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Ikawa M, Arakawa K, Hamano T, Nagata M, Nakamoto Y, Kuriyama M, Koga Y, Yoneda M. Evaluation of systemic redox states in patients carrying the MELAS A3243G mutation in mitochondrial DNA. Eur Neurol 2012; 67:232-7. [PMID: 22517274 DOI: 10.1159/000336568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To clarify the change of systemic redox states in patients carrying the A3243G mutation in mitochondrial DNA (A3243G), we evaluated oxidative stress and antioxidant activity in the serum of patients. METHODS Oxidative stress and antioxidant activity in the serum samples obtained from 14 patients carrying A3243G and from 34 healthy controls were analyzed using the diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) tests, respectively. RESULTS The mean d-ROMs level of all patients was significantly greater than that of the controls (p < 0.005), and the mean BAP/d-ROMs ratio of all patients was significantly lower than that of the controls (p < 0.02). In the patients with a history of stroke-like episodes (n = 10), both mean d-ROMs and BAP levels were increased compared with those of the controls (both p < 0.01). The mean BAP level of the patients without a history of stroke-like episodes (n = 4) was significantly decreased compared with that of the controls (p < 0.001), but the mean d-ROMs levels were not significantly different. CONCLUSION d-ROMs and BAP tests indicated that patients carrying A3243G are always exposed to underlying oxidative stress, even at a remission state of stroke-like episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Ikawa
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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152
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Abstract
Mitochondria are often regarded as the powerhouse of the cell by generating the ultimate energy transfer molecule, ATP, which is required for a multitude of cellular processes. However, the role of mitochondria goes beyond their capacity to create molecular fuel, to include the generation of reactive oxygen species, the regulation of calcium, and activation of cell death. Mitochondrial dysfunction is part of both normal and premature ageing, but can contribute to inflammation, cell senescence, and apoptosis. Cardiovascular disease, and in particular atherosclerosis, is characterized by DNA damage, inflammation, cell senescence, and apoptosis. Increasing evidence indicates that mitochondrial damage and dysfunction also occur in atherosclerosis and may contribute to the multiple pathological processes underlying the disease. This review summarizes the normal role of mitochondria, the causes and consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction, and the evidence for mitochondrial damage and dysfunction in vascular disease. Finally, we highlight areas of mitochondrial biology that may have therapeutic targets in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Yu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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153
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Barca E, Aguennouz M, Mazzeo A, Messina S, Toscano A, Vita GL, Portaro S, Parisi D, Rodolico C. ANT1 is reduced in sporadic inclusion body myositis. Neurol Sci 2012; 34:217-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-012-0976-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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154
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Association of mitochondrial DNA variations with lung cancer risk in a Han Chinese population from southwestern China. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31322. [PMID: 22363619 PMCID: PMC3283641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is particularly susceptible to oxidative damage and mutation due to the high rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and limited DNA-repair capacity in mitochondrial. Previous studies demonstrated that the increased mtDNA copy number for compensation for damage, which was associated with cigarette smoking, has been found to be associated with lung cancer risk among heavy smokers. Given that the common and “non-pathological” mtDNA variations determine differences in oxidative phosphorylation performance and ROS production, an important determinant of lung cancer risk, we hypothesize that the mtDNA variations may play roles in lung cancer risk. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a case-control study to compare the frequencies of mtDNA haplogroups and an 822 bp mtDNA deletion between 422 lung cancer patients and 504 controls. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that haplogroups D and F were related to individual lung cancer resistance (OR = 0.465, 95%CI = 0.329–0.656, p<0.001; and OR = 0.622, 95%CI = 0.425–0.909, p = 0.014, respectively), while haplogroups G and M7 might be risk factors for lung cancer (OR = 3.924, 95%CI = 1.757–6.689, p<0.001; and OR = 2.037, 95%CI = 1.253–3.312, p = 0.004, respectively). Additionally, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that cigarette smoking was a risk factor for the 822 bp mtDNA deletion. Furthermore, the increased frequencies of the mtDNA deletion in male cigarette smoking subjects of combined cases and controls with haplogroup D indicated that the haplogroup D might be susceptible to DNA damage from external ROS caused by heavy cigarette smoking.
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155
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Early induction of oxidative stress in mouse model of Alzheimer disease with reduced mitochondrial superoxide dismutase activity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e28033. [PMID: 22276093 PMCID: PMC3261865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While oxidative stress has been linked to Alzheimer's disease, the underlying pathophysiological relationship is unclear. To examine this relationship, we induced oxidative stress through the genetic ablation of one copy of mitochondrial antioxidant superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod2) allele in mutant human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) transgenic mice. The brains of young (5–7 months of age) and old (25–30 months of age) mice with the four genotypes, wild-type (Sod2+/+), hemizygous Sod2 (Sod2+/−), hAPP/wild-type (Sod2+/+), and hAPP/hemizygous (Sod2+/−) were examined to assess levels of oxidative stress markers 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and heme oxygenase-1. Sod2 reduction in young hAPP mice resulted in significantly increased oxidative stress in the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus. Interestingly, while differences resulting from hAPP expression or Sod2 reduction were not apparent in the neurons in old mice, oxidative stress was increased in astrocytes in old, but not young hAPP mice with either Sod2+/+ or Sod2+/−. Our study shows the specific changes in oxidative stress and the causal relationship with the pathological progression of these mice. These results suggest that the early neuronal susceptibility to oxidative stress in the hAPP/Sod2+/− mice may contribute to the pathological and behavioral changes seen in this animal model.
