151
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LIU GUOMIN, WANG XUKAI, SHAO GUOXI, LIU QINYI. Genetically modified Schwann cells producing glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor inhibit neuronal apoptosis in rat spinal cord injury. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1305-12. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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152
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Roles for the TGFβ superfamily in the development and survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:559-73. [PMID: 24504901 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8639-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The adult midbrain contains 75% of all dopaminergic neurons in the CNS. Within the midbrain, these neurons are divided into three anatomically and functionally distinct clusters termed A8, A9 and A10. The A9 group plays a functionally non-redundant role in the control of voluntary movement, which is highlighted by the motor syndrome that results from their progressive degeneration in the neurodegenerative disorder, Parkinson's disease. Despite 50 years of investigation, treatment for Parkinson's disease remains symptomatic, but an intensive research effort has proposed delivering neurotrophic factors to the brain to protect the remaining dopaminergic neurons, or using these neurotrophic factors to differentiate dopaminergic neurons from stem cell sources for cell transplantation. Most neurotrophic factors studied in this context have been members of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily. In recent years, an intensive research effort has focused on understanding the function of these proteins in midbrain dopaminergic neuron development and their role in the molecular architecture that regulates the development of this brain region, with the goal of applying this knowledge to develop novel therapies for Parkinson's disease. In this review, the current evidence showing that TGFβ superfamily members play critical roles in the regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron induction, differentiation, target innervation and survival during embryonic and postnatal development is analysed, and the implications of these findings are discussed.
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153
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Klein P, Müller-Rischart AK, Motori E, Schönbauer C, Schnorrer F, Winklhofer KF, Klein R. Ret rescues mitochondrial morphology and muscle degeneration of Drosophila Pink1 mutants. EMBO J 2014; 33:341-55. [PMID: 24473149 PMCID: PMC3983680 DOI: 10.1002/embj.201284290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated Pink1 and Parkin proteins are believed to function in a common pathway controlling mitochondrial clearance and trafficking. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its signaling receptor Ret are neuroprotective in toxin-based animal models of PD. However, the mechanism by which GDNF/Ret protects cells from degenerating remains unclear. We investigated whether the Drosophila homolog of Ret can rescue Pink1 and park mutant phenotypes. We report that a signaling active version of Ret (Ret(MEN₂B) rescues muscle degeneration, disintegration of mitochondria and ATP content of Pink1 mutants. Interestingly, corresponding phenotypes of park mutants were not rescued, suggesting that the phenotypes of Pink1 and park mutants have partially different origins. In human neuroblastoma cells, GDNF treatment rescues morphological defects of PINK1 knockdown, without inducing mitophagy or Parkin recruitment. GDNF also rescues bioenergetic deficits of PINK knockdown cells. Furthermore, overexpression of Ret(MEN₂B) significantly improves electron transport chain complex I function in Pink1 mutant Drosophila. These results provide a novel mechanism underlying Ret-mediated cell protection in a situation relevant for human PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Klein
- Molecules - Signaling - Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
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154
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O’Neill MJ, Siemers ER. Pharmacological approaches to disease-modifying therapies in Parkinson’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 2:819-34. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2.6.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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155
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Douglas MR. Gene therapy for Parkinson's disease: state-of-the-art treatments for neurodegenerative disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 13:695-705. [PMID: 23739006 DOI: 10.1586/ern.13.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological and surgical treatments offer symptomatic benefits to patients with Parkinson's disease; however, as the condition progresses, patients experience gradual worsening in symptom control, with the development of a range of disabling complications. In addition, none of the currently available therapies have convincingly shown disease-modifying effects - either in slowing or reversing the disease. These problems have led to extensive research into the possible use of gene therapy as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. Several treatments have reached human clinical trial stages, providing important information on the risks and benefits of this novel therapeutic approach, and the tantalizing promise of improved control of this currently incurable neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Douglas
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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156
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Shrestha R, Millington O, Brewer J, Dev KK, Bushell TJ. Lymphocyte-mediated neuroprotection in in vitro models of excitotoxicity involves astrocytic activation and the inhibition of MAP kinase signalling pathways. Neuropharmacology 2014; 76 Pt A:184-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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157
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Deng X, Liang Y, Lu H, Yang Z, Liu R, Wang J, Song X, Long J, Li Y, Lei D, Feng Z. Co-transplantation of GDNF-overexpressing neural stem cells and fetal dopaminergic neurons mitigates motor symptoms in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80880. [PMID: 24312503 PMCID: PMC3849044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatal transplantation of dopaminergic (DA) neurons or neural stem cells (NSCs) has been reported to improve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the low rate of cell survival, differentiation, and integration in the host brain limits the therapeutic efficacy. We investigated the therapeutic effects of intracranial co-transplantation of mesencephalic NSCs stably overexpressing human glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF-mNSCs) together with fetal DA neurons in the 6-OHDA rat model of PD. Striatal injection of mNSCs labeled by the contrast enhancer superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) resulted in a hypointense signal in the striatum on T2-weighted magnetic resonance images that lasted for at least 8 weeks post-injection, confirming the long-term survival of injected stem cells in vivo. Co-transplantation of GDNF-mNSCs with fetal DA neurons significantly reduced apomorphine-induced rotation, a behavioral endophenotype of PD, compared to sham-treated controls, rats injected with mNSCs expressing empty vector (control mNSCs) plus fetal DA neurons, or rats injected separately with either control mNSCs, GDNF-mNSCs, or fetal DA neurons. In addition, survival and differentiation of mNSCs into DA neurons was significantly greater following co-transplantation of GDNF-mNSCs plus fetal DA neurons compared to the other treatment groups as indicated by the greater number of cell expressing both the mNSCs lineage tracer enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and the DA neuron marker tyrosine hydroxylase. The success of cell-based therapies for PD may be greatly improved by co-transplantation of fetal DA neurons with mNSCs genetically modified to overexpress trophic factors such as GDNF that support differentiation into DA cells and their survival in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingli Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanxin Liang
- Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhiyong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ru’en Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery; China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jinkun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaobin Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiang Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Deqiang Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhongtang Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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158
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Sydow O, Hansson P, Young D, Meyerson B, Backlund EO, Ebendal T, Farnebo LO, Freedman R, Hamberger B, Hoffer B, Seiger A, Strömberq I, Olson L. Long-term beneficial effects of adrenal medullary autografts supported by nerve growth factor in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 2013; 2:445-54. [PMID: 24283725 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.1995.tb00154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease has been the object of several therapeutic strategies based upon replacement of the degenerating dopaminergic neurons. Adrenal medullary transplants were tried initially, because of the biochemical relationship between chromaffin cells of the medulla and dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Compared to transplant of fetal neurons, autologous grafts of adrenal medullary tissue has the advantage of using a readily available source of tissue without the problems of immunosuppression. However, these cells have not proven to be as effective as fetal neurons, probably because they do not fully differentiate into neurons. In animal models, brief treatment with nerve growth factor can facilitate such differentiation. This study is a clinical evaluation of the efficacy of adrenal medullary cell transplantation, combined with nerve growth factor infusion. Two patients were selected who were moderately to severely affected (Hoehn-Yahr stage 2 in on-phase and stage 4 in off-phase). After adrenalectomy, small pieces of medulla were prepared and implanted stereotactically into the dorsal putamen on one side of the brain. A catheter filled with mouse beta-nerve growth factor (NGF) was placed close to the grafts. Infusion of NGF was continued for one month. Despite a progressively deteriorating course prior to surgery, both patients showed improvement on the rating scales postoperatively. There was also significant improvement in timed motor tests. Motor readiness evoked potentials showed increased voltage over the operated hemisphere. The study points to methods and feasibility of supplying nerve growth factor intraparenchymally to the human brain. Possible implications with respect to other growth factors, particularly Glial cell-line Derived Neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Sydow
