151
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Krout D, Rodriquez M, Brose SA, Golovko MY, Henry LK, Thompson BJ. Inhibition of the Serotonin Transporter Is Altered by Metabolites of Selective Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors and Represents a Caution to Acute or Chronic Treatment Paradigms. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1011-1018. [PMID: 27959497 PMCID: PMC5437659 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of transgenic mice carrying a single isoleucine to methionine substitution (I172M) in the serotonin transporter (SERT) demonstrated a loss of sensitivity to multiple antidepressants (ADs) at SERT. However, the ability of AD metabolites to antagonize SERT was not assessed. Here, we evaluated the selectivity and potency of these metabolites for inhibition of SERT in mouse brain-derived synaptosomes and blood platelets from wild-type (I172 mSERT) and the antidepressant-insensitive mouse M172 mSERT. The metabolites norfluoxetine and desmethylsertraline lost the selectivity demonstrated by the parent compounds for inhibition of wild-type mSERT over M172 mSERT, whereas desvenlafaxine and desmethylcitalopram retained selectivity. Furthermore, we show that the metabolite desmethylcitalopram accumulates in the brain and that the metabolites desmethylcitalopram, norfluoxetine, and desvenlafaxine inhibit serotonin uptake in wild-type mSERT at potencies similar to those of their parent compounds, suggesting that metabolites may play a role in effects observed following AD administration in wild-type and M172 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Krout
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Meghan Rodriquez
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Stephen A. Brose
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Mikhail Y. Golovko
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - L. Keith Henry
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Brent J. Thompson
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
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152
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Robson MJ, Quinlan MA, Blakely RD. Immune System Activation and Depression: Roles of Serotonin in the Central Nervous System and Periphery. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:932-942. [PMID: 28345868 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) has long been recognized as a key contributor to the regulation of mood and anxiety and is strongly associated with the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Although more known for its roles within the central nervous system (CNS), 5-HT is recognized to modulate several key aspects of immune system function that may contribute to the development of MDD. Copious amounts of research have outlined a connection between alterations in immune system function, inflammation status, and MDD. Supporting this connection, peripheral immune activation results in changes in the function and/or expression of many components of 5-HT signaling that are associated with depressive-like phenotypes. How 5-HT is utilized by the immune system to effect CNS function and ultimately behaviors related to depression is still not well understood. This Review summarizes the evidence that immune system alterations related to depression affect CNS 5-HT signaling that can alter MDD-relevant behaviors and that 5-HT regulates immune system signaling within the CNS and periphery. We suggest that targeting the interrelationships between immune and 5-HT signaling may provide more effective treatments for subsets of those suffering from inflammation-associated MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Robson
- Department of Biomedical
Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Meagan A. Quinlan
- Department of Biomedical
Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240-7933, United States
| | - Randy D. Blakely
- Department of Biomedical
Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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153
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Shajib MS, Baranov A, Khan WI. Diverse Effects of Gut-Derived Serotonin in Intestinal Inflammation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:920-931. [PMID: 28288510 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut is the largest producer of serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the human body, and 5-HT has been recognized as an important signaling molecule in the gut for decades. There are two distinct sources of enteric 5-HT. Mucosal 5-HT is predominantly produced by enterochromaffin (EC) cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and neuronal 5-HT in the gut is produced by serotonergic neurons of the enteric nervous system (ENS). The quantity of mucosal 5-HT produced vastly eclipses the amount of neuronal 5-HT in the gut. Though it is difficult to separate the functions of neuronal and mucosal 5-HT, in the normal gut both types of enteric 5-HT work synergistically playing a prominent role in the maintenance of GI functions. In inflammatory conditions of the gut, like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) recent studies have revealed new diverse functions of enteric 5-HT. Mucosal 5-HT plays an important role in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators from immune cells, and neuronal 5-HT provides neuroprotection in the ENS. Based on searches for terms such as "5-HT", "EC cell", "ENS", and "inflammation" in pubmed.gov as well as by utilizing pertinent reviews, the current review aims to provide an update on the role of enteric 5-HT and its immune mediators in the context of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sharif Shajib
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario L8S
4K1, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Adriana Baranov
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario L8S
4K1, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Waliul I. Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario L8S
4K1, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Hamilton
Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
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154
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Brindley RL, Bauer MB, Blakely RD, Currie KP. Serotonin and Serotonin Transporters in the Adrenal Medulla: A Potential Hub for Modulation of the Sympathetic Stress Response. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:943-954. [PMID: 28406285 PMCID: PMC5541362 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter in the central nervous system where it modulates circuits involved in mood, cognition, movement, arousal, and autonomic function. The 5-HT transporter (SERT; SLC6A4) is a key regulator of 5-HT signaling, and genetic variations in SERT are associated with various disorders including depression, anxiety, and autism. This review focuses on the role of SERT in the sympathetic nervous system. Autonomic/sympathetic dysfunction is evident in patients with depression, anxiety, and other diseases linked to serotonergic signaling. Experimentally, loss of SERT function (SERT knockout mice or chronic pharmacological block) has been reported to augment the sympathetic stress response. Alterations to serotonergic signaling in the CNS and thus central drive to the peripheral sympathetic nervous system are presumed to underlie this augmentation. Although less widely recognized, SERT is robustly expressed in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, the neuroendocrine arm of the sympathetic nervous system. Adrenal chromaffin cells do not synthesize 5-HT but accumulate small amounts by SERT-mediated uptake. Recent evidence demonstrated that 5-HT1A receptors inhibit catecholamine secretion from adrenal chromaffin cells via an atypical mechanism that does not involve modulation of cellular excitability or voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. This raises the possibility that the adrenal medulla is a previously unrecognized peripheral hub for serotonergic control of the sympathetic stress response. As a framework for future investigation, a model is proposed in which stress-evoked adrenal catecholamine secretion is fine-tuned by SERT-modulated autocrine 5-HT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Brindley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mary Beth Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Randy D. Blakely
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, and Florida Atlantic University Brain Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kevin P.M. Currie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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155
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Amidfar M, Kim YK, Colic L, Arbabi M, Mobaraki G, Hassanzadeh G, Walter M. Increased levels of 5HT2A receptor mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with major depression: correlations with severity and duration of illness. Nord J Psychiatry 2017; 71:282-288. [PMID: 28125323 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2016.1276624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging, immunologic, and pharmacologic studies have emphasized the role of 5-HT2A and 5-HT3A serotonin receptors in the pathophysiology of major depression. AIM The aim of this study was to measure the relative expression of 5-HT2A and 5-HT3A receptor mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHOD 5-HT2A and 5-HT3A receptor mRNA expressions were examined in PBMCs of 25 medication-naïve-patients with MDD, 25 medication-free MDD patients, and 25 healthy controls. 5-HT2A and 5-HT3A receptor mRNA expressions were measured using real-time quantitative PCR. This study evaluated patients' clinical symptoms using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 items (HDRS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). RESULTS Relative 5-HTR2A mRNA expression was significantly higher in PBMCs of all MDD patients when compared with healthy controls (Z = -3.875, p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the relative levels of 5-HTR3A mRNA expression in PBMCs of all MDD patients when compared with healthy controls (Z = -1.328, p > 0.05). MDD patients showed significant correlations between 5-HTR2A mRNA expression and HDRS scores (rs = 0.902, p < 0.001) and BDI scores (rs = 0.878, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study showed that depressed patients, irrespective of treatment, have higher 5-HTR2A mRNA levels in PBMCs than healthy subjects. It also provided evidence that 5-HTR2A mRNA levels in PBMCs of MDD patients could be associated with the severity of depression and the duration of the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Amidfar
