151
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Lin Y, Zhao Y, Qiu X, Ma J, Yang Q, Shao M, Zhu T. Spatial distribution of polychlorinated naphthalenes in the atmosphere across North China based on gridded field observations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 180:27-33. [PMID: 23727564 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) belong to a group of dioxin-like pollutants; however little information is available on PCNs in North China. In this study, gridded field observations by passive air sampling at 90 sites were undertaken to determine the levels, spatial distributions, and sources of PCNs in the atmosphere of North China. A median concentration of 48 pg m(-3) (range: 10-2460 pg m(-3)) for ∑29PCNs indicated heavy PCN pollution. The compositional profile indicated that nearly 90% of PCNs observed were from thermal processes rather than from commercial mixtures. Regarding the source type, a quantitative apportionment suggested that local non-point emissions contributed two-thirds of the total PCNs observed in the study, whereas a point source of electronic-waste recycling site contributed a quarter of total PCNs. The estimated toxic equivalent quantity for dioxin-like PCNs ranged from 0.97 to 687 fg TEQ m(-3), with the electronic-waste recycling site with the highest risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
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152
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Jürgens MD, Johnson AC, Jones KC, Hughes D, Lawlor AJ. The presence of EU priority substances mercury, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorobutadiene and PBDEs in wild fish from four English rivers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 461-462:441-452. [PMID: 23747559 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Since 2007 about 200 to 300 fish per year--generally roach (Rutilus rutilus) also a few bleak (Alburnus alburnus) and eels (Anguilla anguilla)--have been collected from a number of English river sites and stored at -80°C to build up a Fish Tissue Archive as a resource for the monitoring of pollutants. Some of the fish from the Fish Tissue Archive from the years 2007-2011 were analyzed for substances in current and proposed European legislation regarding environmental quality standards (EQS) in biota. It was found that mercury exceeded the EU EQS of 20 μg/kg in 79% of samples with an average and median of 31 and 29 μg/kg. The legacy fungicide hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was below the EQS of 10 μg/kg in all fish analyzed, with a maximum of 6 μg/kg in some eels. The legacy solvent hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) was below the EQS of 55 μg/kg, being <0.2 μg/kg in all samples where it was measured. The sums of six polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were several orders of magnitude higher than the new proposed 0.0085 μg/kg biota EQS. This study showed that the regular collection and analysis of whole body homogenate samples of relatively small native pelagic fish is suitable for the monitoring of contaminants capable of bioaccumulation. With regard to current or proposed EQS for EU countries, mercury and potentially PBDE in fish are of some concern in these English rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika D Jürgens
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK.
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153
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Morrissey CA, Stanton DWG, Pereira MG, Newton J, Durance I, Tyler CR, Ormerod SJ. Eurasian dipper eggs indicate elevated organohalogenated contaminants in urban rivers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:8931-8939. [PMID: 23819781 DOI: 10.1021/es402124z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Many urban European streams are recovering from industrial, mining, and sewage pollution during the 20th century. However, associated recolonization by clean water organisms can potentially result in exposure to legacy or novel toxic pollutants that persist in the environment. Between 2008 and 2010, we sampled eggs of a river passerine, the Eurasian dipper (Cinclus cinclus), from 33 rivers in South Wales and the English borders (UK) which varied in catchment land use from rural to highly urbanized. Dipper egg δ(15)N and δ(13)C stable isotopes were enriched from urban rivers while δ(34)S was strongly depleted, effectively discriminating their urban or rural origins at thresholds of 10% urban land cover or 1000 people/km(2). Concentrations of total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were positively related to urban land cover and human population density while legacy organochlorine pesticides such as p,p'-DDE, lindane, and hexachlorobenzene were found in higher concentrations at rural sites. Levels of PBDEs in urban dipper eggs (range of 136-9299 ng/g lw) were among the highest ever reported in passerines, and some egg contaminants were at or approaching levels sufficient for adverse effects on avian development. With the exception of dieldrin, our data shows PCBs and other organochlorine pesticides have remained stable or increased in the past 20 years in dipper eggs, despite discontinued use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy A Morrissey
- Department of Biology and School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada.
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154
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Zhao Y, Ma J, Qiu X, Lin Y, Yang Q, Zhu T. Gridded field observations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenyl ethane in the atmosphere of north China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:8123-8129. [PMID: 23837541 DOI: 10.1021/es402193r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are important pollutants, yet few data on ambient BFRs levels have been available for North China, one of the most developed regions of the country. In this study, we investigated levels and spatial distributions of BFRs based on gridded field observations coupled with passive air sampling in the aforementioned region. A model incorporating both point and nonpoint sources was developed to simulate the spatial distribution and to achieve source apportionment. Although high concentration was observed at an electronic-waste (e-waste) recycling site, the median level of the sum of tri-, tetra-, hepta-, hexa-, and hepta-PBDEs (∑10PBDEs) was 0.56 ng/sample, which was lower than those observed previously in mainland China. Source apportionment revealed that nonpoint emissions contributed nearly 78% of ∑10PBDEs observed in this study. In contrast, high levels of BDE-209 and DBDPE were observed, with median concentrations of 4.0 and 10.2 ng/sample, respectively. Point sources located in the region around Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province were the major sources, which contributed 31% of BDE-209 and 70% of DBDPE observed in this study, indicating that this manufacturing base was the most important source region for atmospheric deca-BFRs in North China. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report source apportionment of atmospheric BFRs based on gridded field observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University , Beijing 100871, PR China
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155
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Devi NL, Chakraborty P, Shihua Q, Zhang G. Selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface soils from three major states from the northeastern part of India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:6667-6676. [PMID: 23288598 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-3055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Eighty-two surface soil samples were collected from forest, grassland, tea estate, wildlife sanctuary, wetland, and roadside areas from the northeastern states of India, viz., Tripura, Manipur, and Assam. Thirteen different organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were detected from background soils using gas chromatography electron capture detector. Manipur soils were found to be with higher concentration of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and endosulfan followed by Tripura and Assam. The spearman correlation coefficient shows significant correlation between HCHs, DDTs, and endosulfan isomers (r (2) > 0.5 and p < 0.05). Additionally, α-HCH, δ-HCH, o,p'-DDE, and endosulfan-sulfate shows good correlation with total organic carbon in soil (r (2) = 0.5, p = 0.05), indicating that the soil organic matter could enhance adsorption of these compounds, also demonstrating that the present OCPs in the background soil were from similar source. Further principal component analysis evaluates that most of the higher volatile compounds where clustered together in soil. However, after comparing with different states of Indian soil samples, the concentrations of OCPs in the present study areas are much lower and comparable with background soil across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningombam Linthoingambi Devi
