151
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Bramante S, Kaufmann JK, Veckman V, Liikanen I, Nettelbeck DM, Hemminki O, Vassilev L, Cerullo V, Oksanen M, Heiskanen R, Joensuu T, Kanerva A, Pesonen S, Matikainen S, Vähä-Koskela M, Koski A, Hemminki A. Treatment of melanoma with a serotype 5/3 chimeric oncolytic adenovirus coding for GM-CSF: Results in vitro, in rodents and in humans. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1775-83. [PMID: 25821063 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is refractory to irradiation and chemotherapy, but amenable to immunological approaches such as immune-checkpoint-inhibiting antibodies or adoptive cell therapies. Oncolytic virus replication is an immunogenic phenomenon, and viruses can be armed with immunostimulatory molecules. Therefore, oncolytic immuno-virotherapy of malignant melanoma is an appealing approach, which was recently validated by a positive phase 3 trial. We investigated the potency of oncolytic adenovirus Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF on a panel of melanoma cell lines and animal models, and summarized the melanoma-specific human data from the Advanced Therapy Access Program (ATAP). The virus effectively eradicated human melanoma cells in vitro and subcutaneous SK-MEL-28 melanoma xenografts in nude mice when combined with low-dose cyclophosphamide. Furthermore, virally-expressed granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulated the differentiation of human monocytes into macrophages. In contrast to human cells, RPMI 1846 hamster melanoma cells exhibited no response to oncolytic viruses and the chimeric 5/3 fiber failed to increase the efficacy of transduction, suggesting limited utility of the hamster model in the context of viruses with this capsid. In ATAP, treatments appeared safe and well-tolerated. Four out of nine melanoma patients treated were evaluable for possible therapy benefit with modified RECIST criteria: one patient had minor response, two had stable disease, and one had progressive disease. Two patients were alive at 559 and 2,149 days after treatment. Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF showed promising efficacy in preclinical studies and possible antitumor activity in melanoma patients refractory to other forms of therapy. This data supports continuing the clinical development of oncolytic adenoviruses for treatment of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bramante
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna K Kaufmann
- Oncolytic Adenovirus Group, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [DKFZ]), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ville Veckman
- Unit of Systems Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Liikanen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dirk M Nettelbeck
- Oncolytic Adenovirus Group, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [DKFZ]), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Otto Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Oksanen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Anna Kanerva
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Pesonen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sampsa Matikainen
- Unit of Systems Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Vähä-Koskela
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anniina Koski
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology and Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.,TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
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152
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A two-layer structure prediction framework for microscopy cell detection. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2015; 41:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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153
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Immune evasion in cancer: Mechanistic basis and therapeutic strategies. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S185-S198. [PMID: 25818339 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1006] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immune evasion is a major stumbling block in designing effective anticancer therapeutic strategies. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding how cancers evade destructive immunity, measures to counteract tumor escape have not kept pace. There are a number of factors that contribute to tumor persistence despite having a normal host immune system. Immune editing is one of the key aspects why tumors evade surveillance causing the tumors to lie dormant in patients for years through "equilibrium" and "senescence" before re-emerging. In addition, tumors exploit several immunological processes such as targeting the regulatory T cell function or their secretions, antigen presentation, modifying the production of immune suppressive mediators, tolerance and immune deviation. Besides these, tumor heterogeneity and metastasis also play a critical role in tumor growth. A number of potential targets like promoting Th1, NK cell, γδ T cell responses, inhibiting Treg functionality, induction of IL-12, use of drugs including phytochemicals have been designed to counter tumor progression with much success. Some natural agents and phytochemicals merit further study. For example, use of certain key polysaccharide components from mushrooms and plants have shown to possess therapeutic impact on tumor-imposed genetic instability, anti-growth signaling, replicative immortality, dysregulated metabolism etc. In this review, we will discuss the advances made toward understanding the basis of cancer immune evasion and summarize the efficacy of various therapeutic measures and targets that have been developed or are being investigated to enhance tumor rejection.
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154
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Pauken KE, Wherry EJ. Overcoming T cell exhaustion in infection and cancer. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:265-76. [PMID: 25797516 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 786] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the Programmed Cell Death 1: Programmed Cell Death 1 ligand 1 (PD-1:PD-L1) pathway, a central regulator of T cell exhaustion, have been recently shown to be effective for treatment of different cancers. However, clinical responses are mixed, highlighting the need to better understand the mechanisms of action of PD-1:PD-L1, the role of this pathway in immunity to different tumors, and the molecular and cellular effects of PD-1 blockade. Here, we review the molecular regulation of T cell exhaustion, placing recent findings on PD-1 blockade therapies in cancer in the context of the broader understanding of the roles of the PD-1:PD-L1 pathway in T cell exhaustion during chronic infection. We discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms involved in reversing T cell exhaustion, and outline critical areas of focus for future research, both basic and clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Pauken
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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155
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MHC class I chain-related gene a diversity in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma from southeastern Spain. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:831864. [PMID: 25838620 PMCID: PMC4370202 DOI: 10.1155/2015/831864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A limited number of studies have been performed so far on the polymorphism in the transmembrane region (exon 5) of the major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A (MICA) in patients with melanoma. However, the influence of MICA polymorphism in extracellular domains (exons 2, 3, and 4) has not been investigated on melanoma disease. This study aims to characterize the influence of extracellular MICA polymorphism, and its previously described linkage disequilibrium with HLA-B locus, on patients with cutaneous melanoma from southeastern Spain. For this purpose, MICA and HLA-B genotyping was performed in 233 patients and 200 ethnically matched controls by luminex technology. Patients were classified according to the presence of methionine or valine at codon 129 of MICA gene. We found a high frequency of MICA*009 in melanoma patients compared with controls (P = 0.002, Pc = 0.03). Our results also showed an association between MICA*009 and HLA-B*51 alleles in both patients and controls. This association was stronger in patients than controls (P = 0.015). However, a multivariate logistic regression model showed that neither MICA*009 nor the combination MICA*009/HLA-B*51 was associated with melanoma susceptibility. No relationship was observed between MICA-129 dimorphism and melanoma nor when MICA polymorphism was evaluated according to clinical findings at diagnosis.
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156
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Abstract
The concept of immunosurveillance of cancer has been widely accepted for many years, but only recently have the precise mechanisms of tumor-host immune interactions been revealed. Inflammatory and immune reactions play a role in melanomagenesis, and may contribute to the eradication of tumor as well as potentiating its growth and proliferation. Studies of the role of tumor-immune system interactions are providing insights into the pathogenesis and opportunities for highly effective therapeutic strategies. Some patients, even with advanced disease, are now cured with immunotherapy, and increasing numbers of such cures are likely in future.
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157
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Hope CM, Coates PTH, Carroll RP. Immune profiling and cancer post transplantation. World J Nephrol 2015; 4:41-56. [PMID: 25664246 PMCID: PMC4317627 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v4.i1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Half of all long-term (> 10 year) australian kidney transplant recipients (KTR) will develop squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or solid organ cancer (SOC), making cancer the leading cause of death with a functioning graft. At least 30% of KTR with a history of SCC or SOC will develop a subsequent SCC or SOC lesion. Pharmacological immunosuppression is a major contributor of the increased risk of cancer for KTR, with the cancer lesions themselves further adding to systemic immunosuppression and could explain, in part, these phenomena. Immune profiling includes; measuring immunosuppressive drug levels and pharmacokinetics, enumerating leucocytes and leucocyte subsets as well as testing leucocyte function in either an antigen specific or non-specific manner. Outputs can vary from assay to assay according to methods used. In this review we define the rationale behind post-transplant immune monitoring assays and focus on assays that associate and/or have the ability to predict cancer and rejection in the KTR. We find that immune monitoring can identify those KTR of developing multiple SCC lesions and provide evidence they may benefit from pharmacological immunosuppressive drug dose reductions. In these KTR risk of rejection needs to be assessed to determine if reduction of immunosuppression will not harm the graft.