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Danderyd, SwedenNeurogenic Pain Unit, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, SwedenDepartments of Neurosurgery, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, SwedenGeneral Surgery, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, SwedenDepartments of NeuroscienceGeriatric Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SwedenDepartment of Neurosurgery, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, SwedenDepartment of Developmental Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SwedenDepartments of Psychiatry and PharmacologyPreventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Denver Veterans Administration Medical Center and University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
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159
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Yue X, Hariri DJ, Caballero B, Zhang S, Bartlett MJ, Kaut O, Mount DW, Wüllner U, Sherman SJ, Falk T. Comparative study of the neurotrophic effects elicited by VEGF-B and GDNF in preclinical in vivo models of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2013; 258:385-400. [PMID: 24291725 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) has recently been shown to be a promising novel neuroprotective agent for several neurodegenerative conditions. In the current study we extended previous work on neuroprotective potential for Parkinson's disease (PD) by testing an expanded dose range of VEGF-B (1 and 10 μg) and directly comparing both neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of VEGF-B in progressive unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) PD models to a single dose of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF, 10 μg), that has been established by several groups as a standard in both preclinical PD models. In the amphetamine-induced rotational tests the treatment with 1 and 10 μg VEGF-B resulted in significantly improved motor function of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats compared to vehicle-treated 6-OHDA-lesioned rats in the neuroprotection paradigm. Both doses of VEGF-B caused an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cell and fiber count in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum in the neuroprotective experiment. The effect size was comparable to the effects seen with GDNF. In the neurorestoration paradigm, VEGF-B injection had no significant effect in either the behavioral or the immunohistochemical analyses, whereas GDNF injection significantly improved the amphetamine-induced rotational behavior and reduced TH-positive neuronal cell loss in the SN. We also present a strong positive correlation (p=1.9e-50) of the expression of VEGF-B with nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes involved in fatty acid metabolism in rat midbrain, pointing to the mitochondria as a site of action of VEGF-B. GDNF showed a positive correlation with nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes that was not nearly as strong (p=0.018). VEGF-B counteracted rotenone-induced reduction of (a) fatty acid transport protein 1 and 4 levels and (b) both Akt protein and phosphorylation levels in SH-SY5Y cells. We further verified VEGF-B expression in the human SN pars compacta of healthy controls and PD patients, in neuronal cells that show co-expression with neuromelanin. These results have demonstrated that VEGF-B has potential as a neuroprotective agent for PD therapy and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yue
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - D J Hariri
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - B Caballero
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - S Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - M J Bartlett
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - O Kaut
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - D W Mount
- Bioinformatics Shared Service, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - U Wüllner
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - S J Sherman
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - T Falk
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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160
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Decressac M, Volakakis N, Björklund A, Perlmann T. NURR1 in Parkinson disease--from pathogenesis to therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Neurol 2013; 9:629-36. [PMID: 24126627 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2013.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In Parkinson disease (PD), affected midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons lose specific dopaminergic properties before the neurons die. How the phenotype of DA neurons is normally established and the ways in which pathology affects the maintenance of cell identity are, therefore, important considerations. Orphan nuclear receptor NURR1 (NURR1, also known as NR4A2) is involved in the differentiation of midbrain DA neurons, but also has an important role in the adult brain. Emerging evidence indicates that impaired NURR1 function might contribute to the pathogenesis of PD: NURR1 and its transcriptional targets are downregulated in midbrain DA neurons that express high levels of the disease-causing protein α-synuclein. Clinical and experimental data indicate that disrupted NURR1 function contributes to induction of DA neuron dysfunction, which is seen in early stages of PD. The likely involvement of NURR1 in the development and progression of PD makes this protein a potentially interesting target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Decressac
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A11, Lund 22184, Sweden
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161
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Zhang C, Jin Y, Ziemba KS, Fletcher AM, Ghosh B, Truit E, Yurek DM, Smith GM. Long distance directional growth of dopaminergic axons along pathways of netrin-1 and GDNF. Exp Neurol 2013; 250:156-64. [PMID: 24099728 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Different experimental and clinical strategies have been used to promote survival of transplanted embryonic ventral mesencephalic (VM) neurons. However, few studies have focused on the long-distance growth of dopaminergic axons from VM transplants. The aim of this study is to identify some of the growth and guidance factors that support directed long-distance growth of dopaminergic axons from VM transplants. Lentivirus encoding either glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) or netrin-1, or a combination of lenti-GDNF with either lenti-GDNF family receptor α1 (GFRα-1) or lenti-netrin-1 was injected to form a gradient along the corpus callosum. Two weeks later, a piece of embryonic day 14 VM tissue was transplanted into the corpus callosum adjacent to the low end of the gradient. Results showed that tyrosine hydroxylase (TH(+)) axons grew a very short distance from the VM transplants in control groups, with few axons reaching the midline. In GDNF or netrin-1 expressing groups, more TH(+) axons grew out of transplants and reached the midline. Pathways co-expressing GDNF with either GFRα-1 or netrin-1 showed significantly increased axonal outgrowth. Interestingly, only the GDNF/netrin-1 combination resulted in the majority of axons reaching the distal target (80%), whereas along the GDNF/GFRα-1 pathway only 20% of the axons leaving the transplant reached the distal target. This technique of long-distance axon guidance may prove to be a useful strategy in reconstructing damaged neuronal circuits, such as the nigrostriatal pathway in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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162
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Coordinate regulation of mature dopaminergic axon morphology by macroautophagy and the PTEN signaling pathway. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003845. [PMID: 24098148 PMCID: PMC3789823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a conserved mechanism for the bulk degradation of proteins and organelles. Pathological studies have implicated defective macroautophagy in neurodegeneration, but physiological functions of macroautophagy in adult neurons remain unclear. Here we show that Atg7, an essential macroautophagy component, regulates dopaminergic axon terminal morphology. Mature Atg7-deficient midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons harbored selectively enlarged axonal terminals. This contrasted with the phenotype of DA neurons deficient in Pten - a key negative regulator of the mTOR kinase signaling pathway and neuron size - that displayed enlarged soma but unaltered axon terminals. Surprisingly, concomitant deficiency of both Atg7 and Pten led to a dramatic enhancement of axon terminal enlargement relative to Atg7 deletion alone. Similar genetic interactions between Atg7 and Pten were observed in the context of DA turnover and DA-dependent locomotor behaviors. These data suggest a model for morphological regulation of mature dopaminergic axon terminals whereby the impact of mTOR pathway is suppressed by macroautophagy.
