151
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Gamble RJ, Link JS. Analyzing the tradeoffs among ecological and fishing effects on an example fish community: A multispecies (fisheries) production model. Ecol Modell 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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152
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Gulati S, Shapiro S. A New Goodness of Fit Test for the Logistic Distribution. JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL THEORY AND PRACTICE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15598608.2009.10411947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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153
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Ulmann E. Die regulatorische Bedeutung der Bevölkerungsdichte für das natürliche Gleichgewicht einer Art*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1941.tb00513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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154
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155
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Abstract
Many great men have said that no science is really worthy of the name until it has attained quantitative accuracy and can express its principles and laws in mathematical form.
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156
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Hollar DW. Progress along developmental tracks for electronic health records implementation in the United States. Health Res Policy Syst 2009; 7:3. [PMID: 19291284 PMCID: PMC2662837 DOI: 10.1186/1478-4505-7-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and implementation of electronic health records (EHR) have occurred slowly in the United States. To date, these approaches have, for the most part, followed four developmental tracks: (a) Enhancement of immunization registries and linkage with other health records to produce Child Health Profiles (CHP), (b) Regional Health Information Organization (RHIO) demonstration projects to link together patient medical records, (c) Insurance company projects linked to ICD-9 codes and patient records for cost-benefit assessments, and (d) Consortia of EHR developers collaborating to model systems requirements and standards for data linkage. Until recently, these separate efforts have been conducted in the very silos that they had intended to eliminate, and there is still considerable debate concerning health professionals access to as well as commitment to using EHR if these systems are provided. This paper will describe these four developmental tracks, patient rights and the legal environment for EHR, international comparisons, and future projections for EHR expansion across health networks in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hollar
- School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
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157
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158
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Rohani P, Keeling MJ, Grenfell BT. The interplay between determinism and stochasticity in childhood diseases. Am Nat 2008; 159:469-81. [PMID: 18707430 DOI: 10.1086/339467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An important issue in the history of ecology has been the study of the relative importance of deterministic forces and processes noise in shaping the dynamics of ecological populations. We address this question by exploring the temporal dynamics of two childhood infections, measles and whooping cough, in England and Wales. We demonstrate that epidemics of whooping cough are strongly influenced by stochasticity; fully deterministic approaches cannot achieve even a qualitative fit to the observed data. In contrast, measles dynamics are extremely well explained by a deterministic model. These differences are shown to be caused by their contrasting responses to dynamical noise due to different infectious periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Rohani
- Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2202, USA
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159
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160
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Zhang H, Lu L, Yan X, Gao P. Effect of the population heterogeneity on growth behavior and its estimation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 50:535-47. [PMID: 17653677 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-007-0057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Different types of the Logistic model are constructed based on a simple assumption that the microbial populations are all composed of homogeneous members and consequently, the condition of design for the initial value of these models has to be rather limited in the case of N(t(0))=N(0). Therefore, these models cannot distinguish the dynamic behavior of the populations possessing the same N(0) from heterogeneous phases. In fact, only a certain ratio of the cells in a population is dividing at any moment during growth progress, termed as theta, and thus, dN/dt not only depends on N, but also on theta. So theta is a necessary element for the condition design of the initial value. Unfortunately, this idea has long been neglected in widely used growth models. However, combining together the two factors (N(0) and theta) into the initial value often leads to the complexity in the mathematical solution. This difficulty can be overcome by using instantaneous rates (V(inst)) to express growth progress. Previous studies in our laboratory suggested that the V(inst) curve of the bacterial populations all showed a Guassian function shape and thus, the different growth phases can be reasonably distinguished. In the present study, the Gaussian distribution function was transformed approximately into an analytical form (Y(i)=alpha(e)[-0.5(x(i)-x(0)/b)(2)]) that can be conveniently used to evaluate the growth parameters and in this way the intrinsic growth behavior of a bacterial species growing in heterogeneous phases can be estimated. In addition, a new method has been proposed, in this case, the lag period and the double time for a bacterial population can also be reasonably evaluated. This approach proposed could thus be expected to reveal important insight of bacterial population growth. Some aspects in modeling population growth are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- HuaiQiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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161
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162
