the latter is enhanced by exogenous ABA while cell proliferation is reduced; (4) when the signal transduction pathway is constitutively active, the cells begin to exit the cell cycle and proceed to endo-reduplication (ctr1-1). In this case, the addition of exogenous ABA promotes reactivation of cell division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galina V. Novikova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow 127276, Russian
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dmitry A. Los
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow 127276, Russian
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Soybean Resistance to Soybean Mosaic Virus. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020219. [PMID: 32046350 PMCID: PMC7076706 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) occurs in all soybean-growing areas in the world and causes huge losses in soybean yields and seed quality. During early viral infection, molecular interactions between SMV effector proteins and the soybean resistance (R) protein, if present, determine the development of resistance/disease in soybean plants. Depending on the interacting strain and cultivar, R-protein in resistant soybean perceives a specific SMV effector, which triggers either the extreme silent resistance or the typical resistance manifested by hypersensitive responses and induction of salicylic acid and reactive oxygen species. In this review, we consider the major advances that have been made in understanding the soybean–SMV arms race. We also focus on dissecting mechanisms SMV employs to establish infection and how soybean perceives and then responds to SMV attack. In addition, progress on soybean R-genes studies, as well as those addressing independent resistance genes, are also addressed.
Collapse
|
198
|
Poplar PdPTP1 Gene Negatively Regulates Salt Tolerance by Affecting Ion and ROS Homeostasis in Populus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031065. [PMID: 32033494 PMCID: PMC7037657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High concentrations of Na+ in saline soil impair plant growth and agricultural production. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is crucial in many cellular regulatory mechanisms. However, regulatory mechanisms of plant protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in controlling responses to abiotic stress remain limited. We report here the identification of a Tyrosine (Tyr)-specific phosphatase, PdPTP1, from NE19 (Populus nigra × (P. deltoides × P. nigra). Transcript levels of PdPTP1 were upregulated significantly by NaCl treatment and oxidative stress. PdPTP1 was found both in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Under NaCl treatment, transgenic plants overexpressing PdPTP1 (OxPdPTP1) accumulated more Na+ and less K+. In addition, OxPdPTP1 poplars accumulated more H2O2 and O2·-, which is consistent with the downregulation of enzymatic ROS-scavengers activity. Furthermore, PdPTP1 interacted with PdMAPK3/6 in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that PdPTP1 functions as a negative regulator of salt tolerance via a mechanism of affecting Na+/K+ and ROS homeostasis.
Collapse
|
199
|
Wang Z, Zhao FY, Tang MQ, Chen T, Bao LL, Cao J, Li YL, Yang YH, Zhu KM, Liu S, Tan XL. BnaMPK6 is a determinant of quantitative disease resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in oilseed rape. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 291:110362. [PMID: 31928657 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes a devastating disease in oilseed rape (Brassica napus), resulting in major economic losses. Resistance response of B. napus against S. sclerotiorum exhibits a typical quantitative disease resistance (QDR) characteristic, but the molecular determinants of this QDR are largely unknown. In this study, we isolated a B. napus mitogen-activated protein kinase gene, BnaMPK6, and found that BnaMPK6 expression is highly responsive to infection by S. sclerotiorum and treatment with salicylic acid (SA) or jasmonic acid (JA). Moreover, overexpression (OE) of BnaMPK6 significantly enhances resistance to S. sclerotiorum, whereas RNAi in BnaMPK6 significantly reduces this resistance. These results showed that BnaMPK6 plays an important role in defense to S. sclerotiorum. Furthermore, expression of defense genes associated with SA-, JA- and ethylene (ET)-mediated signaling was investigated in BnaMPK6-RNAi, WT and BnaMPK6-OE plants after S. sclerotiorum infection, and consequently, it was indicated that the activation of ET signaling by BnaMPK6 may play a role in the defense. Further, four BnaMPK6-encoding homologous loci were mapped in the B. napus genome. Using the allele analysis and expression analysis on the four loci, we demonstrated that the locus BnaA03.MPK6 makes an important contribution to QDR against S. sclerotiorum. Our data indicated that BnaMPK6 is a previously unknown determinant of QDR against S. sclerotiorum in B. napus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301#Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Feng-Yun Zhao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301#Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Min-Qiang Tang
- The Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI) of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301#Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Ling-Li Bao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301#Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Jun Cao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301#Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Yu-Long Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301#Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Yan-Hua Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301#Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Ke-Ming Zhu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301#Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Shengyi Liu
- The Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI) of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Tan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301#Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Mwando E, Angessa TT, Han Y, Li C. Salinity tolerance in barley during germination- homologs and potential genes. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2020; 21:93-121. [PMID: 32115909 PMCID: PMC7076347 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1900400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Salinity affects more than 6% of the world's total land area, causing massive losses in crop yield. Salinity inhibits plant growth and development through osmotic and ionic stresses; however, some plants exhibit adaptations through osmotic regulation, exclusion, and translocation of accumulated Na+ or Cl-. Currently, there are no practical, economically viable methods for managing salinity, so the best practice is to grow crops with improved tolerance. Germination is the stage in a plant's life cycle most adversely affected by salinity. Barley, the fourth most important cereal crop in the world, has outstanding salinity tolerance, relative to other cereal crops. Here, we review the genetics of salinity tolerance in barley during germination by summarizing reported quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and functional genes. The homologs of candidate genes for salinity tolerance in Arabidopsis, soybean, maize, wheat, and rice have been blasted and mapped on the barley reference genome. The genetic diversity of three reported functional gene families for salt tolerance during barley germination, namely dehydration-responsive element-binding (DREB) protein, somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase and aquaporin genes, is discussed. While all three gene families show great diversity in most plant species, the DREB gene family is more diverse in barley than in wheat and rice. Further to this review, a convenient method for screening for salinity tolerance at germination is needed, and the mechanisms of action of the genes involved in salt tolerance need to be identified, validated, and transferred to commercial cultivars for field production in saline soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Mwando
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Tefera Tolera Angessa
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
| | - Yong Han
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Chengdao Li
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
| |
Collapse
|