151
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Mikkelsen K, Stojanovska L, Prakash M, Apostolopoulos V. The effects of vitamin B on the immune/cytokine network and their involvement in depression. Maturitas 2016; 96:58-71. [PMID: 28041597 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that there are various interactions between the nervous system and the immune system, and that the immune system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of depression. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α) have been implicated in the neurobiological manifestations of depression. The immune/cytokine network has a powerful influence on the brain. In addition, deficiency in B vitamins has been linked to depression. Hence, greater knowledge of how immune cells change in the presence of vitamin B derivatives could improve understanding of how immune changes may correlate with depression, all of which are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Mikkelsen
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, PO Box 14426, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Lily Stojanovska
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, PO Box 14426, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Monica Prakash
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, PO Box 14426, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, PO Box 14426, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia.
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152
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T cell receptor recognition of CD1b presenting a mycobacterial glycolipid. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13257. [PMID: 27807341 PMCID: PMC5095289 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CD1 proteins present microbial lipids to T cells. Germline-encoded mycolyl lipid-reactive (GEM) T cells with conserved αβ T cell receptors (TCRs) recognize CD1b presenting mycobacterial mycolates. As the molecular basis underpinning TCR recognition of CD1b remains unknown, here we determine the structure of a GEM TCR bound to CD1b presenting glucose-6-O-monomycolate (GMM). The GEM TCR docks centrally above CD1b, whereby the conserved TCR α-chain extensively contacts CD1b and GMM. Through mutagenesis and study of T cells from tuberculosis patients, we identify a consensus CD1b footprint of TCRs present among GEM T cells. Using both the TCR α- and β-chains as tweezers to surround and grip the glucose moiety of GMM, GEM TCRs create a highly specific mechanism for recognizing this mycobacterial glycolipid. Germline-encoded mycolyl lipid-reactive (GEM) T cells recognize CD1b proteins presenting mycobacterial mycolates via their T-cell receptors (TCRs). Here, the authors present the structure of this interaction and provide a molecular basis for the co-recognition of CD1b and a mycobacterial glycolipid.
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153
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Jiang J, Chen X, An H, Yang B, Zhang F, Cheng X. Enhanced immune response of MAIT cells in tuberculous pleural effusions depends on cytokine signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32320. [PMID: 27586092 PMCID: PMC5009363 DOI: 10.1038/srep32320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of MAIT cells at the site of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in humans are still largely unknown. In this study, the phenotypes and immune response of MAIT cells from tuberculous pleural effusions and peripheral blood were investigated. MAIT cells in tuberculous pleural effusions had greatly enhanced IFN-γ, IL-17F and granzyme B response compared with those in peripheral blood. The level of IFN-γ response in MAIT cells from tuberculous pleural effusions was inversely correlated with the extent of tuberculosis infection (p = 0.0006). To determine whether cytokines drive the immune responses of MAIT cells at the site of tuberculosis infection, the role of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15 and IL-18 was investigated. Blockade of IL-2, IL-12 or IL-18 led to significantly reduced production of IFN-γ and/or granzyme B in MAIT cells from tuberculous pleural effusions. Majority of IL-2-producing cells (94.50%) in tuberculous pleural effusions had phenotype of CD3+CD4+, and most IL-12p40-producing cells (91.39%) were CD14+ cells. MAIT cells had significantly elevated expression of γc receptor which correlated with enhanced immune responses of MAIT cells. It is concluded that MAIT cells from tuberculous pleural effusions exhibited highly elevated immune response to Mtb antigens, which are controlled by cytokines produced by innate/adaptive immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongjuan An
- Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bingfen Yang
- Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fuping Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxing Cheng
- Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
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154
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Wang JJ, Macardle C, Weedon H, Beroukas D, Banovic T. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells are reduced and functionally immature in the peripheral blood of primary Sjögren's syndrome patients. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2444-2453. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing J. Wang
- Department of Immunology; SA Pathology; Flinders Medical Centre; Bedford Park South Australia
- Department of Immunology; Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia
| | - Cindy Macardle
- Department of Immunology; SA Pathology; Flinders Medical Centre; Bedford Park South Australia
- Department of Immunology; Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia
| | - Helen Weedon
- Rheumatology Research Unit; Repatriation General Hospital; Daw Park Adelaide South Australia
| | - Dimitra Beroukas
- Department of Immunology; SA Pathology; Flinders Medical Centre; Bedford Park South Australia
- Department of Immunology; Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia
| | - Tatjana Banovic
- Department of Immunology; SA Pathology; Flinders Medical Centre; Bedford Park South Australia
- Department of Immunology; Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia
- Department of Immunology; SA Pathology; IMVS; Adelaide South Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy; Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide South Australia
- Discipline of Pediatrics; School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia
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155
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Human mucosal-associated invariant T cells contribute to antiviral influenza immunity via IL-18-dependent activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10133-8. [PMID: 27543331 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610750113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes known to elicit potent immunity to a broad range of bacteria, mainly via the rapid production of inflammatory cytokines. Whether MAIT cells contribute to antiviral immunity is less clear. Here we asked whether MAIT cells produce cytokines/chemokines during severe human influenza virus infection. Our analysis in patients hospitalized with avian H7N9 influenza pneumonia showed that individuals who recovered had higher numbers of CD161(+)Vα7.2(+) MAIT cells in peripheral blood compared with those who succumbed, suggesting a possible protective role for this lymphocyte population. To understand the mechanism underlying MAIT cell activation during influenza, we cocultured influenza A virus (IAV)-infected human lung epithelial cells (A549) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro, then assayed them by intracellular cytokine staining. Comparison of influenza-induced MAIT cell activation with the profile for natural killer cells (CD56(+)CD3(-)) showed robust up-regulation of IFNγ for both cell populations and granzyme B in MAIT cells, although the individual responses varied among healthy donors. However, in contrast to the requirement for cell-associated factors to promote NK cell activation, the induction of MAIT cell cytokine production was dependent on IL-18 (but not IL-12) production by IAV-exposed CD14(+) monocytes. Overall, this evidence for IAV activation via an indirect, IL-18-dependent mechanism indicates that MAIT cells are protective in influenza, and also possibly in any human disease process in which inflammation and IL-18 production occur.
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156
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Human TRAV1-2-negative MR1-restricted T cells detect S. pyogenes and alternatives to MAIT riboflavin-based antigens. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12506. [PMID: 27527800 PMCID: PMC4990709 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are thought to detect microbial antigens presented by the HLA-Ib molecule MR1 through the exclusive use of a TRAV1-2-containing TCRα. Here we use MR1 tetramer staining and ex vivo analysis with mycobacteria-infected MR1-deficient cells to demonstrate the presence of functional human MR1-restricted T cells that lack TRAV1-2. We characterize an MR1-restricted clone that expresses the TRAV12-2 TCRα, which lacks residues previously shown to be critical for MR1-antigen recognition. In contrast to TRAV1-2+ MAIT cells, this TRAV12-2-expressing clone displays a distinct pattern of microbial recognition by detecting infection with the riboflavin auxotroph Streptococcus pyogenes. As known MAIT antigens are derived from riboflavin metabolites, this suggests that TRAV12-2+ clone recognizes unique antigens. Thus, MR1-restricted T cells can discriminate between microbes in a TCR-dependent manner. We postulate that additional MR1-restricted T-cell subsets may play a unique role in defence against infection by broadening the recognition of microbial metabolites. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells sense riboflavin biosynthetic intermediate antigens with a semi-invariant MR1-restricted T-cell receptor (TCR). Here the authors identify a new MR1-restricted TCR that senses cells infected with S. pyogenes, a bacteria unable to biosynthesize riboflavin.
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157
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Huang S, Moody DB. Donor-unrestricted T cells in the human CD1 system. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:577-96. [PMID: 27502318 PMCID: PMC5915868 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0942-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The CD1 and MHC systems are specialized for lipid and peptide display, respectively. Here, we review evidence showing how cellular CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, and CD1d proteins capture and display many cellular lipids to T cell receptors (TCRs). Increasing evidence shows that CD1-reactive T cells operate outside two classical immunogenetic concepts derived from the MHC paradigm. First, because CD1 proteins are non-polymorphic in human populations, T cell responses are not restricted to the donor's genetic background. Second, the simplified population genetics of CD1 antigen-presenting molecules can lead to simplified patterns of TCR usage. As contrasted with donor-restricted patterns of MHC-TCR interaction, the donor-unrestricted nature of CD1-TCR interactions raises the prospect that lipid agonists and antagonists of T cells could be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxiong Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
| | - D Branch Moody
- Divison of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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158
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MR1 discovery. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:491-8. [PMID: 27464703 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The moment of MR1 discovery is described. The MR1 gene is the first and the last reported human MHC-related gene intentionally isolated from the human genome composed of three billion base pairs. Evolutionary considerations formed the basis of its isolation. Some details surrounding the moment and some retrospective descriptions with various kinds of encounters are also included.