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Singh A, Hespanha JP. A derivative matching approach to moment closure for the stochastic logistic model. Bull Math Biol 2007; 69:1909-25. [PMID: 17443391 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-007-9198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Continuous-time birth-death Markov processes serve as useful models in population biology. When the birth-death rates are nonlinear, the time evolution of the first n order moments of the population is not closed, in the sense that it depends on moments of order higher than n. For analysis purposes, the time evolution of the first n order moments is often made to be closed by approximating these higher order moments as a nonlinear function of moments up to order n, which we refer to as the moment closure function. In this paper, a systematic procedure for constructing moment closure functions of arbitrary order is presented for the stochastic logistic model. We obtain the moment closure function by first assuming a certain separable form for it, and then matching time derivatives of the exact (not closed) moment equations with that of the approximate (closed) equations for some initial time and set of initial conditions. The separable structure ensures that the steady-state solutions for the approximate equations are unique, real and positive, while the derivative matching guarantees a good approximation, at least locally in time. Explicit formulas to construct these moment closure functions for arbitrary order of truncation n are provided with higher values of n leading to better approximations of the actual moment dynamics. A host of other moment closure functions previously proposed in the literature are also investigated. Among these we show that only the ones that achieve derivative matching provide a close approximation to the exact solution. Moreover, we improve the accuracy of several previously proposed moment closure functions by forcing derivative matching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhyudai Singh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA.
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163
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Amundsen PA, Knudsen R, Klemetsen A. Intraspecific competition and density dependence of food consumption and growth in Arctic charr. J Anim Ecol 2007; 76:149-58. [PMID: 17184363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Intraspecific competition for restricted food resources is considered to play a fundamental part in density dependence of somatic growth and other population characteristics, but studies simultaneously addressing the interrelationships between population density, food acquisition and somatic growth have been missing. 2. We explored the food consumption and individual growth rates of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus in a long-term survey following a large-scale density manipulation experiment in a subarctic lake. 3. Prior to the initiation of the experiment, the population density was high and the somatic growth rates low, revealing a severely overcrowded and stunted fish population. 4. During the 6-year period of stock depletion the population density of Arctic charr was reduced with about 75%, resulting in an almost twofold increase in food consumption rates and enhanced individual growth rates of the fish. 5. Over the decade following the density manipulation experiment, the population density gradually rose to intermediate levels, accompanied by corresponding reductions in food consumption and somatic growth rates. 6. The study revealed negative relationships with population density for both food consumption and individual growth rates, reflecting a strong positive correlation between quantitative food intake and somatic growth rates. 7. Both the growth and consumption rate relationships with population density were well described by negative power curves, suggesting that large density perturbations are necessary to induce improved feeding conditions and growth rates in stunted fish populations. 8. The findings demonstrate that quantitative food consumption represents the connective link between population density and individual growth rates, apparently being highly influenced by intraspecific competition for limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per-Arne Amundsen
- Department of Aquatic BioSciences, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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164
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Clausen T, Ribbeck K. Self-organization of anastral spindles by synergy of dynamic instability, autocatalytic microtubule production, and a spatial signaling gradient. PLoS One 2007; 2:e244. [PMID: 17330139 PMCID: PMC1797610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Assembly of the mitotic spindle is a classic example of macromolecular self-organization. During spindle assembly, microtubules (MTs) accumulate around chromatin. In centrosomal spindles, centrosomes at the spindle poles are the dominating source of MT production. However, many systems assemble anastral spindles, i.e., spindles without centrosomes at the poles. How anastral spindles produce and maintain a high concentration of MTs in the absence of centrosome-catalyzed MT production is unknown. With a combined biochemistry-computer simulation approach, we show that the concerted activity of three components can efficiently concentrate microtubules (MTs) at chromatin: (1) an external stimulus in form of a RanGTP gradient centered on chromatin, (2) a feed-back loop where MTs induce production of new MTs, and (3) continuous re-organization of MT structures by dynamic instability. The mechanism proposed here can generate and maintain a dissipative MT super-structure within a RanGTP gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Clausen
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Ribbeck
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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165
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Maggioni MA. Mors tua, vita mea? The Rise and Fall of Innovative Industrial Clusters. CLUSTER GENESIS 2006:219-242. [DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207183.003.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThis chapter contains a theoretical analysis of the rise and fall of clusters. It is shown how a major technological innovation sets a process of creative destruction into motion, where new clusters appear and replace clusters based on obsolete technologies. In the last stage when the cluster matures, it either achieves a national or international leadership in a given sector or technology. The decisive element appears to be a different institutional framework. Using simulation techniques, it is shown how policies that support firm-based micro-level incentives seem to be critical rather than policies aimed at strengthening the ‘carrying capacities’. Most European policy makers overemphasize the latter type of policies as a means to initiate cluster emergence and growth.