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158
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Eby JM, Kang HK, Klarquist J, Chatterjee S, Mosenson JA, Nishimura MI, Garrett-Mayer E, Longley BJ, Engelhard VH, Mehrotra S, Le Poole IC. Immune responses in a mouse model of vitiligo with spontaneous epidermal de- and repigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:1075-85. [PMID: 24935676 PMCID: PMC4470702 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To generate a mouse model of spontaneous epidermal depigmentation, parental h3TA2 mice, expressing both a human-derived, tyrosinase-reactive T-cell receptor on T cells and the matching HLA-A2 transgene, were crossed to keratin 14-promoter driven, stem cell factor transgenic (K14-SCF) mice with intra-epidermal melanocytes. In resulting Vitesse mice, spontaneous skin depigmentation precedes symmetrical and sharply demarcated patches of graying hair. Whereas the SCF transgene alone dictates a greater retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγt)(+) T-cell compartment, these cells displayed markedly increased IL-17 expression within Vitesse mice. Similar to patient skin, regulatory T cells were less abundant compared with K14-SCF mice, with the exception of gradually appearing patches of repigmenting skin. The subtle repigmentation observed likely reflects resilient melanocytes that coexist with skin-infiltrating, melanocyte-reactive T cells. Similar repigmenting lesions were found in a different TCR transgenic model of vitiligo developed on an SCF transgenic background, supporting a role for SCF in repigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Eby
- Oncology Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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159
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Adler AJ, Vella AT. Betting on improved cancer immunotherapy by doubling down on CD134 and CD137 co-stimulation. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e22837. [PMID: 23482891 PMCID: PMC3583935 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of T cells to recognize a vast array of antigens enables them to destroy tumor cells while inflicting minimal collateral damage. Nevertheless, tumor antigens often are a form of self-antigen, and thus tumor immunity can be dampened by tolerance mechanisms that evolved to prevent autoimmunity. Since tolerance can be induced by steady-state antigen-presenting cells that provide insufficient co-stimulation, the exogenous administration of co-stimulatory agonists can favor the expansion and tumoricidal functions of tumor-specific T cells. Agonists of the co-stimulatory tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family members CD134 and CD137 exert antitumor activity in mice, and as monotherapies have exhibited encouraging results in clinical trials. This review focuses on how the dual administration of CD134 and CD137 agonists synergistically boosts T-cell priming and elaborates a multi-pronged antitumor immune response, as well as how such dual co-stimulation might be translated into effective anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Adler
- Department of Immunology; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington, CT USA
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160
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Pico de Coaña Y, Masucci G, Hansson J, Kiessling R. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and their role in CTLA-4 blockade therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:977-83. [PMID: 24966003 PMCID: PMC11029783 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoints are a series of inhibitory pathways that are crucial for modulating the intensity and duration of immune response. Among these checkpoints, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) has been shown to be a key regulator of the early activation of naïve and memory T cells. Immune checkpoint blockade is emerging as one of the most promising therapeutic approaches directed toward the activation of the immune response against tumors. The first of these therapies that has been FDA approved is ipilimumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody that blocks CTLA-4. The in cis effects that CTLA-4 blockade has on T cells have been properly described, but there are still questions to be answered regarding the indirect or in trans effects. One of the alternative cellular populations that may play a role in the outcome of CTLA-4 blockade therapy is myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which have recently been associated with clinical outcome in advanced melanoma. In addition to this, MDSCs have been shown to be decreased in number and functional potential after treatment with ipilimumab. A better clarification of what effects CTLA-4 blockade may have on these cellular populations is likely to provide insights on possible predictive biomarkers for CTLA-4 blockade therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Pico de Coaña
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, R08:01, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden,
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161
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Trefzer U, Gutzmer R, Wilhelm T, Schenck F, Kähler KC, Jacobi V, Witthohn K, Lentzen H, Mohr P. Treatment of unresectable stage IV metastatic melanoma with aviscumine after anti-neoplastic treatment failure: a phase II, multi-centre study. J Immunother Cancer 2014; 2:27. [PMID: 25324973 PMCID: PMC4198912 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-014-0027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aviscumine, a recombinant plant protein, is an immune modulator that induces ribotoxic stress at the 28S ribosomal RNA subunit. In this way cytokine release and T-cell responses are enhanced. This phase II trial was conducted to test the efficacy and safety of aviscumine in patients with systemically pre-treated metastatic melanoma stage IV. Methods A total of 32 patients with progressive stage IV melanoma after failure of standard therapy were enrolled onto a single-arm, multi-centre, open-label, phase II trial. All patients had an ECOG performance status of 0 or 1. Patients received 350 ng aviscumine twice weekly by subcutaneous injection until progression. The primary end points were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Safety was assessed as adverse events (AEs). Tumor response was assessed every eight weeks and survival of patients was followed up to one year after the end of therapy. Thirty one patients (intent-to-treat population (ITT)) were assessed for efficacy; safety was assessed in the whole population. Results One patient achieved a partial response (PR) and 10 patients showed stable disease/no change (SD). The median progression-free survival (mPFS) was 63 days (95% CI 57–85) and median overall survival (mOS) was 335 days (95% CI 210–604). In total 210 treatment-emergent adverse events were recorded. Grade 1 or 2 AEs occurred in 72% of patients and were mostly application-site effects such as pruritus Grade 3–4 treatment-emergent drug-related adverse events occurred in 9% of patients. Conclusion These results suggest that aviscumine may have a clinical impact in patients with previously treated metastatic melanoma and provide rationale for further clinical evaluation of this agent. In the light of effective new immune checkpoint blockers it might be a candidate for combinations with these agents. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00658437
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralf Gutzmer
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Allergologie und Venerologie, Hauttumorzentrum Hannover (HTZH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Tabea Wilhelm
- Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hauttumorcentrum Charité (HTCC), Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Katharina C Kähler
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein -Campus Kiel-, Kiel, Germany
| | - Volkmar Jacobi
- Institut für Diagnostische Radiologie, Klinikum der Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Peter Mohr
- Elbe-Klinikum Buxtehude, Dermatologisches Zentrum, Buxtehude, Germany
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162
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Abstract
Adoptive T-cell therapy involves the ex vivo enrichment and expansion of tumor-reactive T cells for infusion. As an immune-based approach, adoptive therapy has become an increasingly attractive modality for the treatment of patients with cancer due to its potential for high specificity, non-cross resistance with conventional therapies, and promise of long-term immunoprotection. In recent years, a resurgence in discoveries underlying T-cell recognition, tumor immune evasion, and T-cell memory and differentiation coupled with the development of several enabling technologies have facilitated a renewed focus in the field of adoptive therapy and its transition to the clinical arena as a treatment modality for patients with cancer. In this review, endogenous T cells derived from peripheral blood or tumor sites will be presented as a source of effector cells for adoptive therapy and strategies to isolate, manipulate, and enhance the function of antigen-specific T cells in vitro and to augment their in vivo efficacy and persistence by host immunomodulation are presented in the context of an ever-increasing inventory of preclinical and clinically available reagents. Optimizing the combination of adoptive cellular therapy and other immune-based and conventional approaches will herald a new generation of research and clinical opportunities for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassian Yee
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology and Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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163
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Spranger S, Spaapen RM, Zha Y, Williams J, Meng Y, Ha TT, Gajewski TF. Up-regulation of PD-L1, IDO, and T(regs) in the melanoma tumor microenvironment is driven by CD8(+) T cells. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:200ra116. [PMID: 23986400 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1337] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor escape from immune-mediated destruction has been associated with immunosuppressive mechanisms that inhibit T cell activation. Although evidence for an active immune response, including infiltration with CD8(+) T cells, can be found in a subset of patients, those tumors are nonetheless not immunologically rejected. In the current report, we show that it is the subset of T cell-inflamed tumors that showed high expression of three defined immunosuppressive mechanisms: indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), PD-L1/B7-H1, and FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (T(regs)), suggesting that these inhibitory pathways might serve as negative feedback mechanisms that followed, rather than preceded, CD8(+) T cell infiltration. Mechanistic studies in mice revealed that up-regulated expression of IDO and PD-L1, as well as recruitment of T(regs), in the tumor microenvironment depended on the presence of CD8(+) T cells. The former was driven by interferon-γ and the latter by a production of CCR4-binding chemokines along with a component of induced proliferation. Our results argue that these major immunosuppressive pathways are intrinsically driven by the immune system rather than being orchestrated by cancer cells, and imply that cancer immunotherapy approaches targeting negative regulatory immune checkpoints might be preferentially beneficial for patients with a preexisting T cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefani Spranger