- State key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388, Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
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156
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Gutés A, Lee BY, Carraro C, Mickelson W, Lee SW, Mabouduan R. Impedimetric graphene-based biosensors for the detection of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:6048-6052. [PMID: 23719624 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01268a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Single-layer graphene, decorated with Au nanoparticles, and a specially designed peptide are used for the first time in the detection of decabrominediphenyl ether using impedance spectroscopy. Biosensor calibration is presented, showing a good linear response from 5% to saturated dissolutions (100 ppt). Selectivity towards brominated species is demonstrated by lack of response to molecules with similar structures but without any bromines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gutés
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 94720 Berkeley, CA, USA
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157
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Gevao B, Ghadban AN, Porcelli M, Ali L, Rashdan A, Al-Bahloul M, Matrouk K, Zafar J. Seasonal variations in the atmospheric concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Kuwait. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 454-455:534-541. [PMID: 23567174 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The study reports fortnightly atmospheric concentrations of PBDEs concomitantly measured at an urban and a remote location over a twelve-month period in Kuwait to examine seasonal variability and urban-rural concentration gradients. The annual mean (and range) of ∑PBDE concentrations was 32 (3-208) pgm(-3) at the remote site and 57 (0.3-445) pgm(-3) at the urban site. Although not statistically significant, the median (29 pg m(-3)) and mean (57 pg m(-3)) concentrations at the urban location were higher than those measured at the remote location (18 and 29 pg m(-3) respectively), consistent with the view that urban centers are an important net source of these compounds to the environment. Although Clausius-Clapeyron plots showed statistically significant correlations (p<0.05) with temperature for low molecular weight congeners (BDEs 28, 47, 100), correlations with the ΣPBDE concentrations were not significant at both urban and remote sites. The seasonal variations in ΣPBDE concentrations were not markedly different at the urban location, but the median summer ΣPBDE concentration at the remote location was significantly higher than winter median ΣPBDE concentrations. The absence in seasonality at the urban location may be due to ongoing primary emissions in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bondi Gevao
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Environment and Urban Development Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 24885, 13109 Safat, Kuwait.
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158
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Menzies R, Soares Quinete N, Gardinali P, Seba D. Baseline occurrence of organochlorine pesticides and other xenobiotics in the marine environment: Caribbean and Pacific collections. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 70:289-295. [PMID: 23597795 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This ongoing survey reports the levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in sea surface slicks collected on a global circumnavigation. Hydrophobic xenobiotic compounds such as POPs are known to accumulate on the sea surface in slicks at concentrations many fold greater than the underlying water column, raising concerns about the ecological impacts due to the high biological activity associated with this zone. Six different categories of POPs were reported: chlorobenzenes, hexachlorocyclohexanes, chlordane related compounds, organochlorine pesticides and other cyclodiene pesticides, DDTs and metabolites, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Concentrations ranged from <1ngL(-1) to 18.45μgL(-1). Ranking analysis indicates an independence of detected concentrations for each class of compounds and their geographical locations. Although concentrations observed were normally low and below commonly accepted toxic levels to animals and humans, they fall within the effective range of concentrations of many hormones and neurotransmitters, thus could potentially act as endocrine disrupters.
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159
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Bogdal C, Scheringer M, Abad E, Abalos M, van Bavel B, Hagberg J, Fiedler H. Worldwide distribution of persistent organic pollutants in air, including results of air monitoring by passive air sampling in five continents. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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160
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Klánová J, Harner⁎ T. The challenge of producing reliable results under highly variable conditions and the role of passive air samplers in the Global Monitoring Plan. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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161
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Chen HY, Zhuang HS, Yang GX, Ji XL. Development of a new polyclonal antibody for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor air by ic-ELISA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:2244-2251. [PMID: 22843339 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new polyclonal antibody (pAb) was prepared and used for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in air samples to promote the application of immunoassay technology in the determination of PCBs. Three PCB congeners immunogen mixture was used to stimulate immune responses in rabbits. The specific pAb to PCBs was obtained and used to develop an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA). A standard curve for Aroclor 1248 was prepared using concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 μg L(-1). The average IC50 value was 16.21 μg L(-1) and the limit of detection at 10% inhibition (IC90) was 0.069 μg L(-1). The entire procedure was then evaluated using spiked air samples. The recoveries of Aroclor 1248 at various spiking levels in the air samples ranged from 84 to 113%, with relative standard deviations of 3 to 6%. Under optimum conditions, the cross-reactivity profiles of the assays were obtained using three selected congeners, four Aroclor products, and other structurally related compounds of PCBs. The assays were found to be highly specific for PCB congeners and Aroclors 1248 and 1242. The air samples were then analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry to confirm the ic-ELISA results. The attained results demonstrated that the proposed method was an effective and inexpensive technique for the PCBs determination in air samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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162
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Song S, Ma J, Tian Q, Tong L, Guo X. Hexachlorobenzene in human milk collected from Beijing, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:145-149. [PMID: 23336922 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
High concentration of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was detected in Beijing breast milk in 2002. In order to identify trend in exposure, 65 breast milk samples were collected from 50 primiparous mothers during 2009-2011. The present concentration of HCB in the breast milk (range: 10.9-160.5 μg kg(-1) fat; median: 55.0 μg kg(-1) fat) was higher than that of the recent national average level and those of other countries or regions. This may be partially due to the previous extensive HCB exposure. A longitudinal study of HCB in human milk within six months postpartum showed that the level did not significantly decreased, and remained stable. The estimated daily intake (EDI) for the newborn (range: 0.045-0.43 μg kg(-1) body weight/d; median: 0.20 μg kg(-1) body weight/d) was also higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) tolerable daily intake value (0.17 μg kg(-1) body weight/d for non-cancer effects). Despite the apparent decrease of HCB body burden in past 10 years, the environmental health hazard from HCB contamination in Beijing remains a concern. Therefore a regular human milk monitoring programs for HCB are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Song
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis (NRCGA), 26 Bai Wan Zhuang Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, China.