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163
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Effects of the neurotoxin MPTP and pargyline protection on extracellular energy metabolites and dopamine levels in the striatum of freely moving rats. Brain Res 2013; 1538:159-71. [PMID: 24080403 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxin MPTP is known to induce dopamine release and depletion of ATP in the striatum of rats. Therefore, we studied the changes induced by MPTP and pargyline protection both on striatal dopamine release and on extracellular energy metabolites in freely moving rats, using dual asymmetric-flow microdialysis. A dual microdialysis probe was inserted in the right striatum of rats. MPTP (25mg/kg, 15mg/kg, 10mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered for three consecutive days. MAO-B inhibitor pargyline (15mg/kg) was systemically administered before neurotoxin administration. The first MPTP dose induced an increase in dialysate dopamine and a decrease of DOPAC levels in striatal dialysate. After the first neurotoxin administration, increases in striatal glucose, lactate, pyruvate, lactate/pyruvate (L/P) and lactate/glucose (L/G) ratios were observed. Subsequent MPTP administrations showed a progressive reduction of dopamine, glucose and pyruvate levels with a concomitant further increase in lactate levels and L/P and L/G ratios. At day 1, pargyline pre-treatment attenuated the MPTP-induced changes in all studied analytes. Starting from day 2, pargyline prevented the depletion of dopamine, glucose and pyruvate while reduced the increase of lactate, L/P ratio and L/G ratio. These in vivo results suggest a pargyline neuroprotection role against the MPTP-induced energetic impairment consequent to mitochondrial damage. This neuroprotective effect was confirmed by TH immunostaining of the substantia nigra.
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164
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Autologous transplantation of GDNF-expressing mesenchymal stem cells protects against MPTP-induced damage in cynomolgus monkeys. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2786. [PMID: 24071770 PMCID: PMC4070584 DOI: 10.1038/srep02786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has shown beneficial effects in models of Parkinson's disease. The mild results observed in the double-blind clinical trial by intraputamenal infusion of recombinant GDNF proteins warrant a search for alternative delivery methods. In this study, we investigated the function of autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) expressing GDNF (GDNF-MSCs) for protection against MPTP-induced injury in cynomolgus monkeys. MSCs were obtained from the bone marrow of individual monkeys and gene-modified to express GDNF. Following unilateral engraftment of GDNF-MSCs into the striatum and substantia nigra, the animals were challenged with MPTP to induce a stable systemic Parkinsonian state. The motor functions were spared in the contralateral limbs of monkeys receiving GDNF-MSCs, but not in those receiving MSCs alone. In the striatum of the grafted hemisphere, dopamine levels were higher and dopamine uptake was enhanced. The results suggest that autologous MSCs may be a safe vehicle to deliver GDNF for enhancing nigro-striatum functions.
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165
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Glavaski-Joksimovic A, Bohn MC. Mesenchymal stem cells and neuroregeneration in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:25-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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166
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Intrastriatal gene delivery of GDNF persistently attenuates methamphetamine self-administration and relapse in mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:1559-67. [PMID: 23432945 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145712001575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapse of drug abuse after abstinence is a major challenge to the treatment of addicts. In our well-established mouse models of methamphetamine (Meth) self-administration and reinstatement, bilateral microinjection of adeno-associated virus vectors expressing GDNF (AAV-Gdnf) into the striatum significantly reduced Meth self-administration, without affecting locomotor activity. Moreover, the intrastriatal AAV-Gdnf attenuated cue-induced reinstatement of Meth-seeking behaviour in a sustainable manner. In addition, this manipulation showed that Meth-primed reinstatement of Meth-seeking behaviour was reduced. These findings suggest that the AAV vector-mediated Gdnf gene transfer into the striatum is an effective and sustainable approach to attenuate Meth self-administration and Meth-associated cue-induced relapsing behaviour and that the AAV-mediated Gdnf gene transfer in the brain may be a valuable gene therapy against drug dependence and protracted relapse in clinical settings.
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167
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Implementing neuronal plasticity in NeuroAIDS: the experience of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and other neurotrophic factors. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 9:80-91. [PMID: 23832285 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) causes mild or severe neurological problems, termed HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), even when HIV patients receive antiretroviral therapy. Thus, novel adjunctive therapies are necessary to reduce or abolish the neurotoxic effect of HIV. However, new therapies require a better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of HIV-induced neurotoxicity. HAND subjects are characterized by being profoundly depressed, and they experience deficits in memory, learning and movements. Experimental evidence has also shown that HIV reduces neurogenesis. These deficits resemble those occurring in premature brain aging or in a brain with impaired neural repair properties. Thus, it appears that HIV diminishes neuronal survival, along with reduced neuronal connections. These two phenomena should not occur in the adult and developing brain when synaptic plasticity is promoted by neurotrophic factors, polypeptides that are present in adult synapses. This review will outline experimental evidence as well as present emerging concepts for the use of neurotrophic factors and in particular brain-derived neurotrophic factor as an adjunct therapy to prevent HIV-mediated neuronal degeneration and restore the loss of synaptic connections.
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168
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Li L, Chen H, Chen F, Li F, Wang M, Wang L, Li Y, Gao D. Effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor on microRNA expression in a 6-hydroxydopamine-injured dopaminergic cell line. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 120:1511-23. [PMID: 23771700 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent, progressive neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by the irreversible and selective loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), which is a potent protective factor for DA neurons, is considered a promising neuroprotective candidate for PD. microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to be involved in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Both miRNAs and GDNF affect DA neuronal processes, but the molecular crosstalk between these molecules remains unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate whether GDNF modulates miRNA expression. We used microarray analysis and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to investigate miRNAs expression in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-injured MN9D cells treated with GDNF for 30 min, 1 h, or 3 h. Our results showed that GDNF treatment led to differential expression of 143 miRNAs. To further identify mechanisms by which GDNF exerts its effects, we compared miRNAs and mRNAs microarray data at the 1-h time point. We found that various biological processes and pathways were regulated at the miRNA level following GDNF treatment. Collectively, these results provide evidence of the capacity of GDNF to influence miRNAs expression, suggesting a new mechanism of GDNF action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of the Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.17, Changle West Road, Xian, 710032, Shanxi, China
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169
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Midbrain dopaminergic neurons: a review of the molecular circuitry that regulates their development. Dev Biol 2013; 379:123-38. [PMID: 23603197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the ventral midbrain (VM) play vital roles in the regulation of voluntary movement, emotion and reward. They are divided into the A8, A9 and A10 subgroups. The development of the A9 group of DA neurons is an area of intense investigation to aid the generation of these neurons from stem cell sources for cell transplantation approaches to Parkinson's disease (PD). This review discusses the molecular processes that are involved in the identity, specification, maturation, target innervation and survival of VM DA neurons during development. The complex molecular interactions of a number of genetic pathways are outlined, as well as recent advances in the mechanisms that regulate subset identity within the VM DA neuronal pool. A thorough understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the development of VM DA neurons will greatly facilitate the use of cell replacement therapy for the treatment of PD.