- Department of Pathology, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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164
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Savage PA, Leventhal DS, Malchow S. Shaping the repertoire of tumor-infiltrating effector and regulatory T cells. Immunol Rev 2014; 259:245-58. [PMID: 24712470 PMCID: PMC4122093 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many tumors express antigens that can be specifically or selectively recognized by T lymphocytes, suggesting that T-cell-mediated immunity may be harnessed for the immunotherapy of cancer. However, since tumors originate from normal cells and evolve within the context of self-tissues, the immune mechanisms that prevent the autoimmune attack of normal tissues function in parallel to restrict anti-tumor immunity. In particular, the purging of autoreactive T cells and the development of immune-suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) are thought to be major barriers impeding anti-tumor immune responses. Here, we discuss current understanding regarding the antigens recognized by tumor-infiltrating T-cell populations, the mechanisms that shape the repertoire of these cells, and the role of the transcription factor autoimmune regulator (Aire) in these processes. Further elucidation of these principles is likely to be critical for optimizing emerging cancer immunotherapies, and for the rational design of novel therapies exhibiting robust anti-tumor activity with limited toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Savage
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | | | - Sven Malchow
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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165
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Voron T, Marcheteau E, Pernot S, Colussi O, Tartour E, Taieb J, Terme M. Control of the immune response by pro-angiogenic factors. Front Oncol 2014; 4:70. [PMID: 24765614 PMCID: PMC3980099 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The progressive conversion of normal cells into cancer cells is characterized by the acquisition of eight hallmarks. Among these criteria, the capability of the cancer cell to avoid the immune destruction has been noted. Thus, tumors develop mechanisms to become invisible to the immune system, such as the induction of immunosuppressive cells, which are able to inhibit the development of an efficient immune response. Molecules produced in the tumor microenvironment are involved in the occurrence of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Recently, it has been shown that vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) exhibits immunosuppressive properties in addition to its pro-angiogenic activities. VEGF-A can induce the accumulation of immature dendritic cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells, and inhibit the migration of T lymphocytes to the tumor. Other pro-angiogenic factors such as placental growth factor (PlGF) could also participate in tumor-induced immunosuppression, but only few works have been performed on this point. Here, we review the impact of pro-angiogenic factors (especially VEGF-A) on immune cells. Anti-angiogenic molecules, which target VEGF-A/VEGFR axis, have been developed in the last decades and are commonly used to treat cancer patients. These drugs have anti-angiogenic properties but can also counteract the tumor-induced immunosuppression. Based on these immunomodulatory properties, anti-angiogenic molecules could be efficiently associated with immunotherapeutic strategies in preclinical models. These combinations are currently under investigation in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Voron
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Elie Marcheteau
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Simon Pernot
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Service d’Hépatogastroentérologie et d’Oncologie Digestive, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Orianne Colussi
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Service d’Hépatogastroentérologie et d’Oncologie Digestive, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Service d’Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Julien Taieb
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Service d’Hépatogastroentérologie et d’Oncologie Digestive, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Magali Terme
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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166
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Liu Q, Tomei S, Ascierto ML, De Giorgi V, Bedognetti D, Dai C, Uccellini L, Spivey T, Pos Z, Thomas J, Reinboth J, Murtas D, Zhang Q, Chouchane L, Weiss GR, Slingluff CL, Lee PP, Rosenberg SA, Alter H, Yao K, Wang E, Marincola FM. Melanoma NOS1 expression promotes dysfunctional IFN signaling. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2147-59. [PMID: 24691438 DOI: 10.1172/jci69611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In multiple forms of cancer, constitutive activation of type I IFN signaling is a critical consequence of immune surveillance against cancer; however, PBMCs isolated from cancer patients exhibit depressed STAT1 phosphorylation in response to IFN-α, suggesting IFN signaling dysfunction. Here, we demonstrated in a coculture system that melanoma cells differentially impairs the IFN-α response in PBMCs and that the inhibitory potential of a particular melanoma cell correlates with NOS1 expression. Comparison of gene transcription and array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) between melanoma cells from different patients indicated that suppression of IFN-α signaling correlates with an amplification of the NOS1 locus within segment 12q22-24. Evaluation of NOS1 levels in melanomas and IFN responsiveness of purified PBMCs from patients indicated a negative correlation between NOS1 expression in melanomas and the responsiveness of PBMCs to IFN-α. Furthermore, in an explorative study, NOS1 expression in melanoma metastases was negatively associated with patient response to adoptive T cell therapy. This study provides a link between cancer cell phenotype and IFN signal dysfunction in circulating immune cells.
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167
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Malyshev IY, Manukhina EB, Malyshev YI. Physiological organization of immune response based on the homeostatic mechanism of matrix reprogramming: implication in tumor and biotechnology. Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:754-65. [PMID: 24735846 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is accepted that the immune system responds to pathogens with activation of antigen-independent innate and antigen-dependent adaptive immunity. However many immune events do not fit or are even inconsistent with this notion. We developed a new homeostatic model of the immune response. This model consists of four units: a sensor, a regulator, an effector and a rehabilitator. The sensor, macrophages or lymphocytes, recognize pathogenic cells and generate alarm signals. The regulator, antigen-presenting cells, Тregs and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, evaluate the signals and together with sensor cells program the effector. The effector, programmed macrophages and lymphocytes, eliminate the pathogenic cells. The rehabilitator, M2 macrophages, restrict inflammation, provide angiogenesis and reparation of tissue damage, and restore the homeostasis. We suggest the terms "immune matrix" for a biological template of immune responses to pathogens and "matrix reprogramming" for the interdependent reprogramming of different cells in the matrix. In an adequate immune response, the matrix forms a negative feedback mechanism to support the homeostasis. We defined the cellular and phenotypic composition of a tumor immune matrix. A tumor reprograms the homeostatic negative feedback mechanism of matrix into a pathogenic positive feedback mechanism. M2 macrophages play a key role in this transformation. Therefore, macrophages are an attractive target for biotechnology. Based on our hypotheses, we are developing a cell biotechnology method for creation of macrophages with a stable antitumor phenotype. We have shown that such macrophages almost doubled the survival time of mice with tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Yu Malyshev
- Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Delegatskaya Str. 20/1, Moscow 127473, Russia; Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltijskaya 8, Moscow 125315, Russia; University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Eugenia B Manukhina
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltijskaya 8, Moscow 125315, Russia; University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Yuri I Malyshev
- Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory Str., Moscow 119991, Russia
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168
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Locatelli F, Moretta F, Brescia L, Merli P. Natural killer cells in the treatment of high-risk acute leukaemia. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:173-9. [PMID: 24613727 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that in patients with acute leukaemia given allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) large part of the therapeutic effect lies on the anti-tumour effect displayed by cells of both adaptive and innate immunity. This evidence has also opened new scenarios for the treatment of patients with other haematological malignancies/solid tumours. In particular, donor-derived natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in the eradication of cancer cells in patients given an allograft from an HLA-haploidentical relative, especially when there is a killer inhibitory-receptor (KIR)-KIR ligand mismatched in the donor-recipient direction. Alloreactive donor-derived NK cells have been also demonstrated to kill recipient antigen-presenting cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, thus preventing graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and graft rejection and to largely contribute to the defence against cytomegalovirus infection in the early post-transplant period. Several clinical studies have recently focused also on the influence of NK-cell activating receptors on the outcome of allo-HSCT recipients; in particular, B/x haplotype donors offer clinical advantages compared with A/A donors, even when the donor is an HLA-identical volunteer. Altogether, these data have provided the rationale for implementing phase I/II clinical trials based on adoptive infusion of either selected or ex vivo activated NK cells from an HLA-mismatched donor. This review summarizes the biological and clinical data on the role played by NK cells in patients with high-risk acute leukaemia, focusing also on the still unsolved issues and the future perspectives related to the approaches of adoptive NK cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Locatelli