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163
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Sun C, Chang W, Ma W, Chen C, Zhao J. Photoreductive debromination of decabromodiphenyl ethers in the presence of carboxylates under visible light irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:2370-2377. [PMID: 23383645 DOI: 10.1021/es3045604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have aroused global environmental concerns because of their toxicity and ubiquitousness in the biological and environmental systems. It is important to find an efficient method for their decontamination and to understand their chemical transformation in the environment. Here, we report that decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) undergoes efficient reductive debromination reactions under visible-light irradiation (≥ 420 nm) in the presence of various carboxylate anions that are common in the environmental media. The debromination reactions occur in a stepwise manner, producing a series of lower brominated PBDE congeners. Solvent-derived radials are observed by spin-trapping electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments during the photoreaction. Further experiments by the UV-vis absorption and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), combined with theoretical calculations, reveal a new photochemical debromination pathway based on the halogen binding interaction. According to this pathway, the formation of halogen-binding-based complex between PBDE and carboxylate enables the visible-light absorption and debromination of PBDEs, although neither PBDEs nor carboxylates have visible-light absorption. The halogen-bond-based photochemical debromination could find its application for our better understanding of the transformation process of PBDEs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
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164
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Gioia R, Dachs J, Nizzetto L, Lohmann R, Jones KC. Atmospheric Transport, Cycling and Dynamics of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) from Source Regions to Remote Oceanic Areas. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2013-1149.ch001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda Gioia
- CSIC-IDAEA C/Jordi Girona 18-26 08034, Catalunya, Spain
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, UK
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 126/3, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, USA
| | - Jordi Dachs
- CSIC-IDAEA C/Jordi Girona 18-26 08034, Catalunya, Spain
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, UK
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 126/3, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, USA
| | - Luca Nizzetto
- CSIC-IDAEA C/Jordi Girona 18-26 08034, Catalunya, Spain
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, UK
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 126/3, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, USA
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- CSIC-IDAEA C/Jordi Girona 18-26 08034, Catalunya, Spain
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, UK
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 126/3, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, USA
| | - Kevin C. Jones
- CSIC-IDAEA C/Jordi Girona 18-26 08034, Catalunya, Spain
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, UK
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 126/3, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, USA
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165
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Vardar N, Chemseddine Z, Santos J. Effect of Ambient Temperature on PUF Passive Samplers and PAHs Distribution in Puerto Rico. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/cweee.2013.22b007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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166
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Introduction to Organic Contaminants in Soil: Concepts and Risks. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2012_208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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167
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Eens M, Jaspers VLB, Van den Steen E, Bateson M, Carere C, Clergeau P, Costantini D, Dolenec Z, Elliott JE, Flux J, Gwinner H, Halbrook RS, Heeb P, Mazgajski TD, Moksnes A, Polo V, Soler JJ, Sinclair R, Veiga JP, Williams TD, Covaci A, Pinxten R. Can starling eggs be useful as a biomonitoring tool to study organohalogenated contaminants on a worldwide scale? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 51:141-149. [PMID: 23220015 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale international monitoring studies are important to assess emission patterns and environmental distributions of organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) on a worldwide scale. In this study, the presence of OHCs was investigated on three continents (Europe, North America and Australasia), using eggs of starlings (Sturnus vulgaris and Sturnus unicolor) to assess their suitability for large-scale monitoring studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study using bird eggs of the same species as a biomonitor for OHCs on an intercontinental scale. We found significant differences in OHC concentrations of the eggs among sampling locations, except for hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs). Mean concentrations of sum polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in eggs ranged from 78±26 ng/glipid weight (lw) in Australia to 2900±1300 ng/g lw in the United States. The PCB profile was dominated by CB 153 and CB 138 in all locations, except for New Zealand, where the contribution of CB 95, CB 101 and CB 149 was also high. The highest mean sum polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations were found in Canada (4400±830 ng/g lw), while the lowest mean PBDE concentrations were measured in Spain (3.7±0.1 ng/g lw). The PBDE profile in starling eggs was dominated by BDE 47 and BDE 99 in all countries, but in Belgium, the higher brominated PBDEs had a higher contribution compared to other countries. For the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) ranged from 110±16 ng/g lw in France to 17,000±3400 ng/g lw in New Zealand, while HCHs and hexachlorobenzene were generally in low concentrations in all sampling locations. Chlordanes were remarkably high in eggs from the United States (2500±1300 ng/g lw). The OCP profile in all countries was largely dominated by p,p'-DDE. In general, the worldwide trends we observed in starling eggs were in accordance with the literature on human and environmental OHC data, which suggests that there is potential for using starling eggs as a biomonitoring tool on a large geographical scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Eens
- Laboratory of Ethology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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168
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Schummer C, Tuduri L, Briand O, Appenzeller BM, Millet M. Application of XAD-2 resin-based passive samplers and SPME-GC-MS/MS analysis for the monitoring of spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric pesticides in Luxembourg. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 170:88-94. [PMID: 22771355 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Passive air sampling has been shown to be a very interesting alternative to high-volume sampling by overcoming its disadvantages (size, weight, expensiveness). However, to date, only limited data is available about passive air sampling of current-use pesticides. In order to test if passive samplers allow monitoring of spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric pesticide concentrations, five XAD-2-resin based passive air samplers were deployed at five locations in Luxembourg. Samplers were analyzed using accelerated solvent extraction coupled to solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Collected data was used to study the spatial and temporal variations of the concentrations of the compounds. Twenty two pesticides were detected between March and October, while no pesticides were detected from November to February. Highest concentrations were measured on the rural sites, suggesting that the used XAD-2 resin-based passive samplers allow the simultaneous monitoring of multiple current-use pesticides and identifying spatial and temporal variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Schummer
- Equipe de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, LMSPC (UMR 7515 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg), Strasbourg, France
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169
