151
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Pal A, Malakoutikhah M, Leonetti G, Tezcan M, Colomb-Delsuc M, Nguyen VD, van der Gucht J, Otto S. Controlling the Structure and Length of Self-Synthesizing Supramolecular Polymers through Nucleated Growth and Disassembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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152
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Acharyya K, Mukherjee PS. Shape and size directed self-selection in organic cage formation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:4241-4. [PMID: 25670238 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00075k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The selective formation of a single isomer of a [3+2] self-assembled organic cage from a reaction mixture of an unsymmetrical aldehyde and a flexible amine is discussed. The experimental and theoretical findings suggest that in such a process, the geometric features of the aldehyde play a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Acharyya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India.
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153
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Wagner N, Ashkenasy G. How Catalytic Order Drives the Complexification of Molecular Replication Networks. Isr J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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154
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Solà J, Lafuente M, Atcher J, Alfonso I. Constitutional self-selection from dynamic combinatorial libraries in aqueous solution through supramolecular interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:4564-6. [PMID: 24647648 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00245h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe the predominant formation of a specific constitution arising from the combination of building blocks with different topologies through disulphide chemistry in a Dynamic Combinatorial Library (DCL). The supramolecular interactions established by a zwitterionic cysteine moiety are responsible for the self-selection of one product from all the virtual members of a large library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Solà
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, Spain.
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155
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Acharyya K, Mukherjee PS. Postsynthetic Exterior Decoration of an Organic Cage by Copper(I)-Catalysed A3-Coupling and Detection of Nitroaromatics. Chemistry 2015; 21:6823-31. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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156
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Atcher J, Moure A, Bujons J, Alfonso I. Salt-Induced Adaptation of a Dynamic Combinatorial Library of Pseudopeptidic Macrocycles: Unraveling the Electrostatic Effects in Mixed Aqueous Media. Chemistry 2015; 21:6869-78. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Atcher
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona (Spain)
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157
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You L, Zha D, Anslyn EV. Recent Advances in Supramolecular Analytical Chemistry Using Optical Sensing. Chem Rev 2015; 115:7840-92. [PMID: 25719867 DOI: 10.1021/cr5005524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 634] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei You
- †State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 35002, People's Republic of China
| | - Daijun Zha
- †State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 35002, People's Republic of China
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- ‡Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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158
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Jadhav KB, Lichtenecker RJ, Bullach A, Mandal B, Arndt HD. Dynamic Combinatorial Enrichment of PolyconformationalD-/L-Peptide Dimers. Chemistry 2015; 21:5898-908. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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159
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Cullen W, Hunter CA, Ward MD. An interconverting family of coordination cages and a meso-helicate; effects of temperature, concentration, and solvent on the product distribution of a self-assembly process. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:2626-37. [PMID: 25700155 DOI: 10.1021/ic502780b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly between a water-soluble bis-bidentate ligand L(18w) and Co(II) salts in water affords three high-spin Co(II) products: a dinuclear meso-helicate [Co2(L(18w))3]X4; a tetrahedral cage [Co4(L(18w))6]X8; and a dodecanuclear truncated-tetrahedral cage [Co12(L(18w))18]X24 (X = BF4 or ClO4). All three products were crystallized under different conditions and structurally characterized. In [Co2(L(18w))3]X4 all three bridging ligands span a pair of metal ions; in the two larger products, there is a metal ion at each vertex of the Co4 or Co12 polyhedral cage array with a bridging ligand spanning a pair of metal ions along every edge. All three structural types are known: what is unusual here is the presence of all three from the same reaction. The assemblies Co2, Co4, and Co12 are in slow equilibrium (hours/days) in aqueous solution, and this can be conveniently monitored by (1)H NMR spectroscopy because (i) the paramagnetism of Co(II) disperses the signals over a range of ca. 200 ppm and (ii) the different symmetries of the three species give characteristically different numbers of independent (1)H NMR signals, which makes