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166
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Arino J, Wang L, Wolkowicz GSK. An alternative formulation for a delayed logistic equation. J Theor Biol 2006; 241:109-19. [PMID: 16376946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2005] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We derive an alternative expression for a delayed logistic equation, assuming that the rate of change of the population depends on three components: growth, death, and intraspecific competition, with the delay in the growth component. In our formulation, we incorporate the delay in the growth term in a manner consistent with the rate of instantaneous decline in the population given by the model. We provide a complete global analysis, showing that, unlike the dynamics of the classical logistic delay differential equation (DDE) model, no sustained oscillations are possible. Just as for the classical logistic ordinary differential equation (ODE) growth model, all solutions approach a globally asymptotically stable equilibrium. However, unlike both the logistic ODE and DDE growth models, the value of this equilibrium depends on all of the parameters, including the delay, and there is a threshold that determines whether the population survives or dies out. In particular, if the delay is too long, the population dies out. When the population survives, i.e., the attracting equilibrium has a positive value, we explore how this value depends on the parameters. When this value is positive, solutions of our DDE model seem to be well approximated by solutions of the logistic ODE growth model with this carrying capacity and an appropriate choice for the intrinsic growth rate that is independent of the initial conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Arino
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada L8S 4K1.
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167
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Pearl R, Reed LJ. A Further Note on the Mathematical Theory of Population Growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 8:365-8. [PMID: 16576656 PMCID: PMC1085189 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.8.12.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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168
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Winsor
- Department of Biology, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University
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169
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sherman
- Research Laboratories of the Dairy Division, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C
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170
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NOËL HELENL, HOPKIN STEVEP, HUTCHINSON THOMASH, WILLIAMS TIMD, SIBLY RICHARDM. Towards a population ecology of stressed environments: the effects of zinc on the springtail Folsomia candida. J Appl Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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171
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Martineau Y, Saugier B. Comportement contre-intuitif d'un modèle mécaniste de succession végétale. C R Biol 2006; 329:21-30. [PMID: 16399640 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2005.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Revised: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A model of plant succession has been built for simulating the growth of six species, based on physiological processes such as photosynthesis, growth and maintenance respiration, carbon allocation, nitrogen absorption, fixation and remobilisation, organ mortality, seed dispersal and germination. The simulated global plant productivity decreases in response to an increase in soil nitrogen availability. The reason is a replacement of the rapidly-growing legume species by slow-growing shrub species that are higher than the legume and thus shade it. This paradoxical result could have a wide application field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Martineau
- Société ATN SA (Application de techniques nouvelles), 15, rue du Louvre, 75001 Paris, France
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172
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The Contribution of Laboratory Experiments on Protists to Understanding Population and Metapopulation Dynamics. ADV ECOL RES 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2504(04)37008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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173
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Murrell DJ, Dieckmann U, Law R. On moment closures for population dynamics in continuous space. J Theor Biol 2004; 229:421-32. [PMID: 15234208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2003] [Revised: 04/08/2004] [Accepted: 04/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A first-order moment closure, the mean-field assumption that organisms encounter one another in proportion to their spatial average densities, lies at the heart of much theoretical ecology. This assumption ignores all spatial information and, at the very least, needs to be replaced by a second-order closure to gain understanding of ecological dynamics in spatially structured populations. We describe a number of conditions that a second-order closure should satisfy and use these conditions to evaluate some closures currently available in the literature. Two conditions are particularly helpful in discriminating among the alternatives: that the closure should be positive, and that the dynamics should be unaltered when identical individuals are given different labels. On this basis, a class of closures we refer to as 'power-2' turns out to provide a good compromise between positivity and dynamical invariance under relabelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Murrell
- NERC Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK.