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Besis A, Samara C. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor and outdoor environments--a review on occurrence and human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 169:217-29. [PMID: 22578798 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) constitute an important group of brominated flame retardants that have been massively produced and extensively used in numerous everyday products, providing longer escape times in case of fire and thus saving lives, as well as reducing the damage of property. In recent years, PBDEs have been recognized as significant pollutants of the indoor environment. This article provides a synthesis and critical evaluation of the state of the knowledge about the occurrence of PBDEs in the indoor environment (air and dust in homes, workplaces and cars) in different countries in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia, as well as about the human exposure via indoor air inhalation and dust ingestion in comparison to outdoor air inhalation and dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Besis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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170
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Martellini T, Jones KC, Sweetman A, Giannoni M, Pieri F, Cincinelli A. The contribution of waste water treatment plants to PBDEs in ambient air. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 169:242-247. [PMID: 22632787 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Air samples were collected at different sites in and around two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in central Italy to determine the concentrations, compositional profiles and contribution to ambient levels of eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The investigated WWTPs were selected as they treat industrial wastewater produced by local textile industries along with municipal wastewater. PBDE concentrations within the WWTPs were higher than those measured at reference sites located 4 and 5 km away with BDE-209 dominating the BDE congener composition in all air samples in 2008. Ambient PBDE concentrations measured in and around the WWTPs and estimates of emissions from aeration tanks suggest that WWTPs are sources of PBDEs to ambient air. Principal component analysis and Pearson correlations confirmed this result. The effect of distance from the plant and wind direction on atmospheric concentrations was also investigated. Although the primary fate of PBDEs in WWTPs will be partitioning to sewage sludge, this study suggests that plants can provide a measurable source of these compounds to local ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Martellini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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171
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Gioia R, Li J, Schuster J, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Li X, Spiro B, Bhatia RS, Dachs J, Jones KC. Factors affecting the occurrence and transport of atmospheric organochlorines in the China Sea and the northern Indian and South East Atlantic Oceans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:10012-10021. [PMID: 22871129 DOI: 10.1021/es302037t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are reported in 97 air samples collected on board the RV Polarstern in November 2007 from the equator to Cape Town, South Africa and the MV Oceanic II (The Scholar Ship) in January-March 2008 from Shanghai, China to Cape Verde in the Central Atlantic Ocean. The atmospheric concentrations were higher close to the coast and lower in remote regions of the Indian and South Atlantic Ocean. Groups of samples were selected in the South China Sea, Indian Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean where the relative wind direction matched the trajectory of the ship, thus all the samples had the same input of sources upwind. In these three regions the concentrations of OCPs and PCBs declined during atmospheric transport following first order kinetics. These sets of measurements provided estimates of field derived residence times (FDRTs) for individual compounds. These values were compared with predicted atmospheric residence times (PARTs) computed using a model of long-range atmospheric transport potential of POPs. The FDRTs are 5-10 times longer for the more volatile PCB congeners and TC, CC, p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE than the respective PARTs, while they are similar to PARTs for the less volatile compounds. Possible causes of discrepancies between PARTs and FDRTs are discussed, and revolatilization from the ocean surface seems to be the main cause for the higher values of FDRTs of the more volatile compounds in comparison with the respective PARTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda Gioia
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
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172
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Zhang A, Chen Z, Ahrens L, Liu W, Li YF. Concentrations of DDTs and enantiomeric fractions of chiral DDTs in agricultural soils from Zhejiang Province, China, and correlations with total organic carbon and pH. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8294-8301. [PMID: 22867105 DOI: 10.1021/jf3024547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) are persistent organic pollutants that were widely used in China, especially eastern China, as insecticides. This work investigated the concentration, dissipation, and volatilization of DDTs and enantiomeric fractions (EFs) of o,p'-DDD and o,p'-DDT in agricultural soils collected in 2006 from 58 sites in Zhejiang province. Correlations between DDT residues and soil properties were assessed to determine the effect of soil properties on the environmental attenuation of DDTs. High concentrations and detection frequencies were found for DDTs in agricultural soils in the region even though large-scale use of DDTs was banned over 20 years ago. The amount of DDTs was about 485 tons in the upper 20 cm of the soil column of cropland in the province in 2010, with a dissipation half-life of ~9 years. The mass flux of DDTs was 43 ng m(-2) h(-1), which corresponds to emissions of 7.6 tons with an emission factor of 1.6% in 2006. The low p,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDE ratios and high o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT ratios suggest that there were no recent inputs of DDTs but fresh application of dicofol, which contains DDT (o,p'-DDT in particular) impurities. The significant positive correlation between concentrations of DDTs and total organic carbon content (TOC) indicates the distribution of DDTs fit a typical "secondary distribution" pattern. DEVrac of o,p'-DDD, which is defined as the absolute value of EFs subtracted from 0.5, was significantly related with most of the physicochemical and microbial soil properties. The most significant correlation is that between DEVrac of o,p'-DDD and soil pH (p < 0.001), indicating that the soil pH plays a key role in enantioselective residues of DDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anping Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310032, China
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173
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Melymuk L, Robson M, Helm PA, Diamond ML. PCBs, PBDEs, and PAHs in Toronto air: spatial and seasonal trends and implications for contaminant transport. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 429:272-80. [PMID: 22578845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The distributions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere of Toronto, Canada and the surrounding suburban/rural area were examined. A series of temporally- and spatially-distributed air samples was collected over a 1-year period with a high-volume active air sampler at one downtown site and polyurethane foam passive air samplers at 19 sites. Passive sampler air concentrations of ΣPAHs ranged from 0.27 to 51 ng/m³. Concentrations of ΣPCBs ranged from 6.0 to 1300 pg/m³, and concentrations of ΣPBDEs ranged from 0.47 to 110 pg/m³. All compounds exhibited the highest concentrations in the urban core, and lowest concentrations in the surrounding rural areas, however the exact ratio depended on location since concentrations varied considerably within the city. Results from the application of a radial dilution model highlighted the influence of the central business district (CBD) of the city as a source of contaminants to the surrounding environment, however the radial dilution comparison also demonstrated that sources outside the CBD have a significant influence on regional contaminant concentrations. A strong relationship between temperature and partial pressure of the gas-phase PCBs, low molecular weight PBDEs and less-reactive PAHs suggested that their dominant emissions originated from temperature-controlled processes such as volatilization from local sources of PCBs, PAHs and PBDEs at warm temperatures, condensation and deposition of emissions at cold temperatures, and ventilation of indoor air with elevated concentrations. The relationship between temperature and atmospheric PAH concentrations varied along the urban-rural gradient, which suggested that in highly urbanized areas, such as downtown Toronto, temperature-related processes have a significant impact on air concentrations, whereas winter emissions from domestic heating have a greater influence in areas with less impervious surface coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Melymuk