identification easy. From temperature- and concentration-dependent (1)H NMR studies it is clear that increasing temperature and increasing dilution favors fragmentation to give a larger proportion of the smaller assemblies for entropic reasons. High concentrations and low temperature favor the larger assembly despite the unfavorable entropic and electrostatic factors associated with its formation. We suggest that this arises from the hydrophobic effect: reorganization of several smaller complexes into one larger one results in a smaller proportion of the hydrophobic ligand surface being exposed to water, with a larger proportion of the ligand surface protected in the interior of the assembly. In agreement with this, (1)H NMR spectra in a nonaqueous solvent (MeNO2) show formation of only [Co2(L(18w))3]X4 because the driving force for reorganization into larger assemblies is now absent. Thus, we can identify the contributions of temperature, concentration, and solvent on the result of the metal/ligand self-assembly process and have determined the speciation behavior of the Co2/Co4/Co12 system in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Cullen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
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160
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Paolantoni D, Cantel S, Dumy P, Ulrich S. A dynamic combinatorial approach for identifying side groups that stabilize DNA-templated supramolecular self-assemblies. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:3609-25. [PMID: 25667976 PMCID: PMC4346916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16023609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-templated self-assembly is an emerging strategy for generating functional supramolecular systems, which requires the identification of potent multi-point binding ligands. In this line, we recently showed that bis-functionalized guanidinium compounds can interact with ssDNA and generate a supramolecular complex through the recognition of the phosphodiester backbone of DNA. In order to probe the importance of secondary interactions and to identify side groups that stabilize these DNA-templated self-assemblies, we report herein the implementation of a dynamic combinatorial approach. We used an in situ fragment assembly process based on reductive amination and tested various side groups, including amino acids. The results reveal that aromatic and cationic side groups participate in secondary supramolecular interactions that stabilize the complexes formed with ssDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Paolantoni
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale, Montpellier Cedex 5 34296, France.
| | - Sonia Cantel
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale, Montpellier Cedex 5 34296, France.
| | - Pascal Dumy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale, Montpellier Cedex 5 34296, France.
| | - Sébastien Ulrich
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale, Montpellier Cedex 5 34296, France.
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161
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Nowak P, Saggiomo V, Salehian F, Colomb-Delsuc M, Han Y, Otto S. Localized Template-Driven Functionalization of Nanoparticles by Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:4192-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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162
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Nowak P, Saggiomo V, Salehian F, Colomb-Delsuc M, Han Y, Otto S. Localized Template-Driven Functionalization of Nanoparticles by Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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163
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Wilson H, Byrne S, Mullen KM. Dynamic Covalent Synthesis of Donor-Acceptor Interlocked Architectures in Solution and at the Solution:Surface Interface. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:715-21. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201403288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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164
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Kadu R, Pillai V, V. A, Singh VK. Synthesis and spectral characterization of bimetallic metallomacrocyclic structures [MII2-μ2-bis-{(κ2S,S-S2CN(R)C6H4)2O}] (M = Ni/Zn/Cd): density functional theory and host–guest reactivity studies. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22175g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Compounds displayed the ability to form 1 : 1 host–guest inclusion complexes with bidentate guests and to form metal sulphides on thermal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kadu
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- The M. S. University of Baroda
- Vadodara-390 002
- India
| | - Vineeta Pillai
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- The M. S. University of Baroda
- Vadodara-390 002
- India
| | - Amrit V.
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- The M. S. University of Baroda
- Vadodara-390 002
- India
| | - Vinay K. Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- The M. S. University of Baroda
- Vadodara-390 002
- India
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165
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Cougnon FBL, Ponnuswamy N, Pantoş GD, Sanders JKM. Molecular motion of donor–acceptor catenanes in water. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:2927-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02457e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we use 1H NMR spectroscopy to study the spontaneous molecular motion of donor–acceptor [2]catenanes in water.