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156
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Abstract
Mitochondria perform multiple functions critical to the maintenance of cellular homoeostasis and their dysfunction leads to disease. Several lines of evidence suggest the presence of a MAD (mitochondria-associated degradation) pathway that regulates mitochondrial protein quality control. Internal mitochondrial proteins may be retrotranslocated to the OMM (outer mitochondrial membrane), multiple E3 ubiquitin ligases reside at the OMM and inhibition of the proteasome causes accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins at the OMM. Reminiscent of ERAD [ER (endoplasmic reticulum)-associated degradation], Cdc48 (cell division cycle 42)/p97 is recruited to stressed mitochondria, extracts ubiquitinated proteins from the OMM and presents ubiquitinated proteins to the proteasome for degradation. Recent research has provided mechanistic insights into the interaction of the UPS (ubiquitin-proteasome system) with the OMM. In yeast, Vms1 [VCP (valosin-containing protein) (p97)/Cdc48-associated mitochondrial-stress-responsive 1] protein recruits Cdc48/p97 to the OMM. In mammalian systems, the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin regulates the recruitment of Cdc48/p97 to mitochondria, subsequent mitochondrial protein degradation and mitochondrial autophagy. Disruption of the Vms1 or parkin systems results in the hyper-accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins at mitochondria and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction. The emerging MAD pathway is important for the maintenance of cellular and therefore organismal viability.
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157
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Carneiro P, Duarte M, Videira A. Disruption of alternative NAD(P)H dehydrogenases leads to decreased mitochondrial ROS in Neurospora crassa. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:402-9. [PMID: 22100504 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are a main providers of high levels of energy, but also a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during normal oxidative metabolism. The involvement of Neurospora crassa alternative NAD(P)H dehydrogenases in mitochondrial ROS production was evaluated. The growth responses of a series of respiratory mutants to several stress conditions revealed that disrupting alternative dehydrogenases leads to an increased tolerance to the redox cycler paraquat, with a mutant devoid of the external NDE1 and NDE2 enzymes being significantly more resistant. The nde1nde2 mutant mitochondria show a significant decrease in ROS generation in the presence and absence of paraquat, regardless of the respiratory substrate used, and an intrinsic increase in catalase activity. Analysis of ROS production by a complex I mutant (nuo51) indicates that, as in other organisms, paraquat-derived ROS in Neurospora mitochondria occur mainly at the level of complex I. We propose that disruption of the external NAD(P)H dehydrogenases NDE1 and NDE2 leads to a synergistic effect diminishing ROS generation by the mitochondrial respiratory chain. This, in addition to a robust increase in scavenging capacity, provides the mutant strain with an improved ability to withstand paraquat treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Carneiro
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.
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158
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Introduction to the Analysis and Risk of Nanomaterials in Environmental and Food Samples. COMPREHENSIVE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-56328-6.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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159
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Leung GPH. Iatrogenic mitochondriopathies: a recent lesson from nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 942:347-69. [PMID: 22399431 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2869-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) has revolutionized the treatment of infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis-B virus. NRTIs can suppress viral replication in the long-term, but possess significant toxicity that can seriously compromise treatment effectiveness. The major toxicity of NRTIs is mitochondrial toxicity. This manifests as serious side effects such as myopathy, peripheral neuropathy and lactic acidosis. In general, it is believed that the mitochondrial pathogenesis is closely related to the effect of NRTIs on mitochondrial DNA polymerase-γ. Depletion and mutation of mitochondrial DNA during chronic NRTI therapy may lead to cellular respiratory dysfunction and release of reactive oxidative species, resulting in cellular damage. It is now apparent that the etiology is far more complex than originally thought. It appears to involve multiple mechanisms as well as host factors such as HIV per se, inborn mitochondrial mutation, and sex. Management of mitochondrial toxicity during NRTI therapy remains a challenge. Interruption of NRTI therapy and substitution of the causative agents with alternative better-tolerated NRTIs represents the mainstay of management for mitochondrial toxicity and its clinical manifestations. A range of pharmacological approaches has been proposed as treatments and prophylaxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P H Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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160
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Limongelli G, Masarone D, D’Alessandro R, Elliott PM. Mitochondrial diseases and the heart: an overview of molecular basis, diagnosis, treatment and clinical course. Future Cardiol 2012; 8:71-88. [DOI: 10.2217/fca.11.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrion is the main site of production of ATP that represents the source of energy for a large number of cellular processes. Mitochondrial diseases that result in a deficit in ATP production can affect almost every organ system with a large spectrum of clinical phenotypes. Cardiomyocytes are particularly vulnerable to limited ATP supply because of their large energy requirement. Abnormalities in the mitochondrial function are increasingly recognized in association with dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cardiac conduction defects, endothelial dysfunction and coronary artery disease. Cardiologists should, therefore, be alerted to symptoms and signs suggestive of mitochondrial diseases and become familiar with the general issues related to multisystem disease management, genetic counseling and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Limongelli
- Monaldi Hospital Second University of Naples (SUN), Naples, Italy
- The Heart Hospital, University College of London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Daniele Masarone
- Monaldi Hospital Second University of Naples (SUN), Naples, Italy
| | | | - Perry M Elliott
- The Heart Hospital, University College of London (UCL), London, UK
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161
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Sharifi S, Behzadi S, Laurent S, Forrest ML, Stroeve P, Mahmoudi M. Toxicity of nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 41:2323-43. [PMID: 22170510 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15188f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 814] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscience has matured significantly during the last decade as it has transitioned from bench top science to applied technology. Presently, nanomaterials are used in a wide variety of commercial products such as electronic components, sports equipment, sun creams and biomedical applications. There are few studies of the long-term consequences of nanoparticles on human health, but governmental agencies, including the United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and Japan's Ministry of Health, have recently raised the question of whether seemingly innocuous materials such as carbon-based nanotubes should be treated with the same caution afforded known carcinogens such as asbestos. Since nanomaterials are increasing a part of everyday consumer products, manufacturing processes, and medical products, it is imperative that both workers and end-users be protected from inhalation of potentially toxic NPs. It also suggests that NPs may need to be sequestered into products so that the NPs are not released into the atmosphere during the product's life or during recycling. Further, non-inhalation routes of NP absorption, including dermal and medical injectables, must be studied in order to understand possible toxic effects. Fewer studies to date have addressed whether the body can eventually eliminate nanomaterials to prevent particle build-up in tissues or organs. This critical review discusses the biophysicochemical properties of various nanomaterials with emphasis on currently available toxicology data and methodologies for evaluating nanoparticle toxicity (286 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Sharifi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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162