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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174
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Aliyeva G, Kurkova R, Hovorkova I, Klánová J, Halsall C. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in air and soil across Azerbaijan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:1953-1962. [PMID: 22767293 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0944-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are reported in air and surface soil in an extensive spatial survey across Azerbaijan, a country bordering the Caspian Sea with a history of OCP production and extensive use. Polyurethane foam disc passive air samplers (PAS) were deployed during October-November 2008 with soil samples collected in July 2009. Levels of Σ(7)PCB in ambient air were generally low (mean of 0.046 ng m(-3), n = 13) and comparable to concentrations reported in countries within Eastern Europe and similar to or lower than concentrations reported in urban air in the UK and other western countries. Surprisingly, PCB concentrations in rural/background soil fell below the method detection limits at most sites, although concentrations were 0.209 and 0.071 ng Σ(7)PCB g(-1) dry weight (dw) for two urban sites, again comparable to PCB levels measured at background sites in Europe. Levels of α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH and p,p'-DDT/E were elevated in ambient air across Azerbaijan in comparison to PAS-derived concentrations reported elsewhere, with concentrations of α-HCH in air ranging from 0.085 to 2.699 ng m(-3) and p,p'-DDE, 0.037-2.290 ng m(-3). High concentrations of OCPs occurred at several of the urban sites and at sites in proximity to old pesticide storage facilities with concentrations in soil >0.1 μg g(-1) dw for p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT at several sites. The ratio of p,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDE was close to unity in the soil at these sites, but elsewhere, the ratio was <1, indicating a weathered DDT pattern, which was also reflected in the air at all sites. A fugacity approach revealed the strong likelihood of net soil-to-air transfer at the majority of sites for all OCPs. The calculated annual fluxes or loading to the atmosphere from a rural/agricultural area (representing land as vineyards and cotton cultivation) were estimated to be on the order of ≈10-100 kg year(-1) for the HCH isomers (including the β -isomer) and p,p'-DDE. The high levels of OCPs in soils, particularly in the vicinity of obsolete-pesticide storage facilities and at select urban sites are of concern and warrant regular monitoring activities and the development of containment or mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulchohra Aliyeva
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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175
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Björklund JA, Thuresson K, Palm Cousins A, Sellström U, Emenius G, de Wit CA. Indoor air is a significant source of tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers to outdoor air via ventilation systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:5876-5884. [PMID: 22548318 DOI: 10.1021/es204122v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ventilation of indoor air has been hypothesized to be a source of PBDEs to outdoors. To study this, tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers were analyzed in outgoing air samples collected inside ventilation systems just before exiting 33 buildings and compared to indoor air samples from microenvironments in each building collected simultaneously. Median ∑(10)PBDE (BDE- 28, -47, -99, -153, -183, -197, -206, -207, -208, -209) concentrations in air from apartment, office and day care center buildings were 93, 3700, and 660 pg/m(3) for outgoing air, and 92, 4700, and 1200 pg/m(3) for indoor air, respectively. BDE-209 was the major congener found. No statistically significant differences were seen for individual PBDE concentrations in matched indoor and outgoing air samples, indicating that outgoing air PBDE concentrations are equivalent to indoor air concentrations. PBDE concentrations in indoor and outgoing air were higher than published outdoor air values suggesting ventilation as a conduit of PBDEs, including BDE-209, from indoors to outdoors. BDE-209 and sum of BDE-28, -47, -99, and -153 emissions from indoor air to outdoors were roughly estimated to represent close to 90% of total emissions to outdoor air for Sweden, indicating that contaminated indoor air is an important source of PBDE contamination to outdoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justina Awasum Björklund
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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176
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Khairy MA, Lohmann R. Field validation of polyethylene passive air samplers for parent and alkylated PAHs in Alexandria, Egypt. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:3990-3998. [PMID: 22397460 DOI: 10.1021/es300012u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene samplers (PEs) were deployed at 11 locations in Alexandria, Egypt during summer and winter to test and characterize them as passive samplers for concentrations, sources, and seasonal variations of atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PE-air equilibrium was attained faster for a wider range of PAHs during the winter season possibly due to increased wind speeds. Calculated PE-air partitioning constants, K(PE-A), in our study [Log K(PE-A) = 0.9426 × Log K(OA) - 0.022 (n = 12, R(2) = 0.99, Std error = 0.053)] agreed with literature values within <46%. For parent (except naphthalene), mono- and dialkylated PAHs, active sampling based concentrations of PAHs were within an average factor of 1.4 (1.0-5.6) compared to the PE based values. For C(3-4) alkylated PAHs, K(PE-A) values were lower than predicted, on average by ~0.8 log units per carbon in the alkylation. Enthalpies of vaporization (ΔH(vap)) accurately corrected K(PE-A)s for temperature differences between winter and summer sampling. PAH profiles were dominated by naphthalene, phenanthrene, and alkylated phenanthrenes. Calculated diagnostic ratios indicated that PAHs originated mainly from vehicle emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Khairy
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States.
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177
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Levels and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmosphere close to Chinese Great Wall Station, Antarctica: Results from XAD-resin passive air sampling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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178
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Sun YX, Luo XJ, Mo L, Zhang Q, Wu JP, Chen SJ, Zou FS, Mai BX. Brominated flame retardants in three terrestrial passerine birds from South China: geographical pattern and implication for potential sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 162:381-388. [PMID: 22243889 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and pentabromotoluene (PBT) were investigated in light-vented bulbul (LVB), long-tailed shrike (LTS) and oriental magpie-robin (OMR) collected from seven sampling sites in South China. ∑PBDEs, DBDPE, PBB 153, and PBT levels ranged from 35 to 15,000, no detected (nd)-130, nd-6800, and nd-6.8 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Positive correlations were found between δ(15)N values and brominated flame retardant (BFR) concentrations. The BFR geographic pattern indicated that PBDEs were linked to e-waste recycling and local industry activities as well as urbanization; PBB 153 was derived from e-waste; DBDPE was mainly come from local industry activities; and no specific source was observed for PBT. PBDE congener profiles were found to be depended on bird species and sampling sites with relatively high abundances of lower brominated congeners in e-waste site and significantly higher abundance of BDE153 in LTS and OMR than in LVB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-xin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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179