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166
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He Z, Jiang W, Schalley CA. Integrative self-sorting: a versatile strategy for the construction of complex supramolecular architecture. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:779-89. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00305e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Integrative self-sorting expands the concepts of self-assembly and allows the programming of supramolecular architecture on a higher level of complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng He
- Department of Chemistry
- South University of Science and Technology of China
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry
- South University of Science and Technology of China
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
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167
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Appel R, Tacke S, Klingauf J, Besenius P. Tuning the pH-triggered self-assembly of dendritic peptide amphiphiles using fluorinated side chains. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:1030-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02185a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a series of anionic dendritic peptide amphiphiles of increasing hydrophobic character and describe their self-assembly into supramolecular nanorods using pH and ionic strength dependent state diagrams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Appel
- Organic Chemistry Institute
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech)
| | - Sebastian Tacke
- Department of Cellular Biophysics
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Jürgen Klingauf
- Department of Cellular Biophysics
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Pol Besenius
- Organic Chemistry Institute
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech)
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168
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Kanfar N, Bartolami E, Zelli R, Marra A, Winum JY, Ulrich S, Dumy P. Emerging trends in enzyme inhibition by multivalent nanoconstructs. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9894-906. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01405k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the recent implementation of multivalent nanoconstructs in enzyme inhibition and discusses the emerging trends in their design and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreddine Kanfar
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247 CNRS
- Université Montpellier
- ENSCM
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
| | - Eline Bartolami
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247 CNRS
- Université Montpellier
- ENSCM
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
| | - Renaud Zelli
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247 CNRS
- Université Montpellier
- ENSCM
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
| | - Alberto Marra
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247 CNRS
- Université Montpellier
- ENSCM
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
| | - Jean-Yves Winum
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247 CNRS
- Université Montpellier
- ENSCM
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
| | - Sébastien Ulrich
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247 CNRS
- Université Montpellier
- ENSCM
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
| | - Pascal Dumy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247 CNRS
- Université Montpellier
- ENSCM
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
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169
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He Z, Ye G, Jiang W. Imine Macrocycle with a Deep Cavity: Guest-Selected Formation ofsyn/antiConfiguration and Guest-Controlled Reconfiguration. Chemistry 2014; 21:3005-12. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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170
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Jiang QQ, Sicking W, Ehlers M, Schmuck C. Discovery of potent inhibitors of human β-tryptase from pre-equilibrated dynamic combinatorial libraries. Chem Sci 2014; 6:1792-1800. [PMID: 29163876 PMCID: PMC5644118 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02943g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-equilibrated combinatorial libraries based on multivalent peptide acyl hydrazones were used to find potent inhibitors of β-tryptase. The best inhibitors bind to the protein surface, and inhibit β-tryptase with nanomolar affinity (Kica. 10 nM) and high selectivity in a reversible and non-competitive way.
Pre-equilibrated dynamic combinatorial libraries based on acyl hydrazone interchange of peptide-derived hydrazides and di- and tri-aldehydes have been used to discover potent inhibitors with nanomolar affinities for β-tryptase. To identify potent inhibitors the activity of the full library containing 95 members was compared with those of sub-libraries in which individual building blocks were missing. The most active library members contain a rigid central aromatic scaffold with three cationic peptide arms. The arms of the best inhibitors also contained a tailor-made GCP oxoanion binding motif attached to a lysine side chain. The most potent tri-armed hydrazones with peptide arms GKWR or GKWK(GCP) were shown to inhibit β-tryptase (Kica. 10–20 nM) reversibly, non-competitively and selectively (compared to related serine proteases, e.g. trypsin and chymotrypsin), most likely by binding to the protein surface, also in agreement with molecular modelling calculations. These new inhibitors are one order of magnitude more efficient than related tetravalent inhibitors obtained from previous work on a split-mix-combinatorial library and were identified with significantly less effort, demonstrating the usefulness of this approach for the identification of enzyme inhibitors in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Jiang
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstraße 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany .
| | - Wilhelm Sicking
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstraße 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany .
| | - Martin Ehlers
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstraße 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany .
| | - Carsten Schmuck
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstraße 7 , 45141 Essen , Germany .