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174
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Menon A, Bhandarkar S. Predicting polymorphic transformation curves using a logistic equation. Int J Pharm 2004; 286:125-9. [PMID: 15501009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Revised: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The commonly used solid-state reaction models (for example-Prout-Tompkins, Avrami-Erofe'ev) describe the polymorphic transformation data only over a certain range, alpha from 10% to 90%. Predictions based on a fit to a fraction of the data are inadequate because we ignore the early induction phase of the reaction, which is important for predictive purposes. A four-parameter logistic equation describes the data over the entire curve for polymorphic transformation at high temperatures. We use the parameters of the logistic equation to predict the transformation curves. The predicted curves agree with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Menon
- Sanofi-Synthelabo, 9 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA.
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175
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Agrawal AA. Plant Defense and Density Dependence in the Population Growth of Herbivores. Am Nat 2004; 164:113-20. [PMID: 15266375 DOI: 10.1086/420980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2003] [Accepted: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Long-standing theory has predicted that plant defensive and nutritional traits contribute to the population dynamics of insect herbivores. To examine the role of plant variation in density dependence, I took a comparative approach by conducting density manipulation experiments with the specialist aphid, Aphis nerii, on 18 species of milkweed (Asclepias spp.). The strength of density dependence varied on the plant species. Variation in plant secondary compounds (cardenolides), trichomes, leaf carbon and nitrogen concentrations, and seed mass of the milkweed species predicted the R(max) of aphid populations, while specific leaf weight, carbon concentration, latex, water content, and trichome density were significant predictors of the strength of density dependence. Thus, plant traits that probably evolved for primary and defensive functions contribute to the ecological dynamics of herbivore populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Botany, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada.
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176
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Resetarits WJ, Rieger JF, Binckley CA. Threat of predation negates density effects in larval gray treefrogs. Oecologia 2004; 138:532-8. [PMID: 14722747 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-003-1466-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2003] [Accepted: 11/12/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
While density-dependence is central to most theory regarding population regulation and community structure, specific mechanisms that modify its effects in the absence of changes in consumer-resources ratios (e.g., thinning) are not well understood. To determine if the threat of predation alters effects of density, we investigated the interaction between density of larval treefrogs (Hyla chrysoscelis) and the non-lethal presence of a predatory fish (Enneacanthus obesus). A significant density by fish interaction was consistent for all response variables (e.g., larval survivorship, mass, and time to metamorphosis) driven by a complete lack of density effects in the presence of predators, while predator-free tanks showed classic density-dependent responses. Given that female H. chrysoscelis strongly avoid ovipositing in ponds containing fish, certain larval adaptations are apparently not constrained by maternal behavior and suggest redundancy in response to predators. Our data suggest that non-lethal effects of predators can determine larval performance irrespective of larval density, and that the non-lethal effects of predators can be strong whether lethal effects are strong or weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Resetarits
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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177
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Montiel-Arzate E, Echavarría-Heras H, Leal-Ramírez C. A functionally diverse population growth model. Math Biosci 2003; 187:21-51. [PMID: 14609635 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2003.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present work deals with a single species population growth model, exhibiting diverse functional modes. The model is based on the principle of limiting factors for population growth. This paradigm was adapted from the law of the minimum, and the law of the tolerance. In the framework presented here, rates of natality and mortality are controlled by extreme values of limiting factors. The formal expression of these ideas corresponds to what we call a functionally diverse model. This model permits the identification of thresholds of viability, starvation, intraspecific cooperation and competition. The performance of the model is evaluated using data for populations growing under experimental or natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Montiel-Arzate
- Department of Ecology, CICESE Research Center, P.O. Box 434844, San Diego, CA 92143-4844, USA
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178