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Francesca Moretta
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Letizia Brescia
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Merli
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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169
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Demotte N, Bigirimana R, Wieërs G, Stroobant V, Squifflet JL, Carrasco J, Thielemans K, Baurain JF, Van Der Smissen P, Courtoy PJ, van der Bruggen P. A Short Treatment with Galactomannan GM-CT-01 Corrects the Functions of Freshly Isolated Human Tumor–Infiltrating Lymphocytes. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:1823-33. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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170
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Chang S, Kohrt H, Maecker HT. Monitoring the immune competence of cancer patients to predict outcome. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:713-9. [PMID: 24487923 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A new era of cancer immunotherapy has brought not only successful cancer vaccines but also immunomodulators, such as those that target checkpoint blockade in order to induce endogenous host immune responses. However, the immune system of cancer patients can be compromised through multiple means, including immune suppression by the tumor and by prior therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation. Therefore, a comprehensive means of assessing patient immunocompetence would seem helpful for determining whether patients are ready to benefit from immunotherapy, and perhaps even which immunotherapy might be most appropriate for them. Unfortunately, there are no standardized tests for immune competence, nor is there agreement on what to measure and what will be predictive of outcome. In this review, we will discuss the technologies and assays that might be most useful for this purpose. We argue for a comprehensive approach that should maximize the chances of developing predictive biomarkers for eventual clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Chang
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Fairchild Science Building, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5124, USA
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171
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Wang LCS, Lo A, Scholler J, Sun J, Majumdar RS, Kapoor V, Antzis M, Cotner CE, Johnson LA, Durham AC, Solomides CC, June CH, Puré E, Albelda SM. Targeting fibroblast activation protein in tumor stroma with chimeric antigen receptor T cells can inhibit tumor growth and augment host immunity without severe toxicity. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:154-66. [PMID: 24778279 PMCID: PMC4007316 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The majority of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell research has focused on attacking cancer cells. Here, we show that targeting the tumor-promoting, nontransformed stromal cells using CAR T cells may offer several advantages. We developed a retroviral CAR construct specific for the mouse fibroblast activation protein (FAP), comprising a single-chain Fv FAP [monoclonal antibody (mAb) 73.3] with the CD8α hinge and transmembrane regions, and the human CD3ζ and 4-1BB activation domains. The transduced muFAP-CAR mouse T cells secreted IFN-γ and killed FAP-expressing 3T3 target cells specifically. Adoptively transferred 73.3-FAP-CAR mouse T cells selectively reduced FAP(hi) stromal cells and inhibited the growth of multiple types of subcutaneously transplanted tumors in wild-type, but not FAP-null immune-competent syngeneic mice. The antitumor effects could be augmented by multiple injections of the CAR T cells, by using CAR T cells with a deficiency in diacylglycerol kinase, or by combination with a vaccine. A major mechanism of action of the muFAP-CAR T cells was the augmentation of the endogenous CD8(+) T-cell antitumor responses. Off-tumor toxicity in our models was minimal following muFAP-CAR T-cell therapy. In summary, inhibiting tumor growth by targeting tumor stroma with adoptively transferred CAR T cells directed to FAP can be safe and effective, suggesting that further clinical development of anti-human FAP-CAR is warranted.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer/adverse effects
- Adoptive Transfer/methods
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Endopeptidases
- Gelatinases/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Protein Transport
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Serine Endopeptidases/immunology
- Stromal Cells/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Chuan S Wang
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Albert Lo
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Scholler
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Jing Sun
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Rajrupa S Majumdar
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Veena Kapoor
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Michael Antzis
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Cody E. Cotner
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Laura A Johnson
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Amy C Durham
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Carl H June
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Ellen Puré
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven M Albelda
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
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172
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Shi G, Zhou C, Wang D, Ma W, Liu B, Zhang S. Antitumor enhancement by adoptive transfer of tumor antigen primed, inactivated MHC-haploidentical lymphocytes. Cancer Lett 2014; 343:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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173
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Pen JJ, Keersmaecker BD, Heirman C, Corthals J, Liechtenstein T, Escors D, Thielemans K, Breckpot K. Interference with PD-L1/PD-1 co-stimulation during antigen presentation enhances the multifunctionality of antigen-specific T cells. Gene Ther 2014; 21:262-71. [PMID: 24401835 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2013.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The release of cytokines by T cells strongly defines their functional activity in vivo. The ability to produce multiple cytokines has been associated with beneficial immune responses in cancer and infectious diseases, while their progressive loss is associated with T-cell exhaustion, senescence and anergy. Consequently, strategies that enhance the multifunctional status of T cells are a key for immunotherapy. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells that regulate T-cell functions by providing positive and negative co-stimulatory signals. A key negative regulator of T-cell activity is provided by binding of programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor on activated T cells, to its ligand PD-L1, expressed on DCs. We investigated the impact of interfering with PD-L1/PD-1 co-stimulation on the multifunctionality of T cells, by expression of the soluble extracellular part of PD-1 (sPD-1) or PD-L1 (sPD-L1) in human monocyte-derived DCs during antigen presentation. Expression, secretion and binding of these soluble molecules after mRNA electroporation were demonstrated. Modification of DCs with sPD-1 or sPD-L1 mRNA resulted in increased levels of the co-stimulatory molecule CD80 and a distinct cytokine profile, characterized by the secretion of IL-10 and TNF-α, respectively. Co-expression in DCs of sPD-1 and sPD-L1 with influenza virus nuclear protein 1 (Flu NP1) stimulated Flu NP1 memory T cells, with a significantly higher number of multifunctional T cells and increased cytokine secretion, while it did not induce regulatory T cells. These data provide a rationale for the inclusion of interfering sPD-1 or sPD-L1 in DC-based immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Pen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B D Keersmaecker
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Heirman
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Corthals
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Liechtenstein
- 1] Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK [2] Navarrabiomed-FMS, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - D Escors
- 1] Division of Infection and Immunity, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK [2] Navarrabiomed-FMS, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - K Thielemans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Immunology-Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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174
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Abstract
Cancer cells are distinguished from each other and from healthy cells by features that drive clonal evolution and therapy resistance. New advances in high-dimensional flow cytometry make it possible to systematically measure mechanisms of tumor initiation, progression, and therapy resistance on millions of cells from human tumors. Here we describe flow cytometry techniques that enable a "single-cell " view of cancer. High-dimensional techniques like mass cytometry enable multiplexed single-cell analysis of cell identity, clinical biomarkers, signaling network phospho-proteins, transcription factors, and functional readouts of proliferation, cell cycle status, and apoptosis. This capability pairs well with a signaling profiles approach that dissects mechanism by systematically perturbing and measuring many nodes in a signaling network. Single-cell approaches enable study of cellular heterogeneity of primary tissues and turn cell subsets into experimental controls or opportunities for new discovery. Rare populations of stem cells or therapy-resistant cancer cells can be identified and compared to other types of cells within the same sample. In the long term, these techniques will enable tracking of minimal residual disease (MRD) and disease progression. By better understanding biological systems that control development and cell-cell interactions in healthy and diseased contexts, we can learn to program cells to become therapeutic agents or target malignant signaling events to specifically kill cancer cells. Single-cell approaches that provide deep insight into cell signaling and fate decisions will be critical to optimizing the next generation of cancer treatments combining targeted approaches and immunotherapy.
