151
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Osborn JF, Mooster JL, Hobbs SJ, Munks MW, Barry C, Harty JT, Hill AB, Nolz JC. Enzymatic synthesis of core 2 O-glycans governs the tissue-trafficking potential of memory CD8 + T cells. Sci Immunol 2018; 2:2/16/eaan6049. [PMID: 29030501 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aan6049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Trafficking of memory CD8+ T cells out of the circulation is essential to provide protective immunity against intracellular pathogens in nonlymphoid tissues. However, the molecular mechanisms that dictate the trafficking potential of diverse memory CD8+ T cell populations are not completely defined. We show that after infection or inflammatory challenge, central memory (TCM) CD8+ T cells rapidly traffic into nonlymphoid tissues, whereas most effector memory cells remain in the circulation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that cellular migration of memory CD8+ T cells into nonlymphoid tissues is driven by interleukin-15 (IL-15)-stimulated enzymatic synthesis of core 2 O-glycans, which generates functional ligands for E- and P-selectins. Given that IL-15-stimulated expression of glycosyltransferase enzymes is largely a feature of TCM CD8+ T cells, this allows TCM to selectively migrate out of the circulation and into nonlymphoid tissues. Collectively, our data indicate that entry of memory CD8+ T cells into inflamed, nonlymphoid tissues is primarily restricted to TCM cells that have the capacity to synthesize core 2 O-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jossef F Osborn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jana L Mooster
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Samuel J Hobbs
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Michael W Munks
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Conrad Barry
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ann B Hill
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Nolz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA. .,Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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152
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Badolato‐Corrêa J, Sánchez‐Arcila JC, Alves de Souza TM, Santos Barbosa L, Conrado Guerra Nunes P, da Rocha Queiroz Lima M, Gandini M, Bispo de Filippis AM, Venâncio da Cunha R, Leal de Azeredo E, de‐Oliveira‐Pinto LM. Human T cell responses to Dengue and Zika virus infection compared to Dengue/Zika coinfection. Immun Inflamm Dis 2018; 6:194-206. [PMID: 29282904 PMCID: PMC5946158 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) co-circulated during latest outbreaks in Brazil, hence, it is important to evaluate the host cross-reactive immune responses to these viruses. So far, little is known about human T cell responses to ZIKV and no reports detail adaptive immune responses during DENV/ZIKV coinfection. METHODS Here, we studied T cells responses in well-characterized groups of DENV, ZIKV, or DENV/ZIKV infected patients and DENV-exposed healthy donors. We evaluated chemokine receptors expression and single/multifunctional frequencies of IFNγ, TNF, and IL2-producing T cells during these infections. Even without antigenic stimulation, it was possible to detect chemokine receptors and IFNγ, TNF, and IL2-producing T cells from all individuals by flow cytometry. Additionally, PBMCs' IFNγ response to DENV NS1 protein and to polyclonal stimuli was evaluated by ELISPOT. RESULTS DENV and ZIKV infections and DENV/ZIKV coinfections similarly induced expression of CCR5, CX3CR1, and CXCR3 on CD4 and CD8 T cells. DENV/ZIKV coinfection decreased the ability of CD4+ T cells to produce IFNγ+ , TNF+ , TNF + IFNγ+ , and TNF + IL2+ , compared to DENV and ZIKV infections. A higher magnitude of IFNγ response to DENV NS1 was found in donors with a history of dengue infection, however, a hyporesponsiveness was found in acute DENV, ZIKV, or DENV/ZIKV infected patients, even previously infected with DENV. CONCLUSION Therefore, we emphasize the potential impact of coinfection on the immune response from human hosts, mainly in areas where DENV and ZIKV cocirculate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Badolato‐Corrêa
- Laboratory of Viral ImmunologyFundação Oswaldo CruzInstituto Oswaldo CruzRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | | | | | - Luciana Santos Barbosa
- Laboratory of Viral ImmunologyFundação Oswaldo CruzInstituto Oswaldo CruzRio de JaneiroBrazil
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Paediatrics and Puericulture Martagão Gesteira (IPPMG)Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | | | | | - Mariana Gandini
- Laboratory of Cellular MicrobiologyFundação Oswaldo CruzInstituto Oswaldo CruzRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | | | - Rivaldo Venâncio da Cunha
- Department of Clinical MedicineUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso do SulBrazil
- Fundação Oswaldo CruzCampo GrandeMato Grosso do SulBrazil
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153
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Drobek A, Moudra A, Mueller D, Huranova M, Horkova V, Pribikova M, Ivanek R, Oberle S, Zehn D, McCoy KD, Draber P, Stepanek O. Strong homeostatic TCR signals induce formation of self-tolerant virtual memory CD8 T cells. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798518. [PMID: 29752423 PMCID: PMC6043851 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual memory T cells are foreign antigen‐inexperienced T cells that have acquired memory‐like phenotype and constitute 10–20% of all peripheral CD8+ T cells in mice. Their origin, biological roles, and relationship to naïve and foreign antigen‐experienced memory T cells are incompletely understood. By analyzing T‐cell receptor repertoires and using retrogenic monoclonal T‐cell populations, we demonstrate that the virtual memory T‐cell formation is a so far unappreciated cell fate decision checkpoint. We describe two molecular mechanisms driving the formation of virtual memory T cells. First, virtual memory T cells originate exclusively from strongly self‐reactive T cells. Second, the stoichiometry of the CD8 interaction with Lck regulates the size of the virtual memory T‐cell compartment via modulating the self‐reactivity of individual T cells. Although virtual memory T cells descend from the highly self‐reactive clones and acquire a partial memory program, they are not more potent in inducing experimental autoimmune diabetes than naïve T cells. These data underline the importance of the variable level of self‐reactivity in polyclonal T cells for the generation of functional T‐cell diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Drobek
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Moudra
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Mueller
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martina Huranova
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Horkova
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Pribikova
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Ivanek
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Oberle
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Kathy D McCoy
- Department of Clinical Research (DKF), Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Draber
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Stepanek
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic .,Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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154
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Abstract
Memory inflation, as a term, has been used for 15 years now to describe the longitudinal development of stable, expanded CD8+ T memory pools with a distinct phenotype and functional profile which emerge in specific infection and vaccine settings. These settings have in common the persistence of antigen, especially cytomegalovirus infection but also more recently adenoviral vector vaccination. However, in contrast to chronic infections which lead to "exhaustion" the repeated antigen encounters experienced by CD8+ T cells lead to development of a robust T-cell population structure which maintains functionality and size. In this review, I will discuss how the ideas around this form of memory have evolved over time and some new models which can help explain how these populations are induced and sustained. These models are relevant to immunity against persistent viruses, to novel vaccine strategies and to concepts about aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research and Translational Gastroenterology UnitUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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155
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Yan Y, Cao S, Liu X, Harrington SM, Bindeman WE, Adjei AA, Jang JS, Jen J, Li Y, Chanana P, Mansfield AS, Park SS, Markovic SN, Dronca RS, Dong H. CX3CR1 identifies PD-1 therapy-responsive CD8+ T cells that withstand chemotherapy during cancer chemoimmunotherapy. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97828. [PMID: 29669928 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although immune checkpoint inhibitors have resulted in durable clinical benefits in a subset of patients with advanced cancer, some patients who did not respond to initial anti-PD-1 therapy have been found to benefit from the addition of salvage chemotherapy. However, the mechanism responsible for the successful chemoimmunotherapy is not completely understood. Here we show that a subset of circulating CD8+ T cells expressing the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 are able to withstand the toxicity of chemotherapy and are increased in patients with metastatic melanoma who responded to chemoimmunotherapy (paclitaxel and carboplatin plus PD-1 blockade). These CX3CR1+CD8+ T cells have effector memory phenotypes and the ability to efflux chemotherapy drugs via the ABCB1 transporter. In line with clinical observation, our preclinical models identified an optimal sequencing of chemoimmunotherapy that resulted in an increase of CX3CR1+CD8+ T cells. Taken together, we found a subset of PD-1 therapy-responsive CD8+ T cells that were capable of withstanding chemotherapy and executing tumor rejection with their unique abilities of drug efflux (ABCB1), cytolytic activity (granzyme B and perforin), and migration to and retention (CX3CR1 and CD11a) at tumor sites. Future strategies to monitor and increase the frequency of CX3CR1+CD8+ T cells may help to design effective chemoimmunotherapy to overcome cancer resistance to immune checkpoint blockade therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alex A Adjei
- Division of Medical Oncology.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center Early Therapeutic Program
| | | | - Jin Jen
- Mayo Clinic Center of Individualized Medicine
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Haidong Dong
- Department of Urology.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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156
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Gordon CL, Lee LN, Swadling L, Hutchings C, Zinser M, Highton AJ, Capone S, Folgori A, Barnes E, Klenerman P. Induction and Maintenance of CX3CR1-Intermediate Peripheral Memory CD8 + T Cells by Persistent Viruses and Vaccines. Cell Rep 2018; 23:768-782. [PMID: 29669283 PMCID: PMC5917822 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction and maintenance of T cell memory is critical to the success of vaccines. A recently described subset of memory CD8+ T cells defined by intermediate expression of the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 was shown to have self-renewal, proliferative, and tissue-surveillance properties relevant to vaccine-induced memory. We tracked these cells when memory is sustained at high levels: memory inflation induced by cytomegalovirus (CMV) and adenovirus-vectored vaccines. In mice, both CMV and vaccine-induced inflationary T cells showed sustained high levels of CX3R1int cells exhibiting an effector-memory phenotype, characteristic of inflationary pools, in early memory. In humans, CX3CR1int CD8+ T cells were strongly induced following adenovirus-vectored vaccination for hepatitis C virus (HCV) (ChAd3-NSmut) and during natural CMV infection and were associated with a memory phenotype similar to that in mice. These data indicate that CX3CR1int cells form an important component of the memory pool in response to persistent viruses and vaccines in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Louse Gordon
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 3SY, UK
| | - Lian Ni Lee
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 3SY, UK
| | - Leo Swadling
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 3SY, UK
| | - Claire Hutchings
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 3SY, UK
| | - Madeleine Zinser
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 3SY, UK
| | - Andrew John Highton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 3SY, UK
| | - Stefania Capone
- Reithera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Folgori
- Reithera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 3SY, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 3SY, UK.