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Saha AK, Mazumdar JN, Morsi YS. Effect of environmental fluctuations on the dynamic composition of engineered cartilage: A deterministic model in stochastic environment. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2003; 2:158-62. [PMID: 15376950 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2003.816226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dynamics of extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and scaffold degradation in cell-polymer constructs have been studied in a random fluctuating environment created due to the applications of growth factors into the in vitro generation of cartilaginous constructs. Existing models of cell-polymer constructs for the design of engineered cartilage have been discussed and then a new deterministic scheme in random environment proposed taking into account the effects of growth factors as the environmental variability in the form of Gaussian white noise. Steady-state probability distribution of each individual component of the ECM in its homeostasis is found explicitly. The computer-simulated results of the model have been discussed and then compared with the data from a variety of scaffold systems and culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Saha
- IRIS, Swinbume University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, Melbourne, Vic. 3122, Australia
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179
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180
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Wachenheim DE, Patterson JA, Ladisch MR. Analysis of the logistic function model: derivation and applications specific to batch cultured microorganisms. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2003; 86:157-164. [PMID: 12653281 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8524(02)00149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mathematical models are useful for describing microbial growth, both in natural ecosystems and under research conditions. To this end, a rate expression that accounted for depletion of nutrients was used to derive the logistic function model for batch cultures. Statistical analysis was used to demonstrate the suitability of this model for growth curve data. Two linear forms of the model and two procedures for calculating growth rate constants were derived to facilitate statistical evaluation of growth curves. The procedures for calculating growth rate constants were found to be useful for calculation of growth rate constants at each time point, or for estimating growth rate constants from early growth curve data. The utility of the logistic function model and its alternative forms is discussed with respect to planning experiments, analyzing growth curves for the effects of factors other than nutrient limitation, and developing more complete descriptions of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Wachenheim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1151, USA
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181
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Sibly RM, Hone J, Clutton-Brock TH. Population growth rate: determining factors and role in population regulation. Introduction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2002; 357:1149-51. [PMID: 12396507 PMCID: PMC1693023 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2002.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Sibly
- School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, PO Box 228, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK
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182
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Sibly RM, Hone J. Population growth rate and its determinants: an overview. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2002; 357:1153-70. [PMID: 12396508 PMCID: PMC1693026 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2002.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We argue that population growth rate is the key unifying variable linking the various facets of population ecology. The importance of population growth rate lies partly in its central role in forecasting future population trends; indeed if the form of density dependence were constant and known, then the future population dynamics could to some degree be predicted. We argue that population growth rate is also central to our understanding of environmental stress: environmental stressors should be defined as factors which when first applied to a population reduce population growth rate. The joint action of such stressors determines an organism's ecological niche, which should be defined as the set of environmental conditions where population growth rate is greater than zero (where population growth rate = r = log(e)(N(t+1)/N(t))). While environmental stressors have negative effects on population growth rate, the same is true of population density, the case of negative linear effects corresponding to the well-known logistic equation. Following Sinclair, we recognize population regulation as occurring when population growth rate is negatively density dependent. Surprisingly, given its fundamental importance in population ecology, only 25 studies were discovered in the literature in which population growth rate has been plotted against population density. In 12 of these the effects of density were linear; in all but two of the remainder the relationship was concave viewed from above. Alternative approaches to establishing the determinants of population growth rate are reviewed, paying special attention to the demographic and mechanistic approaches. The effects of population density on population growth rate may act through their effects on food availability and associated effects on somatic growth, fecundity and survival, according to a 'numerical response', the evidence for which is briefly reviewed. Alternatively, there may be effects on population growth rate of population density in addition to those that arise through the partitioning of food between competitors; this is 'interference competition'. The distinction is illustrated using a replicated laboratory experiment on a marine copepod, Tisbe battagliae. Application of these approaches in conservation biology, ecotoxicology and human demography is briefly considered. We conclude that population regulation, density dependence, resource and interference competition, the effects of environmental stress and the form of the ecological niche, are all best defined and analysed in terms of population growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Sibly
- School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, PO Box 228, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK.