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175
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Ward LS. Immune response in thyroid cancer: widening the boundaries. SCIENTIFICA 2014; 2014:125450. [PMID: 25328756 PMCID: PMC4190695 DOI: 10.1155/2014/125450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The association between thyroid cancer and thyroid inflammation has been repeatedly reported and highly debated in the literature. In fact, both molecular and epidemiological data suggest that these diseases are closely related and this association reinforces that the immune system is important for thyroid cancer progression. Innate immunity is the first line of defensive response. Unlike innate immune responses, adaptive responses are highly specific to the particular antigen that induced them. Both branches of the immune system may interact in antitumor immune response. Major effector cells of the immune system that directly target thyroid cancer cells include dendritic cells, macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, mast cells, and lymphocytes. A mixture of immune cells may infiltrate thyroid cancer microenvironment and the balance of protumor and antitumor activity of these cells may be associated with prognosis. Herein, we describe some evidences that immune response may be important for thyroid cancer progression and may help us identify more aggressive tumors, sparing the vast majority of patients from costly unnecessary invasive procedures. The future trend in thyroid cancer is an individualized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sterian Ward
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (FCM-Unicamp), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo 126, Barão Geraldo,
13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
- *Laura Sterian Ward:
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176
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Borchers S, Ogonek J, Varanasi PR, Tischer S, Bremm M, Eiz-Vesper B, Koehl U, Weissinger EM. Multimer monitoring of CMV-specific T cells in research and in clinical applications. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 78:201-12. [PMID: 24331953 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Multimer monitoring has become a standard technique for detection of antigen-specific T cells. The term "multimer" refers to a group of reagents based on the multimerisation of molecules in order to raise avidity and thus stabilize binding to their ligand. Multimers for detection of antigen-specific T-cell responses are based on major histocompatibility complex class I peptide complexes. Multimer staining enables fast and direct visualization of antigen-specific T cells; thus, it is widely applied to assess antiviral immunity, e.g., monitor patients in vaccination trials or confirm purity of cell products for adoptive transfer. Assessment of T-cell immunity against persistent pathogens like cytomegalovirus (CMV) is of major importance in immunosuppressed patients. Recent advancements of multimers facilitate reversible labeling and allow isolation of epitope-specific T cells for adoptive transfer. Here, we give an overview on the different multimers and their applications, with an emphasis on CMV-specific T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Borchers
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partnerside Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Justyna Ogonek
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.
| | - Pavankumar R Varanasi
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partnerside Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Sabine Tischer
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, MHH, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Melanie Bremm
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover, Germany; Institute of Transfusion Medicine, MHH, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover, Germany; Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, MHH, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Eva M Weissinger
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partnerside Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany.
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177
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Murphy GF, Wilson BJ, Girouard SD, Frank NY, Frank MH. Stem cells and targeted approaches to melanoma cure. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 39:33-49. [PMID: 24145241 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma stem cells, also known as malignant melanoma-initiating cells, are identifiable through expression of specific biomarkers such as ABCB5 (ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 5), NGFR (nerve growth factor receptor, CD271) and ALDH (aldehyde dehydrogenase), and drive melanoma initiation and progression based on prolonged self-renewal capacity, vasculogenic differentiation and immune evasion. As we will review here, specific roles of these aggressive subpopulations have been documented in tumorigenic growth, metastatic dissemination, therapeutic resistance, and malignant recurrence. Moreover, recent findings have provided pre-clinical proof-of-concept for the potential therapeutic utility of the melanoma stem cell concept. Therefore, melanoma stem cell-directed therapeutic approaches represent promising novel strategies to improve therapy of this arguably most virulent human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Brian J Wilson
- Transplantation Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sasha D Girouard
- Dermatology Residency Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natasha Y Frank
- Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Markus H Frank
- Transplantation Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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178
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Srivatsan S, Patel JM, Bozeman EN, Imasuen IE, He S, Daniels D, Selvaraj P. Allogeneic tumor cell vaccines: the promise and limitations in clinical trials. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:52-63. [PMID: 24064957 DOI: 10.4161/hv.26568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The high mortality rate associated with cancer and its resistance to conventional treatments such as radiation and chemotherapy has led to the investigation of a variety of anti-cancer immunotherapies. The development of novel immunotherapies has been bolstered by the discovery of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), through gene sequencing and proteomics. One such immunotherapy employs established allogeneic human cancer cell lines to induce antitumor immunity in patients through TAA presentation. Allogeneic cancer immunotherapies are desirable in a clinical setting due to their ease of production and availability. This review aims to summarize clinical trials of allogeneic tumor immunotherapies in various cancer types. To date, clinical trials have shown limited success due potentially to extensive degrees of inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity found among cancer patients. However, these clinical results provide guidance for the rational design and creation of more effective allogeneic tumor immunotherapies for use as monotherapies or in combination with other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Srivatsan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Jaina M Patel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Erica N Bozeman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Imade E Imasuen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Sara He
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Danielle Daniels
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Periasamy Selvaraj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA USA
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179
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Sindbis viral vectors transiently deliver tumor-associated antigens to lymph nodes and elicit diversified antitumor CD8+ T-cell immunity. Mol Ther 2013; 22:112-22. [PMID: 24025748 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors are theoretically capable of eliciting an antitumor immune response, but are often poorly immunogenic. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have recently emerged as a promising strategy for the immunogenic delivery of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) to cancer patients. However, safe and effective OV/TAA therapies have not yet been established. We have previously demonstrated that vectors based on Sindbis virus (SV) can inhibit tumor growth and activate the innate immune system in mice. Here, we demonstrate that SV vectors carrying a TAA generate a dramatically enhanced therapeutic effect in mice bearing subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, and lung cancers. Notably, SV/TAA efficacy was not dependent on tumor cell targeting, but was characterized by the transient expression of TAAs in lymph nodes draining the injection site. Early T-cell activation at this site was followed by a robust influx of NKG2D expressing antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells into the tumor site, subsequently leading to the generation of long-lasting memory T cells which conferred protection against rechallenge with TAA-positive as well as TAA-negative tumor cells. By combining in vivo imaging, flow cytometry, cytotoxicity/cytokine assays, and tetramer analysis, we investigated the relationship between these events and propose a model for CD8+ T-cell activation during SV/TAA therapy.
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180
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Pedersen SR, Sørensen MR, Buus S, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR. Comparison of vaccine-induced effector CD8 T cell responses directed against self- and non-self-tumor antigens: implications for cancer immunotherapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3955-67. [PMID: 24018273 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that CD8 T cells play a major role in tumor control, yet vaccination aimed at eliciting potent CD8 T cell responses are rarely efficient in clinical trials. To try and understand why this is so, we have generated potent adenoviral vectors encoding the endogenous tumor Ags (TA) tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2) and glycoprotein 100 (GP100) tethered to the invariant chain (Ii). Using these vectors, we sought to characterize the self-TA-specific CD8 T cell response and compare it to that induced against non-self-Ags expressed from a similar vector platform. Prophylactic vaccination with adenoviral vectors expressing either TRP-2 (Ad-Ii-TRP-2) or GP100 (Ad-Ii-GP100) had little or no effect on the growth of s.c. B16 melanomas, and only Ad-Ii-TRP-2 was able to induce a marginal reduction of B16 lung metastasis. In contrast, vaccination with a similar vector construct expressing a foreign (viral) TA induced efficient tumor control. Analyzing the self-TA-specific CD8 T cells, we observed that these could be activated to produce IFN-γ and TNF-α. In addition, surface expression of phenotypic markers and inhibitory receptors, as well as in vivo cytotoxicity and degranulation capacity matched that of non-self-Ag-specific CD8 T cells. However, the CD8 T cells specific for self-TAs had a lower functional avidity, and this impacted on their in vivo performance. On the basis of these results and a low expression of the targeted TA epitopes on the tumor cells, we suggest that low avidity of the self-TA-specific CD8 T cells may represent a major obstacle for efficient immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Pedersen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen North, Denmark
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181
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Draghiciu O, Walczak M, Hoogeboom BN, Franken KL, Melief KJ, Nijman HW, Daemen T. Therapeutic immunization and local low-dose tumor irradiation, a reinforcing combination. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:859-72. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oana Draghiciu
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Molecular Virology Section; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Mateusz Walczak
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Molecular Virology Section; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Baukje Nynke Hoogeboom