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157
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Desai P, Tahiliani V, Hutchinson TE, Dastmalchi F, Stanfield J, Abboud G, Thomas PG, Ware CF, Song J, Croft M, Salek-Ardakani S. The TNF Superfamily Molecule LIGHT Promotes the Generation of Circulating and Lung-Resident Memory CD8 T Cells following an Acute Respiratory Virus Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:2894-2904. [PMID: 29514949 PMCID: PMC5893426 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The transition of effector T cells or memory precursors into distinct long-lived memory T cell subsets is not well understood. Although many molecules made by APCs can contribute to clonal expansion and effector cell differentiation, it is not clear if clonal contraction and memory development is passive or active. Using respiratory virus infection, we found that CD8 T cells that cannot express the TNF family molecule lymphotoxin-like, exhibits inducible expression, competes with HSV glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes (LIGHT) are unimpaired in their initial response and clonally expand to form effector cell pools. Thereafter, LIGHT-deficient CD8 T cells undergo strikingly enhanced clonal contraction with resultant compromised accumulation of both circulating and tissue-resident memory cells. LIGHT expression at the peak of the effector response regulates the balance of several pro- and antiapoptotic genes, including Akt, and has a preferential impact on the development of the peripheral memory population. These results underscore the importance of LIGHT activity in programming memory CD8 T cell development, and suggest that CD8 effector T cells can dictate their own fate into becoming memory cells by expressing LIGHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritesh Desai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Vikas Tahiliani
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Tarun E Hutchinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Farhad Dastmalchi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Jessica Stanfield
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Georges Abboud
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Carl F Ware
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Michael Croft
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Shahram Salek-Ardakani
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610;
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158
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Herndler-Brandstetter D, Ishigame H, Shinnakasu R, Plajer V, Stecher C, Zhao J, Lietzenmayer M, Kroehling L, Takumi A, Kometani K, Inoue T, Kluger Y, Kaech SM, Kurosaki T, Okada T, Flavell RA. KLRG1 + Effector CD8 + T Cells Lose KLRG1, Differentiate into All Memory T Cell Lineages, and Convey Enhanced Protective Immunity. Immunity 2018; 48:716-729.e8. [PMID: 29625895 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protective immunity against pathogens depends on the efficient generation of functionally diverse effector and memory T lymphocytes. However, whether plasticity during effector-to-memory CD8+ T cell differentiation affects memory lineage specification and functional versatility remains unclear. Using genetic fate mapping analysis of highly cytotoxic KLRG1+ effector CD8+ T cells, we demonstrated that KLRG1+ cells receiving intermediate amounts of activating and inflammatory signals downregulated KLRG1 during the contraction phase in a Bach2-dependent manner and differentiated into all memory T cell linages, including CX3CR1int peripheral memory cells and tissue-resident memory cells. "ExKLRG1" memory cells retained high cytotoxic and proliferative capacity distinct from other populations, which contributed to effective anti-influenza and anti-tumor immunity. Our work demonstrates that developmental plasticity of KLRG1+ effector CD8+ T cells is important in promoting functionally versatile memory cells and long-term protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harumichi Ishigame
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Ryo Shinnakasu
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Valerie Plajer
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Carmen Stecher
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Melanie Lietzenmayer
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lina Kroehling
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Akiko Takumi
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kohei Kometani
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Applied Mathematics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takaharu Okada
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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159
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Sau S, Alsaab HO, Bhise K, Alzhrani R, Nabil G, Iyer AK. Multifunctional nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy: A groundbreaking approach for reprogramming malfunctioned tumor environment. J Control Release 2018; 274:24-34. [PMID: 29391232 PMCID: PMC5847475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Several cancer immunotherapy approaches have been recently introduced into the clinics and they have shown remarkable therapeutic potentials. The groundbreaking cancer immunotherapeutic agents function as a stimulant or modulator of the body immune system to fight against or kill cancers. Although targeted immunotherapies such as immune check point inhibitors (CTLA-4 or PD-1/PD-L1), DNA vaccination and CAR-T therapy are revolutionizing cancer treatment, the delivery efficacy can be further improved while their off-target toxicity can be mitigated through nanotechnology approaches. Recent research has demonstrated that nanotechnology has multifaceted role for (i) reeducating tumor associated macrophages (TAM) to function as tumor suppressor agent, (ii) serving as an efficient alternative for Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cell generation and transduction, and (iii) selective knockdown of Kras oncogene addiction by nano-Crisper-Cas9 delivery system. The function of host immune stimulatory signals and tumor immunotherapies can further be improved by repurposing of nanomedicine platform. This review summarizes the role of multifunctional polymeric, lipid, metallic and cell based nanoparticles for improving current immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaresh Sau
- Use-inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 259 Mack Ave, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Hashem O Alsaab
- Use-inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 259 Mack Ave, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Taif University, Taif 26571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ketki Bhise
- Use-inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 259 Mack Ave, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Rami Alzhrani
- Use-inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 259 Mack Ave, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Taif University, Taif 26571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghazal Nabil
- Use-inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 259 Mack Ave, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Arun K Iyer
- Use-inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 259 Mack Ave, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Molecular Imaging Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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160
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TRPM2 Channel Aggravates CNS Inflammation and Cognitive Impairment via Activation of Microglia in Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion. J Neurosci 2018; 38:3520-3533. [PMID: 29507145 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2451-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is a characteristic seen in widespread CNS diseases, including neurodegenerative and mental disorders, and is commonly accompanied by cognitive impairment. Recently, several studies demonstrated that chronic cerebral hypoperfusion can induce the excessive inflammatory responses that precede neuronal dysfunction; however, the precise mechanism of cognitive impairment due to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion remains unknown. Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a Ca2+-permeable channel that is abundantly expressed in immune cells and is involved in aggravation of inflammatory responses. Therefore, we investigated the pathophysiological role of TRPM2 in a mouse chronic cerebral hypoperfusion model with bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS). When male mice were subjected to BCAS, cognitive dysfunction and white matter injury at day 28 were significantly improved in TRPM2 knock-out (TRPM2-KO) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice, whereas hippocampal damage was not observed. There were no differences in blood-brain barrier breakdown and H2O2 production between the two genotypes at 14 and 28 d after BCAS. Cytokine production was significantly suppressed in BCAS-operated TRPM2-KO mice compared with WT mice at day 28. In addition, the number of Iba1-positive cells gradually decreased from day 14. Moreover, daily treatment with minocycline significantly improved cognitive perturbation. Surgical techniques using bone marrow chimeric mice revealed that activated Iba1-positive cells in white matter could be brain-resident microglia, not peripheral macrophages. Together, these findings suggest that microglia contribute to the aggravation of cognitive impairment by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, and that TRPM2 may be a potential target for chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-related disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is manifested in a wide variety of CNS diseases, including neurodegenerative and mental disorders that are accompanied by cognitive impairment; however, the underlying mechanisms require clarification. Here, we used a chronic cerebral hypoperfusion mouse model to investigate whether TRPM2, a Ca2+-permeable cation channel highly expressed in immune cells, plays a destructive role in the development of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced cognitive impairment, and propose a new hypothesis in which TRPM2-mediated activation of microglia, not macrophages, specifically contributes to the pathology through the aggravation of inflammatory responses. These findings shed light on the understanding of the mechanisms of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-related inflammation, and are expected to provide a novel therapeutic molecule for cognitive impairment in CNS diseases.
