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Wei K, Wang L, Zhang C, Wu L, Li H, Zhang F, Cheng H. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Key Flavonoid 3'-Hydroxylase and Flavonoid 3',5'-Hydroxylase Genes in Affecting the Ratio of Dihydroxylated to Trihydroxylated Catechins in Camellia sinensis. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26367395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.00137925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The ratio of dihydroxylated to trihydroxylated catechins (RDTC) is an important indicator of tea quality and biochemical marker for the study of genetic diversity. It is reported to be under genetic control but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) are key enzymes involved in the formation of dihydroxylated and trihydroxylated catechins. The transcriptome and HPLC analysis of tea samples from Longjing43 and Zhonghuang2 under control and shading treatment were performed to assess the F3'H and F3'5'H genes that might affect RDTC. A total of 74.7 million reads of mRNA seq (2×101bp) data were generated. After de novo assembly, 109,909 unigenes were obtained, and 39,982 of them were annotated using 7 public databases. Four key F3'H and F3'5'H genes (including CsF3'5'H1, CsF3'H1, CsF3'H2 and CsF3'H3) were identified to be closely correlated with RDTC. Shading treatment had little effect on RDTC, which was attributed to the stable expression of these key F3'H and F3'5'H genes. The correlation of the coexpression of four key genes and RDTC was further confirmed among 13 tea varieties by real time PCR and HPLC analysis. The coexpression of three F3'H genes and a F3'5'H gene may play a key role in affecting RDTC in Camellia sinensis. The current results may establish valuable foundation for further research about the mechanism controlling catechin composition in tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wei
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Chengcai Zhang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Liyun Wu
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Hailin Li
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
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152
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Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Acute Toxicity of Clausena excavata Leaves Extract. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:975450. [PMID: 25610488 PMCID: PMC4290147 DOI: 10.1155/2014/975450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Clausena excavata (Lour.), locally known as “Kemantu hitam,” is a common plant in Malaysian folklore medicine. This study evaluated the antioxidant properties of the solvent extracts of C. excavata leaves and determined the acute toxicity of methanolic extract C. excavata (MECE) leaves in Sprague-Dawley rats. Harvested leaves were dried and subjected to solvent extraction using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol in succession. The antioxidant activity of each extract was determined using the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl dihydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC) were estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu and ethanolic aluminium chloride method, respectively. The chloroform extract was found to be highest in flavonoid content, while the methanolic extract showed the highest TPC and antioxidant activity. There was no mortality in rats treated with MECE leaves even at a high dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight. However, the MECE leaves produced mild to moderate pathological changes in the liver and kidneys, shown by mild degenerative changes and leucocyte infiltration. The extract did not affect the haematological parameters or relative weights of the liver or kidneys. Overall, the MECE leaves have potent antioxidant activity and are presumed safe to be used orally as health-promoting product at low to moderate doses.
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153
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Velićanski AS, Cvetković DD, Markov SL, Šaponjac VTT, Vulić JJ. Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of the Beverage Obtained by Fermentation of Sweetened Lemon Balm
( Melissa officinalis L.) Tea with Symbiotic Consortium
of Bacteria and Yeasts. Food Technol Biotechnol 2014; 52:420-429. [PMID: 27904315 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.52.04.14.3611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kombucha is a fermented tea beverage which is traditionally prepared by fermenting sweetened black or green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) with symbiotic consortium of bacteria and yeasts (SCOBY). In this study, lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) was used as the only nitrogen source for kombucha fermentation. During the seven-day fermentation process, pH value, titratable acidity (TA), total phenolic content, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity against hydroxyl (˙OH) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radicals were measured to detect the connection between the fermentation time and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of lemon balm kombucha. Antibacterial activity of finished beverages with optimum acidity (TA=4-4.5 g/L), the value which is confirmed by long-time kombucha consumers, and enhanced acidity (TA=8.12 g/L) was tested against eleven wild bacterial strains. The results showed that lemon balm could be successfully used as an alternative to C. sinensis L. for kombucha fermentation. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity against DPPH radicals of lemon balm fermentation broth were higher than those of traditional kombucha. Rosmarinic acid is the main phenolic compound of the lemon balm-based kombucha that probably provides biological activity of the beverage. Judging from the EC 50 values, kombucha beverages exhibited higher antioxidant activities compared with C. sinensis L. and M. officinalis L. infusions, which can probably be ascribed to SCOBY metabolites. Lemon balm kombucha with both optimum and enhanced acidity showed antibacterial activity, which can be primarily ascribed to acetic acid, but also to some other tea components and SCOBY metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra S Velićanski
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, RS-21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dragoljub D Cvetković
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, RS-21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Siniša L Markov
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, RS-21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vesna T Tumbas Šaponjac
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, RS-21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena J Vulić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, RS-21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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154
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Amirdivani S, Baba ASH. Green tea yogurt: major phenolic compounds and microbial growth. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2014; 52:4652-60. [PMID: 26139940 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate fermentation of milk in the presence of green tea (Camellia sinensis) with respect to changes in antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds and the growth of lactic acid bacteria. Pasteurized full fat cow's milk and starter culture were incubated at 41 °C in the presence of two different types of green tea extracts. The yogurts formed were refrigerated (4 °C) for further analysis. The total phenolic content was highest (p < 0.05) in air-dried green tea-yogurt (MGT) followed by steam-treated green tea (JGT) and plain yogurts. Four major compounds in MGTY and JGTY were detected. The highest concentration of major phenolic compounds in both samples was related to quercetin-rhamnosylgalactoside and quercetin-3-O-galactosyl-rhamnosyl-glucoside for MGTY and JGTY respectively during first 7 day of storage. Diphenyl picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power methods showed highest antioxidant capacity in MGTY, JGTY and PY. Streptococcus thermophillus and Lactobacillus spp. were highest in MGTY followed by JGTY and PY. This paper evaluates the implementation of green tea yogurt as a new product with functional properties and valuable component to promote the growth of beneficial yogurt bacteria and prevention of oxidative stress by enhancing the antioxidant activity of yogurt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabboo Amirdivani
- Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Salihin Hj Baba
- Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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155
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Nunes AR, Alves MG, Moreira PI, Oliveira PF, Silva BM. Can Tea Consumption be a Safe and Effective Therapy Against Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Neurodegeneration? Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:475-89. [PMID: 25977676 PMCID: PMC4428023 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666141204220539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that is rapidly increasing and has become a major public health problem. Type 2 DM (T2DM) is the most common type, accounting for up to 90-95% of the new diagnosed DM cases. The brain is very susceptible to glucose fluctuations and hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress (OS). It is well known that DM and the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases are associated. Tea, Camellia sinensis L., is one of the most consumed beverages. It contains several phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, methylxanthines (mainly caffeine) and L-theanine that are often reported to be responsible for tea's health benefits, including in brain. Tea phytochemicals have been reported to be responsible for tea's significant antidiabetic and neuroprotective properties and antioxidant potential. Epidemiological studies have shown that regular consumption of tea has positive effects on DM-caused complications and protects the brain against oxidative damage, contributing to an improvement of the cognitive function. Among the several reported benefits of tea consumption, those related with neurodegenerative diseases are of great interest. Herein, we discuss the potential beneficial effects of tea consumption and tea phytochemicals on DM and how their action can counteract the severe brain damage induced by this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R. Nunes