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Molecular Virology Section; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Kees L.M.C. Franken
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Kees J.M. Melief
- Department of Gynecology; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Hans W. Nijman
- Department of Gynecology; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Toos Daemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Molecular Virology Section; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
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182
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Spranger S, Spaapen RM, Zha Y, Williams J, Meng Y, Ha TT, Gajewski TF. Up-regulation of PD-L1, IDO, and T(regs) in the melanoma tumor microenvironment is driven by CD8(+) T cells. Sci Transl Med 2013. [PMID: 23986400 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006504.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Tumor escape from immune-mediated destruction has been associated with immunosuppressive mechanisms that inhibit T cell activation. Although evidence for an active immune response, including infiltration with CD8(+) T cells, can be found in a subset of patients, those tumors are nonetheless not immunologically rejected. In the current report, we show that it is the subset of T cell-inflamed tumors that showed high expression of three defined immunosuppressive mechanisms: indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), PD-L1/B7-H1, and FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (T(regs)), suggesting that these inhibitory pathways might serve as negative feedback mechanisms that followed, rather than preceded, CD8(+) T cell infiltration. Mechanistic studies in mice revealed that up-regulated expression of IDO and PD-L1, as well as recruitment of T(regs), in the tumor microenvironment depended on the presence of CD8(+) T cells. The former was driven by interferon-γ and the latter by a production of CCR4-binding chemokines along with a component of induced proliferation. Our results argue that these major immunosuppressive pathways are intrinsically driven by the immune system rather than being orchestrated by cancer cells, and imply that cancer immunotherapy approaches targeting negative regulatory immune checkpoints might be preferentially beneficial for patients with a preexisting T cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefani Spranger
- Department of Pathology, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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183
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Raaijmakers MIG, Rozati S, Goldinger SM, Widmer DS, Dummer R, Levesque MP. Melanoma immunotherapy: historical precedents, recent successes and future prospects. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:169-82. [PMID: 23413908 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The idea of cancer immunotherapy has been around for more than a century; however, the first immunotherapeutic ipilimumab, an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, has only recently been approved by the US FDA for melanoma. With an increasing understanding of the immune response, it is expected that more therapies will follow. This review aims to provide a general overview of immunotherapy in melanoma. We first explain the development of cancer immunotherapy more than a century ago and the general opinions about it over time. This is followed by a general overview of the immune reaction in order to give insight into the possible targets for therapy. Finally, we will discuss the current therapies for melanoma, their shortcomings and why it is important to develop patient stratification criteria. We conclude with an overview of recent discoveries and possible future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke I G Raaijmakers
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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184
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Tarhini AA. Tremelimumab: a review of development to date in solid tumors. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:215-29. [PMID: 23444951 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tremelimumab is an investigational, fully human IgG monoclonal antibody directed against CTLA-4, a coinhibitory receptor that represses effector T-cell activity in cancer. Tremelimumab has produced promising anticancer responses in early clinical trials. However, a phase III trial of tremelimumab monotherapy versus chemotherapy in advanced melanoma was stopped early when no statistically significant difference in overall survival was observed between the two interventions. This article describes tremelimumab's putative mechanism of action, its preclinical pharmacology and clinical results to date across a range of cancer settings as monotherapy, as well as in combination with other therapies. The failure of the Phase III trial in melanoma is examined and factors affecting the possible future clinical development of tremelimumab are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Tarhini
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Cancer Pavilion, 5150 Centre Avenue, Fifth Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
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185
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Abstract
Active, but dysfunctional, immune responses in patients with cancer have been studied in several tumour types, but owing to the heterogeneity of cancer theories of common reaction mechanisms seem to be obsolete. In this Review of published clinical studies of patients with cancer, expression and interplay of the following cytokines are examined: interleukin 2, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, interleukin 10, interleukin 12, interleukin 18, tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), interferon-γ, HLA-DR, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Clinical data were analysed in a non-quantitative descriptive manner and interpreted with regard to experimentally established physiological cytokine interactions. The clinical cytokine pattern that emerged suggests that simultaneous immunostimulation and immunosuppression occur in patients with cancer, with increased concentrations of the cytokines MIF, TNFα, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, interleukin 10, interleukin 18, and TGFβ. This specific cytokine pattern seems to have a prognostic effect, since high interleukin 6 or interleukin 10 serum concentrations are associated with negative prognoses in independent cancer types. Although immunostimulatory cytokines are involved in local cancer-associated inflammation, cancer cells seem to be protected from immunological eradication by cytokine-mediated local immunosuppression and a resulting defect of the interleukin 12-interferon-γ-HLA-DR axis. Cytokines produced by tumours might have a pivotal role in this defect. A working hypothesis is that the cancer-specific and histology-independent uniform cytokine cascade is one of the manifestations of the underlying paraneoplastic systemic disease, and this hypothesis links the stage of cancer with both the functional status of the immune system and the patient's prognosis. Neutralisation of this cytokine pattern could offer novel and so far unexploited treatment approaches for cancer.
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186
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Buhrman JD, Slansky JE. Improving T cell responses to modified peptides in tumor vaccines. Immunol Res 2013; 55:34-47. [PMID: 22936035 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune recognition and elimination of cancerous cells is the primary goal of cancer immunotherapy. However, obstacles including immune tolerance and tumor-induced immunosuppression often limit beneficial immune responses. Vaccination is one proposed intervention that may help to overcome these issues and is an active area of study in cancer immunotherapy. Immunizing with tumor antigenic peptides is a promising, straight-forward vaccine strategy hypothesized to boost preexisting antitumor immunity. However, tumor antigens are often weak T cell agonists, attributable to several mechanisms, including immune self-tolerance and poor immunogenicity of self-derived tumor peptides. One strategy for overcoming these mechanisms is vaccination with mimotopes, or peptide mimics of tumor antigens, which alter the antigen presentation and/or T cell activation to increase the expansion of tumor-specific T cells. Evaluation of mimotope vaccine strategies has revealed that even subtle alterations in peptide sequence can dramatically alter antigen presentation and T cell receptor recognition. Most of this research has been performed using T cell clones, which may not be accurate representations of the naturally occurring antitumor response. The relationship between clones generated after mimotope vaccination and the polyclonal T cell repertoire is unclear. Our work with mimotopes in a mouse model of colon carcinoma has revealed important insights into these issues. We propose that the identification of mimotopes based on stimulation of the naturally responding T cell repertoire will dramatically improve the efficacy of mimotope vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Buhrman
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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187
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Kakarla S, Chow KKH, Mata M, Shaffer DR, Song XT, Wu MF, Liu H, Wang LL, Rowley DR, Pfizenmaier K, Gottschalk S. Antitumor effects of chimeric receptor engineered human T cells directed to tumor stroma. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1611-20. [PMID: 23732988 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), the principle component of the tumor-associated stroma, form a highly protumorigenic and immunosuppressive microenvironment that mediates therapeutic resistance. Co-targeting CAFs in addition to cancer cells may therefore augment the antitumor response. Fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP), a type 2 dipeptidyl peptidase, is expressed on CAFs in a majority of solid tumors making it an attractive immunotherapeutic target. To target FAP-positive CAFs in the tumor-associated stroma, we genetically modified T cells to express a FAP-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). The resulting FAP-specific T cells recognized and killed FAP-positive target cells as determined by proinflammatory cytokine release and target cell lysis. In an established A549 lung cancer model, adoptive transfer of FAP-specific T cells significantly reduced FAP-positive stromal cells, with a concomitant decrease in tumor growth. Combining these FAP-specific T cells with T cells that targeted the EphA2 antigen on the A549 cancer cells themselves significantly enhanced overall antitumor activity and conferred a survival advantage compared to either alone. Our study underscores the value of co-targeting both CAFs and cancer cells to increase the benefits of T-cell immunotherapy for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunitha Kakarla
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, The Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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188
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Mumm JB, Oft M. Pegylated IL-10 induces cancer immunity: the surprising role of IL-10 as a potent inducer of IFN-γ-mediated CD8(+) T cell cytotoxicity. Bioessays 2013; 35:623-31. [PMID: 23666891 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the development of several strategies based on immunotherapy has raised hopes for a more promising way to treat cancer patients. Here, we describe how interleukin (IL)-10, a seemingly unlikely candidate, stimulates the immune system in a particularly efficacious way. IL-10, an omnipotent anti-inflammatory cytokine, delivers an equally potent immune stimulation in the context of CD8(+) T cells and tumor immunity. By activation of tumor-resident, tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells, pegylated IL-10 can induce rejection of large and metastasizing tumors in mice. Here, we summarize the mechanisms of action of IL-10, the reasons why the mechanisms may be crucial for the treatment of cancer patients, and the rationale for applying pegylated IL-10 in the clinic.