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Wang Y, Wang P, Fu J, Jiang G. The air-water exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers at an urban lake, a receipt water body for the effluent from a municipal sewage treatment plant. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 86:217-222. [PMID: 22119281 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effluents and sludge from municipal sewage treatment plants (MSTPs) are considered as potential sources of many contaminants to the ambient environments. In the present work, the air-water exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was studied using passive air samplers at an urban lake, which receives the effluents from a MSTP in Beijing, China. The concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs in atmosphere were in the range 15.5-108 ng sample(-1) and 2.37-27.8 ng sample(-1), respectively, during the sampling period (August, 2007-July, 2008). The predominant PCBs and PBDEs were lowly halogenated congeners. The calculation for the exchange fluxes of PCBs and PBDEs using fugacity model showed that, the net exchange fluxes in different seasons were closely related to the halogen number of different congeners. Except for CBs-28 and 52, the net exchange fluxes was mainly directed from air to water for most of predominant congeners, which implied that the lower chlorinated CBs were dominated by volatilization process rather than the dry/wet depositions and diffusion between air-water interface, additionally, for heavy congeners, the dry/wet deposition process was an important source of PCBs and PBDEs in this lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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180
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Halse AK, Schlabach M, Sweetman A, Jones KC, Breivik K. Using passive air samplers to assess local sources versus long range atmospheric transport of POPs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:2580-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em30378g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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181
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182
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Huang J, Choi HD, Landis MS, Holsen TM. An application of passive samplers to understand atmospheric mercury concentration and dry deposition spatial distributions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:2976-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em30514c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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183
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Hearn LK, Kennedy K, Hawker DW, Toms LML, Alberts V, Mueller JF. Spatial mapping of city-wide PBDE levels using an exponential decay model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:643-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em10656f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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184
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Möller A, Xie Z, Caba A, Sturm R, Ebinghaus R. Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in the atmosphere of the North Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:3660-5. [PMID: 21840096 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Air samples collected in the German part of the North Sea from March to July 2010 were investigated for organophosphorus compounds (OPs) being applied as flame retardants and plasticizers. The ∑(8)OPs concentration ranged from 110 to 1400 pg m(-3) while tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) dominated all samples with individual concentrations up to 1200 pg m(-3). The highest concentrations were observed in continental air masses showing the high influence of industrialized regions including production sites on atmospheric emissions and concentrations. The occurrence of OPs even in oceanic/Arctic air masses shows that OPs can undergo long-range atmospheric transport. Dry particle-bound deposition fluxes from 9 to 240 ng m(-2) d(-1) for ∑(8)OPs were estimated leading to a minimum annual flux of 710 ± 580 kg y(-1) OPs into the German North Sea. This study presents the first occurrence of OPs in the marine atmosphere together with important information on their long-range transport potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Möller
- Department for Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
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185
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Shunthirasingham C, Gouin T, Lei YD, Ruepert C, Castillo LE, Wania F. Current-use pesticide transport to Costa Rica's high-altitude tropical cloud forest. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:2709-2717. [PMID: 21898568 DOI: 10.1002/etc.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To gain insight into the atmospheric transport and deposition of organic contaminants in high-altitude forests in the humid tropics, pesticides were analyzed in air, water, and soil samples from Costa Rica. Passive samplers deployed across the country revealed annually averaged air concentrations of chlorothalonil, endosulfan, and pendimethalin that were higher in areas with intensive agricultural activities than in more remote areas. Atmospheric concentrations were particularly high in the intensively cultivated central valley. Only endosulfan and its degradation products were found in soils sampled along an altitudinal transect on the northern side of Volcano Turrialba, which is facing heavily cultivated coastal plains. Consistent with calculations of cold trapping in tropical mountains, concentrations of endosulfan sulfate increased with altitude. Pesticide levels in lake, creek, fog, and arboreal water samples from high-elevation cloud forests were generally below 10 ng · L(-1). Endosulfan sulfate was the most abundant pesticide in water, with concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 9.4 ng · L(-1). Its levels were highest in water sampled from bromeliads. Levels of total endosulfan in water are much lower than the reported median lethal concentration (LC50) value for acute toxicity of α-endosulfan to tadpoles. Although this suggests that the presence of pesticide might not have a direct impact on amphibian populations, the possibility of effects of chronic exposure to a mixture of substances cannot be excluded. Fog was relatively enriched in some of the analyzed pesticides, such as dacthal and chlorothalonil, and may constitute an important deposition pathway to high-altitude tropical cloud forest.
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186
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Polkowska Ż, Cichała-Kamrowska K, Ruman M, Kozioł K, Krawczyk WE, Namieśnik J. Organic pollution in surface waters from the Fuglebekken basin in Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic. SENSORS 2011; 11:8910-29. [PMID: 22164112 PMCID: PMC3231491 DOI: 10.3390/s110908910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Fuglebekken basin is situated in the southern part of the island of Spitsbergen (Norwegian Arctic), on the Hornsund fjord (Wedel Jarlsberg Land). Surface water was collected from 24 tributaries (B1–B24) and from the main stream water in the Fuglebekken basin (25) between 10 July 2009 and 30 July 2009. The present investigation reveals the results of the analysis of these samples for their PAH and PCB content. Twelve of 16 PAHs and seven PCBs were determined in the surface waters from 24 tributaries and the main stream. Total PAH and PCB concentrations in the surface waters ranged from 4 to 600 ng/L and from 2 to 400 ng/L respectively. The highest concentrations of an individual PCB (138–308 ng/L and 123 ng/L) were found in samples from tributaries B9 and B5. The presence in the basin (thousands of kilometres distant from industrial centres) of PAHs and PCBs is testimony to the fact that these compounds are transported over vast distances with air masses and deposited in regions devoid of any human pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Żaneta Polkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk 80–233, Poland; E-Mails: (K.C.-K.); (J.N.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +48-58-347-2110; Fax: +48-58-347-2694
| | - Katarzyna Cichała-Kamrowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk 80–233, Poland; E-Mails: (K.C.-K.); (J.N.)
| | - Marek Ruman
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, 60 Będzińska St., Sosnowiec 41–200, Poland; E-Mails: (M.R.); (W.E.K.)
| | - Krystyna Kozioł
- Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Winter Street, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; E-Mail: (K.K.)
| | - Wiesława Ewa Krawczyk
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, 60 Będzińska St., Sosnowiec 41–200, Poland; E-Mails: (M.R.); (W.E.K.)
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., Gdansk 80–233, Poland; E-Mails: (K.C.-K.); (J.N.)