- CICS – UBI – Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Marco G. Alves
- CICS – UBI – Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Paula I. Moreira
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra and Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro F. Oliveira
- CICS – UBI – Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Branca M. Silva
- CICS – UBI – Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
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156
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Bekdeşer B, Durusoy N, Özyürek M, Güçlü K, Apak R. Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenols from herbal teas and evaluation of their in vitro hypochlorous acid scavenging activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:11109-11115. [PMID: 25365495 DOI: 10.1021/jf503065h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an important reactive oxygen species (ROS) and non-radical and is taking part in physiological processes concerned with the defense of the organism, but there has been limited information regarding its scavenging by polyphenols. This study was designed to examine the HOCl scavenging activity of several polyphenols and microwave-assisted extracts of herbal teas. HOCl scavenging activity has usually been determined spectrophotometrically by a KI/taurine assay at 350 nm. Because some polyphenols (i.e., apigenin and chrysin) have a strong ultraviolet (UV) absorption in this range, their HOCl scavenging activity was alternatively determined without interference using resorcinol (1,3-dihydroxybenzene) as a fluorogenic probe. In the present assay, HOCl induces the chlorination of resorcinol into its non-fluorescent products. Polyphenols as HOCl scavengers inhibit the chlorination of the probe by this species. Thus, the 25% inhibitive concentration (IC25) value of polyphenols was determined using the relative increase in fluorescence intensity of the resorcinol probe. The HOCl scavenging activities of the test compounds decreased in the order: epigallocatechin gallate > quercetin > gallic acid > rutin > catechin > kaempferol. The present study revealed that epigallocatechin gallate (IC25 = 0.1 μM) was the most effective scavenging agent. In addition to polyphenols, four herbal teas were evaluated for their HOCl activity using the resorcinol method. The proposed spectrofluorometric method was practical, rapid, and less open to interferences by absorbing substances in the range of 200-420 nm. The results hint to the possibility of polyphenols having beneficial effects in diseases, such as atherosclerosis, in which HOCl plays a pathogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Bekdeşer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University , Avcilar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
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157
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Tong WY, Wang H, Waisundara VY, Huang D. Inhibiting enzymatic starch digestion by hydrolyzable tannins isolated from Eugenia jambolana. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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158
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Daglia M, Antiochia R, Sobolev AP, Mannina L. Untargeted and targeted methodologies in the study of tea (Camellia sinensis L.). Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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159
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Protective effect of Pelargonium graveolens against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice and characterization of its bioactive constituents by HPLC–PDA–ESI–MS/MS analysis. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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160
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Scoparo CT, Borato DG, Souza LM, Dartora N, Silva LM, Maria-Ferreira D, Sassaki GL, Gorin PAJ, Baggio CH, Iacomini M. Gastroprotective bio-guiding fractionation of hydro-alcoholic extracts from green- and black-teas (Camellia sinensis). Food Res Int 2014; 64:577-586. [PMID: 30011691 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydro-alcoholic extracts from leaves of Camellia sinensis (green- and black-tea leaves) were submitted to a fractionation, promoting the compound separation according to their polarity, and analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A wide range of compounds could be identified, such as catechins and their gallate (esters) or oxidation derivatives (theaflavins), glycosylated flavonoids and other phenolics, as well as lipids, saponins and alkaloids. Also have been developed, via bio-guided examination, the gastroprotective property of the compounds identified. The samples were assayed using the model of acute gastric lesions induced in rats by ethanol. Hydro-alcoholic extracts of green-tea and black-tea protected the gastric mucosa with ED50=3.6 and 10.2mg/kg, respectively, with participation of gastric mucus and reduced glutathione (GSH). The ethyl acetate fraction from green-tea and aqueous fraction from black-tea were, respectively, 6 and 10 times more effectiveness than the initial extracts. Moreover, the epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG, 0.204mg/kg), a main component of ethyl acetate fraction from green tea, reduced the gastric lesion by 56% and restored the mucus levels, however the rutin (0.0133mg/kg), a flavonoid found in the most active fraction of black-tea, was less significant at the natural concentrations. These results have confirmed that the different compounds present in green- and black-tea hydro-alcoholic extracts and partitioned fractions produce relevant gastroprotection mainly via maintenance of the protective factors, mucus and GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila T Scoparo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sector of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Débora G Borato
- Department of Pharmacology, Sector of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Lauro M Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sector of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Nessana Dartora
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sector of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luísa M Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Sector of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniele Maria-Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Sector of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Guilherme L Sassaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sector of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Philip A J Gorin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sector of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Cristiane H Baggio
- Department of Pharmacology, Sector of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Marcello Iacomini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sector of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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161
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Vodnar DC, Socaciu C. Selenium enriched green tea increase stability of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum in chitosan coated alginate microcapsules during exposure to simulated gastrointestinal and refrigerated conditions. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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162
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Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of Bauhinia hookeri extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice and characterization of its bioactive compounds by HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:245171. [PMID: 24955350 PMCID: PMC4053259 DOI: 10.1155/2014/245171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Bauhinia hookeri ethanol extract (BHE) against CCl4-induced liver injury was investigated in mice. BHE was administered (500 and 1000 mg/kg/day) along with CCl4 for 6 weeks. The hepatic marker enzymes: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined in the serum. The antioxidant parameters: glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione transferase (GST), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were estimated in the liver homogenate. BHE treatment significantly inhibited the CCl4-induced increase in ALT (44 and 64%), AST (36 and 46%), ALP (28 and 42%), and MDA (39 and 51%) levels at the tested doses, respectively. Moreover, BHE treatment markedly increased the activity of antioxidant parameters GSH, GPx, GR, GST, and SOD. Histological observations confirmed the strong hepatoprotective activity. These results suggest that a dietary supplement of BHE could exert a beneficial effect against oxidative stress and various liver diseases by enhancing the antioxidant defense status, reducing lipid peroxidation, and protecting against the pathological changes of the liver. The hepatoprotective activity of BHE is mediated, at least in part, by the antioxidant effect of its constituents. The active constituents of BHE were identified by HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS/MS.