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170
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Muñoz-Manchado AB, Villadiego J, Suárez-Luna N, Bermejo-Navas A, Garrido-Gil P, Labandeira-García JL, Echevarría M, López-Barneo J, Toledo-Aral JJ. Neuroprotective and reparative effects of carotid body grafts in a chronic MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:902-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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171
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Bäck S, Peränen J, Galli E, Pulkkila P, Lonka-Nevalaita L, Tamminen T, Voutilainen MH, Raasmaja A, Saarma M, Männistö PT, Tuominen RK. Gene therapy with AAV2-CDNF provides functional benefits in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav 2013; 3:75-88. [PMID: 23532969 PMCID: PMC3607149 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) protein has been shown to protect the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway when given as intrastriatal infusions in rat and mouse models of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we assessed the neuroprotective effect of CDNF delivered with a recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) serotype 2 vector in a rat 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model of PD. AAV2 vectors encoding CDNF, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), or green fluorescent protein were injected into the rat striatum. Protein expression analysis showed that our AAV2 vector efficiently delivered the neurotrophic factor genes into the brain and gave rise to a long-lasting expression of the proteins. Two weeks after AAV2 vector injection, 6-OHDA was injected into the rat striatum, creating a progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Treatment with AAV2-CDNF resulted in a marked decrease in amphetamine-induced ipsilateral rotations while it provided only partial protection of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive cells in the rat substantia nigra pars compacta and TH-reactive fibers in the striatum. Results from this study provide additional evidence that CDNF can be considered a potential treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bäck
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
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172
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Peng J, Liu Q, Rao MS, Zeng X. Using human pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons to evaluate candidate Parkinson's disease therapeutic agents in MPP+ and rotenone models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:522-33. [PMID: 23364514 DOI: 10.1177/1087057112474468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To begin to develop a high-throughput assay system to evaluate potential small-molecule therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD), we have performed a low-throughput assay with a small number of compounds using human pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons. We first evaluated the role of 44 compounds known to work in rodent systems in a 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) assay in a 96-well format using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay as a readout for neuroprotection. Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor was used as a positive control because of its well-documented neuroprotective effect on dopaminergic neurons, and two concentrations of each drug were tested. Of 44 compounds screened, 16 showed a neuroprotective effect at one or both dosages tested. A dose-response curve of a subset of the 16 positives was established in the MPP(+) model. In addition, we validated neuroprotective effects of these compounds in a rotenone-induced dopaminergic neuronal cell death, another established model for PD. Our human primary dopaminergic neuron-based assays provide a platform for rapid screening and/or validation of potential neuroprotective agents in PD treatment using patient-specific cells and show the importance of using human cells for such assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Peng
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
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173
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Linher-Melville K, Li J. The roles of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor during the final stage of folliculogenesis: a focus on oocyte maturation. Reproduction 2013; 145:R43-54. [PMID: 23166367 DOI: 10.1530/rep-12-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors were first identified to promote the growth, survival or differentiation of neurons and have also been associated with the early stages of ovarian folliculogenesis. More recently, their effects on the final stage of follicular development, including oocyte maturation and early embryonic development, have been reported. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), which are expressed in numerous peripheral tissues outside of the CNS, most notably the ovary, are now known to stimulate oocyte maturation in various species, also enhancing developmental competence. The mechanisms that underlie their actions in antral follicles, as well as the targets ultimately controlled by these factors, are beginning to emerge. GDNF, BDNF and NGF, alone or in combination, could be added to the media currently utilized for in vitro oocyte maturation, thereby potentially increasing the production and/or quality of early embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Linher-Melville
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S4L8 Canada
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174
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Phani S, Jablonski M, Pelta-Heller J, Cai J, Iacovitti L. Gremlin is a novel VTA derived neuroprotective factor for dopamine neurons. Brain Res 2013; 1500:88-98. [PMID: 23348379 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease and its characteristic symptoms are thought to arise from the progressive degeneration of specific midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. In humans, DA neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) and their projections to the striatum show selective vulnerability, while neighboring DA neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are relatively spared from degeneration. Recent studies from our laboratory have shown that the VTA exhibits a unique transcriptional response when exposed to MPTP (Phani et al., 2010), a neurotoxin able to mimic the selective cell loss observed in PD (Schneider et al., 1987). In this study, we focus on gremlin, a peptide that is transcriptionally increased in the VTA in response to MPTP. We describe a novel role for gremlin as a neuroprotective agent both in vitro and in vivo and show that gremlin is capable of protecting SN DA neurons and several DA cell lines against MPP+/MPTP. We propose that this protection is mediated by VEGFR2, and by the MAP kinase signaling pathway downstream of the receptor. Our data indicate that gremlin may be a key factor in protecting the VTA against MPTP-induced cell death, and that exogenous application of gremlin is capable of protecting SN DA neurons, and therefore may provide an opportunity for the development of novel PD therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan Phani
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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175
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Zuo T, Qin JY, Chen J, Shi Z, Liu M, Gao X, Gao D. Involvement of N-cadherin in the protective effect of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor on dopaminergic neuron damage. Int J Mol Med 2013; 31:561-8. [PMID: 23292232 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to further confirm that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) exerts a neuro-protective effect on dopaminergic neurons (DAs) and to investigate the protective mechanism. Cadherins are calcium-dependent adhesion proteins, and N-cadherins are found in neurons. Our study attempted to ascertain whether GDNF activates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway through the mediation of N-cadherin to confer a protective effect on DAs. Flow cytometry and Hoechst 33258 staining results indicated that the apoptosis rate of damaged neurocytes increased following interference of N-cadherin expression. Immunoblotting results demonstrated that the amount of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) in the cytoplasm decreased, while the total Akt quantity remained unchanged following interference of N-cadherin expression. The immunohistochemical staining results demonstrated that the levels of total N-cadherin, phosphorylated N-cadherin (Tyr860) and p-Akt decreased; however, the amount of total Akt remained unchanged. In addition, we also demonstrated that Tyr860 and p-Akt levels were reduced in a GDNF dose-dependent manner with the phosphorylation level peaking at GDNF dose of 50 ng/ml (in vitro) and 50 ng/4 µl (in vivo), and also in a time-dependent manner with the phosphorylation level peaking at 15 min (in vitro) and 30 min (in vivo). Statistical analysis also showed that changes in the phosphorylation levels of Tyr860 and p-Akt demonstrated a positive correlation. Collectively, GDNF activates the PI3K/Akt pathway via N-cadherin to protect DAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zuo
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Jiangsu, PR China
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176
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Littrell OM, Granholm AC, Gerhardt GA, Boger HA. Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) replacement attenuates motor impairments and nigrostriatal dopamine deficits in 12-month-old mice with a partial deletion of GDNF. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 104:10-9. [PMID: 23290934 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been established as a growth factor for the survival and maintenance of dopamine (DA) neurons. In phase I clinical trials, GDNF treatment in Parkinson's disease patients led to improved motor function and GDNF has been found to be down regulated in Parkinson's disease patients. Studies using GDNF heterozygous (Gdnf(+/-)) mice have demonstrated that a partial reduction of GDNF leads to an age-related accelerated decline in nigrostriatal DA system- and motor-function and increased neuro-inflammation and oxidative stress in the substantia nigra (SN). Therefore, the purpose of the current studies was to determine if GDNF replacement restores motor function and functional markers within the nigrostriatal DA system in middle-aged Gdnf(+/-) mice. At 11months of age, male Gdnf(+/-) and wildtype (WT) mice underwent bilateral intra-striatal injections of GDNF (10μg) or vehicle. Locomotor activity was assessed weekly 1-4weeks after treatment. Four weeks after treatment, their brains were processed for analysis of GDNF levels and various DAergic and oxidative stress markers. An intrastriatal injection of GDNF increased motor activity in Gdnf(+/-) mice to levels comparable to WT mice (1week after injection) and this effect was maintained through the 4-week time point. This increase in locomotion was accompanied by a 40% increase in striatal GDNF protein levels and SN GDNF expression in Gdnf(+/-) mice. Additionally, GDNF treatment significantly increased the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in the SN of middle-aged Gdnf(+/-) mice, but not WT mice, which was coupled with reduced oxidative stress in the SN. These studies further support that long-term changes related to the dysfunction of the nigrostriatal pathway are influenced by GDNF expression and add that this dysfunction appears to be responsive to GDNF treatment. Additionally, these studies suggest that long-term GDNF depletion alters the biological and behavioral responses to GDNF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofelia M Littrell