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183
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Abstract
A variety of growth curves have been developed to model both unpredated, intraspecific population dynamics and more general biological growth. Most predictive models are shown to be based on variations of the classical Verhulst logistic growth equation. We review and compare several such models and analyse properties of interest for these. We also identify and detail several associated limitations and restrictions.A generalized form of the logistic growth curve is introduced which incorporates these models as special cases. Several properties of the generalized growth are also presented. We furthermore prove that the new growth form incorporates additional growth models which are markedly different from the logistic growth and its variants, at least in their mathematical representation. Finally, we give a brief outline of how the new curve could be used for curve-fitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tsoularis
- Institute of Information and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102 904, Albany, Auckland, New Zealand.
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184
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185
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186
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Maruyama K, Vinyard B, Akbar MK, Shafer DJ, Turk CM. Growth curve analyses in selected duck lines. Br Poult Sci 2001; 42:574-82. [PMID: 11811908 DOI: 10.1080/00071660120088380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
1. Growth patterns of male ducks from 4 lines (lines A, B, C and D) selected for market weight were analysed and compared to growth patterns of ducks in the respective line 7 generations earlier. Growth curves were analysed using procedures derived from the Weibull sigmoidal function and the linear-linear relative growth rate model and simple allometry. 2. The ducks were fed ad libitum under 24-h lighting throughout the experiment. At weekly intervals from the time of hatch through 70 d of age, 16 ducks from each line were killed to determine body, carcase, breast-muscle, leg and thigh-muscle, and abdominal fat weights. 3. Line A was the heaviest line, followed by line B, line C and line D. However, body weight, carcase weight and breast-muscle weight at 49 d of age were not significantly different between lines A and B. After 7 generations of selection, the breast-muscle yield was increased to >19% and the abdominal fat percent was reduced to <1.4% in all lines. 4. The Weibull growth curve analysis of body weight showed an increase in the asymptotes during selection, while the age of the inflection point remained constant in all lines (21.3 to 26.0 d). For breast-muscle growth, ducks reached the inflection point 12.8 to 14.3 d later than for body weight. Between line A and line B, asymptotes for body weight, asymptotes for breast-muscle weight and allometric growth coefficients of breast muscle and leg and thigh muscles from 14 to 49 d were not significantly different. 5. The relative growth rate model discriminated body and breast-muscle growth patterns of line A and line B. The initial decline in the relative body growth rate was less and the time to reach the transition was longer in line A than line B. On the other hand, the initial decline in the relative breast-muscle growth rate was greater in line A than line B.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Maruyama
- US Department of Agriculture, Gene Evaluation and Mapping Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
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187
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Zadoks JC. Plant Disease Epidemiology in the Twentieth Century: A Picture by Means of Selected Controversies. PLANT DISEASE 2001; 85:808-816. [PMID: 30823046 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.2001.85.8.808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J C Zadoks
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, Netherlands
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188
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Abstract
We formulate and analyse a stochastic version of the Verhulst deterministic model for density-dependent growth of a single population. Three parameter regions with qualitatively different behaviours are identified. Explicit approximations of the quasi-stationary distribution and of the expected time to extinction are presented in each of these regions. The quasi-stationary distribution is approximately normal, and the time to extinction is long, in one of these regions. Another region has a short time to extinction and a quasi-stationary distribution that is approximately truncated geometric. A third region is a transition region between these two. Here the time to extinction is moderately long and the quasi-stationary distribution has a more complicated behaviour. Numerical illustrations are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nåsell
- Department of Mathematics, The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, S-100 44, Sweden.