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163
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Araya-Farias M, Gaudreau A, Rozoy E, Bazinet L. Rapid HPLC-MS method for the simultaneous determination of tea catechins and folates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:4241-4250. [PMID: 24734959 DOI: 10.1021/jf4053258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An effective and rapid HPLC-MS method for the simultaneous separation of the eight most abundant tea catechins, gallic acid, and caffeine was developed. These compounds were rapidly separated within 9 min by a linear gradient elution using a Zorbax SB-C18 packed with sub 2 μm particles. This methodology did not require preparative and semipreparative HPLC steps. In fact, diluted tea samples can be easily analyzed using HPLC-MS as described in this study. The use of mass spectrometry detection for quantification of catechins ensured a higher specificity of the method. The percent relative standard deviation was generally lower than 4 and 7% for most of the compounds tested in tea drinks and tea extracts, respectively. Furthermore, the method provided excellent resolution for folate determination alone or in combination with catechins. To date, no HPLC method able to discriminate catechins and folates in a quick analysis has been reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Araya-Farias
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF) and ‡Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Laval University , Quebec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
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164
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Determination of chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) polyphenol components using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: Overall contribution to antioxidant activity. Food Chem 2014; 146:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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165
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Li Kwok Cheong JD, Croft KD, Henry PD, Matthews V, Hodgson JM, Ward NC. Green coffee polyphenols do not attenuate features of the metabolic syndrome and improve endothelial function in mice fed a high fat diet. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 559:46-52. [PMID: 24583266 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of the major polyphenol in coffee, chlorogenic acid (CGA), on obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, systemic oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in a mouse model of the metabolic syndrome. Thirty C57BL6 mice were randomly divided into (n=10/group) (i) normal diet (ND), (ii) high fat diet (HFD), or (iii) high fat diet supplemented with 0.5% w/w green coffee bean extract (GCE) rich in chlorogenic acid (HFD+GCE). The high fat diet consisted of 28% fat and all animals were maintained on their diets for 12 weeks. The mice fed a HFD and HFD+GCE displayed symptoms of the metabolic syndrome compared to their normal fed counterparts, although no endothelial dysfunction was detected in the abdominal aortas after 12 weeks. GCE did not attenuate HFD-induced obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance or systemic oxidative stress. Furthermore, GCE did not protect against ex vivo oxidant (hypochlorous acid)-induced endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Li Kwok Cheong
- School of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - K D Croft
- School of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - P D Henry
- School of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - V Matthews
- Laboratory for Metabolic Dysfunction, UWA Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Australia
| | - J M Hodgson
- School of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - N C Ward
- School of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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166
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Fraser K, Harrison SJ, Lane GA, Otter DE, Hemar Y, Quek SY, Rasmussen S. Analysis of Low Molecular Weight Metabolites in Tea Using Mass Spectrometry-Based Analytical Methods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:924-37. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.619670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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167
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On-line HPLC-ABTS•+ evaluation and HPLC-MS n identification of bioactive compounds in hot pepper peel residues. Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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168
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Hu JB, Chen SY, Wu JT, Chen YC, Urban PL. Automated system for extraction and instantaneous analysis of millimeter-sized samples. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra48023b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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169
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Menard C, Bastianetto S, Quirion R. Neuroprotective effects of resveratrol and epigallocatechin gallate polyphenols are mediated by the activation of protein kinase C gamma. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:281. [PMID: 24421757 PMCID: PMC3872731 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and resveratrol have received a great deal of attention because they may contribute to the purported neuroprotective action of the regular consumption of green tea and red wine. Many studies, including those published by our group, suggest that this protective action includes their abilities to prevent the neurotoxic effects of beta-amyloid, a protein whose accumulation likely plays a pivotal role in Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, the scavenging activities of polyphenols on reactive oxygen species and their inhibitory action of cyclooxygenase likely explain, at least in part, their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Besides these well-documented properties, the modulatory action of these polyphenols on intracellular signaling pathways related to cell death/survival (e.g., protein kinase C, PKC) has yet to be investigated in detail. Using rat hippocampal neuronal cells, we aimed to investigate here the effects of EGCG and resveratrol on cell death induced by GF 109203X, a selective inhibitor of PKC. The MTT/resazurin and spectrin assays indicated that EGCG and resveratrol protected against GF 109203X-induced cell death and cytoskeleton degeneration, with a maximal effect at 1 and 3 μM, respectively. Moreover, immunofluorescence data revealed that cells treated with these polyphenols increased PKC gamma (γ) activation and promoted neuronal interconnections. Finally, we found that the protective effects of both polyphenols on the cytoskeleton and synaptic plasticity were mediated by the PKCγ subunit. Taken together, the results suggest that PKC, and more specifically its γ subunit, plays a critical role in the protective action of EGCG and resveratrol on neuronal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Menard
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of Aging, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal Research Center Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Medicine, University of Montreal Montreal, QC, Canada ; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bastianetto
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rémi Quirion
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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170