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Parkinson's Disease Translational Research Center of Excellence, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 306 Davis Mills Bldg., 800 Rose St., Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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177
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Sterky FH, Pernold K, Harvey BK, Lindqvist E, Hoffer BJ, Olson L. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor partially ameliorates motor symptoms without slowing neurodegeneration in mice with respiratory chain-deficient dopamine neurons. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:1529-39. [PMID: 23051605 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of midbrain dopamine neurons causes the striatal dopamine deficiency responsible for the hallmark motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Intraparenchymal delivery of neurotrophic factors, such as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), is a possible future therapeutic approach. In animal PD models, GDNF can both ameliorate neurodegeneration and promote recovery of the dopamine system following a toxic insult. However, clinical studies have generated mixed results, and GDNF has not been efficacious in genetic animal models based on α-synuclein overexpression. We have tested the response to GDNF in a genetic mouse PD model with progressive degeneration of dopamine neurons caused by mitochondrial impairment. We find that GDNF, delivered to the striatum by either an adeno-associated virus or via miniosmotic pumps, partially alleviates the progressive motor symptoms without modifying the rate of neurodegeneration. These behavioral changes are accompanied by increased levels of dopamine in the midbrain, but not in striatum. At high levels, GDNF may instead reduce striatal dopamine levels. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of GDNF in a progressively impaired dopamine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik H Sterky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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178
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Tanaka M, Yamaguchi E, Takahashi M, Hashimura K, Shibata T, Nakamura W, Nakamura TJ. Effects of age-related dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra on the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity in mice. Neurosci Res 2012; 74:210-5. [PMID: 23044185 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Elderly people often develop sleep and autonomic dysfunctions, which are regulated by circadian rhythm. Recently, we reported on the degradation of neural output from the central circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) with aging. However, it is likely that many other factors contribute to the age-related decline in the functioning of the circadian system. In this study, we examined the effects of dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra (SN) on circadian rhythms of mice to assess whether age-related degeneration of the dopamine system influences circadian rhythm. Young male C57BL/6J mice were administered 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a compound that selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons in the SN, and their wheel-running activities were recorded. We observed that MPTP-treated mice lost 43% of their dopaminergic neurons in the SN (on average) and demonstrated longer period of wheel-running activity rhythm in constant darkness compared with control mice. However, all the remaining circadian parameters in the MPTP-treated mice remained constant. Our findings suggest that in addition to SCN output dysfunction, age-related degeneration in the dopamine system of the brain leads to circadian rhythm irregularities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-1 Uruido-Minami, Ichihara, Chiba 290-0193, Japan
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179
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Rodriguez-Pallares J, Joglar B, Muñoz-Manchado AB, Villadiego J, Toledo-Aral JJ, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Cografting of carotid body cells improves the long-term survival, fiber outgrowth and functional effects of grafted dopaminergic neurons. Regen Med 2012; 7:309-22. [PMID: 22594325 DOI: 10.2217/rme.12.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS A major limiting factor for cell therapy in Parkinson's disease is that the survival of grafted dopaminergic neurons is very poor, which may be improved by administration of GDNF, for which the carotid body is a good source. MATERIALS & METHODS Rats with total unilateral dopaminergic denervation were grafted with a cell suspension of rat dopaminergic neuroblasts with or without cell aggregates from the rat carotid body. At 1, 2 and 3 months after grafting, the rats were tested in the cylinder and the rotometer and killed 4 months after grafting. RESULTS We observed that the survival of dopaminergic neurons and graft-derived dopaminergic innervation were higher in rats that received mixed grafts. Both grafted groups showed complete recovery in the amphetamine-induced rotation test. However, rats with cografts performed significantly better in the cylinder test. CONCLUSION Cografting of carotid body cells may constitute a useful strategy for cell therapy in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannette Rodriguez-Pallares
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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180
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Phani S, Loike JD, Przedborski S. Neurodegeneration and inflammation in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 18 Suppl 1:S207-9. [PMID: 22166436 DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(11)70064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) accompanied by a buildup of proteinaceous aggregates termed Lewy bodies (LB). In addition to protein aggregation and the loss of DA signaling, PD is also characterized by an active immune response. T-cell infiltration accompanies activated microglial and astrocytic accumulation in and around the SNpc. Although potentially beneficial, microglial activation is most likely responsible for furthering disease pathology and DA neuron degeneration through the release of harmful substances such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxidative species and reactive nitrogen species. Activation of the NF-κB death pathway has been shown to occur following microglial activation related release of Cox-2, IL-1β, and Toll-like receptor activation, resulting in increased degeneration of DA neurons of the SNpc. Blockade of microglial activation can lead to DA neuron protection in animal models of PD; however, clinical application of anti-inflammatory drugs has not yielded similar benefits. Future therapeutic designs must take into account the multifactorial nature of PD, including the varied roles of the adaptive and innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan Phani
- Department of Neurology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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181
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Sleeman IJ, Boshoff EL, Duty S. Fibroblast growth factor-20 protects against dopamine neuron loss in vitro and provides functional protection in the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:1268-77. [PMID: 22971544 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-20 (FGF-20) has been shown to protect dopaminergic neurons against a range of toxic insults in vitro, through activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1). This study set out to examine whether FGF-20 also displayed protective efficacy in the unilateral, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion rat model of Parkinson's disease. Initial studies demonstrated that, in embryonic ventral mesencephalic (VM) cultures, FGFR1 was expressed on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons and that, in line with previous data, FGF-20 (100 and 500 ng/ml) almost completely protected these TH-positive neurons against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity. Co-localisation of FGFR1 and TH staining was also demonstrated in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of naïve adult rat brain. In animals subject to 6-OHDA lesion of the nigrostriatal tract, supra-nigral infusion of FGF-20 (2.5 μg/day) for 6 days post-lesion gave significant protection (∼40%) against the loss of TH-positive cells in the SNpc and the loss of striatal TH immunoreactivity. This protection of the nigrostriatal tract was accompanied by a significant preservation of gross locomotion and fine motor movements and reversal of apomorphine-induced contraversive rotations, although forelimb akinesia, assessed using cylinder test reaching, was not improved. These results support a role for FGF-20 in preserving dopamine neuron integrity and some aspects of motor function in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease (PD) and imply a potential neuroprotective role for FGF-20 in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel J Sleeman
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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182
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Takarada T, Nakamichi N, Kawagoe H, Ogura M, Fukumori R, Nakazato R, Fujikawa K, Kou M, Yoneda Y. Possible neuroprotective property of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in association with predominant upregulation of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:2074-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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183
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Tabrez S, Jabir NR, Shakil S, Greig NH, Alam Q, Abuzenadah AM, Damanhouri GA, Kamal MA. A synopsis on the role of tyrosine hydroxylase in Parkinson's disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2012; 11:395-409. [PMID: 22483313 PMCID: PMC4978221 DOI: 10.2174/187152712800792785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder in elderly people. A consistent neurochemical abnormality in PD is degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to a reduction of striatal dopamine (DA) levels. As tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) catalyses the formation of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of DA, the disease can be considered as a TH-deficiency syndrome of the striatum. Problems related to PD usually build up when vesicular storage of DA is altered by the presence of either α-synuclein protofibrils or oxidative stress. Phosphorylation of three physiologically-regulated specific sites of N-terminal domain of TH is vital in regulating its kinetic and protein interaction. The concept of physiological significance of TH isoforms is another interesting aspect to be explored further for a comprehensive understanding of its role in PD. Thus, a logical and efficient strategy for PD treatment is based on correcting or bypassing the enzyme deficiency by the treatment with L-DOPA, DA agonists, inhibitors of DA metabolism or brain grafts with cells expressing a high level of TH. Neurotrophic factors are also attracting the attention of neuroscientists because they provide the essential neuroprotective and neurorestorative properties to the nigrostriatal DA system. PPAR-γ, a key regulator of immune responses, is likewise a promising target for the treatment of PD, which can be achieved by the use of agonists with the potential to impact the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines at the transcriptional level in immune cells via expression of TH. Herein, we review the primary biochemical and pathological features of PD, and describe both classical and developing approaches aimed to ameliorate disease symptoms and its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasimudeen R. Jabir