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161
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Jameson SC, Masopust D. Understanding Subset Diversity in T Cell Memory. Immunity 2018; 48:214-226. [PMID: 29466754 PMCID: PMC5863745 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Considerable advances have been made in recent years in understanding the generation and function of memory T cells. Memory T cells are typically parsed into discreet subsets based on phenotypic definitions that connote distinct roles in immunity. Here we consider new developments in the field and focus on how emerging differences between memory cells with respect to their trafficking, metabolism, epigenetic regulation, and longevity may fail to fit into small groups of "memory subsets." Rather, the properties of individual memory T cells fall on a continuum within each of these and other parameters. We discuss how this continuum influences the way that the efficacy of vaccination is assessed, as well as the suitability of a memory population for protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Jameson
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
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162
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Wang Q, Pan W, Liu Y, Luo J, Zhu D, Lu Y, Feng X, Yang X, Dittmer U, Lu M, Yang D, Liu J. Hepatitis B Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells Maintain Functional Exhaustion after Antigen Reexposure in an Acute Activation Immune Environment. Front Immunol 2018; 9:219. [PMID: 29483916 PMCID: PMC5816053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is characterized by the presence of functionally exhausted HBV-specific CD8+ T cells. To characterize the possible residual effector ability of these cells, we reexposed CD8+ T cells from chronically HBV replicating mice to HBV antigens in an acute activation immune environment. We found that after transfer into naive mice, exhausted CD8+ T cells reexpanded in a comparable magnitude as naive CD8+ T cells in response to acute HBV infection; however, their proliferation intensity was significantly lower than that of CD8+ T cells from acute-resolving HBV replicating mice (AR mice). The differentiation phenotypes driven by acute HBV replication of donor exhausted and naive CD8+ T cells were similar, but were different from those of their counterparts from AR mice. Nevertheless, exhausted CD8+ T cells maintained less activated phenotype, an absence of effector cytokine production and poor antiviral function after HBV reexposure in an acute activation immune environment. We thus conclude that exhausted CD8+ T cells undergo a stable form of dysfunctional differentiation during chronic HBV replication and switching immune environment alone is not sufficient for the antiviral functional reconstitution of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinzhuo Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinping Lu
- Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuemei Feng
- Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuecheng Yang
- Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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163
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Reagin KL, Klonowski KD. Incomplete Memories: The Natural Suppression of Tissue-Resident Memory CD8 T Cells in the Lung. Front Immunol 2018; 9:17. [PMID: 29403499 PMCID: PMC5786534 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The yearly, cyclic impact of viruses like influenza on human health and the economy is due to the high rates of mutation of traditional antibody targets, which negate any preexisting humoral immunity. However, the seasonality of influenza infections can equally be attributed to an absent or defective memory CD8 T cell response since the epitopes recognized by these cells are derived from essential virus proteins that mutate infrequently. Experiments in mouse models show that protection from heterologous influenza infection is temporally limited and conferred by a population of tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells residing in the lung and lung airways. TRM are elicited by a diverse set of pathogens penetrating mucosal barriers and broadly identified by extravascular staining and expression of the activation and adhesion molecules CD69 and CD103. Interestingly, lung TRM fail to express these molecules, which could limit tissue retention, resulting in airway expulsion or death with concomitant loss of heterologous protection. Here, we make the case that respiratory infections uniquely evoke a form of natural immunosuppression whereby specific cytokines and cell-cell interactions negatively impact memory cell programming and differentiation. Respiratory memory is not only short-lived but most of the memory cells in the lung parenchyma may not be bona fide TRM. Given the quantity of microbes humans inhale over a lifetime, limiting cellular residence could be a mechanism employed by the respiratory tract to preserve organismal vitality. Therefore, successful efforts to improve respiratory immunity must carefully and selectively breach these inherent tissue barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Reagin
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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164
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Patil VS, Madrigal A, Schmiedel BJ, Clarke J, O'Rourke P, de Silva AD, Harris E, Peters B, Seumois G, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Vijayanand P. Precursors of human CD4 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes identified by single-cell transcriptome analysis. Sci Immunol 2018; 3:eaan8664. [PMID: 29352091 PMCID: PMC5931334 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aan8664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD4-CTLs) have been reported to play a protective role in several viral infections. However, little is known in humans about the biology of CD4-CTL generation, their functional properties, and heterogeneity, especially in relation to other well-described CD4+ memory T cell subsets. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing in more than 9000 cells to unravel CD4-CTL heterogeneity, transcriptional profile, and clonality in humans. Single-cell differential gene expression analysis revealed a spectrum of known transcripts, including several linked to cytotoxic and costimulatory function that are expressed at higher levels in the TEMRA (effector memory T cells expressing CD45RA) subset, which is highly enriched for CD4-CTLs, compared with CD4+ T cells in the central memory (TCM) and effector memory (TEM) subsets. Simultaneous T cell antigen receptor (TCR) analysis in single cells and bulk subsets revealed that CD4-TEMRA cells show marked clonal expansion compared with TCM and TEM cells and that most of CD4-TEMRA were dengue virus (DENV)-specific in donors with previous DENV infection. The profile of CD4-TEMRA was highly heterogeneous across donors, with four distinct clusters identified by the single-cell analysis. We identified distinct clusters of CD4-CTL effector and precursor cells in the TEMRA subset; the precursor cells shared TCR clonotypes with CD4-CTL effectors and were distinguished by high expression of the interleukin-7 receptor. Our identification of a CD4-CTL precursor population may allow further investigation of how CD4-CTLs arise in humans and, thus, could provide insights into the mechanisms that may be used to generate durable and effective CD4-CTL immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena S Patil
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ariel Madrigal
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin J Schmiedel
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James Clarke
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Patrick O'Rourke
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aruna D de Silva
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Genetech Research Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0656, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gregory Seumois
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0656, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pandurangan Vijayanand
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0656, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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165
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Caldeira-Dantas S, Furmanak T, Smith C, Quinn M, Teos LY, Ertel A, Kurup D, Tandon M, Alevizos I, Snyder CM. The Chemokine Receptor CXCR3 Promotes CD8 + T Cell Accumulation in Uninfected Salivary Glands but Is Not Necessary after Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:1133-1145. [PMID: 29288198 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent work indicates that salivary glands are able to constitutively recruit CD8+ T cells and retain them as tissue-resident memory T cells, independently of local infection, inflammation, or Ag. To understand the mechanisms supporting T cell recruitment to the salivary gland, we compared T cell migration to the salivary gland in mice that were infected or not with murine CMV (MCMV), a herpesvirus that infects the salivary gland and promotes the accumulation of salivary gland tissue-resident memory T cells. We found that acute MCMV infection increased rapid T cell recruitment to the salivary gland but that equal numbers of activated CD8+ T cells eventually accumulated in infected and uninfected glands. T cell recruitment to uninfected salivary glands depended on chemokines and the integrin α4 Several chemokines were expressed in the salivary glands of infected and uninfected mice, and many of these could promote the migration of MCMV-specific T cells in vitro. MCMV infection increased the expression of chemokines that interact with the receptors CXCR3 and CCR5, but neither receptor was needed for T cell recruitment to the salivary gland during MCMV infection. Unexpectedly, however, the chemokine receptor CXCR3 was critical for T cell accumulation in uninfected salivary glands. Together, these data suggest that CXCR3 and the integrin α4 mediate T cell recruitment to uninfected salivary glands but that redundant mechanisms mediate T cell recruitment after MCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Caldeira-Dantas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS)/3B's Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Thomas Furmanak
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Corinne Smith
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Michael Quinn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Leyla Y Teos
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Adam Ertel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Drishya Kurup
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Mayank Tandon
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Ilias Alevizos
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107;
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166