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Choumar A, Tarhuni A, Lettéron P, Reyl-Desmars F, Dauhoo N, Damasse J, Vadrot N, Nahon P, Moreau R, Pessayre D, Mansouri A. Lipopolysaccharide-induced mitochondrial DNA depletion. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2837-54. [PMID: 21767162 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic energy depletion has been described in severe sepsis, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been shown to cause mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage. To clarify the mechanisms of LPS-induced mtDNA damage and mitochondrial alterations, we treated wild-type (WT) or transgenic manganese superoxide dismutase-overerexpressing (MnSOD(+++)) mice with a single dose of LPS (5 mg/kg). In WT mice, LPS increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species formation, hepatic inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) mRNA and protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and high-mobility group protein B1 concentrations. Six to 48 h after LPS administration (5 mg/kg), liver mtDNA levels, respiratory complex I activity, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contents were decreased. In addition, LPS increased interferon-β concentration and decreased mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) mRNA, Tfam protein, and mtDNA-encoded mRNAs. Morphological studies showed mild hepatic inflammation. The LPS (5 mg/kg)-induced mtDNA depletion, complex I inactivation, ATP depletion, and alanine aminotransferase increase were prevented in MnSOD(+++) mice or in WT mice cotreated with 1400W (a NOS inhibitor), (2-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-4-ylamino)-2-oxoethyl)triphenylphosphonium chloride, monohydrate (a superoxide scavenger) or uric acid (a peroxynitrite scavenger). The MnSOD overexpression delayed death in mice challenged by a higher, lethal dose of LPS (25 mg/kg). In conclusion, LPS administration damages mtDNA and alters mitochondrial function. The protective effects of MnSOD, NOS inhibitors, and superoxide or peroxynitrite scavengers point out a role of the superoxide anion reacting with NO to form mtDNA- and protein-damaging peroxynitrite. In addition to the acute damage caused by reactive species, decreased levels of mitochondrial transcripts contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Choumar
- INSERM, U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat Beaujon CRB3, Paris, France
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163
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Kim HS, Je JH, Son TG, Park HR, Ji ST, Pokharel YR, Jeon HM, Kang KW, Kang HS, Chang SC, Kim HS, Chung HY, Lee J. The hepatoprotective effects of adenine nucleotide translocator-2 against aging and oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 2011; 46:21-9. [PMID: 22034909 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.636042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) plays important roles in the regulation of mitochondrial permeability transition and cell bioenergetics. The mouse has three ANT isoforms (1, 2 and 4) showing tissue-specific expression patterns. Although ANT1 is known to have a pro-apoptotic property, the specific functions of ANT2 have not been well determined. In the present study, ANT2 expression was significantly lower in the aged rat liver and in a liver fibrosis model. To explore the protective role of ANT2 in the liver, we established a hepa1c1c7 cell line overexpressing ANT2. Overexpression of ANT2 caused hepa1c1c7 cells to be more resistant to oxidative stress, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, ∆Ψm) was relatively intact in ANT2-overexpressing cells under oxidative stress. In addition, ANT2 was found to increase ATP production by influencing mitochondrial bioenergetics. These results imply that the hepatoprotective effect of ANT2 is due to the stabilization of MMP and enhanced ATP production, and thus, maintaining ANT2 levels in the liver might be important to enhance resistance to aging and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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164
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are involved in numerous aspects of cellular signaling. Classically ROS/RNS have been associated with cellular dysfunction and disease, but it is now clear that they are also of integral importance under normal conditions. In this review, we discuss ROS/RNS effects in skeletal muscle, with special focus on changes in contractile function. The review deals with the tentative roles of ROS/RNS for acute changes that can occur during strenuous exercise resulting in muscle fatigue, for the recovery from fatigue, and for the effects of training/overtraining. We also discuss two groups of inherited diseases; muscle dystrophies, where recent data suggest that ROS/RNS may be of unexpectedly large importance, and mitochondrial myopathies, where the role of ROS seems more limited than originally thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Westerblad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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165
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Andersson DC, Fauconnier J, Park CB, Zhang SJ, Thireau J, Ivarsson N, Larsson NG, Westerblad H. Enhanced cardiomyocyte Ca(2+) cycling precedes terminal AV-block in mitochondrial cardiomyopathy Mterf3 KO mice. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2455-64. [PMID: 21381862 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.3915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Heart disease is commonly associated with altered mitochondrial function and signs of oxidative stress. This study elucidates whether primary cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction causes changes in cardiomyocyte handling of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca(2+). We used a mouse model with a tissue-specific ablation of the recently discovered mtDNA transcription regulator Mterf3 (Mterf3 KO). These mice display a cardiomyopathy with severe respiratory chain dysfunction, cardiac hypertrophy, and shortened lifespan. ROS and Ca(2+) handling were measured using fluorescent indicators and confocal microscopy. RESULTS Mterf3 KO hearts displayed no signs of increased ROS production or oxidative stress. Surprisingly, Mterf3 KO cardiomyocytes showed enlarged Ca(2+) transient amplitudes, faster sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) reuptake, and increased SR Ca(2+) load, resembling increased adrenergic stimulation. Furthermore, spontaneous releases of Ca(2+) were frequent in Mterf3 KO cardiomyocytes. Electrocardiography (measured with telemetry in freely moving mice) showed a terminal state in Mterf3 KO mice with gradually developing bradycardia and atrioventricular block. CONCLUSION In conclusion, mitochondrial dysfunction induced by Mterf3 KO leads to a cardiomyopathy without signs of oxidative stress but with increased cardiomyocyte Ca(2+) cycling and an arrhythmogenic phenotype. These findings highlight the complex interaction between mitochondrial function, cardiomyocyte contractility, and compensatory mechanisms, such as activation of adrenergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Andersson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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166
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Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and aging. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2011; 2012:646354. [PMID: 21977319 PMCID: PMC3184498 DOI: 10.1155/2012/646354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 592] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aging is an intricate phenomenon characterized by progressive decline in physiological functions and increase in mortality that is often accompanied by many pathological diseases. Although aging is almost universally conserved among all organisms, the underlying molecular mechanisms of aging remain largely elusive. Many theories of aging have been proposed, including the free-radical and mitochondrial theories of aging. Both theories speculate that cumulative damage to mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the causes of aging. Oxidative damage affects replication and transcription of mtDNA and results in a decline in mitochondrial function which in turn leads to enhanced ROS production and further damage to mtDNA. In this paper, we will present the current understanding of the interplay between ROS and mitochondria and will discuss their potential impact on aging and age-related diseases.