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Clifford MN, van der Hooft JJJ, Crozier A. Human studies on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of tea polyphenols. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:1619S-1630S. [PMID: 24172307 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.058958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research on the bioavailability of flavan-3-ols after ingestion of green tea by humans is reviewed. Glucuronide, sulfate, and methyl metabolites of (epi)catechin and (epi)gallocatechin glucuronide reach peak nanomolar per liter plasma concentrations 1.6-2.3 h after intake, indicating absorption in the small intestine. The concentrations then decline, and only trace amounts remain 8 h after ingestion. Urinary excretion of metabolites over a 24-h period after green tea consumption corresponded to 28.5% of the ingested (epi)catechin and 11.4% of (epi)gallocatechin, suggesting higher absorption than that of most other flavonoids. The fate of (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate, the main flavan-3-ol in green tea, is unclear because it appears unmetabolized in low concentrations in plasma but is not excreted in urine. Possible enterohepatic recirculation of flavan-3-ols is discussed along with the impact of dose and other food components on flavan-3-ol bioavailability. Approximately two-thirds of the ingested flavan-3-ols pass from the small to the large intestine where the action of the microbiota results in their conversion to C-6-C-5 phenylvalerolactones and phenylvaleric acids, which undergo side-chain shortening to produce C-6-C-1 phenolic and aromatic acids that enter the bloodstream and are excreted in urine in amounts equivalent to 36% of flavan-3-ol intake. Some of these colon-derived catabolites may have a role in vivo in the potential protective effects of tea consumption. Although black tea, which contains theaflavins and thearubigins, is widely consumed in the Western world, there is surprisingly little research on the absorption and metabolism of these compounds after ingestion and their potential impact on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Clifford
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom (MNC); and the School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (JJJvdH and AC)
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171
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Santos SA, Vilela C, Freire CS, Neto CP, Silvestre AJ. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry applied to the identification of valuable phenolic compounds from Eucalyptus wood. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 938:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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172
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Li F, Ohnishi-Kameyama M, Takahashi Y, Yamaki K. Tea polyphenols as novel and potent inhibitory substances against renin activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9697-9704. [PMID: 24028635 DOI: 10.1021/jf403710b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Renin inhibitory activities of three tea products were investigated for the first time in this work. Water extracts from fermented oolong and black tea showed strong renin inhibitory activities. By the means of ultrafiltration, gradient high performance liquid chromatography and spectroscopic analysis, four active compounds were separated from aqueous black tea extract and identified as theasinensin B, theasinensin C, strictinin, and a hexose sulfate with a galloyl moiety, which had IC50 values of 19.33, 40.21, 311.09, and 50.16 μM against renin activity, respectively. Further detection indicated that the potent inhibitor theasinensin B was present only in black tea, and that monomeric catechins did not contribute significantly to the renin inhibitory activities of tea products. These results revealed novel and potent tea-derived renin inhibitors and suggested another potential pathway for tea consumption to control hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Li
- National Food Research Institute, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization , 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
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173
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Fraser K, Lane GA, Otter DE, Hemar Y, Quek SY, Harrison SJ, Rasmussen S. Analysis of metabolic markers of tea origin by UHPLC and high resolution mass spectrometry. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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174
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Changes in secondary metabolites of green tea during fermentation by Aspergillus oryzae and its effect on antioxidant potential. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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175
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Wang L, Wei K, Cheng H, He W, Li X, Gong W. Geographical tracing of Xihu Longjing tea using high performance liquid chromatography. Food Chem 2013; 146:98-103. [PMID: 24176319 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Xihu Longjing tea (XHLJ) is one of the most famous green tea in China. Due to its high price, some inauthentic XHLJ from other tea producing areas appear on the market and hurt the interests of customers and producers. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with the principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) methods were applied to the geographical tracing of XHLJ from two other types of Longjing teas and a non-Longjing flatten-shaped tea (non-LJ). The chromatograms of the tea samples from four different regions were highly similar. It was difficult to classify 4 types of teas directly by PCA. However, high total accuracy rates of 94.8% and 87.6% for the training and test set were achieved for distinguishing XHLJ from the other three types of tea by stepwise discriminant analysis. The identification accuracy of XHLJ from non-LJ was the highest, suggesting geographical distance might play an important role in this process. In summary, a combination of chromatographic chemical fingerprints with LDA provides a simple and rapid approach for the identification of XHLJ from other teas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Wang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
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176
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Savic IM, Nikolic VD, Savic IM, Nikolic LB, Stankovic MZ. Development and validation of a new RP-HPLC method for determination of quercetin in green tea. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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177
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Zini A, Del Rio D, Stewart AJ, Mandrioli J, Merelli E, Sola P, Nichelli P, Serafini M, Brighenti F, Edwards CA, Crozier A. Do flavan-3-ols from green tea reach the human brain? Nutr Neurosci 2013; 9:57-61. [PMID: 16910171 DOI: 10.1080/10284150600637739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Following acute ingestion of green tea by six human subjects, HPLC-MS2 analysis revealed that flavan-3-ol methyl, glucuronide and sulfate metabolites appeared in the bloodstream but did not pass through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. These observations emphasize the discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo evidence on the neuroprotective role of these compounds. If, as has been proposed, green tea exerts neuroprotective effects, this finding indicates that the active components are not flavan-3-ols or their metabolites. Alternatively, a systemic action may be hypothesised whereby dietary flavan-3-ols up-regulate antioxidant defences and/or reduce inflammation, the benefit of which may be effective throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zini