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shazi Shakil
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Qamre Alam
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel M. Abuzenadah
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghazi A. Damanhouri
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A. Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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184
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Kohl Z, Winner B, Ubhi K, Rockenstein E, Mante M, Münch M, Barlow C, Carter T, Masliah E, Winkler J. Fluoxetine rescues impaired hippocampal neurogenesis in a transgenic A53T synuclein mouse model. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:10-9. [PMID: 22211740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites of different neuronal populations is one of the neuropathological hallmarks in Parkinson disease (PD). Overexpression of human wildtype or mutant alpha-synuclein affects the generation of new neurons in the adult dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus in models of PD. Hippocampal dysfunction with reduced neurogenesis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of depression, an important non-motor symptom in PD. Moreover, effective antidepressant treatment is still an unmet need in PD. The present study explored if impaired hippocampal neurogenesis in the A53T transgenic animal model of PD may be restored by chronic oral application of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine. First, we determined the expression pattern of transgenic mutant A53T synuclein in developing DG neurons and showed early expression of the transgene linked to a severely impaired neurogenesis. After chronic fluoxetine treatment we observed an increased adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus of more than threefold in treated A53T mice compared with controls. The pro-neurogenic effect of chronic fluoxetine application is predominantly related to an increased proliferation of neural precursor cells in the DG, and to a lesser extent by induction of differentiation into mature neurons. Analysis of the underlying mechanisms revealed an induction of brain-derived and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor levels as a result of fluoxetine treatment. This study underlines the large potential of SSRI-dependent mechanisms to stimulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis in alpha-synuclein models and may lead to novel means to improve neuropsychiatric symptoms in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Kohl
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Ferranti F, Muciaccia B, Ricci G, Dovere L, Canipari R, Magliocca F, Stefanini M, Catizone A, Vicini E. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor promotes invasive behaviour in testicular seminoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 35:758-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2012.01267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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186
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Li X, Cudaback E, Breyer RM, Montine KS, Keene CD, Montine TJ. Eicosanoid receptor subtype-mediated opposing regulation of TLR-stimulated expression of astrocyte glial-derived neurotrophic factor. FASEB J 2012; 26:3075-83. [PMID: 22499581 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-200279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A major therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease (PD) is providing increased glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) to dopaminergic neurons. We tested the hypothesis that innate immune activation increases astrocyte GDNF production and that this is regulated by specific eicosanoid receptors. Innate immune-activated primary murine astrocytes were assayed for GDNF expression and secretion. Controls were agent vehicle exposure and wild-type mice. Rank order for up to 10-fold selectively increased GDNF expression was activators of TLR3 > TLR2 or TLR4 > TLR9. TLR3 activator-stimulated GDNF expression was selectively JNK-dependent, followed cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, was coincident with membranous PGE(2) synthase, and was not significantly altered by a nonspecific COX- or a COX-2-selective inhibitor. Specific eicosanoid receptors had opposing effects on TLR3 activator-induced GDNF expression: ∼60% enhancement by blocking or ablating of PGE(2) receptor subtype 1 (EP1), ∼30% enhancement by activating PGF(2α) receptor or thromboxane receptor, or ∼15% enhancement by activating EP4. These results demonstrate functionally antagonistic eicosanoid receptor subtype regulation of innate immunity-induced astrocyte GDNF expression and suggest that selective inhibition of EP1 signaling might be a means to augment astrocyte GDNF secretion in the context of innate immune activation in diseased regions of brain in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwu Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Box 359645, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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187
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Chen SH, Wu HM, Ossola B, Schendzielorz N, Wilson BC, Chu CH, Chen SL, Wang Q, Zhang D, Qian L, Li X, Hong JS, Lu RB. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, protects dopaminergic neurons from neurotoxin-induced damage. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:494-505. [PMID: 21726209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Prevention or disease-modifying therapies are critical for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. However, no such intervention is currently available. Growing evidence has demonstrated that administration of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors ameliorates a wide range of neurologic and psychiatric disorders in experimental models. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) was the first HDAC inhibitor approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the sole use of cancer therapy. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential new indications of SAHA for therapy of neurodegenerative diseases in in vitro Parkinson's disease models. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures and reconstituted cultures were used to investigate neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of SAHA. We measured toxicity in dopaminergic neurons, using dopamine uptake assay and morphological analysis and expression of neurotrophic substances by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time RT PCR. KEY RESULTS In mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures, SAHA displayed dose- and time-dependent prolongation of the survival and protection against neurotoxin-induced neuronal death of dopaminergic neurons. Mechanistic studies revealed that the neuroprotective effects of SAHA were mediated in part by promoting release of neurotrophic factors from astroglia through inhibition of histone deacetylation. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The novel neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of SAHA demonstrated in this study suggest that further study of this HDAC inhibitor could provide a new therapeutic approach to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Chen
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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188
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Gene therapy for Parkinson's disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2012; 2012:757305. [PMID: 22619738 PMCID: PMC3353142 DOI: 10.1155/2012/757305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Current pharmacological and surgical treatments for Parkinson's disease offer symptomatic improvements to those suffering from this incurable degenerative neurological disorder, but none of these has convincingly shown effects on disease progression. Novel approaches based on gene therapy have several potential advantages over conventional treatment modalities. These could be used to provide more consistent dopamine supplementation, potentially providing superior symptomatic relief with fewer side effects. More radically, gene therapy could be used to correct the imbalances in basal ganglia circuitry associated with the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, or to preserve or restore dopaminergic neurons lost during the disease process itself. The latter neuroprotective approach is the most exciting, as it could theoretically be disease modifying rather than simply symptom alleviating. Gene therapy agents using these approaches are currently making the transition from the laboratory to the bedside. This paper summarises the theoretical approaches to gene therapy for Parkinson's disease and the findings of clinical trials in this rapidly changing field.
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189
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GDNF is predominantly expressed in the PV+ neostriatal interneuronal ensemble in normal mouse and after injury of the nigrostriatal pathway. J Neurosci 2012; 32:864-72. [PMID: 22262884 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2693-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is absolutely required for survival of dopaminergic (DA) nigrostriatal neurons and protect them from toxic insults. Hence, it is a promising, albeit experimental, therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the source of striatal GDNF is not well known. GDNF seems to be normally synthesized in neurons, but numerous reports suggest GDNF production in glial cells, particularly in the injured brain. We have studied in detail striatal GDNF production in normal mouse and after damage of DA neurons with MPTP. Striatal GDNF mRNA was present in neonates but markedly increased during the first 2-3 postnatal weeks. Cellular identification of GDNF by unequivocal histochemical methods demonstrated that in normal or injured adult animals GDNF is expressed by striatal neurons and is not synthesized in significant amounts by astrocytes or microglial cells. GDNF mRNA expression was not higher in reactive astrocytes than in normal ones. Approximately 95% of identified neostriatal GDNF-expressing cells in normal and injured animals are parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons, which only represent ~0.7% of all striatal neurons. The remaining 5% of GDNF+ cells are cholinergic and somatostatin+ interneurons. Surprisingly, medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs), the vast majority of striatal neurons that receive a strong DA innervation, do not express GDNF. PV+ interneurons constitute an oscillatory functional ensemble of electrically connected cells that control MSNs' firing. Production of GDNF in the PV+ neurons might be advantageous to supply synchronous activity-dependent release of GDNF in broad areas of the striatum. Stimulation of the GDNF-producing striatal PV+ ensemble in PD patients could have therapeutic effects.