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167
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Fukai T, Ushio-Fukai M. Superoxide dismutases: role in redox signaling, vascular function, and diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1583-606. [PMID: 21473702 PMCID: PMC3151424 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.3999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1304] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Excessive reactive oxygen species Revised abstract, especially superoxide anion (O₂•-), play important roles in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are the major antioxidant defense systems against (O₂•-), which consist of three isoforms of SOD in mammals: the cytoplasmic Cu/ZnSOD (SOD1), the mitochondrial MnSOD (SOD2), and the extracellular Cu/ZnSOD (SOD3), all of which require catalytic metal (Cu or Mn) for their activation. Recent evidence suggests that in each subcellular location, SODs catalyze the conversion of (O₂•-), H2O2, which may participate in cell signaling. In addition, SODs play a critical role in inhibiting oxidative inactivation of nitric oxide, thereby preventing peroxynitrite formation and endothelial and mitochondrial dysfunction. The importance of each SOD isoform is further illustrated by studies from the use of genetically altered mice and viral-mediated gene transfer. Given the essential role of SODs in cardiovascular disease, the concept of antioxidant therapies, that is, reinforcement of endogenous antioxidant defenses to more effectively protect against oxidative stress, is of substantial interest. However, the clinical evidence remains controversial. In this review, we will update the role of each SOD in vascular biologies, physiologies, and pathophysiologies such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and angiogenesis. Because of the importance of metal cofactors in the activity of SODs, we will also discuss how each SOD obtains catalytic metal in the active sites. Finally, we will discuss the development of future SOD-dependent therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Fukai
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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168
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Pessayre D, Fromenty B, Berson A, Robin MA, Lettéron P, Moreau R, Mansouri A. Central role of mitochondria in drug-induced liver injury. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 44:34-87. [PMID: 21892896 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.604086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A frequent mechanism for drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the formation of reactive metabolites that trigger hepatitis through direct toxicity or immune reactions. Both events cause mitochondrial membrane disruption. Genetic or acquired factors predispose to metabolite-mediated hepatitis by increasing the formation of the reactive metabolite, decreasing its detoxification, or by the presence of critical human leukocyte antigen molecule(s). In other instances, the parent drug itself triggers mitochondrial membrane disruption or inhibits mitochondrial function through different mechanisms. Drugs can sequester coenzyme A or can inhibit mitochondrial β-oxidation enzymes, the transfer of electrons along the respiratory chain, or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase. Drugs can also destroy mitochondrial DNA, inhibit its replication, decrease mitochondrial transcripts, or hamper mitochondrial protein synthesis. Quite often, a single drug has many different effects on mitochondrial function. A severe impairment of oxidative phosphorylation decreases hepatic ATP, leading to cell dysfunction or necrosis; it can also secondarily inhibit ß-oxidation, thus causing steatosis, and can also inhibit pyruvate catabolism, leading to lactic acidosis. A severe impairment of β-oxidation can cause a fatty liver; further, decreased gluconeogenesis and increased utilization of glucose to compensate for the inability to oxidize fatty acids, together with the mitochondrial toxicity of accumulated free fatty acids and lipid peroxidation products, may impair energy production, possibly leading to coma and death. Susceptibility to parent drug-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction can be increased by factors impairing the removal of the toxic parent compound or by the presence of other medical condition(s) impairing mitochondrial function. New drug molecules should be screened for possible mitochondrial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Pessayre
- INSERM, U, Centre de Recherche Bichat Beaujon CRB, Faculté de Médecine Xavier-Bichat, Paris, France.
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169
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Shi R, Rickett T, Sun W. Acrolein-mediated injury in nervous system trauma and diseases. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:1320-31. [PMID: 21823221 PMCID: PMC3517031 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acrolein, an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, is a ubiquitous pollutant that is also produced endogenously through lipid peroxidation. This compound is hundreds of times more reactive than other aldehydes such as 4-hydroxynonenal, is produced at much higher concentrations, and persists in solution for much longer than better known free radicals. It has been implicated in disease states known to involve chronic oxidative stress, particularly spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis. Acrolein may overwhelm the anti-oxidative systems of any cell by depleting glutathione reserves, preventing glutathione regeneration, and inactivating protective enzymes. On the cellular level, acrolein exposure can cause membrane damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and myelin disruption. Such pathologies can be exacerbated by increased concentrations or duration of exposure, and can occur in normal tissue incubated with injured spinal cord, showing that acrolein can act as a diffusive agent, spreading secondary injury. Several chemical species are capable of binding and inactivating acrolein. Hydralazine in particular can reduce acrolein concentrations and inhibit acrolein-mediated pathologies in vivo. Acrolein scavenging appears to be a novel effective treatment, which is primed for rapid translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyi Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1244, USA.