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Chang YH, Wang KC, Chu KL, Clouthier DL, Tran AT, Torres Perez MS, Zhou AC, Abdul-Sater AA, Watts TH. Dichotomous Expression of TNF Superfamily Ligands on Antigen-Presenting Cells Controls Post-priming Anti-viral CD4 + T Cell Immunity. Immunity 2017; 47:943-958.e9. [PMID: 29150240 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T cell antigen-presenting cell (APC) interactions early during chronic viral infection are crucial for determining viral set point and disease outcome, but how and when different APC subtypes contribute to these outcomes is unclear. The TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) member GITR is important for CD4+ T cell accumulation and control of chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). We found that type I interferon (IFN-I) induced TNFSF ligands GITRL, 4-1BBL, OX40L, and CD70 predominantly on monocyte-derived APCs and CD80 and CD86 predominantly on classical dendritic cells (cDCs). Mice with hypofunctional GITRL in Lyz2+ cells had decreased LCMV-specific CD4+ T cell accumulation and increased viral load. GITR signals in CD4+ T cells occurred after priming to upregulate OX40, CD25, and chemokine receptor CX3CR1. Thus IFN-I (signal 3) induced a post-priming checkpoint (signal 4) for CD4+ T cell accumulation, revealing a division of labor between cDCs and monocyte-derived APCs in regulating T cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Chang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kuan Chung Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kuan-Lun Chu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Derek L Clouthier
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Anh T Tran
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Angela C Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ali A Abdul-Sater
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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167
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Unique phenotypes and clonal expansions of human CD4 effector memory T cells re-expressing CD45RA. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1473. [PMID: 29133794 PMCID: PMC5684192 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01728-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of CD45RA is generally associated with naive T cells. However, a subset of effector memory T cells re-expresses CD45RA (termed TEMRA) after antigenic stimulation with unknown molecular characteristics and functions. CD4 TEMRA cells have been implicated in protective immunity against pathogens such as dengue virus (DENV). Here we show that not only the frequency but also the phenotype of CD4 TEMRA cells are heterogeneous between individuals. These cells can be subdivided into two major subsets based on the expression of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor GPR56, and GPR56+ TEMRA cells display a transcriptional and proteomic program with cytotoxic features that is distinct from effector memory T cells. Moreover, GPR56+ TEMRA cells have higher levels of clonal expansion and contain the majority of virus-specific TEMRA cells. Overall, this study reveals the heterogeneity of CD4 TEMRA cells and provides insights into T-cell responses against DENV and other viral pathogens. Memory T cells are essential for combating recurring infection by promoting prompt and effective immune responses. Here the authors show, via system biology approaches, that human CD4 memory T cells contains a CD45RA-rexpressing pool that can be further subsetted by the expression of GPR56 for distinct functionalities.
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168
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Abstract
In this issue of Immunity, Gerlach et al. (2016) describe three distinct memory CD8+ T cell subsets based upon expression of the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1. Their findings revise the paradigm of effector and central memory T cells by revealing a subset of CD8+ memory T cells defined by intermediate levels of expression of CX3CR1 that conducts tissue surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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169
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Bolotin DA, Poslavsky S, Davydov AN, Frenkel FE, Fanchi L, Zolotareva OI, Hemmers S, Putintseva EV, Obraztsova AS, Shugay M, Ataullakhanov RI, Rudensky AY, Schumacher TN, Chudakov DM. Antigen receptor repertoire profiling from RNA-seq data. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 35:908-911. [PMID: 29020005 PMCID: PMC6169298 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy A Bolotin
- MiLaboratory LLC, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav Poslavsky
- MiLaboratory LLC, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Lorenzo Fanchi
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Saskia Hemmers
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ekaterina V Putintseva
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna S Obraztsova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Shugay
- MiLaboratory LLC, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Center for Data-Intensive Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ravshan I Ataullakhanov
- BostonGene LLC, Lincoln, Massachusetts, USA
- Institute of Immunology FMBA, Moscow, Russia
- Faculties for Physics and Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ton N Schumacher
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitriy M Chudakov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Center for Data-Intensive Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
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170
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Sim JH, Kim KS, Park H, Kim KJ, Lin H, Kim TJ, Shin HM, Kim G, Lee DS, Park CW, Lee DH, Kang I, Kim SJ, Cho CH, Doh J, Kim HR. Differentially Expressed Potassium Channels Are Associated with Function of Human Effector Memory CD8 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:859. [PMID: 28791017 PMCID: PMC5522836 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated potassium channel, Kv1.3, and the Ca2+-activated potassium channel, KCa3.1, regulate membrane potentials in T cells, thereby controlling T cell activation and cytokine production. However, little is known about the expression and function of potassium channels in human effector memory (EM) CD8+ T cells that can be further divided into functionally distinct subsets based on the expression of the interleukin (IL)-7 receptor alpha (IL-7Rα) chain. Herein, we investigated the functional expression and roles of Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 in EM CD8+ T cells that express high or low levels of the IL-7 receptor alpha chain (IL-7Rαhigh and IL-7Rαlow, respectively). In contrast to the significant activity of Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 in IL-7Rαhigh EM CD8+ T cells, IL-7Rαlow EM CD8+ T cells showed lower expression of Kv1.3 and insignificant expression of KCa3.1. Kv1.3 was involved in the modulation of cell proliferation and IL-2 production, whereas KCa3.1 affected the motility of EM CD8+ T cells. The lower motility of IL-7Rαlow EM CD8+ T cells was demonstrated using transendothelial migration and motility assays with intercellular adhesion molecule 1- and/or chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1α-coated surfaces. Consistent with the lower migration property, IL-7Rαlow EM CD8+ T cells were found less frequently in human skin. Stimulating IL-7Rαlow EM CD8+ T cells with IL-2 or IL-15 increased their motility and recovery of KCa3.1 activity. Our findings demonstrate that Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 are differentially involved in the functions of EM CD8+ T cells. The weak expression of potassium channels in IL-7Rαlow EM CD8+ T cells can be revived by stimulation with IL-2 or IL-15, which restores the associated functions. This study suggests that IL-7Rαhigh EM CD8+ T cells with functional potassium channels may serve as a reservoir for effector CD8+ T cells during peripheral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Sim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyoungjun Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Haiyue Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Joo Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Mu Shin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Medical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gwanghun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Sup Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chan-Wook Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Insoo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Sung Joon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Medical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chung-Hyun Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Medical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junsang Doh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Hang-Rae Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Medical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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171
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Zheng C, Zheng L, Yoo JK, Guo H, Zhang Y, Guo X, Kang B, Hu R, Huang JY, Zhang Q, Liu Z, Dong M, Hu X, Ouyang W, Peng J, Zhang Z. Landscape of Infiltrating T Cells in Liver Cancer Revealed by Single-Cell Sequencing. Cell 2017. [PMID: 28622514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1331] [Impact Index Per Article: 190.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systematic interrogation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is key to the development of immunotherapies and the prediction of their clinical responses in cancers. Here, we perform deep single-cell RNA sequencing on 5,063 single T cells isolated from peripheral blood, tumor, and adjacent normal tissues from six hepatocellular carcinoma patients. The transcriptional profiles of these individual cells, coupled with assembled T cell receptor (TCR) sequences, enable us to identify 11 T cell subsets based on their molecular and functional properties and delineate their developmental trajectory. Specific subsets such as exhausted CD8+ T cells and Tregs are preferentially enriched and potentially clonally expanded in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and we identified signature genes for each subset. One of the genes, layilin, is upregulated on activated CD8+ T cells and Tregs and represses the CD8+ T cell functions in vitro. This compendium of transcriptome data provides valuable insights and a rich resource for understanding the immune landscape in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Zheng
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liangtao Zheng
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jae-Kwang Yoo
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Huahu Guo
- Department of Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China; Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100038, China; School of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinyi Guo
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Boxi Kang
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruozhen Hu
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Julie Y Huang