- a Department of Neuroscience , School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- b Department of Psychiatry , College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital , Ansan , South Korea
| | - Lejla Colic
- c Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Behavioural Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Mohammad Arbabi
- d Department of Psychiatry , School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Mobaraki
- e Department of Psychiatry , School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Alzahra Hospital , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- a Department of Neuroscience , School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,f Department of Anatomy , School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Martin Walter
- c Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Behavioural Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology , Magdeburg , Germany.,g Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany.,h Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany.,i Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences , Magdeburg , Germany.,j Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics , Tübingen , Germany
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156
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Shuffrey LC, Guter SJ, Delaney S, Jacob S, Anderson GM, Sutcliffe JS, Cook EH, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. Is there sexual dimorphism of hyperserotonemia in autism spectrum disorder? Autism Res 2017; 10:1417-1423. [PMID: 28401654 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 30% of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have elevated whole blood serotonin (5-HT) levels. Genetic linkage and association studies of ASD and of whole blood 5-HT levels as a quantitative trait have revealed sexual dimorphism. Few studies have examined the presence of a sex difference on hyperserotonemia within ASD. To assess whether the rate of hyperserotonemia is different in males than in females with ASD, we measured whole blood 5-HT levels in 292 children and adolescents with ASD, the largest sample in which this biomarker has been assessed. Based upon previous work suggesting that hyperserotonemia is more common prior to puberty, we focused our analysis on the 182 pre-pubertal children with ASD. 42% of pre-pubertal participants were within the hyperserotonemia range. In this population, we found that males were significantly more likely to manifest hyperserotonemia than females (P = 0.03). As expected, no significant difference was found in the post-pubertal population. Additional work will be needed to replicate this intriguing finding and to understand whether it could potentially explain differences in patterns of ASD risk between males and females. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1417-1423. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Shuffrey
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York.,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York.,New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, New York.,Teachers College, Columbia University, New York
| | - Stephen J Guter
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago
| | - Shannon Delaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York.,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
| | - Suma Jacob
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | | | - James S Sutcliffe
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
| | - Edwin H Cook
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago
| | - Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York.,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York.,New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, New York
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157
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Madsen PM, Sloley SS, Vitores AA, Carballosa-Gautam MM, Brambilla R, Hentall ID. Prolonged stimulation of a brainstem raphe region attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuroscience 2017; 346:395-402. [PMID: 28147248 PMCID: PMC5337132 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory disease, has few treatment options, none entirely adequate. We studied whether prolonged electrical microstimulation of a hindbrain region (the nucleus raphe magnus) can attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a murine model of MS induced by MOG35-55 injection. Eight days after symptoms emerged, a wireless electrical stimulator with an attached microelectrode was implanted cranially, and daily intermittent stimulation was begun in awake, unrestrained mice. The thoracic spinal cord was analyzed for changes in histology (on day 29) and gene expression (on day 37), with a focus on myelination and cytokine production. Controls, with inactive implants, showed a phase of disease exacerbation on days 19-25 that stimulation for >16days eliminated. Prolonged stimulation also reduced numbers of infiltrating immune cells and increased numbers of myelinated axons. It additionally lowered genetic expression of some pro-inflammatory cytokines (interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha, a marker of oligodendrocyte precursors, while raising expression of myelin basic protein. Studies of restorative treatments for MS might profitably consider ways to stimulate the raphe magnus, directly or via its inputs, or to emulate its serotonergic and peptidergic output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille M Madsen
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA; Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stephanie S Sloley
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Alberto A Vitores
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | | | - Roberta Brambilla
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA.
| | - Ian D Hentall
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA.
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158
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Ginaldi L, De Martinis M. Osteoimmunology and Beyond. Curr Med Chem 2017; 23:3754-3774. [PMID: 27604089 PMCID: PMC5204071 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666160907162546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: Objective Osteoimmunology investigates interactions between skeleton and immune system. In the light of recent discoveries in this field, a new reading register of osteoporosis is actually emerging, in which bone and immune cells are strictly interconnected. Osteoporosis could therefore be considered a chronic immune mediated disease which shares with other age related disorders a common inflammatory background. Here, we highlight these recent discoveries and the new landscape that is emerging. Method Extensive literature search in PubMed central. Results While the inflammatory nature of osteoporosis has been clearly recognized, other interesting aspects of osteoimmunology are currently emerging. In addition, mounting evidence indicates that the immunoskeletal interface is involved in the regulation of important body functions beyond bone remodeling. Bone cells take part with cells of the immune system in various immunological functions, configuring a real expanded immune system, and are therefore variously involved not only as target but also as main actors in various pathological conditions affecting primarily the immune system, such as autoimmunity and immune deficiencies, as well as in aging, menopause and other diseases sharing an inflammatory background. Conclusion The review highlights the complexity of interwoven pathways and shared mechanisms of the crosstalk between the immune and bone systems. More interestingly, the interdisciplinary field of osteoimmunology is now expanding beyond bone and immune cells, defining new homeostatic networks in which other organs and systems are functionally interconnected. Therefore, the correct skeletal integrity maintenance may be also relevant to other functions outside its involvement in bone mineral homeostasis, hemopoiesis and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Ginaldi
- School and Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Life, Health, & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy.
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159
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Fung TC, Olson CA, Hsiao EY. Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:145-155. [PMID: 28092661 PMCID: PMC6960010 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1149] [Impact Index Per Article: 164.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The diverse collection of microorganisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract, collectively called the gut microbiota, profoundly influences many aspects of host physiology, including nutrient metabolism, resistance to infection and immune system development. Studies investigating the gut-brain axis demonstrate a critical role for the gut microbiota in orchestrating brain development and behavior, and the immune system is emerging as an important regulator of these interactions. Intestinal microbes modulate the maturation and function of tissue-resident immune cells in the CNS. Microbes also influence the activation of peripheral immune cells, which regulate responses to neuroinflammation, brain injury, autoimmunity and neurogenesis. Accordingly, both the gut microbiota and immune system are implicated in the etiopathogenesis or manifestation of neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, such as autism spectrum disorder, depression and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss the role of CNS-resident and peripheral immune pathways in microbiota-gut-brain communication during health and neurological disease.