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171
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Li J, Nowak P, Otto S. An Allosteric Receptor by Simultaneous “Casting” and “Molding” in a Dynamic Combinatorial Library. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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172
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Li J, Nowak P, Otto S. An allosteric receptor by simultaneous "casting" and "molding" in a dynamic combinatorial library. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:833-7. [PMID: 25430978 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric synthetic receptors are difficult to access by design. Herein we report a dynamic combinatorial strategy towards such systems based on the simultaneous use of two different templates. Through a process of simultaneous casting (the assembly of a library member around a template) and molding (the assembly of a library member inside the binding pocket of a template), a Russian-doll-like termolecular complex was obtained with remarkable selectivity. Analysis of the stepwise formation of the complex indicates that binding of the two partners by the central macrocycle exhibits significant positive cooperativity. Such allosteric systems represent hubs that may have considerable potential in systems chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Li
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen (The Netherlands) http://www.otto-lab.com
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173
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Fakhari F, Rokita SE. A walk along DNA using bipedal migration of a dynamic and covalent crosslinker. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5591. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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174
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Huang SL, Jin GX, Luo HK, Hor TSA. Engineering Organic Macrocycles and Cages: Versatile Bonding Approaches. Chem Asian J 2014; 10:24-42. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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175
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Belenguer AM, Lampronti GI, Wales DJ, Sanders JKM. Direct observation of intermediates in a thermodynamically controlled solid-state dynamic covalent reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:16156-66. [PMID: 25314624 DOI: 10.1021/ja500707z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We present the first polymorph interconversion study that uses solid-state dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC). This system exhibits unexpected and rich behavior, including the observation that under appropriate conditions the polymorph interconversion of a heterodimer proceeds through reversible covalent chemistry intermediates, and this route is facilitated by one of the two disulfide homodimers involved in the reaction. Furthermore, we demonstrate experimentally that in all cases a dynamic equilibrium is reached, meaning that changing the milling conditions affects the free energy difference between the two polymorphs and thus their relative stability. We suggest that this effect is due to the surface solvation energy combined with the high surface to volume ratio of the nanocrystalline powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Belenguer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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176
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Ziach K, Obrocka-Hrycyna A, Jurczak J. Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries of 2,5-Diformylfuran-Derived Macrocycles. J Org Chem 2014; 79:10334-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501966q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Ziach
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Janusz Jurczak
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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177
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Acharyya K, Mukherjee PS. A fluorescent organic cage for picric acid detection. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15788-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06225f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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178
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Li J, Cvrtila I, Colomb-Delsuc M, Otten E, Otto S. An “Ingredients” Approach to Functional Self-Synthesizing Materials: A Metal-Ion-Selective, Multi-Responsive, Self-Assembled Hydrogel. Chemistry 2014; 20:15709-14. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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179
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Herrmann A. Dynamic combinatorial/covalent chemistry: a tool to read, generate and modulate the bioactivity of compounds and compound mixtures. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:1899-933. [PMID: 24296754 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reversible covalent bond formation under thermodynamic control adds reactivity to self-assembled supramolecular systems, and is therefore an ideal tool to assess complexity of chemical and biological systems. Dynamic combinatorial/covalent chemistry (DCC) has been used to read structural information by selectively assembling receptors with the optimum molecular fit around a given template from a mixture of reversibly reacting building blocks. This technique allows access to efficient sensing devices and the generation of new biomolecules, such as small molecule receptor binders for drug discovery, but also larger biomimetic polymers and macromolecules with particular three-dimensional structural architectures. Adding a kinetic factor to a thermodynamically controlled equilibrium results in dynamic resolution and in self-sorting and self-replicating systems, all of which are of major importance in biological systems. Furthermore, the temporary modification of bioactive compounds by reversible combinatorial/covalent derivatisation allows control of their release and facilitates their transport across amphiphilic self-assembled systems such as artificial membranes or cell walls. The goal of this review is to give a conceptual overview of how the impact of DCC on supramolecular assemblies at different levels can allow us to understand, predict and modulate the complexity of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Herrmann
- Firmenich SA, Division Recherche et Développement, Route des Jeunes 1, B. P. 239, CH-1211 Genève 8, Switzerland.