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Qiming Zhang
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhouzerui Liu
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Minghui Dong
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xueda Hu
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Jirun Peng
- Department of Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China; Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100038, China; School of Oncology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Zemin Zhang
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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172
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Korin B, Ben-Shaanan TL, Schiller M, Dubovik T, Azulay-Debby H, Boshnak NT, Koren T, Rolls A. High-dimensional, single-cell characterization of the brain's immune compartment. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:1300-1309. [DOI: 10.1038/nn.4610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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173
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Ma B, Whiteford JR, Nourshargh S, Woodfin A. Underlying chronic inflammation alters the profile and mechanisms of acute neutrophil recruitment. J Pathol 2017; 240:291-303. [PMID: 27477524 PMCID: PMC5082550 DOI: 10.1002/path.4776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronically inflamed tissues show altered characteristics that include persistent populations of inflammatory leukocytes and remodelling of the vascular network. As the majority of studies on leukocyte recruitment have been carried out in normal healthy tissues, the impact of underlying chronic inflammation on ongoing leukocyte recruitment is largely unknown. Here, we investigate the profile and mechanisms of acute inflammatory responses in chronically inflamed and angiogenic tissues, and consider the implications for chronic inflammatory disorders. We have developed a novel model of chronic ischaemia of the mouse cremaster muscle that is characterized by a persistent population of monocyte‐derived cells (MDCs), and capillary angiogenesis. These tissues also show elevated acute neutrophil recruitment in response to locally administered inflammatory stimuli. We determined that Gr1lowMDCs, which are widely considered to have anti‐inflammatory and reparative functions, amplified acute inflammatory reactions via the generation of additional proinflammatory signals, changing both the profile and magnitude of the tissue response. Similar vascular and inflammatory responses, including activation of MDCs by transient ischaemia–reperfusion, were observed in mouse hindlimbs subjected to chronic ischaemia. This response demonstrates the relevance of the findings to peripheral arterial disease, in which patients experience transient exercise‐induced ischaemia known as claudication.These findings demonstrate that chronically inflamed tissues show an altered profile and altered mechanisms of acute inflammatory responses, and identify tissue‐resident MDCs as potential therapeutic targets. © 2016 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James R Whiteford
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Abigail Woodfin
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. .,Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, UK.
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174
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Martin MD, Shan Q, Xue HH, Badovinac VP. Time and Antigen-Stimulation History Influence Memory CD8 T Cell Bystander Responses. Front Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28642758 PMCID: PMC5462920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory CD8 T cells can be activated and induced to produce cytokines and increase stores of cytolytic proteins not only in response to cognate antigen (Ag) but also in response to inflammatory cytokines (bystander responses). Importantly, bystander memory CD8 T cell functions have been shown to be dependent upon memory CD8 T cell fitness, since exhausted CD8 T cells have diminished capacity to respond to inflammatory cues. While it is known that memory CD8 T cell functional abilities, including ability to produce cytokines in response to cognate Ag, change with time after initial Ag encounter and upon multiple Ag stimulations (e.g., primary vs. tertiary CD8 T cell responses), it is unknown if bystander memory CD8 T cell responses are influenced by time or by Ag-exposure history. Here, we examined time and Ag-stimulation history-dependent alterations in virus-specific memory CD8 T cell bystander functions in response to inflammatory cytokines and unrelated bacterial infection. We found that expression of cytokine receptors and ability to produce IFN-γ following heterologous infection or incubation with inflammatory cytokines decreases with time following initial Ag encounter and increases with additional Ag encounters, suggesting that the ability to sense inflammation and respond with bystander cytokine production is dependent on age and Ag-stimulation history of memory CD8 T cells. These data shed further light on the regulation of memory CD8 T cell effector functions and have important implications for the development of vaccines designed to elicit protective memory CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Martin
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Qiang Shan
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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175
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Keller CW, Schmidt J, Lünemann JD. Immune and myodegenerative pathomechanisms in inclusion body myositis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 4:422-445. [PMID: 28589170 PMCID: PMC5454400 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion Body Myositis (IBM) is a relatively common acquired inflammatory myopathy in patients above 50 years of age. Pathological hallmarks of IBM are intramyofiber protein inclusions and endomysial inflammation, indicating that both myodegenerative and inflammatory mechanisms contribute to its pathogenesis. Impaired protein degradation by the autophagic machinery, which regulates innate and adaptive immune responses, in skeletal muscle fibers has recently been identified as a potential key pathomechanism in IBM. Immunotherapies, which are successfully used for treating other inflammatory myopathies lack efficacy in IBM and so far no effective treatment is available. Thus, a better understanding of the mechanistic pathways underlying progressive muscle weakness and atrophy in IBM is crucial in identifying novel promising targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we discuss recent insights into the pathomechanistic network of mutually dependent inflammatory and degenerative events during IBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W. Keller
- Institute of Experimental ImmunologyLaboratory of NeuroinflammationUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Jens Schmidt
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Jan D. Lünemann
- Institute of Experimental ImmunologyLaboratory of NeuroinflammationUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital ZürichZürichSwitzerland
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176
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Halle S, Halle O, Förster R. Mechanisms and Dynamics of T Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity In Vivo. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:432-443. [PMID: 28499492 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are critical in the elimination of infected or malignant cells and are emerging as a major therapeutic target. How CTLs recognize and kill harmful cells has been characterized in vitro but little is known about these processes in the living organism. Here we review recent insights into CTL-mediated killing with an emphasis on in vivo CTL biology. Specifically, we focus on the possible rate-limiting steps determining the efficiency of CTL-mediated killing. We also highlight the need for cell-based datasets that permit the quantification of CTL dynamics, including CTL location, migration, and killing rates. A better understanding of these factors is required to predict protective CD8 T cell immunity in vivo and to design optimized vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Halle
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Olga Halle
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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177
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Spranger S, Dai D, Horton B, Gajewski TF. Tumor-Residing Batf3 Dendritic Cells Are Required for Effector T Cell Trafficking and Adoptive T Cell Therapy. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:711-723.e4. [PMID: 28486109 PMCID: PMC5650691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 946] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Effector T cells have the capability of recognizing and killing cancer cells. However, whether tumors can become immune resistant through exclusion of effector T cells from the tumor microenvironment is not known. By using a tumor model resembling non-T cell-inflamed human tumors, we assessed whether adoptive T cell transfer might overcome failed spontaneous priming. Flow cytometric assays combined with intra-vital imaging indicated failed trafficking of effector T cells into tumors. Mechanistically, this was due to the absence of CXCL9/10, which we found to be produced by CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) in T cell-inflamed tumors. Our data indicate that lack of CD103+ DCs within the tumor microenvironment dominantly resists the effector phase of an anti-tumor T cell response, contributing to immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefani Spranger
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Daisy Dai
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Brendan Horton
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Thomas F Gajewski
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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178
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Visualizing the life of mRNA in T cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:563-570. [PMID: 28408496 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T cells release ample amounts of cytokines during infection. This property is critical to prevent pathogen spreading and persistence. Nevertheless, whereas rapid and ample cytokine production supports the clearance of pathogens, the production must be restricted in time and location to prevent detrimental effects of chronic inflammation and immunopathology. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes determine the levels of cytokine production. How these regulatory mechanisms are interconnected, and how they regulate the magnitude of protein production in primary T cells is to date not well studied. Here, we highlight recent advances in the field that boost our understanding of the regulatory processes of cytokine production of T cells, with a focus on transcription, mRNA stability, localization and translation.