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170
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Ghosh S, Lertwattanarak R, Lefort N, Molina-Carrion M, Joya-Galeana J, Bowen BP, de Jesus Garduno-Garcia J, Abdul-Ghani M, Richardson A, DeFronzo RA, Mandarino L, Van Remmen H, Musi N. Reduction in reactive oxygen species production by mitochondria from elderly subjects with normal and impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes 2011; 60:2051-60. [PMID: 21677280 PMCID: PMC3142073 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aging increases the risk of developing impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes. It has been proposed that increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by dysfunctional mitochondria could play a role in the pathogenesis of these metabolic abnormalities. We examined whether aging per se (in subjects with normal glucose tolerance [NGT]) impairs mitochondrial function and how this relates to ROS generation, whether older subjects with IGT have a further worsening of mitochondrial function (lower ATP production and elevated ROS generation), and whether exercise reverses age-related changes in mitochondrial function. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Mitochondrial ATP and ROS production were measured in muscle from younger individuals with NGT, older individuals with NGT, and older individuals with IGT. Measurements were performed before and after 16 weeks of aerobic exercise. RESULTS ATP synthesis was lower in older subjects with NGT and older subjects with IGT versus younger subjects. Notably, mitochondria from older subjects (with NGT and IGT) displayed reduced ROS production versus the younger group. ATP and ROS production were similar between older groups. Exercise increased ATP synthesis in the three groups. Mitochondrial ROS production also increased after training. Proteomic analysis revealed downregulation of several electron transport chain proteins with aging, and this was reversed by exercise. CONCLUSIONS Old mitochondria from subjects with NGT and IGT display mitochondrial dysfunction as manifested by reduced ATP production but not with respect to increased ROS production. When adjusted to age, the development of IGT in elderly individuals does not involve changes in mitochondrial ATP and ROS production. Lastly, exercise reverses the mitochondrial phenotype (proteome and function) of old mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Ghosh
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Raweewan Lertwattanarak
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Natalie Lefort
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Marjorie Molina-Carrion
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Joaquin Joya-Galeana
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Benjamin P. Bowen
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
| | - Jose de Jesus Garduno-Garcia
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Muhammad Abdul-Ghani
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, Texas
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Ralph A. DeFronzo
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Lawrence Mandarino
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, Texas
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Nicolas Musi
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, San Antonio, Texas
- Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas
- Corresponding author: Nicolas Musi,
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171
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Botta G, Turn CS, Quintyne NJ, Kirchman PA. Increased iron supplied through Fet3p results in replicative life span extension of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under conditions requiring respiratory metabolism. Exp Gerontol 2011; 46:827-32. [PMID: 21798334 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that copper supplementation extends the replicative life span of Saccharomyces cerevisiae when grown under conditions forcing cells to respire. We now show that copper's effect on life span is through Fet3p, a copper containing enzyme responsible for high affinity transport of iron into yeast cells. Life span extensions can also be obtained by supplementing the growth medium with 1mM ferric chloride. Extension by high iron levels is still dependent on the presence of Fet3p. Life span extension by iron or copper requires growth on media containing glycerol as the sole carbon source, which forces yeast to respire. Yeast grown on glucose containing media supplemented with iron show no extension of life span. The iron associated with cells grown in media supplemented with copper or iron is 1.4-1.8 times that of cells grown without copper or iron supplementation. As with copper supplementation, iron supplementation partially rescues the life span of superoxide dismutase mutants. Cells grown with copper supplementation display decreased production of superoxide as measured by dihydroethidium staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Botta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, United States.
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172
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Savu O, Sunkari VG, Botusan IR, Grünler J, Nikoshkov A, Catrina SB. Stability of mitochondrial DNA against reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011; 27:470-9. [PMID: 21484980 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria has been proposed as the pathogenic mechanism for chronic complications of diabetes. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is more vulnerable to reactive oxygen species. However, there are few data on the mitochondrial DNA damage in diabetes and these are available only from patients with different duration of the disease and tissues not relevant to the chronic complications of diabetes. We therefore proposed to study the stability of mitochondrial DNA under controlled experimental conditions, to understand its contribution to chronic complications of diabetes. METHODS The mitochondrial DNA damage was evaluated by long-fragment polymerase chain reaction in human dermal fibroblasts exposed to high glucose level and hypoxia (an additional source of reactive oxygen species) or in organs from diabetic animals (db/db mice) at different ages. Reactive oxygen species production was assessed in vitro by fluorescence and in vivo by nitrosylation of the proteins. The antioxidant enzymes were assessed by enzyme activity and by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction while the mitochondrial repair activity (base excision repair) was determined by using abasic site-containing oligonucleotides as substrates. RESULTS Hyperglycaemia, when combined with hypoxia, is able to induce mitochondrial DNA damage in human dermal fibroblasts. The deleterious effect is mediated by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, being abolished when the mitochondria electron transport is blocked. The accumulation of mitochondrial DNA damage in vivo is, however, decreased in 'old' diabetic animals (db/db) despite higher reactive oxygen species levels. This mitochondrial DNA protection might be conferred by an increased base excision repair activity. CONCLUSION Increased base excision repair activity in tissues affected by the chronic complications of diabetes is a potential mechanism that can overcome mitochondrial DNA damage induced by hyperglycaemia-related reactive oxygen species overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavian Savu
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Rolf Luft Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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173