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159
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Krovi SH, Gapin L. Structure and function of the non-classical major histocompatibility complex molecule MR1. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:549-59. [PMID: 27448212 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules play a central role in the vertebrate adaptive immune system. By presenting short peptides derived from pathogen-derived proteins, these "classical" MHC molecules can alert the T cell branch of the immune system of infected cells and clear the pathogen. There exist other "non-classical" MHC molecules, which while similar in structure to classical MHC proteins, are contrasted by their limited polymorphism. While the functions of many class Ib MHC molecules have still to be elucidated, the nature and diversity of antigens (if any) that some of them might present to the immune system is expected to be more restricted and might function as another approach to distinguish self from non-self. The MHC-related 1 (MR1) molecule is a member of this family of non-classical MHC proteins. It was recently shown to present unique antigens in the form of vitamin metabolites found in certain microbes. MR1 is strongly conserved genetically, structurally, and functionally through mammalian evolution, indicating its necessity in ensuring an effective immune system for members of this class. Although MR1 will be celebrating 21 years this year since its discovery, most of our understanding of how this molecule functions has only been uncovered in the past decade. Herein, we discuss where MR1 is expressed, how it selectively is able to bind to its appropriate antigens and how it, then, is able to specifically activate a distinct population of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harsha Krovi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, USA.
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160
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Felley L, Gumperz JE. Are human iNKT cells keeping tabs on lipidome perturbations triggered by oxidative stress in the blood? Immunogenetics 2016; 68:611-22. [PMID: 27393663 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The central paradigm of conventional MHC-restricted T cells is that they respond specifically to foreign peptides, while displaying tolerance to self-antigens. In contrast, it is now becoming clear that a number of innate-like T cell subsets-CD1-restricted T cells, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, and MAIT cells-may operate by different rules: rather than focusing on the recognition of specific foreign antigens, these T cells all appear to respond to alterations to lipid-related pathways. By monitoring perturbations to the "lipidome," these T cells may be able to spring into action to deal with physiological situations that are of self as well as microbial origin. iNKT cells are a prime example of this type of lipidome-reactive T cell. As a result of their activation by self lyso-phospholipid species that are generated downstream of blood lipid oxidation, human iNKT cells in the vasculature may respond sensitively to a variety of oxidative stresses. Some of the cytokines produced by activated iNKT cells have angiogenic effects (e.g., GM-CSF, IL-8), whereas others (e.g., IFN-γ) are pro-inflammatory factors that can propagate vascular pathology by influencing the functions of macrophages and dendritic cells. Consistent with this, evidence is accumulating that iNKT cells contribute to atherosclerosis, which is one of the most common inflammatory pathologies, and one that is integrally related to characteristics of the lipidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Felley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jenny E Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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161
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Claassen-Weitz S, Wiysonge CS, Machingaidze S, Thabane L, Horsnell WGC, Zar HJ, Nicol MP, Kaba M. Current Knowledge and Future Research Directions on Fecal Bacterial Patterns and Their Association with Asthma. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:838. [PMID: 27445990 PMCID: PMC4925717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shantelle Claassen-Weitz
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charles S Wiysonge
- Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch UniversityCape Town, South Africa; Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research CouncilCape Town, South Africa
| | - Shingai Machingaidze
- Vaccines for Africa Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster UniversityOntario, Canada; Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O'SulliVan Research CentreOntario, Canada
| | - William G C Horsnell
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa; Red Cross War Memorial Children's HospitalCape Town, South Africa; Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark P Nicol
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur HospitalCape Town, South Africa
| | - Mamadou Kaba
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
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162
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MAIT cells are activated during human viral infections. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11653. [PMID: 27337592 PMCID: PMC4931007 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are abundant in humans and recognize bacterial ligands. Here, we demonstrate that MAIT cells are also activated during human viral infections in vivo. MAIT cells activation was observed during infection with dengue virus, hepatitis C virus and influenza virus. This activation—driving cytokine release and Granzyme B upregulation—is TCR-independent but dependent on IL-18 in synergy with IL-12, IL-15 and/or interferon-α/β. IL-18 levels and MAIT cell activation correlate with disease severity in acute dengue infection. Furthermore, HCV treatment with interferon-α leads to specific MAIT cell activation in vivo in parallel with an enhanced therapeutic response. Moreover, TCR-independent activation of MAIT cells leads to a reduction of HCV replication in vitro mediated by IFN-γ. Together these data demonstrate MAIT cells are activated following viral infections, and suggest a potential role in both host defence and immunopathology. Mucosal Associated Invariant T cells have been implicated in response to bacterial pathogens. Here the authors show that in human viral infections, these cells are activated by IL-18 in cooperation with other pro-inflammatory cytokines, producing interferon gamma and granzyme B.
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163
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Saeidi A, Ellegård R, Yong YK, Tan HY, Velu V, Ussher JE, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Functional role of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in HIV infection. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:305-14. [PMID: 27256572 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ru0216-084r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MAIT cells represent an evolutionarily conserved, MR1-restricted, innate-like cell subset that express high levels of CD161; have a canonical semi-invariant TCR iVα7.2; and may have an important role in mucosal immunity against various bacterial and fungal pathogens. Mature MAIT cells are CD161(hi)PLZF(hi)IL-18Rα(+)iVα7.2(+)γδ-CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells and occur in the peripheral blood, liver, and mucosa of humans. MAIT cells are activated by a metabolic precursor of riboflavin synthesis presented by MR1 and, therefore, respond to many bacteria and some fungi. Despite their broad antibacterial properties, their functional role in persistent viral infections is poorly understood. Although there is an increasing line of evidence portraying the depletion of MAIT cells in HIV disease, the magnitude and the potential mechanisms underlying such depletion remain unclear. Recent studies suggest that MAIT cells are vulnerable to immune exhaustion as a consequence of HIV and hepatitis C virus infections and HIV/tuberculosis coinfections. HIV infection also appears to cause functional depletion of MAIT cells resulting from abnormal expression of T-bet and EOMES, and effective ART is unable to completely salvage functional MAIT cell loss. Depletion and exhaustion of peripheral MAIT cells may affect mucosal immunity and could increase susceptibility to opportunistic infections during HIV infection. Here, we review some of the important mechanisms associated with depletion and functional loss of MAIT cells and also suggest potential immunotherapeutic strategies to restore MAIT cell functions, including the use of IL-7 to restore effector functions in HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Saeidi
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rada Ellegård
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Yean K Yong
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hong Y Tan
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Georgia, Atlanta, USA; and
| | - James E Ussher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
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164
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Abstract
CD1- and MHC-related molecule-1 (MR1)-restricted T lymphocytes recognize nonpeptidic antigens, such as lipids and small metabolites, and account for a major fraction of circulating and tissue-resident T cells. They represent a readily activated, long-lasting population of effector cells and contribute to the early phases of immune response, orchestrating the function of other cells. This review addresses the main aspects of their immunological functions, including antigen and T cell receptor repertoires, mechanisms of nonpeptidic antigen presentation, and the current evidence for their participation in human and experimental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mori
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and Basel University, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; , , .,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 138648 Singapore
| | - Marco Lepore
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and Basel University, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; , ,
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and Basel University, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; , , .,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 138648 Singapore
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165
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Ohta Y, Flajnik MF. Coevolution of MHC genes (LMP/TAP/class Ia, NKT-class Ib, NKp30-B7H6): lessons from cold-blooded vertebrates. Immunol Rev 2016; 267:6-15. [PMID: 26284468 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Comparative immunology provides the long view of what is conserved across all vertebrate taxa versus what is specific to particular organisms or group of organisms. Regarding the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and coevolution, three striking cases have been revealed in cold-blooded vertebrates: lineages of class Ia antigen-processing and -presenting genes, evolutionary conservation of NKT-class Ib recognition, and the ancient emergence of the natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp30 and its ligand B7H6. While coevolution of transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) and class Ia has been documented in endothermic birds and two mammals, lineages of LMP7 are restricted to ectotherms. The unambiguous discovery of natural killer T (NKT) cells in Xenopus demonstrated that NKT cells are not restricted to mammals and are likely to have emerged at the same time in evolution as classical α/β and γ/δ T cells. NK cell receptors evolve at a rapid rate, and orthologues are nearly impossible to identify in different vertebrate classes. By contrast, we have detected NKp30 in all gnathostomes, except in species where it was lost. The recently discovered ligand of NKp30, B7H6, shows strong signs of coevolution with NKp30 throughout evolution, i.e. coincident loss or expansion of both genes in some species. NKp30 also offers an attractive IgSF candidate for the invasion of the RAG transposon, which is believed to have initiated T-cell receptor/immunoglobulin adaptive immunity. Besides reviewing these intriguing features of MHC evolution and coevolution, we offer suggestions for future studies and propose a model for the primordial or proto MHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ohta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin F Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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166
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Restricting nonclassical MHC genes coevolve with TRAV genes used by innate-like T cells in mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2983-92. [PMID: 27170188 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600674113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas major histocompatibility class-1 (MH1) proteins present peptides to T cells displaying a large T-cell receptor (TR) repertoire, MH1Like proteins, such as CD1D and MR1, present glycolipids and microbial riboflavin precursor derivatives, respectively, to T cells expressing invariant TR-α (iTRA) chains. The groove of such MH1Like, as well as iTRA chains used by mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) and natural killer T (NKT) cells, respectively, may result from a coevolution under particular selection pressures. Herein, we investigated the evolutionary patterns of the iTRA of MAIT and NKT cells and restricting MH1Like proteins: MR1 appeared 170 Mya and is highly conserved across mammals, evolving more slowly than other MH1Like. It has been pseudogenized or independently lost three times in carnivores, the armadillo, and lagomorphs. The corresponding TRAV1 gene also evolved slowly and harbors highly conserved complementarity determining regions 1 and 2. TRAV1 is absent exclusively from species in which MR1 is lacking, suggesting that its loss released the purifying selection on MR1. In the rabbit, which has very few NKT and no MAIT cells, a previously unrecognized iTRA was identified by sequencing leukocyte RNA. This iTRA uses TRAV41, which is highly conserved across several groups of mammals. A rabbit MH1Like gene was found that appeared with mammals and is highly conserved. It was independently lost in a few groups in which MR1 is present, like primates and Muridae, illustrating compensatory emergences of new MH1Like/Invariant T-cell combinations during evolution. Deciphering their role is warranted to search similar effector functions in humans.