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179
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Samji T, Khanna KM. Understanding memory CD8 + T cells. Immunol Lett 2017; 185:32-39. [PMID: 28274794 PMCID: PMC5508124 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD8+ T cells were originally thought to exist as two populations (effector and central memory). In recent years, a third population called resident memory T cells has been discovered and further to this these populations are being divided into different subtypes. Understanding the function and developmental pathways of memory CD8+ T cells is key to developing effective therapies against cancer and infectious diseases. Here we have reviewed what is currently known about all three subsets of memory CD8+ T populations and as to how each population was originally discovered and the developmental pathways of each subpopulation. Each memory population appears to play a distinct role in adaptive immune responses but we are still a long way from understanding how the populations are generated and what roles they play in protection against invading pathogens and if they contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasleem Samji
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, United States of America
| | - Kamal M Khanna
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, United States of America.
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180
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Label-free Analysis of CD8+ T Cell Subset Proteomes Supports a Progressive Differentiation Model of Human-Virus-Specific T Cells. Cell Rep 2017; 19:1068-1079. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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181
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Nyman TA, Lorey MB, Cypryk W, Matikainen S. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic exploration of the human immune system: focus on the inflammasome, global protein secretion, and T cells. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:395-407. [PMID: 28406322 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1319768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The immune system is our defense system against microbial infections and tissue injury, and understanding how it works in detail is essential for developing drugs for different diseases. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics can provide in-depth information on the molecular mechanisms involved in immune responses. Areas covered: Summarized are the key immunology findings obtained with MS-based proteomics in the past five years, with a focus on inflammasome activation, global protein secretion, mucosal immunology, immunopeptidome and T cells. Special focus is on extracellular vesicle-mediated protein secretion and its role in immune responses. Expert commentary: Proteomics is an essential part of modern omics-scale immunology research. To date, MS-based proteomics has been used in immunology to study protein expression levels, their subcellular localization, secretion, post-translational modifications, and interactions in immune cells upon activation by different stimuli. These studies have made major contributions to understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. New developments in proteomics offer constantly novel possibilities for exploring the immune system. Examples of these techniques include mass cytometry and different MS-based imaging approaches which can be widely used in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuula A Nyman
- a Department of Immunology , Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Martina B Lorey
- b Rheumatology , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Wojciech Cypryk
- c Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies , Lodz , Poland
| | - Sampsa Matikainen
- b Rheumatology , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
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182
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Hepatitis C Virus-Specific T Cell Receptor mRNA-Engineered Human T Cells: Impact of Antigen Specificity on Functional Properties. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00010-17. [PMID: 28228595 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00010-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapy with genetically modified autologous T cells has shown great promise in cancer therapy. For an efficient control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, cytotoxic T cells (CTL) are pivotal, but persistence of activated T cells may lead to liver toxicity. Here, anti-HCV T cell receptors (TCRs) recognizing the HCV nonstructural (NS) NS3 or NS5 viral peptide target were examined by mRNA transfection of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) derived from healthy donors as well as chronically infected HCV patients. Immunological analysis shows that while the CTLs expressing the NS5-specific TCR reduced HCV RNA replication by a noncytotoxic mechanism, the NS3-specific TCR-redirected CTLs were polyfunctional and inhibited HCV RNA replication through antigen-specific cytotoxicity. Transcriptome signatures from these two types of CTL responses revealed uniquely expressed gene clusters upon encountering hepatoma target cells presenting endogenously expressed HCV proteins. The NS3 TCR induced a rapid expression of apoptotic signaling pathways and formation of embryonic gene clusters, whereas the NS5A TCR activation induced extended proliferative and metabolic pathways as the HCV target cells survived. Our results provide detailed insights into basic HCV T cell immunology and have clinical relevance for redirecting T cells to target virally infected hepatoma cells.IMPORTANCE Due to the protective ability of HCV-specific T cells and the hepatotoxic potential that they possess, there is a great need for the understanding of the functional aspects of HCV-specific T cells. To circumvent the low level of precursor frequency in patients, we engineered primary CD8+ T cells by mRNA TCR vectors to confer HCV specificity to new T cells. HCV TCRs that differ in antigen specificity and polyfunctionality were examined. mRNA TCR engineering of peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy donors or chronically infected HCV patients resulted in strikingly high levels of HCV TCR expression and HCV-specific responses. While a cytotoxicity response from a polyfunctional T cell activation caused hepatotoxicity and the rapid induction of apoptotic signaling pathways, the noncytotoxic T cell activation showed extended proliferative, metabolic pathways and persistence of HCV target cells. Our results provide detailed insights into basic HCV T cell immunology and have clinical relevance for immune protection of HCV-associated diseases.
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183
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Bengsch B, Ohtani T, Herati RS, Bovenschen N, Chang KM, Wherry EJ. Deep immune profiling by mass cytometry links human T and NK cell differentiation and cytotoxic molecule expression patterns. J Immunol Methods 2017; 453:3-10. [PMID: 28322863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The elimination of infected or tumor cells by direct lysis is a key T and NK cell effector function. T and NK cells can kill target cells by coordinated secretion of cytotoxic granules containing one or both pore-forming proteins, perforin and granulysin and combinations of granzyme (Gzm) family effector proteases (in humans: Gzm A, B, K, M and H). Understanding the pattern of expression of cytotoxic molecules and the relationship to different states of T and NK cells may have direct relevance for immune responses in autoimmunity, infectious disease and cancer. Approaches capable of simultaneously evaluating expression of multiple cytotoxic molecules with detailed information on T and NK differentiation state, however, remain limited. Here, we established a high dimensional mass cytometry approach to comprehensively interrogate single cell proteomic expression of cytotoxic programs and lymphocyte differentiation. This assay identified a coordinated expression pattern of cytotoxic molecules linked to CD8 T cell differentiation stages. Coordinated high expression of perforin, granulysin, Gzm A, Gzm B and Gzm M was associated with markers of late effector memory differentiation and expression of chemokine receptor CX3CR1. However, classical gating and dimensionality reduction approaches also identified other discordant patterns of cytotoxic molecule expression in CD8 T cells, including reduced perforin, but high Gzm A, Gzm K and Gzm M expression. When applied to non-CD8 T cells, this assay identified different patterns of cytotoxic molecule co-expression by CD56hi versus CD56dim defined NK cell developmental stages; in CD4 T cells, low expression of cytotoxic molecules was found mainly in TH1 phenotype cells, but not in Tregs or T follicular helper cells (TFH). Thus, this comprehensive, single cell, proteomic assessment of cytotoxic protein co-expression patterns demonstrates specialized cytotoxic programs in T cells and NK cells linked to their differentiation stages. Such comprehensive cytotoxic profiling may identify distinct patterns of cytotoxic potential relevant for specific infections, autoimmunity or tumor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Bengsch
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Takuya Ohtani
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ramin Sedaghat Herati
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Niels Bovenschen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Kyong-Mi Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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184
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Location, function, and ontogeny of pulmonary macrophages during the steady state. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:561-572. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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185
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Rieckmann JC, Geiger R, Hornburg D, Wolf T, Kveler K, Jarrossay D, Sallusto F, Shen-Orr SS, Lanzavecchia A, Mann M, Meissner F. Social network architecture of human immune cells unveiled by quantitative proteomics. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:583-593. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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186