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160
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Nardi I, De Lucchini S, Naef V, Ori M. Serotonin signaling contribution to an evolutionary success: the jaw joint of vertebrates. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/11250003.2016.1269213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I. Nardi
- Unità di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - V. Naef
- Unità di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Ori
- Unità di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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161
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Nichols DE, Johnson MW, Nichols CD. Psychedelics as Medicines: An Emerging New Paradigm. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 101:209-219. [PMID: 28019026 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Scientific interest in serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin and LSD; 5-HT2A receptor agonists) has dramatically increased within the last decade. Clinical studies administering psychedelics with psychotherapy have shown preliminary evidence of robust efficacy in treating anxiety and depression, as well as addiction to tobacco and alcohol. Moreover, recent research has suggested that these compounds have potential efficacy against inflammatory diseases through novel mechanisms, with potential advantages over existing antiinflammatory agents. We propose that psychedelics exert therapeutic effects for psychiatric disorders by acutely destabilizing local brain network hubs and global network connectivity via amplification of neuronal avalanches, providing the occasion for brain network "resetting" after the acute effects have resolved. Antiinflammatory effects may hold promise for efficacy in treatment of inflammation-related nonpsychiatric as well as potentially for psychiatric disorders. Serotonergic psychedelics operate through unique mechanisms that show promising effects for a variety of intractable, debilitating, and lethal disorders, and should be rigorously researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Nichols
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - M W Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - C D Nichols
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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162
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Hernández-Castellano LE, Hernandez LL, Weaver S, Bruckmaier RM. Increased serum serotonin improves parturient calcium homeostasis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:1580-1587. [PMID: 27988124 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypocalcemia in dairy cows is caused by the sudden increase in calcium demand by the mammary gland for milk production at the onset of lactation. Serotonin (5-HT) is a key factor for calcium homeostasis, modulating calcium concentration in blood. Therefore, it is hypothesized that administration of 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan (5-HTP), a 5-HT precursor, can increase 5-HT concentrations in blood and, in turn, induce an increase in blood calcium concentration. In this study, 20 Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to 2 experimental groups. Both groups received a daily i.v. infusion of 1 L of either 0.9% NaCl (C group; n = 10) or 0.9% NaCl containing 1 mg of 5-HTP/kg of BW (5-HTP group, n = 10). Infusions started d 10 before the estimated parturition and ceased the day of parturition, resulting in at least 4 d of infusion (8.37 ± 0.74 d of infusion). Until parturition, blood samples were collected every morning before the infusions, after parturition samples were taken daily until d 7, and a final sample was collected on d 30. Milk yield was recorded during this period. No differences between groups were observed for blood glucose, magnesium, and β-hydroxybutyrate. Cows receiving the 5-HTP infusion showed an increase in fatty acid concentrations from d -3 to -1 before parturition. Serum 5-HT concentrations were increased at d -4 related to parturition until d 5 postpartum in the 5-HTP group compared with the C group. In addition, cows from the 5-HTP group had increased 5-HT concentrations in colostrum, but not in mature milk, on d 7 postpartum. Serum calcium concentrations decreased in both groups around parturition; however, calcium remained higher in the 5-HTP group than in controls, with a significant difference between groups on d 1 (1.62 ± 0.08 vs. 1.93 ± 0.09 mmol/L in control and 5-HTP groups, respectively) and d 2 (1.83 ± 0.06 vs. 2.07 ± 0.07 mmol/L in control and 5-HTP groups, respectively). Additionally, colostrum yield (first milking) was lower in the 5-HTP group compared with the C group, but without consequences on colostrum IgG concentrations. Milk yield did not differ between groups during the rest of the experiment. The study data were consistent with the concept that infusion of 5-HTP to dairy cows increases blood 5-HT concentrations, which in turn is a significant regulatory component in the chain of effectors that affect calcium status around parturition, hence the occurrence of clinical or subclinical hypocalcemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samantha Weaver
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - Rupert M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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163
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Sun Y, Narayan VA, Wittenberg GM. Side effect profile similarities shared between antidepressants and immune-modulators reveal potential novel targets for treating major depressive disorders. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 17:47. [PMID: 27765060 PMCID: PMC5073882 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-016-0090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Side effects, or the adverse effects of drugs, contain important clinical phenotypic information that may be useful in predicting novel or unknown targets of a drug. It has been suggested that drugs with similar side-effect profiles may share common targets. The diagnostic class, Major Depressive Disorder, is increasingly viewed as being comprised of multiple depression subtypes with different biological root causes. One ‘type’ of depression generating substantial interest today focuses on patients with high levels of inflammatory burden, indicated by elevated levels of C-reactive proteins (CRP) and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6). It has been suggested that drugs targeting the immune system may have beneficial effect on this subtype of depressed patients, and several studies are underway to test this hypothesis directly. However, patients have been treated with both anti-inflammatory and antidepressant compounds for decades. It may be possible to exploit similarities in clinical readouts to better understand the antidepressant effects of immune-related drugs. Methods Here we explore the space of approved drugs by comparing the drug side effect profiles of known antidepressants and drugs targeting the immune system, and further examine the findings by comparing the human cell line expression profiles induced by them with those induced by antidepressants. Results We found 7 immune-modulators and 14 anti-inflammatory drugs sharing significant side effect profile similarities with antidepressants. Five of the 7 immune modulators share most similar side effect profiles with antidepressants that modulate dopamine release and/or uptake. In addition, the immunosuppressant rapamycin and the glucocorticoid alclometasone induces transcriptional changes similar to multiple antidepressants. Conclusions These findings suggest that some antidepressants and some immune-related drugs may affect common molecular pathways. Our findings support the idea that certain medications aimed at the immune system may be helpful in relieving depressive symptoms, and suggest that it may be of value to test immune-modulators for antidepressant-like activity in future proof-of-concept studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Neuroscience Integrative Solutions and Informatics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Titusville, NJ, USA.
| | - Vaibhav A Narayan
- Neuroscience Integrative Solutions and Informatics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Gayle M Wittenberg
- Neuroscience Integrative Solutions and Informatics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Titusville, NJ, USA
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164
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Gangwar RS, Landolina N, Arpinati L, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cell and eosinophil surface receptors as targets for anti-allergic therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 170:37-63. [PMID: 27773785 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roopesh Singh Gangwar
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nadine Landolina
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ludovica Arpinati
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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165
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Srejic LR, Wood KM, Zeqja A, Hashemi P, Hutchison WD. Modulation of serotonin dynamics in the dorsal raphe nucleus via high frequency medial prefrontal cortex stimulation. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 94:129-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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166
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Bermingham DP, Blakely RD. Kinase-dependent Regulation of Monoamine Neurotransmitter Transporters. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:888-953. [PMID: 27591044 PMCID: PMC5050440 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.012260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of neurotransmission by the monoamines dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-HT) is critical for normal nervous system function. Precise temporal and spatial control of this signaling in mediated in large part by the actions of monoamine transporters (DAT, NET, and SERT, respectively). These transporters act to recapture their respective neurotransmitters after release, and disruption of clearance and reuptake has significant effects on physiology and behavior and has been linked to a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. To ensure adequate and dynamic control of these transporters, multiple modes of control have evolved to regulate their activity and trafficking. Central to many of these modes of control are the actions of protein kinases, whose actions can be direct or indirectly mediated by kinase-modulated protein interactions. Here, we summarize the current state of our understanding of how protein kinases regulate monoamine transporters through changes in activity, trafficking, phosphorylation state, and interacting partners. We highlight genetic, biochemical, and pharmacological evidence for kinase-linked control of DAT, NET, and SERT and, where applicable, provide evidence for endogenous activators of these pathways. We hope our discussion can lead to a more nuanced and integrated understanding of how neurotransmitter transporters are controlled and may contribute to disorders that feature perturbed monoamine signaling, with an ultimate goal of developing better therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Bermingham
- Department of Pharmacology (D.P.B., R.D.B.) and Psychiatry (R.D.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida (R.D.B.)
| | - Randy D Blakely
- Department of Pharmacology (D.P.B., R.D.B.) and Psychiatry (R.D.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida (R.D.B.)
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167
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Brindley RL, Bauer MB, Blakely RD, Currie KPM. An interplay between the serotonin transporter (SERT) and 5-HT receptors controls stimulus-secretion coupling in sympathoadrenal chromaffin cells. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:438-448. [PMID: 27544824 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal chromaffin cells (ACCs), the neuroendocrine arm of the sympathetic nervous system, secrete catecholamines to mediate the physiological response to stress. Although ACCs do not synthesize 5-HT, they express the serotonin transporter (SERT). Genetic variations in SERT are linked to several CNS disorders but the role(s) of SERT/5-HT in ACCs has remained unclear. Adrenal glands from wild-type mice contained 5-HT at ≈ 750 fold lower abundance than adrenaline, and in SERT(-/-) mice this was reduced by ≈80% with no change in catecholamines. Carbon fibre amperometry showed that SERT modulated the ability of 5-HT1A receptors to inhibit exocytosis. 5-HT reduced the number of amperometric spikes (vesicular fusion events) evoked by KCl in SERT(-/-) cells and wild-type cells treated with escitalopram, a SERT antagonist. The 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100635 blocked the inhibition by 5-HT which was mimicked by the 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT but not the 5-HT1B agonist CP93129. There was no effect on voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels, K(+) channels, or intracellular [Ca(2+)] handling, showing the 5-HT receptors recruit an atypical inhibitory mechanism. Spike charge and kinetics were not altered by 5-HT receptors but were reduced in SERT(-/-) cells compared to wild-type cells. Our data reveal a novel role for SERT and suggest that adrenal chromaffin cells might be a previously unrecognized hub for serotonergic control of the sympathetic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Brindley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mary Beth Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Randy D Blakely
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kevin P M Currie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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168
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Effects of IL1B single nucleotide polymorphisms on depressive and anxiety symptoms are determined by severity and type of life stress. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 56:96-104. [PMID: 26891860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β is one of the main mediators in the cross-talk between the immune system and the central nervous system. Higher interleukin-1β levels are found in mood spectrum disorders, and the stress-induced expression rate of the interleukin-1β gene (IL1B) is altered by polymorphisms in the region. Therefore we examined the effects of rs16944 and rs1143643 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the IL1B gene on depressive and anxiety symptoms, as measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory, in a Hungarian population sample of 1053 persons. Distal and proximal environmental stress factors were also included in our analysis, namely childhood adversity and recent negative life-events. We found that rs16944 minor (A) allele specifically interacted with childhood adversity increasing depressive and anxiety symptoms, while rs1143643's minor (A) allele showed protective effect against depressive symptoms after recent life stress. The genetic main effects of the two SNPs were not significant in the main analysis, but the interaction effects remained significant after correction for multiple testing. In addition, the effect of rs16944 A allele was reversed in a subsample with low-exposure to life stress, suggesting a protective effect against depressive symptoms, in the post hoc analysis. In summary, both of the two IL1B SNPs showed specific environmental stressor-dependent effects on mood disorder symptoms. We also demonstrated that the presence of exposure to childhood adversity changed the direction of the rs16944 effect on depression phenotype. Therefore our results suggest that it is advisable to include environmental factors in genetic association studies when examining the effect of the IL1B gene.