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189
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Abstract
BACKGROUND With our growing understanding of the immune system and mechanisms employed by tumors to evade destruction, the field of cancer immunotherapy has been revitalized. Concurrent inflammation has long been associated with follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer (FDTC). In the last decade, much research has focused on characterizing the tumor-associated immune response in patients with FDTC. SUMMARY Mast cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and T cells have been identified within FDTC-associated immune infiltrate. Collectively, these findings suggest that the immune response to FDTC is compromised and may even promote tumor progression. A more thorough characterization of the tumor-associated immune response in FDTC may lead to the development of immune-based adjuvant therapies for patients with aggressive disease. CONCLUSIONS Immune-based therapies could provide essential alternatives to patients that cannot be treated surgically, those with recurrent or persistent lymph node metastases, and those with anaplastic thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena D French
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado , Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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190
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Kulpa DA, Lawani M, Cooper A, Peretz Y, Ahlers J, Sékaly RP. PD-1 coinhibitory signals: the link between pathogenesis and protection. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:219-27. [PMID: 23548749 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the majority of HIV-1 infected individuals, the adaptive immune response drives virus escape resulting in persistent viremia and a lack of immune-mediated control. The expression of negative regulatory molecules such as PD-1 during chronic HIV infection provides a useful marker to differentiate functional memory T cell subsets and the frequency of T cells with an exhausted phenotype. In addition, cell-based measurements of virus persistence equate with activation markers and the frequency of CD4 T cells expressing PD-1. High-level expression of PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 are found on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, and are upregulated by chronic antigen stimulation, Type 1 and Type II interferons (IFNs), and homeostatic cytokines. In HIV infected subjects, PD-1 levels on CD4 and CD8 T cells continue to remain high following combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART). System biology approaches have begun to elucidate signal transduction pathways regulated by PD-1 expression in CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets that become dysfunctional through chronic TCR activation and PD-1 signaling. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of transcriptional signatures and signal transduction pathways associated with immune exhaustion with a focus on recent work in our laboratory characterizing the role of PD-1 in T cell dysfunction and HIV pathogenesis. We also highlight the therapeutic potential of blocking PD-1-PD-L1 and other immune checkpoints for activating potent cellular immune responses against chronic viral infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna A Kulpa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida (VGTI-FL), Port Saint Lucie, FL, United States
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191
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Khattak M, Fisher R, Turajlic S, Larkin J. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy in advanced melanoma: an evolving paradigm. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2013; 5:105-18. [PMID: 23450149 PMCID: PMC3556874 DOI: 10.1177/1758834012466280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is one of the most challenging malignancies to treat and often has a poor outcome. Until recently, systemic treatment options were limited, with poor response rates and no survival advantage. However, the treatment of metastatic melanoma has been revolutionized by developments in targeted therapy and immunotherapy; the BRAF inhibitor, vemurafenib, and anticytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 antibody, ipilimumab, are the first agents to demonstrate a survival benefit. Despite the success of these treatments, most patients eventually progress, and research into response and resistance mechanisms, rationally designed combination therapies and evaluation of the role of these agents in the adjuvant setting is critically important.
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192
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Campillo JA, Legaz I, López-Álvarez MR, Bolarín JM, Las Heras B, Muro M, Minguela A, Moya-Quiles MR, Blanco-García R, Martínez-Banaclocha H, García-Alonso AM, Alvarez-López MR, Martínez-Escribano JA. KIR gene variability in cutaneous malignant melanoma: influence of KIR2D/HLA-C pairings on disease susceptibility and prognosis. Immunogenetics 2013; 65:333-43. [PMID: 23370861 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-013-0682-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer and CD8(+) T cells are believed to be involved in the immune protection against melanoma. Their function may be regulated by a group of receptors defined as killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and their cognate HLA class I ligands. In this study, we analyzed the influence of KIR genes and KIR/HLA-I combinations on melanoma susceptibility and/or prognosis in a Spanish Caucasian population. For this purpose, KIR genotyping by PCR-SSP and HLA-C genotyping by reverse PCR-SSO were performed in 187 melanoma patients and 200 matched controls. We found a significantly low frequency of KIR2DL3 in nodular melanoma (NM) patients (P = 0.001) and in ulcerated melanoma patients (P < 0.0001). Similarly, the KIR2DL3/C1 combination was significantly decreased in melanoma patients (Pc = 0.008) and in patients with sentinel lymph node (SLN) melanoma metastasis (Pc = 0.002). Multivariate logistic regression models showed that KIR2DL3 behaves as a protective marker for NM and ulcerated melanoma (P = 0.02, odds ratio (OR) = 0.14 and P = 0.04, OR = 0.28, respectively), whereas the KIR2DL3/C1 pair acts as a protective marker for melanoma (P = 0.017, OR = 0.54), particularly superficial spreading melanoma (P = 0.02, OR = 0.52), and SLN metastasis (P = 0.0004, OR = 0.14). In contrast, the KIR2DL3(-)/C1C2 genotype seems to be correlated with NM and ulceration. We also report that the KIR2DL1(+)/S1(-)/C2C2 genotype is associated with susceptibility to melanoma and SLN metastasis. Altogether, the study of KIR2D genes and HLA-C ligands may help in assessing cutaneous melanoma risk and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Campillo
- Immunology Department, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
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193
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Vacca P, Martini S, Garelli V, Passalacqua G, Moretta L, Mingari MC. NK cells from malignant pleural effusions are not anergic but produce cytokines and display strong antitumor activity on short-term IL-2 activation. Eur J Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Vacca
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research; University of Genova; Genova Italy
| | - Stefania Martini
- IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST; National Institute for Cancer Research; Genova Italy
| | - Valentina Garelli
- IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST; National Institute for Cancer Research; Genova Italy
- DiMI Department of Internal Medicine; University of Genova; Genova Italy
| | - Giovanni Passalacqua
- IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST; National Institute for Cancer Research; Genova Italy
- DiMI Department of Internal Medicine; University of Genova; Genova Italy
| | | | - Maria Cristina Mingari
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research; University of Genova; Genova Italy
- IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST; National Institute for Cancer Research; Genova Italy
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194
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Youlin K, Li Z, Xin G, Mingchao X, Xiuheng L, Xiaodong W. Enhanced function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced by dendritic cells modified with truncated PSMA and 4-1BBL. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:766-72. [PMID: 23295983 DOI: 10.4161/hv.23116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between costimulatory molecules and their receptors are vital for Ag-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) to initiate T cells activation, expansion and their antitumor immune responses. Augmentation of costimulatory signal due to the interaction of DCs and T cells may amplify, sustain and drive diversity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and consequently enhance the antitumor response. 4-1BBL/4-1BB is such a pair of costimulatory ligand and receptor, playing an important role in the co-stimulation of CTLs. Previously, we demonstrated that DCs transduced with recombinant adenovirus encoding truncated PSMA (tPSMA) and m4-1BBL could induce prostate cancer regression in mouse models. In the present study, we further explored the adjuvant role of 4-1BBL in modulating CTLs activation induced by tPSMA gene-pulsed DCs. The apoptosis and cytotoxicity against tPSMA expressing RM-1 cells of CTLs were determined. Results showed that tPSMA gene-pulsed DCs effectively induced T lymphocyte activation and cytotoxicity, which was enhanced by upregulated expression of 4-1BBL, displaying better cell viability, lower CTLs apoptosis, higher expression anti-apoptotic protein of Bcl-xL and phosphorylation of P38, enhanced NF-κB activation, as well as more IFN-γ production. These results demonstrated that 4-1BBL may play a significant role in the co-stimulation pathway for Ag-presenting DCs-mediated CTLs activity, which might be a beneficial adjuvant factor for DCs-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang Youlin
- Department of Urology; The First Affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing, P.R. China
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195