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187
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Li X, Li Y, Zhang Q, Wang P, Yang H, Jiang G, Wei F. Evaluation of atmospheric sources of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs around a steel industrial complex in northeast China using passive air samplers. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:957-963. [PMID: 21726889 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The concern about emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from steel industrial parks has increased in the past decades. In this study, polyurethane foam (PUF)-disk based passive air samples were collected in and around a big steel industrial park of Anshan, Northeast China from June 2008 to March 2009. The levels, seasonal variations and potential sources of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs in the atmosphere around the steel industrial complex were investigated, and potential contribution of these three groups of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from iron and steel production was also assessed. The air concentrations of ∑(17)PCDD/Fs (summer: 0.02-2.77 pg m(-3); winter: 0.20-9.79 pg m(-3)), ∑(19)PCBs (summer: 23.5-155.8 pg m(-3); winter: 14.6-81.3 pg m(-3)) and ∑(13)PBDEs (summer: 2.91-10.7 pg m(-3); winter: 1.10-3.89 pg m(-3)) in this targeted industrial park were relatively low in comparison to other studies, which implied that the industrial activities of iron and steel had not resulted in serious contamination to the ambient air in this area. On the whole, the air concentrations of PCDD/Fs in winter were higher than those of summer, whereas the concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs showed opposite trends. The result from principal component analysis indicated that coal combustion might be the main contributor of PCDD/F sources in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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188
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Fang M, Choi SD, Baek SY, Park H, Chang YS. Atmospheric bulk deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the vicinity of an iron and steel making plant. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:894-899. [PMID: 21724227 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An IRA-743 resin bulk sampler was validated to monitor long-term bulk deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Six consecutive sampling campaigns (2008-2009) were conducted at four sites around steel complexes in Pohang, South Korea to investigate spatial and seasonal variations of PCDD/F bulk deposition. The bulk deposition within the steel complex showed the highest ∑(4-8)PCDD/F (Tetra-Octa) fluxes, ranging from 204 to 608 (mean: 352)pg m(-2)d(-1), indicating steel complexes were major sources of PCDD/Fs. The homologue profiles were dominated with lower chlorinated PCDFs. Furthermore, the prevailing winds were confirmed to influence the spatial distribution of PCDD/F deposition. There were apparent seasonal variations of the bulk deposition at each site, and seasonal homologue patterns of PCDD/Fs were clearly observed. According to the passive air sampling, however, no significant seasonal change of ambient air concentrations of PCDD/Fs was observed. Therefore, it was concluded that the seasonal variations of deposition fluxes of PCDD/Fs probably resulted from temperature-dependent gas/particle partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Fang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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189
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Castro-Jiménez J, Mariani G, Vives I, Skejo H, Umlauf G, Zaldívar JM, Dueri S, Messiaen G, Laugier T. Atmospheric concentrations, occurrence and deposition of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in a Mediterranean coastal site (Etang de Thau, France). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:1948-1956. [PMID: 21489667 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric concentrations and deposition fluxes of PCDD/F and PCB have been evaluated over a 1-year period in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Etang de Thau, France). Indicative PBDE air concentrations in the hot season are also reported in this work. ∑2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs and ∑18PCBs (gas+particulate) air concentrations ranged from 67 to 1700 fg m(-3) and from 13 to 95 pg m(-3), respectively whereas ∑8PBDEs (gas+particulate) summer time levels varied from 158 to 230 pg m(-3). The PCDD/F and PCB atmospheric occurrence over Thau lagoon and subsequent inputs to the surface waters are determined by an assemble of factors, being the seasonality of atmospheric concentration, the air mass origin and meteorological conditions important drivers. Total (wet+dry) ∑2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs and ∑18PCBs deposition fluxes to Thau Lagoon waters are 117 and 715 pg m(-2)d(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Castro-Jiménez
- European Commission-Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy.
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190
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191
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Wu J, Teng M, Gao L, Zheng M. Background air levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:1818-1823. [PMID: 21334724 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of the atmospheric concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were taken in 11 background sites geographically distributed throughout China. Active high-volume samplers were employed during two deployment periods between November 2007 and November 2008. 12 dioxin-like and 7 indicator PCBs were identified and measured. To keep the consistency, the two sampling periods were set in the same seasons (autumn and winter) and there were few variations between the results at all sites. The congener profile of indicator PCBs was dominated by CB28 and CB52. The most abundant mono-ortho congener was CB118, and the most abundant non-ortho congener was CB77. This study is the first systematic investigation into background atmospheric PCB levels in China. The background indicator ∑(7)PCB levels in China are similar to those obtained at other background areas around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
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192
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Zhang Y, Deng S, Liu Y, Shen G, Li X, Cao J, Wang X, Reid B, Tao S. A passive air sampler for characterizing the vertical concentration profile of gaseous phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in near soil surface air. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:694-699. [PMID: 21216057 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Air-soil exchange is an important process governing the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A novel passive air sampler was designed and tested for measuring the vertical concentration profile of 4 low molecular weight PAHs in gaseous phase (PAH(LMW4)) in near soil surface air. Air at various heights from 5 to 520 mm above the ground was sampled by polyurethane foam disks held in down-faced cartridges. The samplers were tested at three sites: A: an extremely contaminated site, B: a site near A, and C: a background site on a university campus. Vertical concentration gradients were revealed for PAH(LMW4) within a thin layer close to soil surface at the three sites. PAH concentrations either decreased (Site A) or increased (Sites B and C) with height, suggesting either deposition to or evaporation from soils. The sampler is a useful tool for investigating air-soil exchange of gaseous phase semi-volatile organic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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193
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Roots O, Zitko V, Kiviranta H, Rantakokko P, Ruokojärvi P. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Baltic herring from Estonian waters, 2006–2008. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363210130050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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194
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Pozo K, Harner T, Lee SC, Sinha RK, Sengupta B, Loewen M, Geethalakshmi V, Kannan K, Volpi V. Assessing seasonal and spatial trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Indian agricultural regions using PUF disk passive air samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:646-653. [PMID: 21035239 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The first survey of persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations in air across several Indian agricultural regions was conducted in 2006-2007. Passive samplers comprising polyurethane foam (PUF) disks were deployed on a quarterly basis at seven stations in agricultural regions, one urban site and one background site. The project was conducted as a sub-project of the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) Network. In addition to revealing new information on air concentrations of several organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), the study has demonstrated the feasibility of conducting regional-scale monitoring for POPs in India using PUF disk samplers. The following analytes were detected with relatively high concentrations in air (mean for 2006 and 2007, pg/m(3)): α- and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) (292 and 812, respectively); endosulfan I and II (2770 and 902, respectively); p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT (247 and 931, respectively); and for the sum of 48 PCBs, 12,100 (including a site with extremely high air concentrations in 2007) and 972 (when excluding data for this site).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Pozo
- Atmospheric Science & Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
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195
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Ma WL, Qi H, Li YF, Liu LY, Sun DZ, Wang DG, Zhang Z, Tian CG, Shen JM. Seasonal and spatial variations of air concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Northeastern Chinese urban region. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 86:43-49. [PMID: 21152887 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-010-0169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane foam disk passive air samplers were deployed along an urban-rural-background transect in a northeastern Chinese region (Harbin) to investigate the spatial and seasonal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The ∑₁₆PAHs concentrations [ng/(sample·day)] were high at urban sites (315 ± 206), followed by rural sites (222 ± 160), suburban site (142 ± 114) and background site (128 ± 107). The urban fractionation effect was observed along the transect with increasing proportions for low molecular weight PAHs and decreasing proportions for high molecular weight PAHs. PAHs were found to be higher in winter and spring than in summer and autumn, most likely due to the combustion of coal and biomass for domestic heating. Sources of PAHs were investigated by principal component analysis in combination with diagnostic ratios, which both indicated that pyrogenic sources were the main sources of PAHs in the air of Harbin, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150090 Harbin, China
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196
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Santiago EC, Cayetano MG. Organochlorine pesticides in ambient air in selected urban and rural residential areas in the Philippines derived from passive samplers with polyurethane disks. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 86:50-55. [PMID: 21152891 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-010-0160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The passive sampler with PUF disk was applied to investigate the types and concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in ambient air in three urban and rural residential areas simultaneously at different weather conditions in the Philippines. The concentrations of OCPs derived from the passive samplers indicated clear distinctions in the predominance of certain types and amounts of OCPs in air at different sampling sites and periods of sampling. Chlordanes were detected in concentrations ranging from 218 to 2,324 pg/m³ in the urban residential sites in all the sampling periods, indicating the possible use of these pesticides as termiticides in houses. Endosulfans were detected in two rural sites at 491 pg/m³ and 904 pg/m³ during one sampling period; indicating the possible use of the pesticide in the farm areas at that period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangeline C Santiago
- Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines.