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Kawamata H, Tiranti V, Magrané J, Chinopoulos C, Manfredi G. adPEO mutations in ANT1 impair ADP-ATP translocation in muscle mitochondria. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:2964-74. [PMID: 21586654 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the heart and muscle isoform of adenine nucleotide translocator 1 (ANT1) are associated with autosomal-dominant progressive external opthalmoplegia (adPEO) clinically characterized by exercise intolerance, ptosis and muscle weakness. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying the mitochondrial myopathy caused by ANT1 mutations remain largely unknown. In yeast, expression of ANT1 carrying mutations corresponding to the human adPEO ones causes a wide range of mitochondrial abnormalities. However, functional studies of ANT1 mutations in mammalian cells are lacking, because they have been hindered by the fact that ANT1 expression leads to apoptotic cell death in commonly utilized replicating cell lines. Here, we successfully express functional ANT1 in differentiated mouse myotubes, which naturally contain high levels of ANT1, without causing cell death. We demonstrate, for the first time in these disease-relevant mammalian cells, that mutant human ANT1 causes dominant mitochondrial defects characterized by decreased ADP-ATP exchange function and abnormal translocator reversal potential. These abnormalities are not due to ANT1 loss of function, because knocking down Ant1 in myotubes causes functional changes different from ANT1 mutants. Under certain physiological conditions, mitochondria consume ATP to maintain membrane potential by reversing the ADP-ATP transport. The modified properties of mutant ANT1 can be responsible for disease pathogenesis in adPEO, because exchange reversal occurring at higher than normal membrane potential can cause excessive energy depletion and nucleotide imbalance in ANT1 mutant muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hibiki Kawamata
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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174
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Narula N, Zaragoza MV, Sengupta PP, Li P, Haider N, Verjans J, Waymire K, Vannan M, Wallace DC. Adenine nucleotide translocase 1 deficiency results in dilated cardiomyopathy with defects in myocardial mechanics, histopathological alterations, and activation of apoptosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011; 4:1-10. [PMID: 21232697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that chronic mitochondrial energy deficiency causes dilated cardiomyopathy, we characterized the hearts of age-matched young and old adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT)1 mutant and control mice. BACKGROUND ANTs export mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate into the cytosol and have a role in the regulation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Mitochondrial energy deficiency has been hypothesized, on the basis of indirect evidence, to be a factor in the pathophysiology of dilated cardiomyopathies. Ant1 inactivation should limit adenosine triphosphate for contraction and calcium transport, thereby resulting in early cardiac dysfunction with later dilation and heart failure. METHODS we conducted a multiyear study of 73 mutant (Ant1-/-) and 57 control (Ant1+/+) mice, between the ages of 2 and 21 months. Hearts were characterized by cardiac anatomy, echocardiographic imaging with velocity vector analysis, histopathology, and apoptosis assays. RESULTS the Ant1-/- mice developed a distinctive concentric dilated cardiomyopathy, characterized by substantial myocardial hypertrophy and ventricular dilation, with cardiac function declining earlier in age as compared to control mice. Left ventricular circumferential, radial, and rotational mechanics were reduced even in the younger mutants with preserved systolic function. Histopathologic analysis demonstrated increased myocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, and calcification in the mutant mice as compared with control mice. Furthermore, increased cytoplasmic cytochrome c levels and caspase 3 activation were observed in the mutant mice. CONCLUSIONS our results demonstrate that mitochondrial energy deficiency is sufficient to cause dilated cardiomyopathy, confirming that energy defects are a factor in this disease. Energy deficiency initially leads to early mechanical dysfunction before a decline in left ventricular systolic function. Chronic energy deficiency with age then leads to heart failure. Our results now allow us to use the Ant1-/- mouse model for testing new therapies for ANT1 mutant patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Western
- Cardiomegaly/enzymology
- Cardiomegaly/physiopathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/enzymology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/pathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Echocardiography
- Female
- Histocytochemistry
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mitochondria, Heart/metabolism
- Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases/deficiency
- Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases/genetics
- Mutation
- Myocardial Contraction
- Myocardium/pathology
- Stroke Volume
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupoor Narula
- Center for Mitochondrial and Molecular Medicine and Genetics (MAMMAG), University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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175
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Marcus KA, Barends M, Morava-Kozicz E, Feuth T, de Korte CL, Kapusta L. Early detection of myocardial dysfunction in children with mitochondrial disease: An ultrasound and two-dimensional strain echocardiography study. Mitochondrion 2011; 11:405-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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176
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Mansouri A, Tarhuni A, Larosche I, Reyl-Desmars F, Demeilliers C, Degoul F, Nahon P, Sutton A, Moreau R, Fromenty B, Pessayre D. MnSOD overexpression prevents liver mitochondrial DNA depletion after an alcohol binge but worsens this effect after prolonged alcohol consumption in mice. Dig Dis 2011; 28:756-75. [PMID: 21525761 DOI: 10.1159/000324284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Both acute and chronic alcohol consumption increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and lipid peroxidation, whose products damage hepatic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). To test whether manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) overexpression modulates acute and chronic alcohol-induced mtDNA lesions, transgenic MnSOD-overexpressing (TgMnSOD(+++)) mice and wild-type (WT) mice were treated by alcohol, either chronically (7 weeks in drinking water) or acutely (single intragastric dose of 5 g/kg). Acute alcohol administration increased mitochondrial ROS formation, decreased mitochondrial glutathione, depleted and damaged mtDNA, durably increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression, plasma nitrites/nitrates and the nitration of tyrosine residues in complex V proteins and decreased complex V activity in WT mice. These effects were prevented in TgMnSOD(+++) mice. In acutely alcoholized WT mice, mtDNA depletion was prevented by tempol, a superoxide scavenger, L-NAME and 1400W, two NOS inhibitors, or uric acid, a peroxynitrite scavenger. In contrast, chronic alcohol consumption decreased cytosolic glutathione and increased hepatic iron, lipid peroxidation products and respiratory complex I protein carbonyls only in ethanol-treated TgMnSOD(+++) mice but not in WT mice. In chronic ethanol-fed TgMnSOD(+++) mice, but not WT mice, mtDNA was damaged and depleted, and the iron chelator, deferoxamine (DFO), prevented this effect. In conclusion, MnSOD overexpression prevents mtDNA depletion after an acute alcohol binge but aggravates this effect after prolonged alcohol consumption, which selectively triggers iron accumulation in TgMnSOD(+++) mice but not in WT mice. In the model of acute alcohol binge, the protective effects of MnSOD, tempol, NOS inhibitors and uric acid suggested a role of the superoxide anion reacting with NO to form mtDNA-damaging peroxynitrite. In the model of prolonged ethanol consumption, the protective effects of DFO suggested the role of iron reacting with hydrogen peroxide to form mtDNA-damaging hydroxyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Mansouri
- INSERM U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat Beaujon (CRB3), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, site Bichat, Paris, France.