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189
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Abstract
Biodemography is an emerging subdiscipline of classical demography that brings life table techniques, mortality models, experimental systems, and comparative methods to bear on questions concerned with the fundamental determinants of mortality, longevity, aging, and life span. It is important to entomology because it provides a secure and comprehensive actuarial foundation for life table and mortality analysis, it suggests new possibilities for the use of model insect systems in the study of aging and mortality dynamics, and it integrates an interdisciplinary perspective on demographic concepts and actuarial techniques into the entomological literature. This paper describes the major life table formulae and mortality models used to analyze the actuarial properties of insects; summarizes the literature on adult insect life span, including a discussion of basic concepts; identifies the major correlates of extended longevity; and suggests new ideas for using demographic concepts in both basic and applied entomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Carey
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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190
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Ellis M. What future for whites? Population projections and racialised imaginaries in the US. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ijpg.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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191
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192
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McKenna JE. FITPOP, a heuristic simulation model of population dynamics and genetics with special reference to fisheries. Ecol Modell 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3800(99)00205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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193
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194
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Abstract
The growth of pure populations of the beetles
Rhizopertha dominica
and
Oryzaephilus surinamensis
, and of the moth
Sitotroga cerealella
, was observed in a standard medium of wheat. This was maintained at a constant level by the periodic removal of ‘conditioned’ frass and the addition of fresh grains. The population of each species rose to a maximum and remained fluctuating about this value indefinitely. A comparison of the rates of oviposition, with the rates at which adults emerged, showed that in the maximum population there was an enormous mortality (always over 90%) in the immature stages. When pairs of species competed
Rhizopertha
eliminated
Sitotroga
because their larvae, between which most of the competition occurred, have the same needs and habits. But each of these species was able to survive with
Oryzaephilus
because this species occupies a different ‘ecological niche’. The Verhulst-Pearl ‘logistic’ equation (1), for the growth of population of a single species in a limited environment, and the Lotka-Volterra simultaneous equations (2), for the growth of population of two species competing for the same limited environment, were fitted to the census data from all the experiments. The biological assumptions on which they are based proved to be true for practical purposes for
Rhizopertha
and
Sitotroga
populations. These assumptions are that the value of the potential rate of increase remains statistically constant and that all the factors inhibiting increase are linearly related to population density. Further more, a single factor, larval competition, was represented by the single indices standing for interspecific inhibition. It follows that the maximum population (or equilibrium position) should be independent of the initial population, and this proved to be so for all species. Equations (2) did not always fit the observed points very well, but they were always successful in predicting the outcome of competition. It does not follow from this that these equations have any general validity. Their basic assumptions are by no means universally true and, unless they are shown to be so for a particular species under known, environmental conditions, no biological deductions can be drawn from them. Where they do apply they describe the course of change of population of two competing organisms with an accuracy which depends on the constancy of the coefficients involved. Two kinds of organism will be able to survive together only if they differ in needs and habits, i. e. occupy different ecological niches. Populations living in a medium of unrenewed wheat rose to a maximum and then declined as the food became exhausted and ‘conditioning’ increased. The eventual extinction of the population was due, not to the cessation of oviposition, but to the failure of the larvae to survive. The longevity of
Rhizopertha
adults was lower in unrenewed than in renewed medium, and lower still when this species was competing with
Sitotroga
in unrenewed medium. The longevity of the other species, and the sex ratio of
Sitotroga
, were apparently unaffected by these conditions. The fecundity of
Rhizopertha
females decreased with time, and the length of
Sitotroga
adults of both sexes decreased in succeeding generations. The competitive relationship between both
Sitotroga
and
Rhizopertha
, and
Oryzaephilus
shifted slightly in favour of the former species in unrenewed as compared with renewed media. In a renewed medium this relationship probably depends chiefly on the destruction of eggs and pupae by adults and larvae, for which the more predaceous
Oryzaephilus
is better placed. In an unrenewed medium the ability of the larvae to make the best use of the limited food supply is the determining factor, and here the other two species have the advantage. The competitive relationship between
Rhizopertha
and
Sitotroga
remained the same in both media.
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195
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Parameter estimation in a verhulst stochastic model. STAT METHOD APPL-GER 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02589120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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196
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Gilbert
- Unit on Reactive Oxygen Species, NINDS National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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197
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Metaphysiological and evolutionary dynamics of populations exploiting constant and interactive resources:R?K selection revisited. Evol Ecol 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01237746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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198
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Erythrocyte osmotic fragility in some artiodactylid mammals: Relationships with Plasma Osmolality and red cell dimensions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02984527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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199
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Battaglini P. Come le società animali limitano il loro incremento demografico: aspetti biologici ed etologici. Glob Bioeth 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/11287462.1992.10800605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P. Battaglini
- Dipartimento di Zoologia Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Via Mezzocannone, 8 80134 - Napoli
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200
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The Development of Dynamic Spatial Models for Landscape Ecology: A Review and Prognosis. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-4244-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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