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167
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Toubal A, Lehuen A. Lights on MAIT cells, a new immune player in liver diseases. J Hepatol 2016; 64:1008-1010. [PMID: 26867492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amine Toubal
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; UMR8104, CNRS, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Lehuen
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; UMR8104, CNRS, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Département de Diabétologie, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
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168
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Favreau M, Vanderkerken K, Elewaut D, Venken K, Menu E. Does an NKT-cell-based immunotherapeutic approach have a future in multiple myeloma? Oncotarget 2016; 7:23128-40. [PMID: 26895468 PMCID: PMC5029615 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells constitute a unique subset of innate-like T lymphocytes which differ from conventional T cells by recognizing lipid antigens presented by the non-polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I-like molecule CD1d. Despite being a relatively infrequent population of lymphocytes, NKT cells can respond rapidly upon activation with glycosphingolipids by production of cytokines which aim to polarize different axes of the immune system. Due to their dual effector capacities, NKT cells can play a vital role in cancer immunity, infection, inflammation and autoimmune diseases. It is believed that modulation of their activity towards immune activation can be a useful tool in anti-tumor immunotherapeutic strategies. Here we summarize the characteristics of NKT cells and discuss their involvement in immunosurveillance. Furthermore, an update is given about their role and the progress that has been made in the field of multiple myeloma (MM). Finally, some challenges are discussed that are currently hampering further progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mérédis Favreau
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, VIB Inflammation Research Center and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, VIB Inflammation Research Center and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Venken
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, VIB Inflammation Research Center and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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169
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Godfrey DI, Uldrich AP, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J, Moody DB. The burgeoning family of unconventional T cells. Nat Immunol 2016; 16:1114-23. [PMID: 26482978 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While most studies of T lymphocytes have focused on T cells reactive to complexes of peptide and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins, many other types of T cells do not fit this paradigm. These include CD1-restricted T cells, MR1-restricted mucosal associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells), MHC class Ib-reactive T cells, and γδ T cells. Collectively, these T cells are considered 'unconventional', in part because they can recognize lipids, small-molecule metabolites and specially modified peptides. Unlike MHC-reactive T cells, these apparently disparate T cell types generally show simplified patterns of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) expression, rapid effector responses and 'public' antigen specificities. Here we review evidence showing that unconventional T cells are an abundant component of the human immune system and discuss the immunotherapeutic potential of these cells and their antigenic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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170
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Mucosa-Associated Invariant T Cells Are Systemically Depleted in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2016; 90:4520-4529. [PMID: 26912615 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02876-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells contribute to host immune protection against a wide range of potential pathogens via the recognition of bacterial metabolites presented by the major histocompatibility complex class I-related molecule MR1. Although bacterial products translocate systemically in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected Asian macaques, several studies have shown that MAIT cell frequencies actually decrease in peripheral blood during the course of HIV/SIV disease. However, the mechanisms underlying this proportional decline remain unclear. In this study, we characterized the phenotype, activation status, functionality, distribution, and clonotypic structure of MAIT cell populations in the peripheral blood, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), jejunum, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of healthy and SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs). Low frequencies of MAIT cells were observed in the peripheral blood, MLNs, and BAL fluid of SIV-infected RMs. These numerical changes were coupled with increased proliferation and a highly public T cell receptor alpha (TCRα) repertoire in the MAIT cell compartment without redistribution to other anatomical sites. Collectively, our data show systemically decreased frequencies of MAIT cells likely attributable to enhanced turnover in SIV-infected RMs. This process may impair protective immunity against certain opportunistic infections with progression to AIDS. IMPORTANCE The data presented in this study reveal for the first time that MAIT cells are systemically depleted in an AIDS virus infection. These findings provide a new mechanistic link with our current understanding of HIV/SIV pathogenesis and implicate MAIT cell depletion in the disease process.
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171
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McWilliam HEG, Eckle SBG, Theodossis A, Liu L, Chen Z, Wubben JM, Fairlie DP, Strugnell RA, Mintern JD, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J, Villadangos JA. The intracellular pathway for the presentation of vitamin B-related antigens by the antigen-presenting molecule MR1. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:531-7. [PMID: 27043408 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The antigen-presenting molecule MR1 presents vitamin B-related antigens (VitB antigens) to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells through an uncharacterized pathway. We show that MR1, unlike other antigen-presenting molecules, does not constitutively present self-ligands. In the steady state it accumulates in a ligand-receptive conformation within the endoplasmic reticulum. VitB antigens reach this location and form a Schiff base with MR1, triggering a 'molecular switch' that allows MR1-VitB antigen complexes to traffic to the plasma membrane. These complexes are endocytosed with kinetics independent of the affinity of the MR1-ligand interaction and are degraded intracellularly, although some MR1 molecules acquire new ligands during passage through endosomes and recycle back to the surface. MR1 antigen presentation is characterized by a rapid 'off-on-off' mechanism that is strictly dependent on antigen availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sidonia B G Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex Theodossis
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacinta M Wubben
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard A Strugnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| | - Justine D Mintern
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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172
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Salou M, Nicol B, Garcia A, Baron D, Michel L, Elong-Ngono A, Hulin P, Nedellec S, Jacq-Foucher M, Le Frère F, Jousset N, Bourreille A, Wiertlewski S, Soulillou JP, Brouard S, Nicot AB, Degauque N, Laplaud DA. Neuropathologic, phenotypic and functional analyses of Mucosal Associated Invariant T cells in Multiple Sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2016; 166-167:1-11. [PMID: 27050759 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The involvement of Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells, which are anti-microbial semi-invariant T cells, remains elusive in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE Deciphering the potential involvement of MAIT cells in the MS inflammatory process. METHODS By flow cytometry, blood MAIT cells from similar cohorts of MS patients and healthy volunteers (HV) were compared for frequency, phenotype, activation potential after in vitro TCR engagement by bacterial ligands and transmigration abilities through an in vitro model of blood-brain barrier. MS CNS samples were also studied by immunofluorescent staining and quantitative PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Blood MAIT cells from relapsing-remitting MS patients and HV presented similar frequency, ex vivo effector phenotype and activation abilities. MAIT cells represented 0.5% of the total infiltrating T cells on 39 MS CNS lesions. This is low as compared to blood frequency (p<0.001), but consistent with their low transmigration rate. Finally, transcriptional over-expression of MR1 - which presents cognate antigens to MAIT cells - and of the activating cytokines IL-18 and IL-23 was evidenced in MS lesions, suggesting that the CNS microenvironment is suited to activate the few infiltrating MAIT cells. Taken together, these data place MAIT cells from MS patients as minor components of the inflammatory pathological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Salou
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Bryan Nicol
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Alexandra Garcia
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Daniel Baron
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Laure Michel
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, Department of Neurology, Nantes, France
| | - Annie Elong-Ngono
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Philippe Hulin
- SFR François Bonamy, Cellular and Tissue Imaging Core Facility (MicroPICell), Nantes, France
| | - Steven Nedellec
- SFR François Bonamy, Cellular and Tissue Imaging Core Facility (MicroPICell), Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | - Arnaud Bourreille
- Nantes Hospital, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CIC-04 Inserm, Nantes, France
| | - Sandrine Wiertlewski
- Nantes Hospital, Department of Neurology, Nantes, France; INSERM 015, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Nantes, France
| | | | - Sophie Brouard
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Arnaud B Nicot
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes University, Medicine Department, Nantes F-44035, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Nicolas Degauque
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, ITUN, Nantes F-44093, France
| | - David-Axel Laplaud
- INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44093, France; Nantes Hospital, Department of Neurology, Nantes, France; INSERM 015, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Nantes, France.