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169
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Margolis KG, Gershon MD. Enteric Neuronal Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:614-624. [PMID: 27450201 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has highlighted the importance of the two-way interaction between the nervous and immune systems. This interaction is particularly important in the bowel because of the unique properties of this organ. The lumen of the gut is lined by a very large but remarkably thin surface that separates the body from the enteric microbiome. Immune defenses against microbial invasion are thus well developed and neuroimmune interactions are important in regulating and integrating these defenses. Important concepts in the phylogeny of neuroimmunity, enteric neuronal and glial regulation of immunity, changes that occur in the enteric nervous system during inflammation, the fundamental role of serotonin (5-HT) in enteric neuroimmune mechanisms, and future perspectives are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Gross Margolis
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 620 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael D Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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170
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Couch Y, Trofimov A, Markova N, Nikolenko V, Steinbusch HW, Chekhonin V, Schroeter C, Lesch KP, Anthony DC, Strekalova T. Low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhibits aggressive and augments depressive behaviours in a chronic mild stress model in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:108. [PMID: 27184538 PMCID: PMC4867526 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0572-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aggression, hyperactivity, impulsivity, helplessness and anhedonia are all signs of depressive-like disorders in humans and are often reported to be present in animal models of depression induced by stress or by inflammatory challenges. However, chronic mild stress (CMS) and clinically silent inflammation, during the recovery period after an infection, for example, are often coincident, but comparison of the behavioural and molecular changes that underpin CMS vs a mild inflammatory challenge and impact of the combined challenge is largely unexplored. Here, we examined whether stress-induced behavioural and molecular responses are analogous to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced behavioural and molecular effects and whether their combination is adaptive or maladaptive. Methods Changes in measures of hedonic sensitivity, helplessness, aggression, impulsivity and CNS and systemic cytokine and 5-HT-system-related gene expression were investigated in C57BL/6J male mice exposed to chronic stress alone, low-dose LPS alone or a combination of LPS and stress. Results When combined with a low dose of LPS, chronic stress resulted in an enhanced depressive-like phenotype but significantly reduced manifestations of aggression and hyperactivity. At the molecular level, LPS was a strong inducer of TNFα, IL-1β and region-specific 5-HT2A mRNA expression in the brain. There was also increased serum corticosterone as well as increased TNFα expression in the liver. Stress did not induce comparable levels of cytokine expression to an LPS challenge, but the combination of stress with LPS reduced the stress-induced changes in 5-HT genes and the LPS-induced elevated IL-1β levels. Conclusions It is evident that when administered independently, both stress and LPS challenges induced distinct molecular and behavioural changes. However, at a time when LPS alone does not induce any overt behavioural changes per se, the combination with stress exacerbates depressive and inhibits aggressive behaviours. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0572-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Couch
- Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, OX1 3QT, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Trofimov
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, NL 6229, ER, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Natalyia Markova
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, NL 6229, ER, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Moscow Region, Russia
| | | | - Harry W Steinbusch
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, NL 6229, ER, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Chekhonin
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Careen Schroeter
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Maastricht Medical Centre Annadal, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, NL 6229, ER, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, OX1 3QT, Oxford, UK.
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, NL 6229, ER, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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171
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Muller CL, Anacker AMJ, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. The serotonin system in autism spectrum disorder: From biomarker to animal models. Neuroscience 2016; 321:24-41. [PMID: 26577932 PMCID: PMC4824539 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Elevated whole blood serotonin, or hyperserotonemia, was the first biomarker identified in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and is present in more than 25% of affected children. The serotonin system is a logical candidate for involvement in ASD due to its pleiotropic role across multiple brain systems both dynamically and across development. Tantalizing clues connect this peripheral biomarker with changes in brain and behavior in ASD, but the contribution of the serotonin system to ASD pathophysiology remains incompletely understood. Studies of whole blood serotonin levels in ASD and in a large founder population indicate greater heritability than for the disorder itself and suggest an association with recurrence risk. Emerging data from both neuroimaging and postmortem samples also indicate changes in the brain serotonin system in ASD. Genetic linkage and association studies of both whole blood serotonin levels and of ASD risk point to the chromosomal region containing the serotonin transporter (SERT) gene in males but not in females. In ASD families with evidence of linkage to this region, multiple rare SERT amino acid variants lead to a convergent increase in serotonin uptake in cell models. A knock-in mouse model of one of these variants, SERT Gly56Ala, recapitulates the hyperserotonemia biomarker and shows increased brain serotonin clearance, increased serotonin receptor sensitivity, and altered social, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Data from other rodent models also suggest an important role for the serotonin system in social behavior, in cognitive flexibility, and in sensory development. Recent work indicates that reciprocal interactions between serotonin and other systems, such as oxytocin, may be particularly important for social behavior. Collectively, these data point to the serotonin system as a prime candidate for treatment development in a subgroup of children defined by a robust, heritable biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Muller
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - A M J Anacker
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Mail Unit 78, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - J Veenstra-VanderWeele
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University; Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, New York Presbyterian Hospital; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Mail Unit 78, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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172
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Vindas MA, Johansen IB, Folkedal O, Höglund E, Gorissen M, Flik G, Kristiansen TS, Øverli Ø. Brain serotonergic activation in growth-stunted farmed salmon: adaption versus pathology. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160030. [PMID: 27293782 PMCID: PMC4892444 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Signalling systems activated under stress are highly conserved, suggesting adaptive effects of their function. Pathologies arising from continued activation of such systems may represent a mismatch between evolutionary programming and current environments. Here, we use Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in aquaculture as a model to explore this stance of evolutionary-based medicine, for which empirical evidence has been lacking. Growth-stunted (GS) farmed fish were characterized by elevated brain serotonergic activation, increased cortisol production and behavioural inhibition. We make the novel observation that the serotonergic system in GS fish is unresponsive to additional stressors, yet a cortisol response is maintained. The inability of the serotonergic system to respond to additional stress, while a cortisol response is present, probably leads to both imbalance in energy metabolism and attenuated neural plasticity. Hence, we propose that serotonin-mediated behavioural inhibition may have evolved in vertebrates to minimize stress exposure in vulnerable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Vindas
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1041, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Uni Research AS, PO Box 7810, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ida B. Johansen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1041, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Bjørknes College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Folkedal
- Institute of Marine Research, 5984 Matredal, Norway
| | - Erik Höglund
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Section for Aquaculture, Technical University of Denmark, North Sea Center, PO Box 101, 9850 Hirtshals, Denmark
| | - Marnix Gorissen
- Department of Organismal Animal Physiology, Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Flik
- Department of Organismal Animal Physiology, Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Øyvind Øverli
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
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173