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190
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Martinez-Fong D, Bannon MJ, Trudeau LE, Gonzalez-Barrios JA, Arango-Rodriguez ML, Hernandez-Chan NG, Reyes-Corona D, Armendáriz-Borunda J, Navarro-Quiroga I. NTS-Polyplex: a potential nanocarrier for neurotrophic therapy of Parkinson's disease. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 8:1052-69. [PMID: 22406187 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nanomedicine has focused on targeted neurotrophic gene delivery to the brain as a strategy to stop and reverse neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Because of improved transfection ability, synthetic nanocarriers have become candidates for neurotrophic therapy. Neurotensin (NTS)-polyplex is a "Trojan horse" synthetic nanocarrier system that enters dopaminergic neurons through NTS receptor internalization to deliver a genetic cargo. The success of preclinical studies with different neurotrophic genes supports the possibility of using NTS-polyplex in nanomedicine. In this review, we describe the mechanism of NTS-polyplex transfection. We discuss the concept that an effective neurotrophic therapy requires a simultaneous effect on the axon terminals and soma of the remaining dopaminergic neurons. We also discuss the future of this strategy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR This review paper focuses on nanomedicine-based treatment of Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative condition with existing symptomatic but no curative treatment. Neurotensin-polyplex is a synthetic nanocarrier system that enables delivery of genetic cargo to dopaminergic neurons via NTS receptor internalization.
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191
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Iravani MM, Sadeghian M, Leung CCM, Jenner P, Rose S. Lipopolysaccharide-induced nigral inflammation leads to increased IL-1β tissue content and expression of astrocytic glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Neurosci Lett 2012; 510:138-42. [PMID: 22281445 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Reactive gliosis and inflammatory change is a key component of nigral dopaminergic cell death in Parkinson's disease (PD). Astrocyte derived glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) promotes the survival and growth of dopaminergic neurones and it protects against or reverses nigral degeneration induced by 6-OHDA and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in rodents and primates. But the effect of increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the release of GDNF is unknown. This study examined the relationship between release of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and the expression of GDNF in rats following nigral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. Acute nigral administration of LPS led to marked elevation of IL-1β but insignificant TNF-α tissue content and to a prominent expression of GDNF immunoreactivity in astrocytes but not microglia. The results suggest that inflammation is not only involved in neuronal loss but could promote neuronal survival through increased release of GDNF following up-regulation of IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Iravani
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Centre, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, SE1 1UL London, UK.
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192
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Ruozi B, Belletti D, Bondioli L, De Vita A, Forni F, Vandelli MA, Tosi G. Neurotrophic factors and neurodegenerative diseases: a delivery issue. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2012; 102:207-47. [PMID: 22748832 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386986-9.00009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) represent one of the most stimulating challenge in neurodegenerative diseases, due to their potential in neurorestoring and neuroprotection. Despite the large number of proofs-of-concept and evidences of their activity, most of the clinical trials, mainly regarding Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, demonstrated several failures of the therapeutic intervention. A large number of researches were conducted on this hot topic of neuroscience, clearly evidencing the advantages of NTF approach, but evidencing the major limitations in its application. The inability in crossing the blood-brain barrier and the lack of selectivity actually represent some of the most highlighted limits of NTFs-based therapy. In this review, beside an overview of NTF activity versus the main neuropathological disorders, a summary of the most relevant approaches, from invasive to noninvasive strategies, applied for improving NTF delivery to the central nervous systems is critically considered and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ruozi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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193
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Smith Y, Wichmann T, Factor SA, DeLong MR. Parkinson's disease therapeutics: new developments and challenges since the introduction of levodopa. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:213-46. [PMID: 21956442 PMCID: PMC3238085 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The demonstration that dopamine loss is the key pathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), and the subsequent introduction of levodopa have revolutionalized the field of PD therapeutics. This review will discuss the significant progress that has been made in the development of new pharmacological and surgical tools to treat PD motor symptoms since this major breakthrough in the 1960s. However, we will also highlight some of the challenges the field of PD therapeutics has been struggling with during the past decades. The lack of neuroprotective therapies and the limited treatment strategies for the nonmotor symptoms of the disease (ie, cognitive impairments, autonomic dysfunctions, psychiatric disorders, etc.) are among the most pressing issues to be addressed in the years to come. It appears that the combination of early PD nonmotor symptoms with imaging of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system offers a promising path toward the identification of PD biomarkers, which, once characterized, will set the stage for efficient use of neuroprotective agents that could slow down and alter the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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194
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Wang E, Gao J, Yang Q, Parsley MO, Dunn TJ, Zhang L, DeWitt DS, Denner L, Prough DS, Wu P. Molecular mechanisms underlying effects of neural stem cells against traumatic axonal injury. J Neurotrauma 2011; 29:295-312. [PMID: 22077363 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) improves functional outcomes following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Previously we demonstrated that human NSCs (hNSCs) via releasing glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), preserved cognitive function in rats following parasagittal fluid percussion. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we report that NSC grafts significantly reduce TBI-induced axonal injury in the fimbria and other brain regions by blocking abnormal accumulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP). A preliminary mass spectrometry proteomics study revealed the opposite effects of TBI and NSCs on many of the cytoskeletal proteins in the CA3 region of the hippocampus, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), the main stress fiber component. Further, Western blot and immunostaining studies confirmed that TBI significantly increased the expression of α-SMA in hippocampal neurons, whereas NSC grafts counteracted the effect of TBI. In an in vitro model, rapid stretch injury significantly shortened lengths of axons and dendrites, increased the expression of both APP and α-SMA, and induced actin aggregation, effects offset by GDNF treatment. These GDNF protective effects were reversed by a GDNF-neutralizing antibody or a specific calcineurin inhibitor, and were mimicked by a specific Rho inhibitor. In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that hNSC grafts and treatment with GDNF acutely reduce traumatic axonal injury and promote neurite outgrowth. Possible mechanisms underlying GDNF-mediated neurite protection include balancing the activity of calcineurin, whereas GDNF-induced neurite outgrowth may result from the reduction of the abnormal α-SMA expression and actin aggregation via blocking Rho signals. Our study also suggests the necessity of further exploring the roles of α-SMA in the central nervous system (CNS), which may lead to a new avenue to facilitate recovery after TBI and other injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyin Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University Of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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195
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Agmatine-promoted angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and inhibition of gliosis-reduced traumatic brain injury in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 71:E87-93. [PMID: 21427621 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31820932e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms of agmatine-induced neuroprotective effects in traumatic brain injury (TBI) remain unclear. This study was to test whether inhibition of gliosis, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis attenuating TBI could be agmatine stimulated. METHODS Anesthetized rats were randomly assigned to sham-operated group, TBI rats treated with saline (1 mL/kg, intraperitoneally), or TBI rats treated with agmatine (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Saline or agmatine was injected 5 minutes after TBI and again once daily for the next 3 postoperative days. RESULTS Agmatine therapy in rats significantly attenuated TBI-induced motor function deficits (62° vs. 52° maximal angle) and cerebral infarction (88 mm vs. 216 mm), significantly reduced TBI-induced neuronal (9 NeuN-TUNEL double positive cells vs. 60 NeuN-TUNEL double positive cells) and glial (2 GFAP-TUNEL double positive cells vs. 20 GFAP-TUNEL double positive cells) apoptosis (increased TUNEL-positive and caspase-3-positive cells), neuronal loss (82 NeuN-positive cells vs. 60 NeuN-positive cells), gliosis (35 GFAP-positive cells vs. 72 GFAP-positive cells; 60 Iba1-positive cells vs. 90 Iba1-positive cells), and neurotoxicity (30 n-NOS-positive cells vs. 90 n-NOS-positive cells; 35 3-NT-positive cells vs. 90 3-NT-positive cells), and significantly promoted angiogenesis (3 BrdU/endothelial cells vs. 0.5 BrdU/endothelial cells; 50 vascular endothelial growth factor positive cells vs. 20 vascular endothelial growth factor-positive cells) and neurogenesis (27 BrdU/NeuN positive cells vs. 15 BrdU/NeuN positive cells). CONCLUSIONS Resultantly, agmatine therapy may attenuate TBI in rats via promoting angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and inhibition of gliosis.