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173
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Acquisition of innate-like microbial reactivity in mucosal tissues during human fetal MAIT-cell development. Nat Commun 2016; 5:3143. [PMID: 24452018 PMCID: PMC3916833 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate-like, evolutionarily conserved MR1-restricted mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells represent a large antimicrobial T-cell subset in humans. Here, we investigate the development of these cells in second trimester human fetal tissues. MAIT cells are rare and immature in the fetal thymus, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. In contrast, mature IL-18Rα+ CD8αα MAIT cells are enriched in the fetal small intestine, liver and lung. Independently of localization, MAIT cells express CD127 and Ki67 in vivo and readily proliferate in response to Escherichia coli in vitro. Maturation is accompanied by the gradual post-thymic acquisition of the PLZF transcription factor and the ability to produce IFNγ and IL-22 in response to bacteria in mucosa. Thus, MAIT cells acquire innate-like antimicrobial responsiveness in mucosa before exposure to environmental microbes and the commensal microflora. Establishment of this arm of immunity before birth may help protect the newborn from a range of pathogenic microbes. Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a recently described subset of unconventional, innate-like T cells and their development is not well understood. Here, the authors analyse MAIT cells in fetal human tissues and show that, unlike in mice, the commensal microflora is not necessary for their maturation in humans.
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174
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Hinks TSC. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells in autoimmunity, immune-mediated diseases and airways disease. Immunology 2016; 148:1-12. [PMID: 26778581 PMCID: PMC4819138 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a novel class of innate-like T cells, expressing a semi-invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) and able to recognize small molecules presented on the non-polymorphic MHC-related protein 1. Their intrinsic effector-memory phenotype, enabling secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and their relative abundance in humans imply a significant potential to contribute to autoimmune processes. However, as MAIT cells were unknown until recently and specific immunological tools were unavailable, little is known of their roles in disease. Here I review observations from clinical studies and animal models of autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases including the roles of MAIT cells in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease and airways diseases. MAIT cell deficiencies are frequently observed in peripheral blood, and at sites of disease such as the airways in asthma. However, MAIT cells have a specific sensitivity to suppression by therapeutic corticosteroids that may confound many of these observations, as may the tendency of the surface marker CD161 to activation-induced down-regulation. Nonetheless, the dependence on bacteria for the development of MAIT cells suggests a potentially important protective role linking the influences of early life microbial exposures and subsequent development of autoimmunity. Conversely, MAIT cells could contribute to chronic inflammation either through TCR-independent activation, or potentially by TCR recognition of as yet undiscovered ligands. Future research will be greatly facilitated by the immunological tools that are now available, including murine genetic models and human and murine specific tetramers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S C Hinks
- Department for Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, UK
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175
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Ling L, Lin Y, Zheng W, Hong S, Tang X, Zhao P, Li M, Ni J, Li C, Wang L, Jiang Y. Circulating and tumor-infiltrating mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in colorectal cancer patients. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20358. [PMID: 26837580 PMCID: PMC4738248 DOI: 10.1038/srep20358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are important for immune defense against infectious pathogens and regulate the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases. However, their roles in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) are still unclear. This study examined the phenotype, distribution, clinical relevance and potential function of MAIT cells in CRC patients. We found that the percentages of circulating memory CD8+ MAIT cells were significantly reduced while tumor infiltrating MAIT cells were increased, especially in patients with advanced CRC. The serum CEA levels were positively correlated with the percentages of tumor infiltrating MAIT cells in CRC patients, but negatively correlated with the percentages of circulating MAIT in advanced CRC patients. Activated circulating MAIT cells from CRC patients produced lower IFN-γ, but higher IL-17. Furthermore, higher levels of Vα7.2-Jα33, IFN-γ and IL-17A were expressed in the CRC tissues. Co-culture of activated MAIT cells with HCT116 cells enhanced IL-17 expression and induced HCT116 cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in a contact- and dose-dependent manner, which was abrogated by treatment with anti-MR1. Therefore, MAIT cells preferably infiltrate into the solid tumor in CRC patients and may participate in the immune surveillance of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limian Ling
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Yuyang Lin
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Sen Hong
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Xiuqi Tang
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Pingwei Zhao
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Jingsong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Chenguang Li
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130032, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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176
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Smith DG, Williams SJ. Immune sensing of microbial glycolipids and related conjugates by T cells and the pattern recognition receptors MCL and Mincle. Carbohydr Res 2016; 420:32-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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177
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Gherardin NA, Keller AN, Woolley RE, Le Nours J, Ritchie DS, Neeson PJ, Birkinshaw RW, Eckle SBG, Waddington JN, Liu L, Fairlie DP, Uldrich AP, Pellicci DG, McCluskey J, Godfrey DI, Rossjohn J. Diversity of T Cells Restricted by the MHC Class I-Related Molecule MR1 Facilitates Differential Antigen Recognition. Immunity 2016; 44:32-45. [PMID: 26795251 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A characteristic of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells is the expression of TRAV1-2(+) T cell receptors (TCRs) that are activated by riboflavin metabolite-based antigens (Ag) presented by the MHC-I related molecule, MR1. Whether the MR1-restricted T cell repertoire and associated Ag responsiveness extends beyond these cells remains unclear. Here, we describe MR1 autoreactivity and folate-derivative reactivity in a discrete subset of TRAV1-2(+) MAIT cells. This recognition was attributable to CDR3β loop-mediated effects within a consensus TRAV1-2(+) TCR-MR1-Ag footprint. Furthermore, we have demonstrated differential folate- and riboflavin-derivative reactivity by a diverse population of "atypical" TRAV1-2(-) MR1-restricted T cells. We have shown that TRAV1-2(-) T cells are phenotypically heterogeneous and largely distinct from TRAV1-2(+) MAIT cells. A TRAV1-2(-) TCR docks more centrally on MR1, thereby adopting a markedly different molecular footprint to the TRAV1-2(+) TCR. Accordingly, diversity within the MR1-restricted T cell repertoire leads to differing MR1-restricted Ag specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew N Keller
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Rachel E Woolley
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - David S Ritchie
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Richard W Birkinshaw
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sidonia B G Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - John N Waddington
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division of Chemistry & Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry & Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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178
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Norata GD, Caligiuri G, Chavakis T, Matarese G, Netea MG, Nicoletti A, O'Neill LAJ, Marelli-Berg FM. The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Translational Immunometabolism. Immunity 2016; 43:421-34. [PMID: 26377896 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immune response requires major changes to metabolic processes, and indeed, energy metabolism and functional activation are fully integrated in immune cells to determine their ability to divide, differentiate, and carry out effector functions. Immune cell metabolism has therefore become an attractive target area for therapeutic purposes. A neglected aspect in the translation of immunometabolism is the critical connection between systemic and cellular metabolism. Here, we discuss the importance of understanding and manipulating the integration of systemic and immune cell metabolism through in-depth analysis of immune cell phenotype and function in human metabolic diseases and, in parallel, of the effects of conventional metabolic drugs on immune cell differentiation and function. We examine how the recent identification of selective metabolic programs operating in distinct immune cell subsets and functions has the potential to deliver tools for cell- and function-specific immunometabolic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, 20092 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Caligiuri
- Unité 1148, INSERM, Hôpital X Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire "FIRE," 75018 Paris, France
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Mihai Gheorge Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Antonino Nicoletti
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Federica M Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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179