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Schwamborn R, Brown E, Haase J. Elevation of cortical serotonin transporter activity upon peripheral immune challenge is regulated independently of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and transporter phosphorylation. J Neurochem 2016; 137:423-35. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schwamborn
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science; UCD Conway Institute; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Eric Brown
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science; UCD Conway Institute; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Jana Haase
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science; UCD Conway Institute; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
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174
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Qi YX, Huang J, Li MQ, Wu YS, Xia RY, Ye GY. Serotonin modulates insect hemocyte phagocytosis via two different serotonin receptors. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26974346 PMCID: PMC4829436 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) modulates both neural and immune responses in vertebrates, but its role in insect immunity remains uncertain. We report that hemocytes in the caterpillar, Pieris rapae are able to synthesize 5-HT following activation by lipopolysaccharide. The inhibition of a serotonin-generating enzyme with either pharmacological blockade or RNAi knock-down impaired hemocyte phagocytosis. Biochemical and functional experiments showed that naive hemocytes primarily express 5-HT1B and 5-HT2B receptors. The blockade of 5-HT1B significantly reduced phagocytic ability; however, the blockade of 5-HT2B increased hemocyte phagocytosis. The 5-HT1B-null Drosophila melanogaster mutants showed higher mortality than controls when infected with bacteria, due to their decreased phagocytotic ability. Flies expressing 5-HT1B or 5-HT2B RNAi in hemocytes also showed similar sensitivity to infection. Combined, these data demonstrate that 5-HT mediates hemocyte phagocytosis through 5-HT1B and 5-HT2B receptors and serotonergic signaling performs critical modulatory functions in immune systems of animals separated by 500 million years of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xiang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Su Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ren-Ying Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gong-Yin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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175
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Eyre HA, Lavretsky H, Kartika J, Qassim A, Baune BT. Modulatory Effects of Antidepressant Classes on the Innate and Adaptive Immune System in Depression. PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY 2016; 49:85-96. [PMID: 26951496 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-103159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Current reviews exploring for unique immune-modulatory profiles of antidepressant classes are limited by focusing mainly on cytokine modulation only and neglecting other aspects of the innate and adaptive immune system. These reviews also do not include recent comparative clinical trials, immune-genetic studies and therapeutics with unique neurotransmitter profiles (e. g., agomelatine). This systematic review extends the established literature by comprehensively reviewing the effects of antidepressants classes on both the innate and adaptive immune system. Antidepressants appear, in general, to reduce pro-inflammatory factor levels, particularly C-reactive protein (CRP), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. We caution against conclusions as to which antidepressant possesses the greater anti-inflammatory effect, given the methodological heterogeneity among studies and the small number of comparative studies. The effects of antidepressant classes on adaptive immune factors are complex and poorly understood, and few studies have been conducted. Methodological heterogeneity is high among these studies (e. g., length of study, cohort characteristics, dosage used and immune marker analysis). We recommend larger, comparative studies - in clinical and pre-clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Eyre
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - H Lavretsky
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - J Kartika
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - A Qassim
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - B T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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176
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Chou YH, Hsieh WC, Chen LC, Lirng JF, Wang SJ. Association between the serotonin transporter and cytokines: Implications for the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2016; 191:29-35. [PMID: 26630394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced brain serotonin transporter (SERT) has been demonstrated in bipolar disorder (BD). The aim of this study was to explore the potential role of cytokines on reduced SERT in BD. METHODS Twenty-eight BD type I patients and 28 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Single photon emission computed tomography with the radiotracer 123I ADAM was used for SERT imaging. Regions of interest included the midbrain, thalamus, putamen and caudate. Seven cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10, were measured using an enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay. RESULTS SERT availability in the midbrain and caudate was significantly lower in BD compared to HCs. IL-1β was significantly lower, whereas IL-10 was significantly higher in BD compared to HCs. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that there were associations between cytokines, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 and SERT availability in the midbrain but not in the thalamus, putamen and caudate. Furthermore, linear mixed effect analyses demonstrated that these associations were not different between HCs and BD. CONCLUSION While many cytokines have been proposed to be important in the pathophysiology of BD, our results demonstrated that significant associations between cytokines and SERT availability may explain the role of cytokines in mood regulation. However, these associations were not different between HCs and BD, which imply the role of these cytokines is not specific for BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hwa Chou
- Departments of Psychiatry Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chi Hsieh
- Departments of Psychiatry Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chi Chen
- Departments of Psychiatry Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiing-Feng Lirng
- Departments of Radiology Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Jen Wang
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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177
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Benítez-Burraco A, Uriagereka J. The Immune Syntax Revisited: Opening New Windows on Language Evolution. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 8:84. [PMID: 26793054 PMCID: PMC4707268 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has added new dimensions to our understanding of classical evolution, according to which evolutionary novelties result from gene mutations inherited from parents to offspring. Language is surely one such novelty. Together with specific changes in our genome and epigenome, we suggest that two other (related) mechanisms may have contributed to the brain rewiring underlying human cognitive evolution and, specifically, the changes in brain connectivity that prompted the emergence of our species-specific linguistic abilities: the horizontal transfer of genetic material by viral and non-viral vectors and the brain/immune system crosstalk (more generally, the dialogue between the microbiota, the immune system, and the brain).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Uriagereka
- Department of Linguistics, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
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178
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Structural & functional consequences of chronic psychosocial stress on the microbiome & host. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 63:217-27. [PMID: 26479188 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given the lasting impact of psychological distress on behavior, along with the role of the microbiome in neurobehavioral development, we sought to examine the relationship between the microbiota and stress-induced behavioral deficits. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice exposed to chronic social defeat were subjected to behavioral analysis and profiling of the intestinal microbiome. Mice were also analyzed for phenotypic and functional immune changes. A computational approach on 16S rRNA marker gene sequences was used to predict functional changes in the metagenome as a consequence of structural shifts in the microbiota. RESULTS Chronic social defeat induced behavioral changes that were associated with reduced richness and diversity of the gut microbial community, along with distinct shifts at the level of operational taxonomic units (OTU) across phyla. The degree of deficits in social, but not exploratory behavior was correlated with group differences between the microbial community profile. In silico analysis predicted a shift in the functional profile of the microbiome: defeated mice exhibited reduced functional diversity and a lower prevalence of pathways involved in the synthesis and metabolism of neurotransmitter precursors and short-chain fatty acids. Defeated mice also exhibited sustained alterations in dendritic cell activation, and transiently elevated levels of IL-10+ T regulatory cells that were suppressed over time. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that stress-induced disruptions in neurologic function are associated with altered immunoregulatory responses and complex OTU-level shifts in the microbiota. It is thus suggested that a dysbiotic state, along with specific changes in microbial markers, may predict the onset of adverse neurocognitive deficits commonly observed following exposure to severe stressors. The data also predict novel pathways that might underlie microbiota-mediated effects on brain and behavior, thus presenting targets for investigations into mechanisms and potential therapy.