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180
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Dubey R, Desiraju GR. Combinatorial crystal synthesis: structural landscape of phloroglucinol:1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene and phloroglucinol:phenazine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13178-82. [PMID: 25284214 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A large number of crystal forms, polymorphs and pseudopolymorphs, have been isolated in the phloroglucinol-dipyridylethylene (PGL:DPE) and phloroglucinol-phenazine (PGL:PHE) systems. An understanding of the intermolecular interactions and synthon preferences in these binary systems enables one to design a ternary molecular solid that consists of PGL, PHE, and DPE, and also others where DPE is replaced by other heterocycles. Clean isolation of these ternary cocrystals demonstrates synthon amplification during crystallization. These results point to the lesser likelihood of polymorphism in multicomponent crystals compared to single-component crystals. The appearance of several crystal forms during crystallization of a multicomponent system can be viewed as combinatorial crystal synthesis with synthon selection from a solution library. The resulting polymorphs and pseudopolymorphs that are obtained constitute a crystal structure landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Dubey
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012 (India)
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181
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Dubey R, Desiraju GR. Combinatorial Crystal Synthesis: Structural Landscape of Phloroglucinol:1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene and Phloroglucinol:Phenazine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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182
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Inukai N, Kawai T, Yuasa J. One-Step Versus Multistep Equilibrium of Carbazole-Bridged Dinuclear Zinc(II) Complex Formation: Metal-Assisted π-Association and -Dissociation Processes. Chemistry 2014; 20:15159-68. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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183
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Fanlo-Virgós H, Alba ANR, Hamieh S, Colomb-Delsuc M, Otto S. Transient substrate-induced catalyst formation in a dynamic molecular network. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11346-50. [PMID: 25169198 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In biology enzyme concentrations are continuously regulated, yet for synthetic catalytic systems such regulatory mechanisms are underdeveloped. We now report how a substrate of a chemical reaction induces the formation of its own catalyst from a dynamic molecular network. After complete conversion of the substrate, the network disassembles the catalyst. These results open up new opportunities for controlling catalysis in synthetic chemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Fanlo-Virgós
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen (The Netherlands) http://www.otto-lab.com
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184
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Fanlo-Virgós H, Alba ANR, Hamieh S, Colomb-Delsuc M, Otto S. Transient Substrate-Induced Catalyst Formation in a Dynamic Molecular Network. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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185
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Biased and unbiased strategies to identify biologically active small molecules. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4474-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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186
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Swaminathan S, Fowley C, McCaughan B, Cusido J, Callan JF, Raymo FM. Intracellular Guest Exchange between Dynamic Supramolecular Hosts. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:7907-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ja500285p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subramani Swaminathan
- Laboratory for Molecular Photonics, Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146-0431, United States
| | - Colin Fowley
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Bridgeen McCaughan
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Cusido
- Laboratory for Molecular Photonics, Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146-0431, United States
| | - John F. Callan
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Françisco M. Raymo
- Laboratory for Molecular Photonics, Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146-0431, United States
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187
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Köstereli Z, Scopelliti R, Severin K. Pattern-based sensing of aminoglycosides with fluorescent amphiphiles. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00737a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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188
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Abstract
Dynamic covalent chemistry (DCvC) has been strongly integrated into diverse research fields, and has enabled easy access to a variety of combinatorial libraries, 2-D macrocycles, and 3-D molecular cages that target many important applications, such as drug discovery, biotechnology, molecular separation, light harvesting, etc. DCvC relies on the reversible formation and breaking of rather strong covalent bonding within molecules. Therefore it combines the error-correction capability of supramolecular chemistry and the robustness of covalent bonding. Compared to those supramolecular interactions, dynamic covalent reactions usually have slower kinetics and require the assistance of catalysts to achieve rapid equilibrium. Although the scope of dynamic covalent reactions is rapidly expanding, the reversible reactions suitable for DCvC are still very limited. The identification and development of new dynamic reactions and catalysts would be critical for the further advancement of DCvC. This review covers the recent development of dynamic covalent reactions as well as their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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189