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Hohlfeld R, Dornmair K, Meinl E, Wekerle H. The search for the target antigens of multiple sclerosis, part 2: CD8+ T cells, B cells, and antibodies in the focus of reverse-translational research. Lancet Neurol 2015; 15:317-31. [PMID: 26724102 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Interest in CD8+ T cells and B cells was initially inspired by observations in multiple sclerosis rather than in animal models: CD8+ T cells predominate in multiple sclerosis lesions, oligoclonal immunoglobulin bands in CSF have long been recognised as diagnostic and prognostic markers, and anti-B-cell therapies showed considerable efficacy in multiple sclerosis. Taking a reverse-translational approach, findings from human T-cell receptor (TCR) and B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoire studies provided strong evidence for antigen-driven clonal expansion in the brain and CSF. New methods allow the reconstruction of human TCRs and antibodies from tissue-infiltrating immune cells, which can be used for the unbiased screening of antigen libraries. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) has received renewed attention as an antibody target in childhood multiple sclerosis and in a small subgroup of adult patients with multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that a separate condition in adults exists, tentatively called MOG-antibody-associated encephalomyelitis, which has clinical features that overlap with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and multiple sclerosis. Although CD8+ T cells and B cells are thought to have a pathogenic role in some subgroups of patients, their target antigens have yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Campus Martinsried-Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| | - Klaus Dornmair
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Campus Martinsried-Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Edgar Meinl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Campus Martinsried-Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hartmut Wekerle
- HERTIE Senior Professor Group Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
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180
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Jiang J, Yang B, An H, Wang X, Liu Y, Cao Z, Zhai F, Wang R, Cao Y, Cheng X. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells from patients with tuberculosis exhibit impaired immune response. J Infect 2015; 72:338-52. [PMID: 26724769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify factors which regulate MAIT cell response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens, and to investigate the role of MAIT cells in patients with active tuberculosis. METHODS Immune response of MAIT cells to M. tuberculosis antigens were compared between patients with active TB and healthy controls by flow cytometry and RNA sequencing. RESULTS IFN-γ response of MAIT cells to M. tuberculosis lysates was dramatically improved by signal 3 cytokine IL-15 (p = 0.0002). Patients with active TB exhibited highly reduced IFN-γ production in MAIT cells stimulated with M. tuberculosis lysates/IL-15 compared with healthy controls (p < 0.0001) and individuals with latent TB infection (p = 0.0008). RNA sequencing of flow-sorted MAIT cells from patients with TB and healthy controls identified numerous differentially expressed genes, and the expression of genes that encode IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17F, granulysin and granzyme B were all down-regulated in patients with TB. MAIT cells from patients with TB has significantly lower expression of γc receptor than those from healthy controls under condition of Mtb lysates/IL-15 stimulation (p = 0.0028). Blockade of both γc and IL-2Rβ receptors resulted in highly reduced frequency of IFN-γ-producing MAIT cells (79.4%) (p = 0.0011). CONCLUSIONS MAIT cells from patients with active TB exhibited impaired cytokine and cytotoxic response to M. tuberculosis antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bingfen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjuan An
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxing Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, Beijing, China.
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181
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Salou M, Nicol B, Garcia A, Laplaud DA. Involvement of CD8(+) T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:604. [PMID: 26635816 PMCID: PMC4659893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by focal demyelination patches associated with inflammatory infiltrates containing T lymphocytes. For decades, CD4(+) T cells have been recognized as playing a major role in the disease, especially in animal models, which has led to the development of several therapies. However, interest has recently developed in the involvement of CD8(+) T cells in MS following the analysis of infiltrating T cells in human brain lesions. A broad range of evidence now suggests that the pathological role of this T cell subset in MS may have been underestimated. In this review, we summarize the literature implicating CD8(+) T cells in the pathophysiology of MS. We present data from studies in the fields of genetics, anatomopathology and immunology, mainly in humans but also in animal models of MS. Altogether, this strongly suggests that CD8(+) T cells may be major effectors in the disease process, and that the development of treatments specifically targeting this subset would be germane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Salou
- UMR 1064, INSERM , Nantes , France ; Medicine Department, Nantes University , Nantes , France
| | - Bryan Nicol
- UMR 1064, INSERM , Nantes , France ; Medicine Department, Nantes University , Nantes , France
| | - Alexandra Garcia
- UMR 1064, INSERM , Nantes , France ; ITUN, Nantes Hospital , Nantes , France
| | - David-Axel Laplaud
- UMR 1064, INSERM , Nantes , France ; Department of Neurology, Nantes Hospital , Nantes , France ; Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM 004 , Nantes , France
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182
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Gold MC, Napier RJ, Lewinsohn DM. MR1-restricted mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:154-66. [PMID: 25703558 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and its human host have long co-evolved. Although the host cellular immune response is critical to the control of the bacterium information on the specific contribution of different immune cell subsets in humans is incomplete. Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a prevalent and unique T-cell population in humans with the capacity to detect intracellular infection with bacteria including Mtb. MAIT cells detect bacterially derived metabolites presented by the evolutionarily conserved major histocompatibility complex-like molecule MR1. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of this T-cell subset and address the potential roles for MR1-restricted T cells in the control, diagnosis, and therapy of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle C Gold
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; VA Portland Health Care System (VAPORHCS), Portland, OR, USA; Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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183
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Kwon YS, Jin HM, Cho YN, Kim MJ, Kang JH, Jung HJ, Park KJ, Kee HJ, Kee SJ, Park YW. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Deficiency in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. COPD 2015; 13:196-202. [PMID: 26552490 DOI: 10.3109/15412555.2015.1069806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have been reported to play an important role in mucosal immunity. However, little is known about the roles of MAIT cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aims of this study were to examine the levels of circulating MAIT cells and their subsets in COPD patients and to investigate the potential relationship between clinical parameters and MAIT cell levels. Forty-five COPD patients and 57 healthy control subjects were enrolled in the study. Circulating MAIT cells and their subset levels in the peripheral blood were measured by flow cytometry. Disease grades were classified according to the GOLD criteria for the assessment of severity of COPD. Circulating MAIT cell levels were found to be significantly reduced in COPD patients. In particular, this MAIT cell deficiency was more prominent in CD8+ and double-negative T cell subsets. Interestingly, elevated serum C-reactive protein level and reduced FEV1/FVC ratio were associated with MAIT cell deficiency in COPD patients. Furthermore, the circulating MAIT levels were found to be significantly lower in patients with moderate to severe COPD than in patients with mild COPD. Our data shows that MAIT cells are numerically deficient in the peripheral blood of patients with COPD. In addition, this MAIT cell deficiency was found to reflect inflammatory activity and disease severity. These findings provide important information for monitoring the changes in MAIT cell levels and for predicting the prognosis during the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Soo Kwon
- a Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Jin
- b Department of Rheumatology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Nan Cho
- b Department of Rheumatology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Ju Kim
- b Department of Rheumatology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Kang
- b Department of Rheumatology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Jung
- b Department of Rheumatology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jeong Park
- b Department of Rheumatology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jin Kee
- c Heart Research Center , Chonnam National University Hospital , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jung Kee
- d Department of Laboratory Medicine , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Wook Park
- b Department of Rheumatology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
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184
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Abstract
At least 2.8 million people die each year as a result of being overweight or obese, and the biggest burden being obesity-related diseases. Overweight and obesity account for a major proportion of type 2 diabetes (T2D) cases. Obesity is associated with inflammation in adipose tissue, namely an infiltration and expansion of macrophages, which produce inflammatory cytokines that interfere with insulin signaling, and a loss of protective cells that promote adipose homeostasis. Thus, it is now clear that inflammation is an underlying cause or contributor to T2D as well as many other obesity-induced diseases, including atherosclerosis and cancer. Inflammatory pathways contribute to impaired glucose handling by adipocytes, hepatocytes, and muscle cells and interfere with insulin production and insulin signaling. This review highlights the roles of the different immune populations in lean adipose tissue and their importance in tissue homeostasis to keep inflammation at bay. We also discuss the changes that occur in these immune cells during the development of obesity, which has detrimental effects on the health of adipose tissue, and local and systemic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Kohlgruber