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196
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Gombash SE, Lipton JW, Collier TJ, Madhavan L, Steece-Collier K, Cole-Strauss A, Terpstra BT, Spieles-Engemann AL, Daley BF, Wohlgenant SL, Thompson VB, Manfredsson FP, Mandel RJ, Sortwell CE. Striatal pleiotrophin overexpression provides functional and morphological neuroprotection in the 6-hydroxydopamine model. Mol Ther 2011; 20:544-54. [PMID: 22008908 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors are integrally involved in the development of the nigrostriatal system and in combination with gene therapy, possess great therapeutic potential for Parkinson's disease (PD). Pleiotrophin (PTN) is involved in the development, maintenance, and repair of the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system. The present study examined the ability of striatal PTN overexpression, delivered via psueudotyped recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2/1 (rAAV2/1), to provide neuroprotection and functional restoration from 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Striatal PTN overexpression led to significant neuroprotection of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (THir) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and THir neurite density in the striatum, with long-term PTN overexpression producing recovery from 6-OHDA-induced deficits in contralateral forelimb use. Transduced striatal PTN levels were increased threefold compared to adult striatal PTN expression and approximated peak endogenous developmental levels (P1). rAAV2/1 vector exclusively transduced neurons within the striatum and SNpc with approximately half the total striatal volume routinely transduced using our injection parameters. Our results indicate that striatal PTN overexpression can provide neuroprotection for the 6-OHDA lesioned nigrostriatal system based upon morphological and functional measures and that striatal PTN levels similar in magnitude to those expressed in the striatum during development are sufficient to provide neuroprotection from Parkinsonian insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Gombash
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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197
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Kells AP, Forsayeth J, Bankiewicz KS. Glial-derived neurotrophic factor gene transfer for Parkinson's disease: anterograde distribution of AAV2 vectors in the primate brain. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 48:228-35. [PMID: 22019719 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivery of neurotrophic factors to treat neurodegenerative diseases has not been efficacious in clinical trials despite their known potency for promoting neuronal growth and survival. Direct gene delivery to the brain offers an approach for establishing sustained expression of neurotrophic factors but is dependent on accurate surgical procedures to target specific anatomical regions of the brain. Serotype-2 adeno-associated viral (AAV2) vectors have been investigated in multiple clinical studies for neurological diseases without adverse effects; however the absence of significant clinical efficacy after neurotrophic factor gene transfer has been largely attributed to insufficient coverage of the target region. Our pre-clinical development of AAV2-glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) for Parkinson's disease involved real-time image guided delivery and optimization of delivery techniques to maximize gene transfer in the putamen. We have demonstrated that AAV2 vectors are anterogradely transported in the primate brain with GDNF expression observed in the substantia nigra after putaminal delivery in both intact and nigrostriatal lesioned primates. Direct midbrain delivery of AAV2-GDNF resulted in extensive anterograde transport to multiple brain regions and significant weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P Kells
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Neurological Surgery, Box 0555, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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198
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Geng Z, Xu FY, Huang SH, Chen ZY. Sorting protein-related receptor SorLA controls regulated secretion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41871-41882. [PMID: 21994944 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.246413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), after secreted from cells, plays a critical role in central and peripheral neuron survival and function. The secretion of GDNF can be either constitutive or regulated by physiological stimuli; however, the detailed mechanism driving GDNF secretion is still unknown. Here, we report that sorting protein-related receptor with A-type repeats (SorLA), a member of the mammal Vps10p domain receptor, interacts with GDNF and is localized to GDNF-containing vesicles. Overexpression of SorLA significantly increases, and knockdown of SorLA by siRNA decreases, the regulated secretion of GDNF in PC12 and MN9D cells but has no effect on GDNF constitutive secretion. In addition, overexpression of a truncated form of SorLA also impairs GDNF-regulated secretion. Finally, we found that the prodomain of GDNF mediates the interaction of GDNF with SorLA under acidic conditions. Moreover, overexpression of SorLA could enhance the regulated secretion of the GDNF prodomain-GFP fusion protein, suggesting that the prodomain of GDNF is responsible for its regulated secretion. Together, these findings will advance our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying GDNF-regulated secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Geng
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Yi Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Hong Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Zhe-Yu Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.
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199
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Airavaara M, Harvey BK, Voutilainen MH, Shen H, Chou J, Lindholm P, Lindahl M, Tuominen RK, Saarma M, Hoffer B, Wang Y. CDNF protects the nigrostriatal dopamine system and promotes recovery after MPTP treatment in mice. Cell Transplant 2011; 21:1213-23. [PMID: 21943517 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x600948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) is a recently discovered protein, which belongs to the evolutionarily conserved CDNF/MANF family of neurotrophic factors. The degeneration of dopamine neurons following 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment is well characterized, and efficacy in this model is considered a standard criterion for development of parkinsonian therapies. MPTP is a neurotoxin, which produces parkinsonian symptoms in humans and in C57/Bl6 mice. To date, there are no reports about the effects of CDNF on dopamine neuron survival or function in the MPTP rodent model, a critical gap. Therefore, we studied whether CDNF has neuroprotective and neurorestorative properties for the nigrostriatal dopamine system after MPTP injections in C57/Bl6 mice. We found that bilateral striatal CDNF injections, given 20 h before MPTP, improved horizontal and vertical motor behavior. CDNF pretreatment increased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in the striatum and in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr), as well as the number of TH-positive cells in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Posttreatment with CDNF, given 1 week after MPTP injections, increased horizontal and vertical motor behavior of mice, as well as dopamine fiber densities in the striatum and the number of TH-positive cells in SNpc. CDNF did not alter any of the analyzed dopaminergic biomarkers or locomotor behavior in MPTP-untreated animals. We conclude that striatal CDNF administration is both neuroprotective and neurorestorative for the TH-positive cells in the nigrostriatal dopamine system in the MPTP model, which supports the development of CDNF-based treatment for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Airavaara
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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mGluR2/3 agonist LY379268, by enhancing the production of GDNF, induces a time-related phosphorylation of RET receptor and intracellular signaling Erk1/2 in mouse striatum. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:638-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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