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179
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Plummer JT, Gordon AJ, Levitt P. The Genetic Intersection of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Shared Medical Comorbidities - Relations that Translate from Bench to Bedside. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:142. [PMID: 27597832 PMCID: PMC4992686 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Most psychiatric disorders are considered neurodevelopmental, and the associated genes often are expressed in tissues outside of the brain. This suggests a biological relatedness with medical co-occurrences that could have broad clinical implications for diagnosis and patient management over a lifetime. A qualitative integration of public data from genetic consortia of psychiatric disorders and medical comorbidities explores the question of whether genetically associated psychiatric illnesses present with co-occurring disturbances can be used to define specific mental-physical health relations. Novel patterns of gene-disorder relations appear with approximately one-third of conservatively defined, consortia-generated candidate risk genes with multiple psychiatric diagnoses. Moreover, nearly as many genes overlap with non-psychiatric phenotypes, including cardiovascular, renal, respiratory, and metabolic disturbances. While the landscape of genetic risk will change as study populations are expanded and biological confirmations accrue, the current relationships suggest that a mostly siloed perspective of gene relatedness to one categorical psychiatric diagnosis is not clinically useful. The future holds the promise that once candidates are fully validated, genome screening and mutation identification will bring more precision for predicting the risk for complex health conditions. Our view is that as genetic data are refined, continuing to decipher a shared pattern of genetic risk for brain and peripheral organ pathophysiology is not simply an academic exercise. Rather, determining relatedness will impact predictions of multifaceted health risks, patient treatment, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine T Plummer
- Institute for the Developing Mind, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Alexis J Gordon
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Pat Levitt
- Institute for the Developing Mind, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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180
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Terry N, Margolis KG. Serotonergic Mechanisms Regulating the GI Tract: Experimental Evidence and Therapeutic Relevance. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 239:319-342. [PMID: 28035530 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is best known as a neurotransmitter critical for central nervous system (CNS) development and function. 95% of the body's serotonin, however, is produced in the intestine where it has been increasingly recognized for its hormonal, autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions. This chapter provides the most current knowledge of the critical autocrine and paracrine roles of 5-HT in intestinal motility and inflammation as well as its function as a hormone in osteocyte homeostasis. Therapeutic applications in each of these areas are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Terry
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kara Gross Margolis
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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181
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Krishnadas R, Nicol A, Sassarini J, Puri N, Burden AD, Leman J, Combet E, Pimlott S, Hadley D, McInnes IB, Cavanagh J. Circulating tumour necrosis factor is highly correlated with brainstem serotonin transporter availability in humans. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 51:29-38. [PMID: 26255693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies demonstrate that pro-inflammatory cytokines increase serotonin transporter availability and function, leading to depressive symptoms in rodent models. Herein we investigate associations between circulating inflammatory markers and brainstem serotonin transporter (5-HTT) availability in humans. We hypothesised that higher circulating inflammatory cytokine concentrations, particularly of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), would be associated with greater 5-HTT availability, and that TNF-α inhibition with etanercept (sTNFR:Fc) would in turn reduce 5-HTT availability. In 13 neurologically healthy adult women, plasma TNF-α correlated significantly with 5-HTT availability (rho=0.6; p=0.03) determined by [(123)I]-beta-CIT SPECT scanning. This association was replicated in an independent sample of 12 patients with psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis (rho=0.76; p=0.003). Indirect effects analysis, showed that there was a significant overlap in the variance explained by 5-HTT availability and TNF-α concentrations on BDI scores. Treatment with etanercept for 6-8weeks was associated with a significant reduction in 5-HTT availability (Z=2.09; p=0.03; r=0.6) consistent with a functional link. Our findings confirm an association between TNF-α and 5-HTT in both the basal physiological and pathological condition. Modulation of both TNF-α and 5-HTT by etanercept indicate the presence of a mechanistic pathway whereby circulating inflammatory cytokines are related to central nervous system substrates underlying major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Krishnadas
- Sackler Institute of Psychobiological Research, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Alice Nicol
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jen Sassarini
- School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Navesh Puri
- Sackler Institute of Psychobiological Research, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - A David Burden
- Department of Dermatology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joyce Leman
- Department of Dermatology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emilie Combet
- School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Pimlott
- West of Scotland Radionuclide Dispensary, Greater Glasgow and Clyde NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Donald Hadley
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Iain B McInnes
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Cavanagh
- Sackler Institute of Psychobiological Research, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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182
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Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 enhances bioavailability of serotonin in gut tissues through modulation of synthesis and clearance. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17324. [PMID: 26616662 PMCID: PMC4663480 DOI: 10.1038/srep17324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows indigenous gut microbes can interact with the human host through modulation of serotonin (5-HT) signaling. Here we investigate the impact of the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) on 5-HT signalling in gut tissues. Ex-vivo mouse ileal tissue sections were treated with either EcN or the human gut commensal MG1655, and effects on levels of 5-HT, precursors, and metabolites, were evaluated using amperometry and high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC). Exposure of tissue to EcN cells, but not MG1655 cells, was found to increase levels of extra-cellular 5-HT. These effects were not observed when tissues were treated with cell-free supernatant from bacterial cultures. In contrast, when supernatant recovered from untreated ileal tissue was pre-incubated with EcN, the derivative cell-free supernatant was able to elevate 5-HT overflow when used to treat fresh ileal tissue. Measurement of 5-HT precursors and metabolites indicated EcN also increases intracellular 5-HTP and reduces 5-HIAA. The former pointed to modulation of tryptophan hydroxylase-1 to enhance 5-HT synthesis, while the latter indicates an impact on clearance into enterocytes through SERT. Taken together, these findings show EcN is able to enhance 5-HT bioavailability in ileal tissues through interaction with compounds secreted from host tissues.
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183
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Baganz NL, Lindler KM, Zhu CB, Smith JT, Robson MJ, Iwamoto H, Deneris ES, Hewlett WA, Blakely RD. A requirement of serotonergic p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase for peripheral immune system activation of CNS serotonin uptake and serotonin-linked behaviors. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e671. [PMID: 26529424 PMCID: PMC5068761 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in central serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) neurotransmission and peripheral immune activation have been linked to multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, schizophrenia and autism. The antidepressant-sensitive 5-HT transporter (SERT, SLC6A4), a critical determinant of synaptic 5-HT inactivation, can be regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling. Systemic innate immune system activation via intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection rapidly elevates brain SERT activity and 5-HT clearance. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β rapidly stimulates SERT activity in raphe nerve terminal preparations ex vivo, effects that are attenuated by pharmacological p38 MAPK inhibition. To establish a role of serotonergic p38α MAPK signaling in LPS/IL-1β-induced SERT regulation and attendant behavioral responses, we pursued studies in mice that afford conditional elimination of p38α MAPK in 5-HT neurons (p38α(5HT-)). We found p38α(5HT-) and control (p38α(5HT+)) littermates to be indistinguishable in viability and growth and to express equivalent levels of SERT protein and synaptosomal 5-HT transport activity. Consistent with pharmacological studies, however, IL-1β fails to increase SERT activity in midbrain synaptosomes prepared from p38α(5HT-) animals. Moreover, although LPS elevated plasma corticosterone and central/peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines in p38α(5HT-) animals, elevations in midbrain SERT activity were absent nor were changes in depressive and anxiety-like behaviors observed. Our studies support an obligate role of p38α MAPK signaling in 5-HT neurons for the translation of immune activation to SERT regulation and 5-HT-modulated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Baganz
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - K M Lindler
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C B Zhu
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J T Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M J Robson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - H Iwamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - E S Deneris
- Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - W A Hewlett
- Institute for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - R D Blakely
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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184
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Tomkovich S, Jobin C. Microbiota and host immune responses: a love-hate relationship. Immunology 2015; 147:1-10. [PMID: 26439191 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex relationship between the microbiota and the host emerges early at birth and continues throughout life. The microbiota includes the prokaryotes, viruses and eukaryotes living among us, all of which interact to different extents with various organs and tissues in the body, including the immune system. Although the microbiota is most dense in the lower intestine, its influence on host immunity extends beyond the gastrointestinal tract. These interactions with the immune system operate through the actions of various microbial structures and metabolites, with outcomes ranging from beneficial to deleterious for the host. These differential outcomes are dictated by host factors, environment, and the type of microbes or products present in a specific ecosystem. It is also becoming clear that the microbes are in turn affected and respond to the host immune system. Disruption of this complex dialogue between host and microbiota can lead to immune pathologies such as inflammatory bowel diseases, diabetes and obesity. This review will discuss recent advances regarding the ways in which the host immune system and microbiota interact and communicate with one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tomkovich
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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185
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Abstract
Network perspectives, in their emphasis on components and their interactions, might afford the best approach to the complexities of the ASD realm. Categorical approaches are unlikely to be fruitful as one should not expect to find a single or even predominant underlying cause of autism behavior across individuals. It is possible that the complex, highly interactive, heterogeneous and individualistic nature of the autism realm is intractable in terms of identifying clinically useful biomarker tests. It is hopeful from an emergenic perspective that small corrective changes in a single component of a deleterious network/configuration might have large beneficial consequences on developmental trajectories and in later treatment. It is suggested that the relationship between ASD and intellectual disability might be fundamentally different in single-gene versus nonsyndromic ASD. It is strongly stated that available biomarker "tests" for autism/ASD will do more harm than good. Finally, the serotonin-melatonin-oxidative stress-placental intersection might be an especially fruitful area of biological investigation.