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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178
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Luna LC, Pigni NB, Torras-Claveria L, Monferran MV, Maestri D, Wunderlin DA, Feresin GE, Bastida J, Tapia A. Ramorinoa girolae Speg (Fabaceae) seeds, an Argentinean traditional indigenous food: Nutrient composition and antioxidant activity. J Food Compost Anal 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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179
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Layher JW, Poling JS, Ishihara M, Azadi P, Alvarez-Manilla G, Puett D. A Possible Effect of Concentrated Oolong Tea Causing Transient Ischemic Attack-Like Symptoms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 3:2157-2172. [PMID: 24900951 PMCID: PMC4041283 DOI: 10.9734/bjmmr/2013/4703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aims Tea (green, oolong, and black) is the second most widely consumed beverage worldwide, second only to water. Aside from a few reported adverse effects, tea, particularly green tea, appears to be beneficial for human health. In the case described herein, a male experienced several transient ischemic attack-like symptoms immediately following the consumption of a cup of high quality oolong tea. A thorough medical evaluation uncovered no evidence of such an attack and leads to the suggestion of a heretofore unreported response to oolong tea. Presentation of Case A 72-year old male with hypertension and atrial fibrillation, who takes valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide to control hypertension and warfarin to reduce the risk of thrombosis and thromboembolism, presented at the emergency room of a local hospital describing several transient ischemic attack-like symptoms immediately after consuming a cup of oolong tea. His symptoms included presyncope, disequilibrium, bilateral hand parathesias, mild dysphasia, and visual problems (but apparently not presbyopia or amaurosis fugax), all of which had disappeared in approximately two hours after drinking the tea. (Mild presyncope was previously noted by the patient when ingesting a strong green tea.) No unusual features emerged from his physical examination, and his blood work was unremarkable except for elevation of his partial thromboplastin time (39 sec) and prothrombin time (22.5 sec), giving an international reference of 2.0, all consistent with the effects of warfarin. A battery of tests by the emergency room physician, a cardiologist, and a neurologist, e.g. electrocardiogram, brain computerized tomography, 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiogram, brain magnetic resonance imaging, with and without 20 ml Gadolinium, and a magnetic resonance angiogram, confirmed the earlier diagnosis of atrial fibrillation but disclosed no additional malfunction in his heart. His brain showed no evidence of a prior hemorrhage, and his carotid arteries were clear. Methodology and Results Analysis of the oolong tea by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry identified the major catechins and two methylxanthines, caffeine and theophylline, as well as other constituents, but there was no evidence of any extraneous chemicals that could lead to the symptoms. Conclusion In view of the rapid onset of symptoms after the consumption of oolong tea, bilateral as opposed to unilateral parathesis, and the absence of any evidence of a hemorrhage or the presence of impurities in the tea, we suggest that the transient ischemic attack-like symptoms could possibly be attributable to one or more components of the oolong tea and was not an atypical magnetic resonance imaging-negative transient ischemic attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Layher
- Oconee Heart and Vascular Center, St. Mary's Health Care System, Inc., Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | - Jon S Poling
- Athens Neurological Associates, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | - Mayumi Ishihara
- Division of Analytical Services, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Division of Analytical Services, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - David Puett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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180
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Kurita I, Kim JH, Auger C, Kinoshita Y, Miyase T, Ito T, Schini-Kerth VB. Hydroxylation of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate at 3'', but not 4'', is essential for the PI3-kinase/Akt-dependent phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase in endothelial cells and relaxation of coronary artery rings. Food Funct 2013; 4:249-57. [PMID: 23104077 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo30087g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCg) has been shown to induce endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (NO)-mediated relaxation via the redox-sensitive Src/PI3-kinase/Akt-dependent phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Although the presence of 8 hydroxyl functions, mainly on B and D rings, is essential for the EGCg-induced activation of eNOS, the relative role of each individual hydroxyl function still remains unclear. This study examined the effect of selective replacement of hydroxyl functions by methoxy moieties on either the B or D ring on the EGCg-induced phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS, formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NO in cultured coronary artery endothelial cells, and endothelium-dependent relaxation of coronary artery rings. Replacement of a single hydroxyl by the methoxy group on position 3', 4' or 4'' affected little the EGCg-induced phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS, formation of ROS and NO in endothelial cells, and induction of endothelium-dependent relaxations. In contrast, the single methylation at position 3'' and the double methylation at both positions 3' and 4' reduced markedly the phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS, the formation of ROS and NO in endothelial cells and the relaxation of artery rings. These findings suggest that the hydroxyl group at the 3'' position of the gallate ring is essential and, also, to some extent, the two hydroxyl groups at positions 3' and 4', for the EGCg-induced redox-sensitive activation of eNOS leading to the subsequent NO-mediated vascular relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Kurita
- UMR CNRS 7213, Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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181
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The Effect of Camellia sinensis on Wound Healing Potential in an Animal Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:386734. [PMID: 23864889 PMCID: PMC3705756 DOI: 10.1155/2013/386734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Camellia sinensis (tea) is reported to have health benefits, including the building of healthy skin. This study evaluated the effects of topical application of Camellia sinensis extract on the rate of wound closure and the histology of wound area. A uniform area of 2.00 cm in diameter was excised from the neck of adult male Sprague Dawley rats. The animals were topically treated with 0.2 mL of vehicle (CMC), Intrasite gel (positive control), or 200 and 400 mg/mL of extract. Wounds dressed with the extract and Intrasite gel healed significantly earlier than those with vehicle. Histological analysis of the wound area after 10 days showed that wounds dressed with the extract had less scar width when compared to the control. The tissue contained less inflammatory cells and more collagen and angiogenesis, compared to wounds dressed with vehicle. In this study, Camellia sinensis showed high potential in wound healing activity.