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lydia Lynch
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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185
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Eckle SBG, Corbett AJ, Keller AN, Chen Z, Godfrey DI, Liu L, Mak JYW, Fairlie DP, Rossjohn J, McCluskey J. Recognition of Vitamin B Precursors and Byproducts by Mucosal Associated Invariant T Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30204-11. [PMID: 26468291 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.685990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is essential for metabolic functions and is synthesized by many bacteria, yeast, and plants, but not by mammals and other animals, which must acquire it from the diet. In mammals, modified pyrimidine intermediates from the microbial biosynthesis of riboflavin are recognized as signature biomarkers of microbial infection. This recognition occurs by specialized lymphocytes known as mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. The major histocompatibility class I-like antigen-presenting molecule, MR1, captures these pyrimidine intermediates, but only after their condensation with small molecules derived from glycolysis and other metabolic pathways to form short-lived antigens. The resulting MR1-Ag complexes are recognized by MAIT cell antigen receptors (αβ T cell receptors (TCRs)), and the subsequent MAIT cell immune responses are thought to protect the host from pathogens at mucosal surfaces. Here, we review our understanding of how these novel antigens are generated and discuss their interactions with MR1 and MAIT TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidonia B G Eckle
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and
| | - Andrew N Keller
- the Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia, and the Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia, and the Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and
| | - David P Fairlie
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia, and the Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- the Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, the Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - James McCluskey
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and
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186
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Van Rhijn I, Godfrey DI, Rossjohn J, Moody DB. Lipid and small-molecule display by CD1 and MR1. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:643-54. [PMID: 26388332 PMCID: PMC6944187 DOI: 10.1038/nri3889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The antigen-presenting molecules CD1 and MHC class I-related protein (MR1) display lipids and small molecules to T cells. The antigen display platforms in the four CD1 proteins are laterally asymmetrical, so that the T cell receptor (TCR)-binding surfaces are comprised of roofs and portals, rather than the long grooves seen in the MHC antigen-presenting molecules. TCRs can bind CD1 proteins with left-sided or right-sided footprints, creating unexpected modes of antigen recognition. The use of tetramers of human CD1a, CD1b, CD1c or MR1 proteins now allows detailed analysis of the human T cell repertoire, which has revealed new invariant TCRs that bind CD1b molecules and are different from those that define natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/chemistry
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/chemistry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Lipids/chemistry
- Lipids/immunology
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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187
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Held K, Beltrán E, Moser M, Hohlfeld R, Dornmair K. T-cell receptor repertoire of human peripheral CD161hiTRAV1-2+ MAIT cells revealed by next generation sequencing and single cell analysis. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:607-14. [PMID: 26382249 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a T-cell subset that expresses a conserved TRAV1-2 (Vα7.2) T-cell receptor (TCR) chain and the surface marker CD161. They are involved in the defence against microbes as they recognise small organic molecules of microbial origin that are presented by the non-classical MHC molecule 1 (MR1). MAIT cells express a semi-restricted TCR α chain with TRAV1-2 preferentially linked to TRAJ33, TRAJ12, or TRAJ20 which pairs with a limited set of β chains. To investigate the TCR repertoire of human CD161(hi)TRAV1-2(+) T cells in depth we analysed the α and β chains of this T-cell subset by next generation sequencing. Concomitantly we analysed 132 paired α and β chains from single cells to assess the αβ pairing preferences. We found that the CD161(hi)TRAV1-2(+) TCR repertoire in addition to the typical MAIT TCRs further contains polyclonal elements reminiscent of classical αβ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Held
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität Muenchen, Munich, Germany.
| | - Eduardo Beltrán
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Moser
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Dornmair
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
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188
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Abstract
The structure and amino acid diversity of the T-cell receptor (TCR), similar in nature to that of Fab portions of antibodies, would suggest that these proteins have a nearly infinite capacity to recognize antigen. Yet all currently defined native T cells expressing an α and β chain in their TCR can only sense antigen when presented in the context of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. This MHC molecule can be one of many that exist in vertebrates, presenting small peptide fragments, lipid molecules, or small molecule metabolites. Here we review the pattern of TCR recognition of MHC molecules throughout a broad sampling of species and T-cell lineages and also touch upon T cells that do not appear to require MHC presentation for their surveillance function. We review the diversity of MHC molecules and information on the corresponding T-cell lineages identified in divergent species. We also discuss TCRs with structural domains unlike that of conventional TCRs of mouse and human. By presenting this broad view of TCR sequence, structure, domain organization, and function, we seek to explore how this receptor has evolved across time and been selected for alternative antigen-recognition capabilities in divergent lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C. Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adrienne M. Luoma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erin J. Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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189
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Arming of MAIT Cell Cytolytic Antimicrobial Activity Is Induced by IL-7 and Defective in HIV-1 Infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005072. [PMID: 26295709 PMCID: PMC4546682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells represent a large innate-like evolutionarily conserved antimicrobial T-cell subset in humans. MAIT cells recognize microbial riboflavin metabolites from a range of microbes presented by MR1 molecules. MAIT cells are impaired in several chronic diseases including HIV-1 infection, where they show signs of exhaustion and decline numerically. Here, we examined the broader effector functions of MAIT cells in this context and strategies to rescue their functions. Residual MAIT cells from HIV-infected patients displayed aberrant baseline levels of cytolytic proteins, and failed to mobilize cytolytic molecules in response to bacterial antigen. In particular, the induction of granzyme B (GrzB) expression was profoundly defective. The functionally impaired MAIT cell population exhibited abnormal T-bet and Eomes expression patterns that correlated with the deficiency in cytotoxic capacity and cytokine production. Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) did not fully restore these aberrations. Interestingly, IL-7 was capable of arming resting MAIT cells from healthy donors into cytotoxic GrzB+ effector T cells capable of killing bacteria-infected cells and producing high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in an MR1-dependent fashion. Furthermore, IL-7 treatment enhanced the sensitivity of MAIT cells to detect low levels of bacteria. In HIV-infected patients, plasma IL-7 levels were positively correlated with MAIT cell numbers and function, and IL-7 treatment in vitro significantly restored MAIT cell effector functions even in the absence of ART. These results indicate that the cytolytic capacity in MAIT cells is severely defective in HIV-1 infected patients, and that the broad-based functional defect in these cells is associated with deficiency in critical transcription factors. Furthermore, IL-7 induces the arming of effector functions and enhances the sensitivity of MAIT cells, and may be considered in immunotherapeutic approaches to restore MAIT cells. The mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells recognize antigens that are byproducts of the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway shared by many microbes. These antigens are presented by the MHC class I-like MR1 molecules and trigger rapid activation of MAIT cells in an innate-like fashion with deployment of effector mechanisms including cytokine production and cytolysis. Here, we investigated the MAIT cell response to bacteria in humans infected with HIV-1, and possible means to restore functionality to these cells. MAIT cell dysfunction in HIV-infected patients included an inability to express components of the cytolytic effector machinery. Impairment of the MAIT cell population involved the loss of expression of the transcription factors T-bet and Eomes. Interestingly, IL-7 had strong effects on MAIT cells, including the antigen-independent arming of cytolytic function and enhanced sensitivity for low levels of bacteria. In HIV-infected patients, plasma IL-7 levels were positively associated with the size of the MAIT cell population, and IL-7 could rescue their function. These findings indicate that MAIT cell impairment in HIV-1 infection is broad-based, includes loss of critical transcription factors, and loss of cytolytic function. Furthermore, the data support the notion that IL-7 is a strong candidate for immunotherapy in diseases associated with MAIT cell loss.