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186
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Histone deacetylase HDAC1 downregulates transcription of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene in tumor cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:909-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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187
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Prenatal fluoxetine exposure affects cytokine and behavioral response to an immune challenge. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 284:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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188
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Jaiswal P, Mohanakumar KP, Rajamma U. Serotonin mediated immunoregulation and neural functions: Complicity in the aetiology of autism spectrum disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:413-31. [PMID: 26021727 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Serotonergic system has long been implicated in the aetiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), since platelet hyperserotonemia is consistently observed in a subset of autistic patients, who respond well to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Apart from being a neurotransmitter, serotonin functions as a neurotrophic factor directing brain development and as an immunoregulator modulating immune responses. Serotonin transporter (SERT) regulates serotonin level in lymphoid tissues to ensure its proper functioning in innate and adaptive responses. Immunological molecules such as cytokines in turn regulate the transcription and activity of SERT. Dysregulation of serotonergic system could trigger signalling cascades that affect normal neural-immune interactions culminating in neurodevelopmental and neural connectivity defects precipitating behavioural abnormalities, or the disease phenotypes. Therefore, we suggest that a better understanding of the cross talk between serotonergic genes, immune systems and serotonergic neurotransmission will open wider avenues to develop pharmacological leads for addressing the core ASD behavioural deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Jaiswal
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, EM Bypass, Kolkata 700 107, India
| | - Kochupurackal P Mohanakumar
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Usha Rajamma
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, EM Bypass, Kolkata 700 107, India.
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189
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del Pino J, Moyano-Cires PV, Anadon MJ, Díaz MJ, Lobo M, Capo MA, Frejo MT. Molecular Mechanisms of Amitraz Mammalian Toxicity: A Comprehensive Review of Existing Data. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1073-94. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500534x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier del Pino
- Departament of Toxicology
and Pharmacology, Veterinary School, and ‡Department of
Toxicology and Legal Medicine, Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Viviana Moyano-Cires
- Departament of Toxicology
and Pharmacology, Veterinary School, and ‡Department of
Toxicology and Legal Medicine, Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Anadon
- Departament of Toxicology
and Pharmacology, Veterinary School, and ‡Department of
Toxicology and Legal Medicine, Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Díaz
- Departament of Toxicology
and Pharmacology, Veterinary School, and ‡Department of
Toxicology and Legal Medicine, Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Lobo
- Departament of Toxicology
and Pharmacology, Veterinary School, and ‡Department of
Toxicology and Legal Medicine, Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Andrés Capo
- Departament of Toxicology
and Pharmacology, Veterinary School, and ‡Department of
Toxicology and Legal Medicine, Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Frejo
- Departament of Toxicology
and Pharmacology, Veterinary School, and ‡Department of
Toxicology and Legal Medicine, Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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190
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Immunomodulatory effects mediated by serotonin. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:354957. [PMID: 25961058 PMCID: PMC4417587 DOI: 10.1155/2015/354957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) induces concentration-dependent metabolic effects in diverse cell types, including neurons, entherochromaffin cells, adipocytes, pancreatic beta-cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, epithelial cells, and leukocytes. Three classes of genes regulating 5-HT function are constitutively expressed or induced in these cells: (a) membrane proteins that regulate the response to 5-HT, such as SERT, 5HTR-GPCR, and the 5HT3-ion channels; (b) downstream signaling transduction proteins; and (c) enzymes controlling 5-HT metabolism, such as IDO and MAO, which can generate biologically active catabolites, including melatonin, kynurenines, and kynurenamines. This review covers the clinical and experimental mechanisms involved in 5-HT-induced immunomodulation. These mechanisms are cell-specific and depend on the expression of serotonergic components in immune cells. Consequently, 5-HT can modulate several immunological events, such as chemotaxis, leukocyte activation, proliferation, cytokine secretion, anergy, and apoptosis. The effects of 5-HT on immune cells may be relevant in the clinical outcome of pathologies with an inflammatory component. Major depression, fibromyalgia, Alzheimer disease, psoriasis, arthritis, allergies, and asthma are all associated with changes in the serotonergic system associated with leukocytes. Thus, pharmacological regulation of the serotonergic system may modulate immune function and provide therapeutic alternatives for these diseases.
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191
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Yano JM, Yu K, Donaldson GP, Shastri GG, Ann P, Ma L, Nagler CR, Ismagilov RF, Mazmanian SK, Hsiao EY. Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis. Cell 2015; 161:264-76. [PMID: 25860609 PMCID: PMC4393509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2112] [Impact Index Per Article: 234.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains much of the body's serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), but mechanisms controlling the metabolism of gut-derived 5-HT remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the microbiota plays a critical role in regulating host 5-HT. Indigenous spore-forming bacteria (Sp) from the mouse and human microbiota promote 5-HT biosynthesis from colonic enterochromaffin cells (ECs), which supply 5-HT to the mucosa, lumen, and circulating platelets. Importantly, microbiota-dependent effects on gut 5-HT significantly impact host physiology, modulating GI motility and platelet function. We identify select fecal metabolites that are increased by Sp and that elevate 5-HT in chromaffin cell cultures, suggesting direct metabolic signaling of gut microbes to ECs. Furthermore, elevating luminal concentrations of particular microbial metabolites increases colonic and blood 5-HT in germ-free mice. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that Sp are important modulators of host 5-HT and further highlight a key role for host-microbiota interactions in regulating fundamental 5-HT-related biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Yano
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Kristie Yu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Gregory P Donaldson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Gauri G Shastri
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Phoebe Ann
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Liang Ma
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Cathryn R Nagler
- Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rustem F Ismagilov
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Elaine Y Hsiao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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192
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Allergic fetal priming leads to developmental, behavioral and neurobiological changes in mice. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e543. [PMID: 25849982 PMCID: PMC4462603 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The state of the mother's immune system during pregnancy has an important role in fetal development and disruptions in the balance of this system are associated with a range of neurologic, neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Epidemiological and clinical reports reveal various clues that suggest a possible association between developmental neuropsychiatric disorders and family history of immune system dysfunction. Over the past three decades, analogous increases have been reported in both the incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders and immune-related disorders, particularly allergy and asthma, raising the question of whether allergic asthma and characteristics of various neurodevelopmental disorders share common causal links. We used a mouse model of maternal allergic asthma to test this novel hypothesis that early fetal priming with an allergenic exposure during gestation produces behavioral deficits in offspring. Mothers were primed with an exposure to ovalbumin (OVA) before pregnancy, then exposed to either aerosolized OVA or vehicle during gestation. Both male and female mice born to mothers exposed to aerosolized OVA during gestation exhibited altered developmental trajectories in weight and length, decreased sociability and increased marble-burying behavior. Moreover, offspring of OVA-exposed mothers were observed to have increased serotonin transporter protein levels in the cortex. These data demonstrate that behavioral and neurobiological effects can be elicited following early fetal priming with maternal allergic asthma and provide support that maternal allergic asthma may, in some cases, be a contributing factor to neurodevelopmental disorders.