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Newell EW, Lin W. High-dimensional analysis of human CD8(+) T cell phenotype, function, and antigen specificity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 377:61-84. [PMID: 24096316 DOI: 10.1007/82_2013_354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific T cells are critical initiators and orchestrators of the adaptive immune response. Categorizing antigen-specific T cell subsets is not a simple task given the diversity of these cells and the large number of parameters that can be considered. Here, we focus on human CD8(+) T cells and discuss the utility of high-dimensional mass cytometric analysis techniques for the concurrent identification and characterization of antigen-specific T cells involved in immunological homeostasis and disease. We first provide an overview of previously identified T cell subsets. We then discuss the segregation of antigen-specific T cells based on protein expression through surface and/or intracellular staining, on functional capacity through measurement expression of cytokines or other inducible markers, and on the antigen-specificity of the cell assessed using peptide-major histocompatibility complex multimers. High-dimensional mass cytometry enables a deeper and more integrated view of all three aspects of antigen-specific T cell diversity than do traditional techniques. Use of mass cytometry for precise measurement of the status of antigen-specific immune responses should result in better prediction of vaccine efficacy and disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan W Newell
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A-STAR), Singapore, 138648, Republic of Singapore,
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196
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Tumor dormancy and cancer stem cells: two sides of the same coin? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 734:145-79. [PMID: 23143979 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1445-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that tumor dormancy represents an important mechanism underlying the observed failure of existing therapeutic modalities to fully eradicate cancers. In addition to its more established role in maintaining minimal residual disease after treatment, dormancy might also critically contribute to early stages of tumor development and the formation of clinically undetectable micrometastatic foci. There are striking parallels between the concept of tumor dormancy and the cancer stem cell (CSC) theory of tumor propagation. For instance, the CSC hypothesis similarly predicts that a subset of self-renewing cancer cells-that is CSCs-is responsible for tumor initiation, bears the preferential ability to survive tumor therapy, and persists long term to ultimately cause delayed cancer recurrence and metastatic progression. Additionally, many of the biological mechanisms involved in controlling the dormant state of a tumor can also govern CSC behavior, including cell cycle modifications, alteration of angiogenic processes, and modulation of antitumor immune responses. In fact, quiescence and immune escape are emerging hallmark features of at least some CSCs, indicating significant overlap between dormant cancer populations and CSCs. Herein, we crucially dissect whether CSCs occupy specific roles in orchestrating the switch between dormancy and exuberant tumor growth. We elucidate how recently uncovered CSC biological features could enable these cells to evade immunologic clearance and regulate cancer expansion, relapse, and progression. We propose that the study of CSC immunobiological pathways holds the promise to critically advance our understanding of the processes mediating tumor dormancy. Ultimately, such research endeavors could unravel novel therapeutic avenues that efficiently target both proliferating and dormant CSCs to minimize the risk of tumor recurrence in cancer patients.
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197
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dePillis L, Caldwell T, Sarapata E, Williams H. Mathematical modeling of regulatory T cell effects on renal cell carcinoma treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3934/dcdsb.2013.18.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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198
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Buhrman JD, Jordan KR, U'ren L, Sprague J, Kemmler CB, Slansky JE. Augmenting antitumor T-cell responses to mimotope vaccination by boosting with native tumor antigens. Cancer Res 2012; 73:74-85. [PMID: 23161490 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination with antigens expressed by tumors is one strategy for stimulating enhanced T-cell responses against tumors. However, these peptide vaccines rarely result in efficient expansion of tumor-specific T cells or responses that protect against tumor growth. Mimotopes, or peptide mimics of tumor antigens, elicit increased numbers of T cells that crossreact with the native tumor antigen, resulting in potent antitumor responses. Unfortunately, mimotopes may also elicit cells that do not crossreact or have low affinity for tumor antigen. We previously showed that one such mimotope of the dominant MHC class I tumor antigen of a mouse colon carcinoma cell line stimulates a tumor-specific T-cell clone and elicits antigen-specific cells in vivo, yet protects poorly against tumor growth. We hypothesized that boosting the mimotope vaccine with the native tumor antigen would focus the T-cell response elicited by the mimotope toward high affinity, tumor-specific T cells. We show that priming T cells with the mimotope, followed by a native tumor-antigen boost, improves tumor immunity compared with T cells elicited by the same prime with a mimotope boost. Our data suggest that the improved tumor immunity results from the expansion of mimotope-elicited tumor-specific T cells that have increased avidity for the tumor antigen. The enhanced T cells are phenotypically distinct and enriched for T-cell receptors previously correlated with improved antitumor immunity. These results suggest that incorporation of native antigen into clinical mimotope vaccine regimens may improve the efficacy of antitumor T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Buhrman
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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199
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Peretz Y, He Z, Shi Y, Yassine-Diab B, Goulet JP, Bordi R, Filali-Mouhim A, Loubert JB, El-Far M, Dupuy FP, Boulassel MR, Tremblay C, Routy JP, Bernard N, Balderas R, Haddad EK, Sékaly RP. CD160 and PD-1 co-expression on HIV-specific CD8 T cells defines a subset with advanced dysfunction. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002840. [PMID: 22916009 PMCID: PMC3420930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections lead to persistent CD8 T cell activation and functional exhaustion. Expression of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) has been associated to CD8 T cell dysfunction in HIV infection. Herein we report that another negative regulator of T cell activation, CD160, was also upregulated on HIV-specific CD8 T lymphocytes mostly during the chronic phase of infection. CD8 T cells that expressed CD160 or PD-1 were still functional whereas co-expression of CD160 and PD-1 on CD8 T cells defined a novel subset with all the characteristics of functionally exhausted T cells. Blocking the interaction of CD160 with HVEM, its natural ligand, increased HIV-specific CD8 T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Transcriptional profiling showed that CD160−PD-1+CD8 T cells encompassed a subset of CD8+ T cells with activated transcriptional programs, while CD160+PD-1+ T cells encompassed primarily CD8+ T cells with an exhausted phenotype. The transcriptional profile of CD160+PD-1+ T cells showed the downregulation of the NFκB transcriptional node and the upregulation of several inhibitors of T cell survival and function. Overall, we show that CD160 and PD-1 expressing subsets allow differentiating between activated and exhausted CD8 T cells further reinforcing the notion that restoration of function will require multipronged approaches that target several negative regulators. HIV infection is widely known to cause generalized immune activation and immune exhaustion ultimately leading to HIV disease progression. Several studies have suggested over the years that the accumulation of inhibitory signalling proteins on the surface of responding cells is linked to immune exhaustion in HIV. It has become paramount to distinguish functionally exhausted CD8 T cells from activated HIV-specific CD8 T cells because both cell types have different fates. Using specific cell surface markers, we were able to identify these different cell types and show that HIV-infected patients accumulate dysfunctional CD8 T cells over time. Importantly, we show that this dysfunction is reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Peretz
- Caprion/ImmuneCarta Services, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zhong He
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yu Shi
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Bader Yassine-Diab
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Goulet
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rebeka Bordi
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ali Filali-Mouhim
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jean-Baptiste Loubert
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mohamed El-Far
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Franck P. Dupuy
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Rachid Boulassel
- Immunodeficiency Service and Division of Hematology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Immunodeficiency Service and Division of Hematology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicole Bernard
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert Balderas
- BD Biosciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Elias K. Haddad
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sékaly
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U743, CRCHUM, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Cancer cells express antigens that elicit T cell-mediated responses, but these responses are limited during malignant progression by the development of immunosuppressive mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment that drive immune escape. T-cell hyporesponsiveness can be caused by clonal anergy or adaptive tolerance, but the pathophysiological roles of these processes in specific tumor contexts has yet to be understood. In CD4+ T cells, clonal anergy occurs when the T-cell receptor is activated in the absence of a costimulatory signal. Here we report that the key T-cell transcription factor NFAT mediates expression of anergy-associated genes in the context of cancer. Specifically, in a murine model of melanoma, we found that cancer cells induced anergy in antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell populations, resulting in defective production of several key effector cytokines. NFAT1 deficiency blunted the induction of anergy in tumor antigen-specific CD4+ T cells, enhancing antitumor responses. These investigations identified tumor-induced T-cell hyporesponsiveness as a form of clonal anergy, and they supported an important role for CD4+ T-cell anergy in driving immune escape. By illustrating the dependence of tumor-induced CD4+ T-cell anergy on NFAT1, our findings open the possibility of targeting this transcription factor to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy or immunochemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Abe
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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