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Rogel A, Willoughby JE, Buchan SL, Leonard HJ, Thirdborough SM, Al-Shamkhani A. Akt signaling is critical for memory CD8 + T-cell development and tumor immune surveillance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1178-E1187. [PMID: 28137869 PMCID: PMC5320983 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611299114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory CD8+ T cells confer long-term immunity against tumors, and anticancer vaccines therefore should maximize their generation. Multiple memory CD8+ T-cell subsets with distinct functional and homing characteristics exist, but the signaling pathways that regulate their development are ill defined. Here we examined the role of the serine/threonine kinase Akt in the generation of protective immunity by CD8+ T cells. Akt is known to be activated by the T-cell antigen receptor and the cytokine IL-2, but its role in T-cell immunity in vivo has not been explored. Using CD8+ T cells from pdk1K465E/K465E knockin mice, we found that decreased Akt activity inhibited the survival of T cells during the effector-to-memory cell transition and abolished their differentiation into C-X-C chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3)loCD43lo effector-like memory cells. Consequently, antitumor immunity by CD8+ T cells that display defective Akt signaling was substantially diminished during the memory phase. Reduced memory T-cell survival and altered memory cell differentiation were associated with up-regulation of the proapoptotic protein Bim and the T-box transcription factor eomesodermin, respectively. These findings suggest an important role for effector-like memory CD8+ T cells in tumor immune surveillance and identify Akt as a key signaling node in the development of protective memory CD8+ T-cell responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites/genetics
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1/immunology
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Immunologic Surveillance/genetics
- Immunologic Surveillance/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/immunology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/immunology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR3/immunology
- Receptors, CXCR3/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rogel
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E Willoughby
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Buchan
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Henry J Leonard
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Thirdborough
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom;
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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187
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Otaka R, Takahara M, Ueda S, Nagato T, Kishibe K, Nomura K, Katada A, Hayashi T, Harabuchi Y. Up-regulation of CX3CR1 on tonsillar CD8-positive cells in patients with IgA nephropathy. Hum Immunol 2017; 78:375-383. [PMID: 28196748 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although tonsillectomy are used as therapeutic options to prevent chronic renal failure in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) patients, the relationship between IgAN and tonsils is not fully proved by basic research. Recently, circulating CX3CR1-positive cells were reportedly involved in promoting hematuria in patients with IgAN. In this study, we focused on the expression of CX3CR1 in tonsillar mononuclear cells in IgAN patients. Immunohistological analysis revealed greater distribution of CX3CR1-positive cells in the inter-follicular area of tonsils in IgAN patients than in non-IgAN patients. CX3CR1-positive cells were also found in the affected renal glomerulus of IgAN patients. Flow cytometric analysis revealed the expression of CX3CR1 on tonsillar CD8-positive cells to be significantly higher in IgAN patients. CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides enhanced the expression in IgAN patients. The chemotactic response of tonsillar mononuclear cells to fractalkine was significantly higher in IgAN patients. Expression of CX3CR1 on peripheral blood CD8-positive cells in IgAN patients was significantly higher, and decreased after tonsillectomy, along with the disappearance of hematuria. These results suggest that hyper-immune response to microbial DNA enhanced the expression of CX3CR1 on tonsillar CD8-positive cells in IgAN patients, followed by the migration of the cells to renal lesions via blood circulation, resulting in the development of hematuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuki Otaka
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
| | - Miki Takahara
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
| | - Seigo Ueda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
| | - Toshihiro Nagato
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
| | - Kan Kishibe
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
| | - Kenichiro Nomura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Katada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Hayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
| | - Yasuaki Harabuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
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188
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Gasteiger G, Ataide M, Kastenmüller W. Lymph node - an organ for T-cell activation and pathogen defense. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:200-20. [PMID: 27088916 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is a multicentered organ that is characterized by intimate interactions between its cellular components to efficiently ward off invading pathogens. A key constituent of this organ system is the distinct migratory activity of its cellular elements. The lymph node represents a pivotal meeting point of immune cells where adaptive immunity is induced and regulated. Additionally, besides barrier tissues, the lymph node is a critical organ where invading pathogens need to be eliminated in order to prevent systemic distribution of virulent microbes. Here, we explain how the lymph node is structurally and functionally organized to fulfill these two critical functions - pathogen defense and orchestration of adaptive immunity. We will discuss spatio-temporal aspects of cellular immune responses focusing on CD8 T cells and review how and where these cells are activated in the context of viral infections, as well as how viral antigen expression kinetics and different antigen presentation pathways are involved. Finally, we will describe how such responses are regulated and 'helped', and discuss how this relates to intranodal positioning and cellular migration of the various cellular components that are involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Gasteiger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene & FZI Research Center for Immunotherapy, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marco Ataide
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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189
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Tian Y, Sette A, Weiskopf D. Cytotoxic CD4 T Cells: Differentiation, Function, and Application to Dengue Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2016; 7:531. [PMID: 28003809 PMCID: PMC5141332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) has spread through most tropical and subtropical areas of the world and represents a serious public health problem. The control of DENV infection has not yet been fully successful due to lack of effective therapeutics or vaccines. Nevertheless, a better understanding of the immune responses against DENV infection may reveal new strategies for eliciting and improving antiviral immunity. T cells provide protective immunity against various viral infections by generating effector cells that cooperate to eliminate antigens and memory cells that can survive for long periods with enhanced abilities to control recurring pathogens. Following activation, CD8 T cells can migrate to sites of infection and kill infected cells, whereas CD4 T cells contribute to the elimination of pathogens by trafficking to infected tissues and providing help to innate immune responses, B cells, as well as CD8 T cells. However, it is now evident that CD4 T cells can also perform cytotoxic functions and induce the apoptosis of target cells. Importantly, accumulating studies demonstrate that cytotoxic CD4 T cells develop following DENV infections and may play a crucial role in protecting the host from severe dengue disease. We review our current understanding of the differentiation and function of cytotoxic CD4 T cells, with a focus on DENV infection, and discuss the potential of harnessing these cells for the prevention and treatment of DENV infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
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190
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The Chemokine Receptor CX3CR1 Defines Three Antigen-Experienced CD8 T Cell Subsets with Distinct Roles in Immune Surveillance and Homeostasis. Immunity 2016; 45:1270-1284. [PMID: 27939671 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infections induce pathogen-specific T cell differentiation into diverse effectors (Teff) that give rise to memory (Tmem) subsets. The cell-fate decisions and lineage relationships that underlie these transitions are poorly understood. Here, we found that the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 identifies three distinct CD8+ Teff and Tmem subsets. Classical central (Tcm) and effector memory (Tem) cells and their corresponding Teff precursors were CX3CR1- and CX3CR1high, respectively. Viral infection also induced a numerically stable CX3CR1int subset that represented ∼15% of blood-borne Tmem cells. CX3CR1int Tmem cells underwent more frequent homeostatic divisions than other Tmem subsets and not only self-renewed, but also contributed to the expanding CX3CR1- Tcm pool. Both Tcm and CX3CR1int cells homed to lymph nodes, but CX3CR1int cells, and not Tem cells, predominantly surveyed peripheral tissues. As CX3CR1int Tmem cells present unique phenotypic, homeostatic, and migratory properties, we designate this subset peripheral memory (tpm) cells and propose that tpm cells are chiefly responsible for the global surveillance of non-lymphoid tissues.