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Wynveen A, Fedorov I, Halley JW. Nonequilibrium steady states in a model for prebiotic evolution. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:022725. [PMID: 25353526 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.022725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Some statistical features of steady states of a Kauffman-like model for prebiotic evolution are reported from computational studies. We postulate that the interesting "lifelike" states will be characterized by a nonequilibrium distribution of species and a time variable species self-correlation function. Selecting only such states from the population of final states produced by the model yields the probability of the appearance of such states as a function of a parameter p of the model. p is defined as the probability that a possible reaction in the the artificial chemistry actually appears in the network of chemical reactions. Small p corresponds to sparse networks utilizing a small fraction of the available reactions. We find that the probability of the appearance of such lifelike states exhibits a maximum as a function of p: at large p, most final states are in chemical equilibrium and hence are excluded by our criterion. At very small p, the sparseness of the network makes the probability of formation of any nontrivial dynamic final state low, yielding a low probability of production of lifelike states in this limit as well. We also report results on the diversity of the lifelike states (as defined here) that are produced. Repeated starts of the model evolution with different random number seeds in a given reaction network lead to final lifelike states which have a greater than random likelihood of resembling one another. Thus a form of "convergence" is observed. On the other hand, in different reaction networks with the same p, lifelike final states are statistically uncorrelated. In summary, the main results are (1) there is an optimal p or "sparseness" for production of lifelike states in our model-neither very dense nor very sparse networks are optimal--and (2) for a given p or sparseness, the resulting lifelike states can be extremely different. We discuss some possible implications for studies of the origin of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wynveen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - I Fedorov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - J W Halley
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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190
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Matache M, Bogdan E, Hădade ND. Selective Host Molecules Obtained by Dynamic Adaptive Chemistry. Chemistry 2014; 20:2106-31. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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191
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Zhao Y, Beuchat C, Domoto Y, Gajewy J, Wilson A, Mareda J, Sakai N, Matile S. Anion−π Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2101-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ja412290r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - César Beuchat
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yuya Domoto
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jadwiga Gajewy
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adam Wilson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jiri Mareda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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192
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Li W, Dong Z, Zhu J, Luo Q, Liu J. Spontaneous formation of organic helical architectures through dynamic covalent chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:14744-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07263d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using dynamic covalent chemistry, achiral and chiral building blocks are capable of self-organizing into organic helical structures, accompanied with chiral amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zeyuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012, China
| | - Junyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012, China
| | - Quan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012, China
| | - Junqiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012, China
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193
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Li J, Nowak P, Fanlo-Virgós H, Otto S. Catenanes from catenanes: quantitative assessment of cooperativity in dynamic combinatorial catenation. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01998a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of dynamic combinatorial [2] and [3]catenanes have been prepared. Formation of the [3]catenanes occurs with positive or negative cooperativity, depending on the cyclodextrin homologue. Systems level analysis allows cooperativity to be quantified and MD simulations reveal that cooperativity derives from the extents to which hydrophobic surface area is exposed to the aqueous surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Li
- Centre for Systems Chemistry
- Stratingh Institute
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Centre for Systems Chemistry
- Stratingh Institute
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Fanlo-Virgós
- Centre for Systems Chemistry
- Stratingh Institute
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sijbren Otto
- Centre for Systems Chemistry
- Stratingh Institute
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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194