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193
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Goldner D, Margolis KG. Association of Serotonin Transporter Promoter Polymorphism (5HTTLPR) with Microscopic Colitis and Ulcerative Colitis: Time to Be AsSERTive? Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:819-21. [PMID: 25732715 PMCID: PMC4459509 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3598-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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194
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Course and Moderators of Hot Flash Interference during Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: A Matched Comparison. J Urol 2015; 194:690-5. [PMID: 25791402 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer experience hot flashes. This study aimed to describe the course of hot flash interference with time in androgen deprivation therapy recipients relative to matched prostate cancer and cancer-free controls from before the start of androgen deprivation therapy to 12 months later. We also examined demographic, clinical and genetic predictors of the impact of androgen deprivation therapy on hot flash interference. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three groups were examined, including 60 patients with prostate cancer recruited before or within 21 days of starting androgen deprivation therapy, 83 age and education matched patients with prostate cancer treated with prostatectomy only, and 86 age and education matched men with no history of cancer. Participants provided blood samples and completed the Hot Flash Related Daily Interference Scale at baseline as well as 6 and 12 months later. RESULTS Androgen deprivation therapy recipients reported increasing hot flash interference with time relative to controls (p <0.001). Group differences were evident at 6 and 12 months (all p <0.001) with androgen deprivation therapy recipients reporting greater hot flash interference than controls. Several genetic polymorphisms were found to predict greater increases in hot flash interference (all p <0.01), including polymorphisms on genes associated with vasoconstriction, immune function, neurotransmission and circadian rhythms. Androgen deprivation therapy recipients who were younger and had a lower body mass index at baseline also showed greater increases in hot flash interference with time (all p ≤0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study, which is to our knowledge the first to prospectively examine hot flash interference in androgen deprivation therapy recipients, reveals that those with certain genetic polymorphisms, younger age and lower body mass index had greater increases in hot flash interference with time relative to controls.
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195
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Shajib MS, Khan WI. The role of serotonin and its receptors in activation of immune responses and inflammation. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:561-74. [PMID: 25439045 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a neurotransmitter and hormone that contributes to the regulation of various physiological functions by its actions in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the respective organ systems. Peripheral 5-HT is predominantly produced by enterochromaffin (EC) cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These gut-resident cells produce much more 5-HT than all neuronal and other sources combined, establishing EC cells as the main source of this biogenic amine in the human body. Peripheral 5-HT is also a potent immune modulator and affects various immune cells through its receptors and via the recently identified process of serotonylation. Alterations in 5-HT signalling have been described in inflammatory conditions of the gut, such as inflammatory bowel disease. The association between 5-HT and inflammation, however, is not limited to the gut, as changes in 5-HT levels have also been reported in patients with allergic airway inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis. Based on searches for terms such as '5-HT', 'EC cell', 'immune cells' and 'inflammation' in pubmed.gov as well as by utilizing pertinent reviews, the current review aims to provide an update on the role of 5-HT in biological functions with a particular focus on immune activation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Shajib
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute; Hamilton ON Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - W. I. Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute; Hamilton ON Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
- Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program; Hamilton Health Sciences; Hamilton ON Canada
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196
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Menezes AC, Raposo S, Simões S, Ribeiro H, Oliveira H, Ascenso A. Prevention of Photocarcinogenesis by Agonists of 5-HT1A and Antagonists of 5-HT2A Receptors. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1145-1164. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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197
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Pomytkin IA, Cline BH, Anthony DC, Steinbusch HW, Lesch KP, Strekalova T. Endotoxaemia resulting from decreased serotonin tranporter (5-HTT) function: A reciprocal risk factor for depression and insulin resistance? Behav Brain Res 2015; 276:111-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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198
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Herculano AM, Maximino C. Serotonergic modulation of zebrafish behavior: towards a paradox. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 55:50-66. [PMID: 24681196 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to the fish-specific genome duplication event (~320-350 mya), some genes which code for serotonin proteins were duplicated in teleosts; this duplication event was preceded by a reorganization of the serotonergic system, with the appearance of the raphe nuclei (dependent on the isthmus organizer) and prosencephalic nuclei, including the paraventricular and pretectal complexes. With the appearance of amniotes, duplicated genes were lost, and the serotonergic system was reduced to a more complex raphe system. From a comparative point of view, then, the serotonergic system of zebrafish and that of mammals shows many important differences. However, many different behavioral functions of serotonin, as well as the effects of drugs which affect the serotonergic system, seem to be conserved among species. For example, in both zebrafish and rodents acute serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) seem to increase anxiety-like behavior, while chronic SSRIs decrease it; drugs which act at the 5-HT1A receptor seem to decrease anxiety-like behavior in both zebrafish and rodents. In this article, we will expose this paradox, reviewing the chemical neuroanatomy of the zebrafish serotonergic system, followed by an analysis of the role of serotonin in zebrafish fear/anxiety, stress, aggression and the effects of psychedelic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Manoel Herculano
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; "Frederico Graeff" Neurosciences and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Morphology and Physiological Sciences, Biological and Health Sciences Center, State University of Pará, Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Caio Maximino
- "Frederico Graeff" Neurosciences and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Morphology and Physiological Sciences, Biological and Health Sciences Center, State University of Pará, Marabá, PA, Brazil; International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, United States.
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Integrating the monoamine, neurotrophin and cytokine hypotheses of depression--a central role for the serotonin transporter? Pharmacol Ther 2014; 147:1-11. [PMID: 25444754 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine, in particular serotonergic neurotransmission has long been recognized as an important factor in the aetiology of depression. The serotonin transporter (SERT) is the primary regulator of serotonin levels in the brain and a key target for widely used antidepressant drugs, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). In realising the limitations of current antidepressant therapy, depression research has branched out to encompass other areas such as synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis and brain structural remodelling as factors which influence mood and behaviour. More recently, the immune system has been implicated in the development of depression and various intriguing observations have inspired the cytokine hypothesis of depression. Over the past two decades evidence of in vitro and in vivo regulation of SERT function by pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as by mechanisms of synaptic plasticity has been accumulating, offering a mechanistic link between the monoamine, neurotrophin and cytokine theories of depression. This review will focus firstly on the interconnected roles of serotonin and neurotrophins in depression and antidepressant therapy, secondly on the impact of the immune system on serotonin transporter regulation and neurotrophin signalling and finally we propose a model of reciprocal regulation of serotonin and neurotrophin signalling in the context of inflammation-induced depression.
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200
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Zimmermann K, van Phi VD, Brase A, Phi-van L. Inhibition of serotonin transporter expression by C/EBPβ in LPS-activated macrophage cells (HD11). Innate Immun 2014; 21:406-15. [PMID: 25213348 DOI: 10.1177/1753425914547434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) transporter (5-HTT) is involved in inflammation and the stress response. In this study, we examined the regulation of 5-HTT expression in macrophage HD11 cells in response to bacterial LPS. Long-term exposure of cells to LPS (6-18 h) produced a decrease in 5-HTT mRNA expression. Accordingly, reduced 5-HTT activity measured by 5-HT uptake was also observed in LPS-treated HD11 cells. Moreover, LPS treatment, as well as co-transfection with an expression vector encoding the chicken CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPβ), resulted in inhibition of 5-HTT promoter activity. Indeed, sequence analysis revealed several C/EBPβ binding motifs in the upstream region of the 5-HTT gene, which specifically interacted with C/EBPβ both in an in vitro band shift assay and in living HD11 cells. The C/EBPβ binding was activated in cells treated with LPS. The role of C/EBPβ in LPS inhibition of 5-HTT expression was further confirmed by small interfering RNA interference, which demonstrated that knockdown of endogenous C/EBPβ attenuated the inhibition of 5-HTT expression in LPS-treated cells. Taken together, the results suggest that C/EBPβ plays a critical role in regulating the 5-HTT gene in macrophages in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Zimmermann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Celle, Germany
| | - Valerie D van Phi
- Institute of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Angela Brase
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Celle, Germany
| | - Loc Phi-van
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Celle, Germany
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