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182
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Mullen W, Nemzer B, Stalmach A, Ali S, Combet E. Polyphenolic and hydroxycinnamate contents of whole coffee fruits from China, India, and Mexico. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5298-5309. [PMID: 23650984 DOI: 10.1021/jf4003126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Air-dried whole coffee fruits, beans, and husks from China, India, and Mexico were analyzed for their chlorogenic acids (CGA), caffeine, and polyphenolic content. Analysis was by HPLC and Orbitrap exact mass spectrometry. Total phenol, total flavonol, and antioxidant capacity were measured. The hydroxycinnamate profile consisted of caffeoylquinic acids, feruloyquinic acids, dicaffeoylquinic acids, and caffeoyl-feruloylquinic acids. A range of flavan-3-ols as well as flavonol conjugates were detected. The CGA content was similar for both Mexican and Indian coffee fruits but was much lower in the samples from China. Highest levels of flavan-3-ols were found in the Indian samples, whereas the Mexican samples contained the highest flavonols. Amounts of CGAs in the beans were similar to those in the whole fruits, but flavan-3-ols and flavonols were not detected. The husks contained the same range of polyphenols as those in the whole fruits. The highest levels of caffeine were found in the Robusta samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mullen
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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183
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184
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The influence of Goishi tea on adipocytokines in obese mice. Food Chem 2013; 138:2210-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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185
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Del Rio D, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Spencer JPE, Tognolini M, Borges G, Crozier A. Dietary (poly)phenolics in human health: structures, bioavailability, and evidence of protective effects against chronic diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1818-92. [PMID: 22794138 PMCID: PMC3619154 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1575] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human intervention trials have provided evidence for protective effects of various (poly)phenol-rich foods against chronic disease, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. While there are considerable data suggesting benefits of (poly)phenol intake, conclusions regarding their preventive potential remain unresolved due to several limitations in existing studies. Bioactivity investigations using cell lines have made an extensive use of both (poly)phenolic aglycones and sugar conjugates, these being the typical forms that exist in planta, at concentrations in the low-μM-to-mM range. However, after ingestion, dietary (poly)phenolics appear in the circulatory system not as the parent compounds, but as phase II metabolites, and their presence in plasma after dietary intake rarely exceeds nM concentrations. Substantial quantities of both the parent compounds and their metabolites pass to the colon where they are degraded by the action of the local microbiota, giving rise principally to small phenolic acid and aromatic catabolites that are absorbed into the circulatory system. This comprehensive review describes the different groups of compounds that have been reported to be involved in human nutrition, their fate in the body as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract and are absorbed into the circulatory system, the evidence of their impact on human chronic diseases, and the possible mechanisms of action through which (poly)phenol metabolites and catabolites may exert these protective actions. It is concluded that better performed in vivo intervention and in vitro mechanistic studies are needed to fully understand how these molecules interact with human physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Del Rio
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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186
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Pal S, Saha C, Dey SK. Studies on black tea (Camellia sinensis) extract as a potential antioxidant and a probable radioprotector. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2013; 52:269-278. [PMID: 23519756 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-013-0463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Positive health effects of tea (Camellia sinensis) on a wide range of physiological problems and diseases are well known and are in part due to its copious antioxidant content. The effect of black tea extract (BTE), which is rich in polyphenolic antioxidants, against the consequences of radiation exposure has not been properly identified. The functional properties of BTE were analyzed and its radioprotective effect on V79 cells was explored in the present study. BTE scavenged free radicals and inhibited Fenton reaction-mediated 2-deoxyribose degradation and lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent fashion, establishing its antioxidant properties. The radioprotective effects of BTE on strand break induction in pBR322 plasmid DNA were 100 % at 80 μg/ml and higher. In V79 cells, BTE was effective in decreasing the frequency of radiation-induced micronucleated cells and the yields of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and also in restoring the integrity of cellular mitochondrial membrane potential significantly. BTE exerted maximum protection against radiation-induced damage in V79 at a dose of 5 μg/ml. Due to the functional properties of BTE-flavonoids, which have been identified by HPLC, it is envisaged that the key player in radioprotection is elimination of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Pal
- School of Biotechnology and Biological Sciences, West Bengal University of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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187
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Jiang X, Liu Y, Li W, Zhao L, Meng F, Wang Y, Tan H, Yang H, Wei C, Wan X, Gao L, Xia T. Tissue-specific, development-dependent phenolic compounds accumulation profile and gene expression pattern in tea plant [Camellia sinensis]. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62315. [PMID: 23646127 PMCID: PMC3639974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds in tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.)] play a crucial role in dominating tea flavor and possess a number of key pharmacological benefits on human health. The present research aimed to study the profile of tissue-specific, development-dependent accumulation pattern of phenolic compounds in tea plant. A total of 50 phenolic compounds were identified qualitatively using liquid chromatography in tandem mass spectrometry technology. Of which 29 phenolic compounds were quantified based on their fragmentation behaviors. Most of the phenolic compounds were higher in the younger leaves than that in the stem and root, whereas the total amount of proanthocyanidins were unexpectedly higher in the root. The expression patterns of 63 structural and regulator genes involved in the shikimic acid, phenylpropanoid, and flavonoid pathways were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and cluster analysis. Based on the similarity of their expression patterns, the genes were classified into two main groups: C1 and C2; and the genes in group C1 had high relative expression level in the root or low in the bud and leaves. The expression patterns of genes in C2-2-1 and C2-2-2-1 groups were probably responsible for the development-dependent accumulation of phenolic compounds in the leaves. Enzymatic analysis suggested that the accumulation of catechins was influenced simultaneously by catabolism and anabolism. Further research is recommended to know the expression patterns of various genes and the reason for the variation in contents of different compounds in different growth stages and also in different organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education in China, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education in China, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fei Meng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education in China, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huarong Tan