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191
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Mudd JC, Panigrahi S, Kyi B, Moon SH, Manion MM, Younes SA, Sieg SF, Funderburg NT, Zidar DA, Lederman MM, Freeman ML. Inflammatory Function of CX3CR1+ CD8+ T Cells in Treated HIV Infection Is Modulated by Platelet Interactions. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1808-1816. [PMID: 27703039 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increases in inflammation, coagulation, and CD8+ T-cell numbers are associated with an elevated cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected antiretroviral therapy (ART) recipients. Circulating memory CD8+ T cells that express the vascular endothelium-homing receptor CX3CR1 (fractalkine receptor) are enriched in HIV-infected ART recipients. Thrombin-activated receptor (PAR-1) expression is increased in HIV-infected ART recipients and is particularly elevated on CX3CR1+ CD8+ T cells, suggesting that these cells could interact with coagulation elements. Indeed, thrombin directly enhanced T-cell receptor-mediated interferon γ production by purified CD8+ T cells but was attenuated by thrombin-induced release of transforming growth factor β by platelets. We have therefore identified a population of circulating memory CD8+ T cells in HIV infection that may home to endothelium, can be activated by clot-forming elements, and are susceptible to platelet-mediated regulation. Complex interactions between inflammatory elements and coagulation at endothelial surfaces may play an important role in CVD risk in HIV-infected ART recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Mudd
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Ohio.,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Soumya Panigrahi
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Ohio
| | - Benjamin Kyi
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Ohio
| | - So Hee Moon
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Ohio
| | - Maura M Manion
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Ohio.,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Souheil-Antoine Younes
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Ohio
| | - Scott F Sieg
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Ohio
| | - Nicholas T Funderburg
- Division of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - David A Zidar
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Ohio
| | - Michael M Lederman
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Ohio
| | - Michael L Freeman
- Center for AIDS Research, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Ohio
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192
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Eberlein J, Davenport B, Nguyen T, Victorino F, Haist K, Jhun K, Karimpour-Fard A, Hunter L, Kedl R, Clambey ET, Homann D. Aging promotes acquisition of naive-like CD8+ memory T cell traits and enhanced functionalities. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3942-3960. [PMID: 27617858 DOI: 10.1172/jci88546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective T cell memory is an acquired trait that is contingent upon the preservation of its constituents and therefore vulnerable to the potentially deleterious effects of organismal aging. Here, however, we have found that long-term T cell memory in a natural murine host-pathogen system can substantially improve over time. Comprehensive molecular, phenotypic, and functional profiling of aging antiviral CD8+ memory T cells (CD8+ TM) revealed a pervasive remodeling process that promotes the gradual acquisition of distinct molecular signatures, of increasingly homogeneous phenotypes, and of diversified functionalities that combine to confer a CD8+ TM-autonomous capacity for enhanced recall responses and immune protection. Notably, the process of CD8+ TM aging is characterized by a progressive harmonization of memory and naive T cell traits, is broadly amenable to experimental acceleration or retardation, and serves as a constitutional component for the "rebound model" of memory T cell maturation. By casting CD8+ TM populations within the temporal framework of their slowly evolving properties, this model establishes a simple ontogenetic perspective on the principal organization of CD8+ T cell memory that may directly inform the development of improved diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic modalities.
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193
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Knolle PA, Wohlleber D. Immunological functions of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:347-53. [PMID: 27041636 PMCID: PMC4856811 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) line the liver sinusoids and separate passenger leukocytes in the sinusoidal lumen from hepatocytes. LSECs further act as a platform for adhesion of various liver-resident immune cell populations such as Kupffer cells, innate lymphoid cells or liver dendritic cells. In addition to having an extraordinary scavenger function, LSECs possess potent immune functions, serving as sentinel cells to detect microbial infection through pattern recognition receptor activation and as antigen (cross)-presenting cells. LSECs cross-prime naive CD8 T cells, causing their rapid differentiation into memory T cells that relocate to secondary lymphoid tissues and provide protection when they re-encounter the antigen during microbial infection. Cross-presentation of viral antigens by LSECs derived from infected hepatocytes triggers local activation of effector CD8 T cells and thereby assures hepatic immune surveillance. The immune function of LSECs complements conventional immune-activating mechanisms to accommodate optimal immune surveillance against infectious microorganisms while preserving the integrity of the liver as a metabolic organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum München rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München 81675, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum München rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München 81675, Germany
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194
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Busch DH, Fräßle SP, Sommermeyer D, Buchholz VR, Riddell SR. Role of memory T cell subsets for adoptive immunotherapy. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:28-34. [PMID: 26976826 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of primary (unmodified) or genetically engineered antigen-specific T cells has demonstrated astonishing clinical results in the treatment of infections and some malignancies. Besides the definition of optimal targets and antigen receptors, the differentiation status of transferred T cells is emerging as a crucial parameter for generating cell products with optimal efficacy and safety profiles. Long-living memory T cells subdivide into phenotypically as well as functionally different subsets (e.g. central memory, effector memory, tissue-resident memory T cells). This diversification process is crucial for effective immune protection, with probably distinct dependencies on the presence of individual subsets dependent on the disease to which the immune response is directed as well as its organ location. Adoptive T cell therapy intends to therapeutically transfer defined T cell immunity into patients. Efficacy of this approach often requires long-term maintenance of transferred cells, which depends on the presence and persistence of memory T cells. However, engraftment and survival of highly differentiated memory T cell subsets upon adoptive transfer is still difficult to achieve. Therefore, the recent observation that a distinct subset of weakly differentiated memory T cells shows all characteristics of adult tissue stem cells and can reconstitute all types of effector and memory T cell subsets, became highly relevant. We here review our current understanding of memory subset formation and T cell subset purification, and its implications for adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich 81675, Germany; Focus Group "Clinical Cell Processing and Purification", Institute for Advanced Study, TUM, Munich 81675, Germany; National Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Simon P Fräßle
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich 81675, Germany; Focus Group "Clinical Cell Processing and Purification", Institute for Advanced Study, TUM, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Daniel Sommermeyer
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Veit R Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Stanley R Riddell
- Focus Group "Clinical Cell Processing and Purification", Institute for Advanced Study, TUM, Munich 81675, Germany; Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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195
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Kurts C, Gottschalk C, Bedoui S, Heinzel S, Godfrey D, Enders A. German Society for Immunology and Australasian Society for Immunology joint Workshop 3(rd) -4(th) December 2015 - Meeting report. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:265-8. [PMID: 26840197 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201670024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The German Society for Immunology (DGfI) and the Australasian Society for Immunology (ASI) hosted the first DGfI-ASI joint workshop from December 3-4, 2015 in Canberra, Australia. A delegation of 15 distinguished German immunologists discussed the workshop topic "immune regulation in infections and immune mediated diseases" with the aim to establish new German-Australasian collaborations, discuss new concepts in the field of immune regulation and build a scientific network to create more utilizable resources for excellent (trans-border) immunological research. The workshop was associated with the 45(th) Annual Scientific Meeting of the ASI held from Nov 29-Dec 3, 2015, opening up even more opportunities for finding new collaboration partners. A return meeting will be linked to the annual DGfI meeting that will take place in 2017 in Erlangen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Catherine Gottschalk
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susanne Heinzel
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dale Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anselm Enders
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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196
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Tian Y, Cox MA, Kahan SM, Ingram JT, Bakshi RK, Zajac AJ. A Context-Dependent Role for IL-21 in Modulating the Differentiation, Distribution, and Abundance of Effector and Memory CD8 T Cell Subsets. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2153-66. [PMID: 26826252 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The activation of naive CD8 T cells typically results in the formation of effector cells (TE) as well as phenotypically distinct memory cells that are retained over time. Memory CD8 T cells can be further subdivided into central memory, effector memory (TEM), and tissue-resident memory (TRM) subsets, which cooperate to confer immunological protection. Using mixed bone marrow chimeras and adoptive transfer studies in which CD8 T cells either do or do not express IL-21R, we discovered that under homeostatic or lymphopenic conditions IL-21 acts directly on CD8 T cells to favor the accumulation of TE/TEM populations. The inability to perceive IL-21 signals under competitive conditions also resulted in lower levels of TRM phenotype cells and reduced expression of granzyme B in the small intestine. IL-21 differentially promoted the expression of the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 and the integrin α4β7 on CD8 T cells primed in vitro and on circulating CD8 T cells in the mixed bone marrow chimeras. The requirement for IL-21 to establish CD8 TE/TEM and TRM subsets was overcome by acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection; nevertheless, memory virus-specific CD8 T cells remained dependent on IL-21 for optimal accumulation in lymphopenic environments. Overall, this study reveals a context-dependent role for IL-21 in sustaining effector phenotype CD8 T cells and influencing their migratory properties, accumulation, and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Maureen A Cox
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Shannon M Kahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Jennifer T Ingram
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Rakesh K Bakshi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Allan J Zajac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
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