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Ulrich S, Dumy P. Probing secondary interactions in biomolecular recognition by dynamic combinatorial chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:5810-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00263f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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195
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Wang Y, Lin HX, Chen L, Ding SY, Lei ZC, Liu DY, Cao XY, Liang HJ, Jiang YB, Tian ZQ. What molecular assembly can learn from catalytic chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:399-411. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60212e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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196
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Tseng TW, Luo TT, Su CC, Hsu HH, Yang CI, Lu KL. An unusual cobalt(ii)-based single-walled metal–organic nanotube. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce41952e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-adaption to the formation of an unusual cobalt(ii)-based single-walled metal–organic nanotube is reported. In addition, a pseudo-merohedral twinning problem encountered in the X-ray diffraction analysis was solved, which significantly improves the crystallographic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Wen Tseng
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | | | - Chong-Cheng Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Institute of Chemistry
- Academia Sinica
| | - Hui-Huan Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taipei University of Technology
- Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Institute of Chemistry
- Academia Sinica
| | - Chen-I Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Tunghai University
- Taichung 242, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Lieh Lu
- Institute of Chemistry
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 115, Taiwan
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197
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Ziach K, Kulesza A, Jurczak J. Fast imine equilibration and its consequences for the evaluation of dynamic combinatorial libraries. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:3827-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00507d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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198
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Wilson A, Gasparini G, Matile S. Functional systems with orthogonal dynamic covalent bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:1948-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60342c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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199
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Acharyya K, Mukherjee PS. Hydrogen-bond-driven controlled molecular marriage in covalent cages. Chemistry 2013; 20:1646-57. [PMID: 24382644 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A supramolecular approach that uses hydrogen-bonding interaction as a driving force to accomplish exceptional self-sorting in the formation of imine-based covalent organic cages is discussed. Utilizing the dynamic covalent chemistry approach from three geometrically similar dialdehydes (A, B, and D) and the flexible triamine tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (X), three new [3+2] self-assembled nanoscopic organic cages have been synthesized and fully characterized by various techniques. When a complex mixture of the dialdehydes and triamine X was subjected to reaction, it was found that only dialdehyde B (which has OH groups for H-bonding) reacted to form the corresponding cage B3X2 selectively. Surprisingly, the same reaction in the absence of aldehyde B yielded a mixture of products. Theoretical and experimental investigations are in complete agreement that the presence of the hydroxyl moiety adjacent to the aldehyde functionality in B is responsible for the selective formation of cage B3X2 from a complex reaction mixture. This spectacular selection was further analyzed by transforming a nonpreferred (non-hydroxy) cage into a preferred (hydroxy) cage B3X2 by treating the former with aldehyde B. The role of the H-bond in partner selection in a mixture of two dialdehydes and two amines has also been established. Moreover, an example of unconventional imine bond metathesis in organic cage-to-cage transformation is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Acharyya
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry, Indian Institution of Science, Bangalore 560 012 (India), Fax: (+91) 8023601552
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200
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Raynal M, Ballester P, Vidal-Ferran A, van Leeuwen PWNM. Supramolecular catalysis. Part 2: artificial enzyme mimics. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 43:1734-87. [PMID: 24365792 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60037h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 665] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The design of artificial catalysts able to compete with the catalytic proficiency of enzymes is an intense subject of research. Non-covalent interactions are thought to be involved in several properties of enzymatic catalysis, notably (i) the confinement of the substrates and the active site within a catalytic pocket, (ii) the creation of a hydrophobic pocket in water, (iii) self-replication properties and (iv) allosteric properties. The origins of the enhanced rates and high catalytic selectivities associated with these properties are still a matter of debate. Stabilisation of the transition state and favourable conformations of the active site and the product(s) are probably part of the answer. We present here artificial catalysts and biomacromolecule hybrid catalysts which constitute good models towards the development of truly competitive artificial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Raynal
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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