- Biotechnology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education in China, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chaoling Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education in China, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education in China, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail: (TX); (LG)
| | - Tao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education in China, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail: (TX); (LG)
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188
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Ananingsih VK, Sharma A, Zhou W. Green tea catechins during food processing and storage: A review on stability and detection. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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189
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Song M, Li Q, Guan X, Wang T, Bi K. Novel HPLC Method to Evaluate the Quality and Identify the Origins of Longjing Green Tea. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.704532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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190
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Okello EJ, Leylabi R, McDougall GJ. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by green and white tea and their simulated intestinal metabolites. Food Funct 2012; 3:651-61. [PMID: 22418730 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo10174b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By 2034 it is forecast that 5% of the global population will be aged 85 years or over--approximately two and half fold increase on present day figures--which will inevitably lead to an increase in age-associated disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. There is mounting evidence that green tea (Camellia sinensis) possesses numerous health-promoting properties, and may potentially be beneficial to those suffering from Alzheimer's and other diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. These beneficial properties are largely attributed to the high polyphenol content, particularly the catechins. In this study, we measured acetylcholinesterase inhibition by white and green teas and their simulated intestinal digests. We found that the potency with which the white and green tea extracts inhibited acetylcholinesterase varied through the simulated digestion procedure. Initially, in the undigested extract form, potency was high with IC₅₀ values of 7.20 μg mL⁻¹ and 8.06 μg mL⁻¹ for green and white tea respectively.However, this decreased significantly after gastric digestion but activity was recovered after pancreatic digestion which could be related to relative increases in the levels of caffeine and specific phenolic components. Of the pure tea compounds tested, EGCG was the most potent with an IC₅₀ of 0.0096 μmol mL⁻¹ but its breakdown product; γ-valerolactone was the least potent analyte. Particularly interesting were the results of caffeine,which exhibited a strong inhibitory activity and pyrogallol, which recorded a much stronger potency than its parent compound gallic acid, suggesting a pro-drug-like relationship. Overall, the results indicate that further research is necessary to determine the full potential of digestion of tea and its metabolites and how inter-individual variation may indicate that some sections of society could potentially benefit more from drinking tea as a strategy to prevent the development of dementia. We have also shown the activities of a number of metabolites,however, further research is required to determine their potential bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Okello
- Medicinal Plant Research Group, School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
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191
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Yuda N, Tanaka M, Suzuki M, Asano Y, Ochi H, Iwatsuki K. Polyphenols extracted from black tea (Camellia sinensis) residue by hot-compressed water and their inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase in vitro. J Food Sci 2012; 77:H254-61. [PMID: 23106349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols, retained in black tea wastes following the commercial production of tea beverages, represent an underutilized resource. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential use of hot-compressed water (HCW) for the extraction of pancreatic lipase-inhibiting polyphenols from black tea residues. Black tea residues were treated with HCW at 10 °C intervals, from 100 to 200 °C. The resulting extracts were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and assayed to determine their inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase activity in vitro. Four theaflavins (TF), 5 catechins, 2 quercetin glycosides, quinic acid, gallic acid, and caffeine were identified. The total polyphenol content of extracts increased with increasing temperature but lipase inhibitors (TF, theaflavin 3-O-gallate, theaflavin 3'-O-gallate, theaflavin 3,3'-O-gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, and epicatechin gallate) decreased over 150 °C. All extracts inhibited pancreatic lipase but extracts obtained at 100 to 140 °C showed the greatest lipase inhibition (IC(50) s of 0.9 to 1.3 μg/mL), consistent with the optimal extraction of TFs and catechins except catechin by HCW between 130 and 150 °C. HCW can be used to extract pancreatic lipase-inhibiting polyphenols from black tea waste. These extracts have potential uses, as dietary supplements and medications, for the prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yuda
- Food Science and Technology Inst., Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., 1-83, 5-Chome, Higashihara, Zama-City, Kanagawa-Pref. 252-8583 Japan.
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192
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Fraser K, Harrison SJ, Lane GA, Otter DE, Hemar Y, Quek SY, Rasmussen S. Non-targeted analysis of tea by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and high resolution mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2012; 134:1616-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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193
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Abstract
Dietary polyphenolic compounds are poorly absorbed in the small intestine. The absorbed fraction follows the common metabolic pathway of drugs, undergoing phase II enzymatic detoxification with the conjugation of glucuronic acid, sulfate, and methyl groups. However, the unabsorbed fraction can reach the colon, becoming available for the wide array of enzymes produced by the local commensal microbiota. Gut bacteria can hydrolyze glycosides, glucuronides, sulfates, amides, esters, and lactones and are able to break down the polyphenolic skeleton and perform reactions of reduction, decarboxylation, demethylation, and dehydroxylation. These complex modifications generate several low-molecular-weight metabolites that can be efficiently absorbed in situ, subsequently undergoing further phase II metabolism, locally and/or at the liver level, before entering the systemic blood circulation and finally being excreted in urine in substantial quantities that exceed the excretion of phenolic metabolites formed in the upper gastrointestinal tract. This brief work focuses on the phenolic composition and colonic microbial transformation of 2 of the most polyphenol-rich dietary sources, namely, green tea and coffee, and a new interesting and innovative ingredient, hazelnut skin, recently evaluated as one of the richest edible sources of polyphenolic compounds.