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190
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Salio M, Cerundolo V. Regulation of Lipid Specific and Vitamin Specific Non-MHC Restricted T Cells by Antigen Presenting Cells and Their Therapeutic Potentials. Front Immunol 2015; 6:388. [PMID: 26284072 PMCID: PMC4517378 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since initial reports, more than 25 years ago, that T cells recognize lipids in the context on non-polymorphic CD1 molecules, our understanding of antigen presentation to non-peptide-specific T cell populations has deepened. It is now clear that αβ T cells bearing semi-invariant T cell receptor, as well as subsets of γδ T cells, recognize a variety of self and non-self lipids and contribute to shaping immune responses via cross talk with dendritic cells and B cells. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that small molecules derived from the microbial riboflavin biosynthetic pathway (vitamin B2) bind monomorphic MR1 molecules and activate mucosal-associated invariant T cells, another population of semi-invariant T cells. Novel insights in the biological relevance of non-peptide-specific T cells have emerged with the development of tetrameric CD1 and MR1 molecules, which has allowed accurate enumeration and functional analysis of CD1- and MR1-restricted T cells in humans and discovery of novel populations of semi-invariant T cells. The phenotype and function of non-peptide-specific T cells will be discussed in the context of the known distribution of CD1 and MR1 molecules by different subsets of antigen-presenting cells at steady state and following infection. Concurrent modulation of CD1 transcription and lipid biosynthetic pathways upon TLR stimulation, coupled with efficient lipid antigen processing, result in the increased cell surface expression of antigenic CD1-lipid complexes. Similarly, MR1 expression is almost undetectable in resting APC and it is upregulated following bacterial infection, likely due to stabilization of MR1 molecules by microbial antigens. The tight regulation of CD1 and MR1 expression at steady state and during infection may represent an important mechanism to limit autoreactivity, while promoting T cell responses to foreign antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariolina Salio
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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191
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Liuzzi AR, McLaren JE, Price DA, Eberl M. Early innate responses to pathogens: pattern recognition by unconventional human T-cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 36:31-7. [PMID: 26182978 PMCID: PMC4594761 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although typically viewed as a feature of innate immune responses, microbial pattern recognition is increasingly acknowledged as a function of particular cells nominally categorized within the adaptive immune system. Groundbreaking research over the past three years has shown how unconventional human T-cells carrying invariant or semi-invariant TCRs that are not restricted by classical MHC molecules sense microbial compounds via entirely novel antigen presenting pathways. This review will focus on the innate-like recognition of non-self metabolites by Vγ9/Vδ2 T-cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and germline-encoded mycolyl-reactive (GEM) T-cells, with an emphasis on early immune responses in acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Liuzzi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James E McLaren
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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192
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Napier RJ, Adams EJ, Gold MC, Lewinsohn DM. The Role of Mucosal Associated Invariant T Cells in Antimicrobial Immunity. Front Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26217338 PMCID: PMC4492155 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an innate-like T cell subset prevalent in humans and distributed throughout the blood and mucosal sites. Human MAIT cells are defined by the expression of the semi-invariant TCRα chain TRAV1-2/TRAJ12/20/33 and are restricted by the non-polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like molecule, MHC-related protein 1, MR1. MAIT cells are activated by small organic molecules, derived from the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway of bacteria and fungi, presented by MR1. Traditionally, MAIT cells were thought to recognize a limited number of antigens due to usage of an invariant TCRα chain and restriction by a non-polymorphic MHC molecule. However, recent studies demonstrate that the TCR repertoire of MAIT cells is more heterogeneous, suggesting there is a more diverse array of MR1 antigens that MAIT cells can recognize. In response to infected cells, MAIT cells produce the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IFN-γ and TNF, and are cytolytic. Studies performed in MR1-deficient mice suggest that MAIT cells can provide anti-bacterial control within the first few days post-infection, as well as contribute to enhanced adaptive immunity in murine models of respiratory infections. In humans, the role of MAIT cells is unclear; however, evidence points to interplay between MAIT cells and microbial infections, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Given that MAIT cells are pro-inflammatory, serve in early control of bacterial infections, and appear enriched at tissue sites where microbes interface and gain access to the body, we postulate that they play an important role in antimicrobial immune responses. In this review, we discuss the most recent studies on the function and phenotype of MAIT cells, including their TCR diversity and antigenic repertoire, with a focus on the contribution of human MAIT cells in the immune response to microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth J Napier
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR , USA
| | | | - Marielle C Gold
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR , USA ; VA Portland Health Care System (VAPORHCS) , Portland, OR , USA ; Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR , USA
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR , USA ; VA Portland Health Care System (VAPORHCS) , Portland, OR , USA ; Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR , USA
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193
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Rahimpour A, Koay HF, Enders A, Clanchy R, Eckle SBG, Meehan B, Chen Z, Whittle B, Liu L, Fairlie DP, Goodnow CC, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J, Uldrich AP, Pellicci DG, Godfrey DI. Identification of phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous mouse mucosal-associated invariant T cells using MR1 tetramers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1095-108. [PMID: 26101265 PMCID: PMC4493408 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20142110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rahimpour et al. use MR1 tetramers to characterize the heterogeneous population of mouse MAIT cells and find a close resemblance to their human counterparts. These findings will provide the foundation for further investigation of MAIT cells in health and disease. Studies on the biology of mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) in mice have been hampered by a lack of specific reagents. Using MR1-antigen (Ag) tetramers that specifically bind to the MR1-restricted MAIT T cell receptors (TCRs), we demonstrate that MAIT cells are detectable in a broad range of tissues in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. These cells include CD4−CD8−, CD4−CD8+, and CD4+CD8− subsets, and their frequency varies in a tissue- and strain-specific manner. Mouse MAIT cells have a CD44hiCD62Llo memory phenotype and produce high levels of IL-17A, whereas other cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and GM-CSF, are produced at low to moderate levels. Consistent with high IL-17A production, most MAIT cells express high levels of retinoic acid–related orphan receptor γt (RORγt), whereas RORγtlo MAIT cells predominantly express T-bet and produce IFN-γ. Most MAIT cells express the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) transcription factor, and their development is largely PLZF dependent. These observations contrast with previous reports that MAIT cells from Vα19 TCR transgenic mice are PLZF− and express a naive CD44lo phenotype. Accordingly, MAIT cells from normal mice more closely resemble human MAIT cells than previously appreciated, and this provides the foundation for further investigations of these cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azad Rahimpour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hui Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anselm Enders
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Australian Phenomics Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Rhiannon Clanchy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sidonia B G Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Meehan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Belinda Whittle
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Australian Phenomics Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Chris C Goodnow
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Australian Phenomics Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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194
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Sakala IG, Kjer-Nielsen L, Eickhoff CS, Wang X, Blazevic A, Liu L, Fairlie DP, Rossjohn J, McCluskey J, Fremont DH, Hansen TH, Hoft DF. Functional Heterogeneity and Antimycobacterial Effects of Mouse Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells Specific for Riboflavin Metabolites. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:587-601. [PMID: 26063000 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have a semi-invariant TCR Vα-chain, and their optimal development is dependent upon commensal flora and expression of the nonpolymorphic MHC class I-like molecule MR1. MAIT cells are activated in an MR1-restricted manner by diverse strains of bacteria and yeast, suggesting a widely shared Ag. Recently, human and mouse MR1 were found to bind bacterial riboflavin metabolites (ribityllumazine [RL] Ags) capable of activating MAIT cells. In this study, we used MR1/RL tetramers to study MR1 dependency, subset heterogeneity, and protective effector functions important for tuberculosis immunity. Although tetramer(+) cells were detected in both MR1(+/+) and MR1(-/-) TCR Vα19i-transgenic (Tg) mice, MR1 expression resulted in significantly increased tetramer(+) cells coexpressing TCR Vβ6/8, NK1.1, CD44, and CD69 that displayed more robust in vitro responses to IL-12 plus IL-18 and RL Ag, indicating that MR1 is necessary for the optimal development of the classic murine MAIT cell memory/effector subset. In addition, tetramer(+) MAIT cells expressing CD4, CD8, or neither developing in MR1(+/+) Vα19i-Tg mice had disparate cytokine profiles in response to RL Ag. Therefore, murine MAIT cells are considerably more heterogeneous than previously thought. Most notably, after mycobacterial pulmonary infection, heterogeneous subsets of tetramer(+) Vα19i-Tg MAIT cells expressing CXCR3 and α4β1 were recruited into the lungs and afforded early protection. In addition, Vα19iCα(-/-)MR(+/+) mice were significantly better protected than were Vα19iCα(-/-)MR1(-/-), wild-type, and MR1(-/-) non-Tg mice. Overall, we demonstrate considerable functional diversity of MAIT cell responses, as well as that MR1-restricted MAIT cells are important for tuberculosis protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac G Sakala
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110;
| | - Lars Kjer-Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christopher S Eickhoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Azra Blazevic
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800 Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Ted H Hansen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110;
| | - Daniel F Hoft
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104
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195