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177
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Kashihara N, Haruna Y, Kondeti VK, Kanwar YS. Oxidative stress in diabetic nephropathy. Curr Med Chem 2011; 17:4256-69. [PMID: 20939814 DOI: 10.2174/092986710793348581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of end-stage renal failure worldwide. Its morphologic characteristics include glomerular hypertrophy, basement membrane thickening, mesangial expansion, tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis and arteriolar thickening. All of these are part and parcel of microvascular complications of diabetes. A large body of evidence indicates that oxidative stress is the common denominator link for the major pathways involved in the development and progression of diabetic micro- as well as macro-vascular complications of diabetes. There are a number of macromolecules that have been implicated for increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as, NAD(P)H oxidase, advanced glycation end products (AGE), defects in polyol pathway, uncoupled nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and mitochondrial respiratory chain via oxidative phosphorylation. Excess amounts of ROS modulate activation of protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and various cytokines and transcription factors which eventually cause increased expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) genes with progression to fibrosis and end stage renal disease. Activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) further worsens the renal injury induced by ROS in diabetic nephropathy. Buffering the generation of ROS may sound a promising therapeutic to ameliorate renal damage from diabetic nephropathy, however, various studies have demonstrated minimal reno-protection by these agents. Interruption in the RAS has yielded much better results in terms of reno-protection and progression of diabetic nephropathy. In this review various aspects of oxidative stress coupled with the damage induced by RAS are discussed with the anticipation to yield an impetus for designing new generation of specific antioxidants that are potentially more effective to reduce reno-vascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kashihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
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178
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GALVÁN I, MØLLER AP, ERRITZØE J. Testicular melanization has evolved in birds with high mtDNA mutation rates. J Evol Biol 2011; 24:988-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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179
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Hwang TIS, Liao TL, Lin JF, Lin YC, Lee SY, Lai YC, Kao SH. Low-dose testosterone treatment decreases oxidative damage in TM3 Leydig cells. Asian J Androl 2011; 13:432-7. [PMID: 21297653 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2010.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone replacement therapy has benefits for aging men and those with hypogonadism. However, the effects of exogenous testosterone on Leydig cells are still unclear and need to be clarified. In this report, we demonstrate that testosterone supplementation can reduce oxidative damage in Leydig cells. The TM3 Leydig cell line was used as an in vitro cell model in this study. Cytoprotective effects were identified with 100-nmol l⁻¹ testosterone treatment, but cytotoxic effects were found with ≥ 500-nmol l⁻¹ testosterone supplementation. Significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxide contents and hypoxia induction factor (HIF)-1α stabilization and activation were found with 100-nmol l⁻¹ testosterone treatment. There was a 1.72-fold increase in ROS generation in the 500-nmol l⁻¹ compared to the 100-nmol l⁻¹ testosterone treatment. A 1.58-fold increase in steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) expression was found in 50-nmol l⁻¹ testosterone-treated cells (P < 0.01). Chemically induced hypoxia was attenuated by testosterone supplementation. Leydig cells treated with low-dose testosterone supplementation showed cytoprotection by decreasing ROS and lipid peroxides, increasing StAR expression and relieving hypoxia stress as demonstrated by HIF-1α stabilization. Increased oxidative damage was found with ≥ 500-nmol l⁻¹ testosterone manipulation. The mechanism governing the differential dose effects of testosterone on Leydig cells needs further investigation in order to shed light on testosterone replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I S Hwang
- Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, China
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180
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Lee YM, Bae JH, Jung HY, Kim JH, Park DS. Antioxidant Activity in Water and Methanol Extracts from Korean Edible Wild Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2011.40.1.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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181
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XPC silencing in normal human keratinocytes triggers metabolic alterations through NOX-1 activation-mediated reactive oxygen species. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1807:609-19. [PMID: 21167810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells utilize complex mechanisms to remodel their bioenergetic properties. We exploited the intrinsic genomic stability of xeroderma pigmentosum C (XPC) to understand the inter-relationships between genomic instability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and metabolic alterations during neoplastic transformation. We showed that knockdown of XPC (XPC(KD)) in normal human keratinocytes results in metabolism remodeling through NADPH oxidase-1 (NOX-1) activation, which in turn leads to increased ROS levels. While enforcing antioxidant defenses by overexpressing catalase, CuZnSOD, or MnSOD could not block the metabolism remodeling, impaired NOX-1 activation abrogates both alteration in ROS levels and modifications of energy metabolism. As NOX-1 activation is observed in human squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), the blockade of NOX-1 could be a target for the prevention and the treatment of skin cancers.
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182
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Xu J, Nie HG, Zhang XD, Tian Y, Yu B. Down-regulated energy metabolism genes associated with mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid metabolism in viral cardiomyopathy mouse heart. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:4007-13. [PMID: 21127995 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The majority of experimental and clinical studies indicates that the hypertrophied and failing myocardium are characterized by changes in energy and substrate metabolism that attributed to failing heart changes at the genomic level, in fact, heart failure is caused by various diseases, their energy metabolism and substrate are in different genetic variations, then the potential significance of the molecular mechanisms for the aetiology of heart failure is necessary to be evaluated. Persistent viral infection (especially coxsackievirus group B3) of the myocardium in viral myocarditis and viral dilated cardiomyopathy has never been neglected by experts. This study aimed to explore the role and regulatory mechanism of the altered gene expression for energy metabolism involved in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism in viral dilated cardiomyopathy. cDNA Microarray technology was used to evaluate the expression of >35,852 genes in a mice model of viral dilated cardiomyopathy. In total 1385 highly different genes expression, we analyzed 33 altered genes expression for energy metabolism involved in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism and further selected real-time-PCR for quantity one of regulatory mechanisms for energy including fatty acid metabolism-the UCP2 and assayed cytochrome C oxidase activity by Spectrophotometer to explore mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation function. We found obviously different expression of 33 energy metabolism genes associated with mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism in cardiomyopathy mouse heart, the regulatory gene for energy metabolism: UCP2 was down-regulated and cytochrome C oxidase activity was decreased. Genes involved in both fatty acid metabolism and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation were down-regulated, mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCP2) expression did not increase but decrease which might be a kind of adaptive protection response to regulate energy metabolism for ATP produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
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183