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194
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van der Hooft JJJ, Akermi M, Ünlü FY, Mihaleva V, Roldan VG, Bino RJ, de Vos RCH, Vervoort J. Structural annotation and elucidation of conjugated phenolic compounds in black, green, and white tea extracts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8841-50. [PMID: 22468624 DOI: 10.1021/jf300297y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Advanced analytical approaches consisting of both LC-LTQ-Orbitrap Fourier transformed (FT)-MS and LC-time-of-flight-(TOF)-MS coupled to solid-phase extraction (SPE) NMR were used to obtain more insight into the complex phenolic composition of tea. On the basis of the combined structural information from (i) accurate mass fragmentation spectra, derived by using LC-Orbitrap FTMS(n), and (ii) proton NMR spectra, derived after LC-TOFMS triggered SPE trapping of selected compounds, 177 phenolic compounds were annotated. Most of these phenolics were glycosylated and acetylated derivatives of flavan-3-ols and flavonols. Principal component analysis based on the relative abundance of the annotated phenolic compounds in 17 commercially available black, green, and white tea products separated the black teas from the green and white teas, with epicatechin-3,5-di-O-gallate and prodelphinidin-O-gallate being among the main discriminators. The results indicate that the combined use of LC-LTQ-Orbitrap FTMS and LC-TOFMS-SPE-NMR leads to a more comprehensive metabolite description and comparison of tea and other plant samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J J van der Hooft
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research Centre , Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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195
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Song M, Wang T, Li Q, Zhao L, Fang H, Li D, Bi K. Identification and dynamic analysis of the purine alkaloids in rat plasma after oral administration of green tea by liquid chromatography hybrid ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 903:23-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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196
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The dietary flavonoids naringenin and quercetin acutely impair glucose metabolism in rodents possibly via inhibition of hypothalamic insulin signalling. Br J Nutr 2012; 109:1040-51. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512003005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites of herbs and spices are widely used as an alternative strategy in the therapy of various diseases. The polyphenols naringenin, quercetin and curcumin have been characterised as anti-diabetic agents. Conversely, in vitro, naringenin and quercetin are described to inhibit phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), an enzyme that is essential for the neuronal control of whole body glucose homoeostasis. Using both in vitro and in vivo experiments, we tested whether the inhibitory effect on PI3K occurs in neurons and if it might affect whole body glucose homoeostasis. Quercetin was found to inhibit basal and insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473), a downstream target of PI3K, in HT-22 cells, whereas naringenin and curcumin had no effect. In Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) naringenin and quercetin (10 mg/kg administered orally) diminished insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473) in the arcuate nucleus, indicating a reduction in hypothalamic PI3K activity. In agreement with this finding, glucose tolerance in naringenin-treated hamsters (oral) and mice (oral and intracerebroventricular) was reduced compared with controls. Dietary quercetin also impaired glucose tolerance, whereas curcumin was ineffective. Circulating levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein were not affected by the polyphenols. Oral quercetin reduced the respiratory quotient, suggesting that glucose utilisation was impaired after treatment. These data demonstrate that low doses of naringenin and quercetin acutely and potently impair glucose homoeostasis. This effect may be mediated by inhibition of hypothalamic PI3K signalling. Whether chronic impairments in glucose homoeostasis occur after long-term application remains to be identified.
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197
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Zhang X, Anslyn EV, Qian X. Discrimination of vicinal-diol-containing flavonoids and black teas by arrays of host–indicator ensembles. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2012.691499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhang
- a The School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , 200237 , P.R China
- b Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , 1 University Station A1590, Texas , Austin , 78712 , USA
| | - Eric V. Anslyn
- b Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Texas at Austin , 1 University Station A1590, Texas , Austin , 78712 , USA
| | - Xuhong Qian
- a The School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , 200237 , P.R China
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198
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Dall'Asta M, Calani L, Tedeschi M, Jechiu L, Brighenti F, Del Rio D. Identification of microbial metabolites derived from in vitro fecal fermentation of different polyphenolic food sources. Nutrition 2012; 28:197-203. [PMID: 22208556 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The biological effects of dietary polyphenols are linked to their bioavailability and catabolism in humans. The colon, with its symbiotic microbiota, is an active site where complex polyphenolic compounds are possibly modified to smaller and more absorbable molecules. The aim of this study was to identify the major metabolites derived from microbial colonic fermentation of some common polyphenol-rich foods. METHODS An in vitro fecal fermentation model was applied to 16 polyphenol-rich foods and polyphenolic precursors. Phenolic metabolites were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometric detection. RESULTS Twenty-four phenolic fermentation metabolites were characterized. Some metabolites were common to several polyphenol-rich foods, whereas others were characteristic of specific sources. CONCLUSION The metabolites identified in vitro likely are generated in the human colon after consumption of polyphenol-rich foods. Their occurrence in plasma and/or urine should be considered when evaluating the bioavailability of polyphenols from specific food groups in humans and in the definition of markers of exposure to specific foods or food groups in epidemiologic studies. However, the search for these and other microbial metabolites after a feeding study in vivo should consider their possible further conjugation at the level of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Dall'Asta
- The φ(2) Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Parma, Via Volturno, Parma, Italy
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199
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Analysis of the tumoral cytotoxicity of green tea-infusions enriched with broccoli. Food Chem 2012; 132:1197-1206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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200
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Bahorun T, Luximon-Ramma A, Neergheen-Bhujun VS, Gunness TK, Googoolye K, Auger C, Crozier A, Aruoma OI. The effect of black tea on risk factors of cardiovascular disease in a normal population. Prev Med 2012; 54 Suppl:S98-102. [PMID: 22198621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A prospective randomized controlled clinical trial determined the effect of Mauritian black tea consumption on fasting blood plasma levels of glucose, lipid profiles and antioxidant status in a normal population. METHODS The study group (71%) consumed 3 x 200 ml of black tea infusate/day for 12 weeks without additives followed by a 3 week wash-out. The control group (29%) consumed equivalent volume of hot water for same intervention period. RESULTS The tea used had high levels of gallic acid derivatives (50 ± 0.4 mg/L), flavan-3-ols (42 ± 2 mg/L), flavonols (32 ± 1 mg/L) and theaflavins (90 ± 1 mg/L). Daily 9 g supplementation of black tea infusate induced, in a normal population, a highly significant decrease of fasting serum glucose (18.4%; p<0.001) and triglyceride levels (35.8%; p<0.01), a significant decrease in LDL/HDL plasma cholesterol ratio (16.6%; p<0.05) and a non significant increase in HDL plasma cholesterol levels (20.3%), while a highly significant rise in plasma antioxidant propensity (FRAP: 418%; p<0.001) was noted . CONCLUSION Black tea consumed within a normal diet contributes to a decrease of independent cardiovascular risk factors and improves the overall antioxidant status in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theeshan Bahorun
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, CBBR Building, MSIRI, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Republic of Mauritius.
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