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Guo T, Chamoto K, Hirano N. Adoptive T Cell Therapy Targeting CD1 and MR1. Front Immunol 2015; 6:247. [PMID: 26052329 PMCID: PMC4440381 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell immunotherapy has demonstrated clinically relevant efficacy in treating malignant and infectious diseases. However, much of these therapies have been focused on enhancing, or generating de novo, effector functions of conventional T cells recognizing HLA molecules. Given the heterogeneity of HLA alleles, mismatched patients are ineligible for current HLA-restricted adoptive T cell therapies. CD1 and MR1 are class I-like monomorphic molecules and their restricted T cells possess unique T cell receptor specificity against entirely different classes of antigens. CD1 and MR1 molecules present lipid and vitamin B metabolite antigens, respectively, and offer a new front of targets for T cell therapies. This review will cover the recent progress in the basic research of CD1, MR1, and their restricted T cells that possess translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxi Guo
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Kenji Chamoto
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Naoto Hirano
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, ON , Canada
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196
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Attaf M, Legut M, Cole DK, Sewell AK. The T cell antigen receptor: the Swiss army knife of the immune system. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 181:1-18. [PMID: 25753381 PMCID: PMC4469151 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian T cell receptor (TCR) orchestrates immunity by responding to many billions of different ligands that it has never encountered before and cannot adapt to at the protein sequence level. This remarkable receptor exists in two main heterodimeric isoforms: αβ TCR and γδ TCR. The αβ TCR is expressed on the majority of peripheral T cells. Most αβ T cells recognize peptides, derived from degraded proteins, presented at the cell surface in molecular cradles called major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Recent reports have described other αβ T cell subsets. These 'unconventional' T cells bear TCRs that are capable of recognizing lipid ligands presented in the context of the MHC-like CD1 protein family or bacterial metabolites bound to the MHC-related protein 1 (MR1). γδ T cells constitute a minority of the T cell pool in human blood, but can represent up to half of total T cells in tissues such as the gut and skin. The identity of the preferred ligands for γδ T cells remains obscure, but it is now known that this receptor can also functionally engage CD1-lipid, or immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily proteins called butyrophilins in the presence of pyrophosphate intermediates of bacterial lipid biosynthesis. Interactions between TCRs and these ligands allow the host to discriminate between self and non-self and co-ordinate an attack on the latter. Here, we describe how cells of the T lymphocyte lineage and their antigen receptors are generated and discuss the various modes of antigen recognition by these extraordinarily versatile receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Attaf
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Legut
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - D K Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - A K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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197
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Held K, Bhonsle-Deeng L, Siewert K, Sato W, Beltrán E, Schmidt S, Rühl G, Ng JKM, Engerer P, Moser M, Klinkert WEF, Babbe H, Misgeld T, Wekerle H, Laplaud DA, Hohlfeld R, Dornmair K. αβ T-cell receptors from multiple sclerosis brain lesions show MAIT cell-related features. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2015; 2:e107. [PMID: 25977934 PMCID: PMC4426681 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To characterize phenotypes of T cells that accumulated in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions, to compare the lesional T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of T-cell subsets to peripheral blood, and to identify paired α and β chains from single CD8+ T cells from an index patient who we followed for 18 years. Methods: We combined immunohistochemistry, laser microdissection, and single-cell multiplex PCR to characterize T-cell subtypes and identify paired TCRα and TCRβ chains from individual brain-infiltrating T cells in frozen brain sections. The lesional and peripheral TCR repertoires were analyzed by pyrosequencing. Results: We found that a TCR Vβ1+ T-cell population that was strikingly expanded in active brain lesions at clinical onset comprises several subclones expressing distinct yet closely related Vα7.2+ α chains, including a canonical Vα7.2-Jα33 chain of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. Three other α chains bear striking similarities in their antigen-recognizing, hypervariable complementarity determining region 3. Longitudinal repertoire studies revealed that the TCR chains that were massively expanded in brain at onset persisted for several years in blood or CSF but subsequently disappeared except for the canonical Vα7.2+ MAIT cell and a few other TCR sequences that were still detectable in blood after 18 years. Conclusions: Our observation that a massively expanded TCR Vβ1-Jβ2.3 chain paired with distinct yet closely related canonical or atypical MAIT cell–related α chains strongly points to an antigen-driven process in early active MS brain lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Held
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Latika Bhonsle-Deeng
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Katherina Siewert
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Wakiro Sato
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Eduardo Beltrán
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Geraldine Rühl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Judy K M Ng
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Peter Engerer
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Markus Moser
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Wolfgang E F Klinkert
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Holger Babbe
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Hartmut Wekerle
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - David-Axel Laplaud
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Klaus Dornmair
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
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Soudais C, Samassa F, Sarkis M, Le Bourhis L, Bessoles S, Blanot D, Hervé M, Schmidt F, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Lantz O. In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis of the Gram-Negative Bacteria-Derived Riboflavin Precursor Derivatives Activating Mouse MAIT Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4641-9. [PMID: 25870247 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells recognize microbial compounds presented by the MHC-related 1 (MR1) protein. Although riboflavin precursor derivatives from Gram-positive bacteria have been characterized, some level of ligand heterogeneity has been suggested through the analysis of the MAIT cell TCR repertoire in humans and differential reactivity of human MAIT cell clones according to the bacteria. In this study, using Gram-negative bacteria mutated for the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway, we show a strict correlation between the ability to synthesize the 5-amino-ribityl-uracil riboflavin precursor and to activate polyclonal and quasi-monoclonal mouse MAIT cells. To our knowledge, we show for the first time that the semipurified bacterial fraction and the synthetic ligand activate murine MAIT cells in vitro and in vivo. We describe new MR1 ligands that do not activate MAIT cells but compete with bacterial and synthetic compounds activating MAIT cells, providing the capacity to modulate MAIT cell activation. Through competition experiments, we show that the most active synthetic MAIT cell ligand displays the same functional avidity for MR1 as does the microbial compound. Altogether, these results show that most, if not all, MAIT cell ligands found in Escherichia coli are related to the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway and display very limited heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manal Sarkis
- INSERM U932, Paris 75005, France; Département de Chimie, Institut Curie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 176, Paris 75005, France
| | | | | | - Didier Blanot
- Laboratoire des Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, Institut de Biochimie et Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8619, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Mireille Hervé
- Laboratoire des Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, Institut de Biochimie et Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8619, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Frédéric Schmidt
- Département de Chimie, Institut Curie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 176, Paris 75005, France
| | - Dominique Mengin-Lecreulx
- Laboratoire des Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, Institut de Biochimie et Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8619, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Olivier Lantz
- INSERM U932, Paris 75005, France; Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, Paris 75005, France; and Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CICBT507 IGR/Curie, Paris 75005, France
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199
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Mucosal-associated invariant T cells are numerically and functionally deficient in patients with mycobacterial infection and reflect disease activity. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:267-74. [PMID: 25837440 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells contribute to protection against certain microorganism infections. The aims of this study were to examine the levels of MAIT cells in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) lung disease patients, to evaluate the clinical relevance of MAIT cell levels, and to investigate the functions of MAIT cells. Patients with pulmonary TB (n = 35), NTM (n = 29), and healthy controls (n = 75) were enrolled in the study. MAIT cell levels and functions were measured by flow cytometry. Circluating MAIT cell levels were found to be reduced in TB and NTM patients. MAIT cell deficiency reflects a variety of clinical conditions. In particular, MAIT cell numbers were significantly correlated with sputum AFB positivity, extent of disease, hemoglobin levels, lymphocyte counts, CRP and ESR levels. MAIT cells in TB patients failed to produce interferon-γ irrespective of the mode of stimulation, whereas NTM patients displayed a defect in MR1-dependent signaling pathway. Notably, an elevated expression of programmed death-1 was also associated with MAIT cell deficiency in TB. This study shows that MAIT cells are numerically and functionally deficient in TB and NTM patients and these deficiencies could contribute to immune system dysreguation in mycobacterial infection.
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200
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Magalhaes I, Pingris K, Poitou C, Bessoles S, Venteclef N, Kiaf B, Beaudoin L, Da Silva J, Allatif O, Rossjohn J, Kjer-Nielsen L, McCluskey J, Ledoux S, Genser L, Torcivia A, Soudais C, Lantz O, Boitard C, Aron-Wisnewsky J, Larger E, Clément K, Lehuen A. Mucosal-associated invariant T cell alterations in obese and type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1752-62. [PMID: 25751065 DOI: 10.1172/jci78941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with low-grade inflammation, activation of immune cells, and alterations of the gut microbiota. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, which are innate-like T cells that recognize bacterial ligands, are present in blood and enriched in mucosal and inflamed tissues. Here, we analyzed MAIT cells in the blood and adipose tissues of patients with T2D and/or severe obesity. We determined that circulating MAIT cell frequency was dramatically decreased in both patient groups, and this population was even undetectable in some obese patients. Moreover, in both patient groups, circulating MAIT cells displayed an activated phenotype that was associated with elevated Th1 and Th17 cytokine production. In obese patients, MAIT cells were more abundant in adipose tissue than in the blood and exhibited a striking IL-17 profile. Bariatric surgery in obese patients not only improved their metabolic parameters but also increased circulating MAIT cell frequency at 3 months after surgery. Similarly, cytokine production by blood MAIT cells was strongly decreased after surgery. This study reveals profound MAIT cell abnormalities in patients harboring metabolic disorders, suggesting their potential role in these pathologies.
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