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197
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Cindoruk SS. Atmospheric organochlorine pesticide (OCP) levels in a metropolitan city in Turkey. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 82:78-87. [PMID: 21055787 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Air concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured at four different sites in Bursa, Turkey to determine current levels. For this purpose, about 35 samples were collected from June 2008 to June 2009 using a high volume air sampler (HVAS) equipped with particle and gas-phase units. Ten OCP compounds (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-hexachlorocyclohexane, Heptachlor epoxide, Endrin, Endosulfan beta, Endrin aldehyde, p,p'-DDT and Methoxychlor) were reported within the scope of this study. The average concentrations of total (particle+gas) ∑OCPs were 550.9 ± 277.6 pg m⁻³ (coastal), 1030.7 ± 453.5 pg m⁻³ (urban/traffic), 519.7 ± 277.5 pg m⁻³ (semi-rural) and 722.8 ± 351.8 pg m⁻³ (urban/residential). The individual OCP concentrations were in line with reported concentrations. The maximum particle and gas-phase concentrations were determined for Endosulfan beta and beta-HCH for all sites, respectively. Available gas/particle partitioning models were applied in order to investigate the compatibility of the experimental data and the significant relationships were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sıddık Cindoruk
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey.
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198
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Devi NL, Qi S, Chakraborty P, Zhang G, Yadav IC. Passive air sampling of organochlorine pesticides in a northeastern state of India, Manipur. J Environ Sci (China) 2011; 23:808-815. [PMID: 21790054 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(10)60453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-six polyurethane foam disk passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) were deployed over a year during January to December, 2009 at three locations, i.e., Imphal (urban site), Thoubal (rural site) and Waithou (alpine site) of Manipur, to assess the seasonal local atmospheric emission of selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The average concentration of HCHs monitored at mountain site during hot season (Mar, Apr, and May) and rainy seasons (Jun, Jul, Aug, and Sep) were 403 and 349 pg/m3, respectively. DDTs had a high concentration with 384 pg/m3 at rural site and 379 pg/m3 at urban site during hot seasons. Endosulfans and chlordane were found high in concentration during hot seasons (260 pg/m3) and low during retreating monsoon seasons (44 pg/m3) at rural site. Most of the OCPs concentrations were high during cultivation period. The OCP concentrations of rainy season were highly correlated (p < 0.01) with OCPs of hot seasons. Further, positive correlation (p < 0.05) was also obtained between cold seasons and retreating monsoon. Principal component analysis showed a significant correlation among the four seasons and distribution pattern of OCPs in air. Back trajectory analysis by using HYPSLIT model showed a long range air transport of OCPs to the present study area. Present OCP levels at Manipur is an outcome of both local emission and also movement of air mass by long range atmospheric transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningombam Linthoingambi Devi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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199
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Weinberg I, Dreyer A, Ebinghaus R. Waste water treatment plants as sources of polyfluorinated compounds, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and musk fragrances to ambient air. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:125-132. [PMID: 20951480 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To investigate waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) as sources of polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and synthetic musk fragrances to the atmosphere, air samples were simultaneously taken at two WWTPs and two reference sites using high volume samplers. Contaminants were accumulated on glass fiber filters and PUF/XAD-2/PUF cartridges, extracted compound-dependent by MTBE/acetone, methanol, or hexane/acetone and detected by GC-MS or HPLC-MS/MS. Total (gas+particle phase) concentrations ranged from 97 to 1004 pg m(-3) (neutral PFCs), <MQL to 13 pg m(-3) (ionic PFCs), 5781 to 482,163 pg m(-3) (musk fragrances) and <1 to 27 pg m(-3) (PBDEs) and were usually higher at WWTPs than at corresponding reference sites, revealing that WWTPs can be regarded as sources of musk fragrances, PFCs and probably PBDEs to the atmosphere. Different concentrations at the two WWTPs indicated an influence of WWTP size or waste water origin on emitted contaminant amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Weinberg
- GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht, Max Planck Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; Leuphana University Lüneburg, Institute for Ecology and Environmental Chemistry, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Annekatrin Dreyer
- GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht, Max Planck Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht, Max Planck Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
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200
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Schuster JK, Gioia R, Sweetman AJ, Jones KC. Temporal trends and controlling factors for polychlorinated biphenyls in the UK atmosphere (1991-2008). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:8068-74. [PMID: 20883016 DOI: 10.1021/es102134d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Long-term air monitoring data sets are needed for persistent organic pollutants (POPs), to assess the effectiveness of source abatement measures and the factors controlling ambient levels. The Toxic Organic Micro-Pollutants (TOMPS) program in the United Kingdom started in 1991, generating a data set for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The history and volumes of production, usage, and subsequent restrictions on PCBs in the UK are well-characterized relative to many countries, providing a valuable case study on the effectiveness of controls and the factors influencing ambient levels and trends of these "model POPs". PCB air concentrations (congeners PCB 28, 52, 90/101, 118, 138, 153, and 180) from six rural and urban monitoring sites are presented. Most show a statistically significant decrease in PCBs levels over time, consistent with estimates of emissions, helping to validate emissions inventories. Times for a 50% decline in concentrations (sometimes called clearance rates) averaged 4.7 ± 1.6 years for all congeners at all sites. The trends at different sites and for different congeners were not statistically different from each other. Concentration differences between sites are correlated with local population density (i.e., the degree of urbanization), which supports approaches to modeling of primary emissions on the national and regional scale. The data set indicates that ambient levels and underlying trends of PCBs continue to reflect the controlling influence of diffuse primary sources from the ongoing stock of PCBs in urban environments. Production and use restrictions came into force in the UK over 40 years ago; trends since monitoring began in the early 1990s should be seen as part of a continuing decline in ambient levels since that time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin K Schuster
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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