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Westerblad H, Place N, Yamada T. Mechanisms of skeletal muscle weakness. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 682:279-96. [PMID: 20824532 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6366-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle weakness is an important feature of numerous -pathological conditions and it may also be a component in normal ageing. Decreased muscular strength can be due to decreased muscle mass and/or intrinsic defects in the muscle cells. In this chapter we will discuss decreased force production due to mechanisms intrinsic to skeletal muscle cells. We will mainly use data from mouse disease models to exemplify defects at various sites in the cellular activation-contraction pathway. We will show that depending on the underlying problem, muscle weakness can be due decreased Ca²(+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, reduced myofibrillar Ca²(+) sensitivity and/or decreased ability of the cross-bridges to generate force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Westerblad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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184
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Phillips MJ, Webb-Wood S, Faulkner AE, Jabbar SB, Biousse V, Newman NJ, Do VT, Boatright JH, Wallace DC, Pardue MT. Retinal function and structure in Ant1-deficient mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:6744-52. [PMID: 20671283 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in ANT, a mitochondrial ATP transporter, are typically associated with myopathy. Because of the high metabolic demands of the retina, the authors examined whether elimination of the Ant1 isoform in a transgenic mouse affects retinal function or morphology. METHODS RT-PCR was used to confirm Ant1 expression in retinas of wild-type (WT) or Ant1(-/-) mice. Full-field ERGs were used to test retinal function under dark- and light-adapted conditions and the recovery of the photoresponse to a bright flash. Using histologic methods, the authors assessed the retinal location of ANT and ANT1-β-gal reporter protein, mitochondrial activity with cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) staining, retinal layer thickness, and bipolar cell types using Chx10 and recoverin. RESULTS Ant1(-/-) mice had supernormal ERG b-waves under both dark- and light-adapted conditions. X-Gal staining was detected in a subset of cells within the inner retina. The following characteristics were normal in Ant1(-/-) mice compared with age-matched WT mice: recovery of the photoresponse, COX and SDH activity, retinal morphology, and bipolar cell morphology. CONCLUSIONS The presence of ANT1 in a subset of inner retinal cells accompanied by supernormal ERG responses suggests that ANT1 may be localized to hyperpolarizing bipolar cells. However, the immunohistochemical techniques used here did not show any differences in bipolar cells. Moderate functional changes coupled with a lack of detectable morphologic changes suggest that ANT1 is not essential for ATP transport in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Joseph Phillips
- Rehabilitation Research and Development Center, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
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185
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Late-onset Leber hereditary optic neuropathy mimicking Susac’s syndrome. J Neurol 2010; 257:1999-2003. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-010-5649-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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186
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Passarino G, Rose G, Bellizzi D. Mitochondrial function, mitochondrial DNA and ageing: a reappraisal. Biogerontology 2010; 11:575-88. [PMID: 20602257 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-010-9294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The impressive performance of the research in biology of mitochondrion has greatly improved our knowledge on the functions of this organelle and highlighted the influence its functioning has on numerous human phenotypes. In particular, many studies have focused on the involvement of mitochondrion function (and dysfunction) in human ageing. To date, the literature in this specific field of mitochondrial biology is so vast that it is often difficult to properly put new data and new findings in the right context. The present paper aims to review the findings of the last few years in order to outline a general framework to understand how mitochondria can affect ageing and how ageing affects mitochondria.
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187
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Kay HY, Won Yang J, Kim TH, Lee DY, Kang B, Ryu JH, Jeon R, Kim SG. Ajoene, a stable garlic by-product, has an antioxidant effect through Nrf2-mediated glutamate-cysteine ligase induction in HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes. J Nutr 2010; 140:1211-9. [PMID: 20463144 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.121277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoprotective effects of chemopreventive agents may be attributed to the induction of antioxidant enzymes. Among these, the induction of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) protects cells from oxidative injury by increasing glutathione (GSH) content. Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcriptionally regulates the expression of genes encoding for GCL and other cysteine-metabolizing enzymes. Despite extensive studies on the components in garlic, little information is available on organosulfur by-products made from garlic. In this study, we investigated whether ajoene, a chemically stable garlic by-product, has the ability to activate Nrf2 and induce GCL, and, if so, what is the role of activating Nrf2 in cytoprotection against oxidative stress. Immunoblottings and reporter gene assays were performed in HepG2 cells. Ajoene treatment activated Nrf2, as indicated by increased phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of Nrf2, decreased interaction with Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1, and decreased Nrf2 ubiquitination. Consistently, treatment of ajoene increased antioxidant response element reporter gene activity and the mRNA and protein levels of GCL subunits. Ajoene activated protein kinase C-delta (PKCdelta). Inhibition of PKCdelta activation by rottlerin abrogated its ability to activate Nrf2 and induce GCL, suggesting that ajoene promotes the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant defense system via PKCdelta activation. Consequently, ajoene prevented cell death, GSH depletion, and hydrogen peroxide production elicited by tert-butylhydroperoxide. The important role of Nrf2 in cytoprotection was verified by the reversal of ajoene's ability to protect hepatocytes in Nrf2-knockout mice. Our results demonstrate that ajoene increases PKCdelta-dependent Nrf2 activation, GCL induction, and the cellular GSH concentration, which may contribute to protecting cells from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yeon Kay
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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188
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Chang JC, Kou SJ, Lin WT, Liu CS. Regulatory role of mitochondria in oxidative stress and atherosclerosis. World J Cardiol 2010; 2:150-9. [PMID: 21160733 PMCID: PMC2999054 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v2.i6.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial physiology and biogenesis play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular disease following oxidative stress-induced damage such as atherosclerosis (AST). Dysfunctional mitochondria caused by an increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, accumulation of mitochondrial DNA damage, and respiratory chain deficiency induces death of endothelial/smooth muscle cells and favors plaque formation/rupture via the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator (PGC-1), although more detailed mechanisms still need further study. Based on the effect of healthy mitochondria produced by mitochondrial biogenesis on decreasing ROS-mediated cell death and the recent finding that the regulation of PGC-1 involves mitochondrial fusion-related protein (mitofusin), we thus infer the regulatory role of mitochondrial fusion/fission balance in AST pathophysiology. In this review, the first section discusses the possible association between AST-inducing factors and the molecular regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, and explains the role of mitochondria-dependent regulation in cell apoptosis during AST development. Furthermore, nitric oxide has the Janus-faced effect by protecting vascular damage caused by AST while being a reactive nitrogen species (RNS) which act together with ROS to damage cells. Therefore, in the second section we discuss mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K(+) channels, which regulate mitochondrial ion transport to maintain mitochondrial physiology, involved in the regulation of ROS/RNS production and their influence on AST/cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Through this review, we can further appreciate the multi-regulatory functions of the mitochondria involved in AST development. The understanding of these related mechanisms will benefit drug development in treating AST/CVD through targeted biofunctions of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Chih Chang
- Jui-Chih Chang, Wei-Ting Lin, Chin-San Liu, Department of Neurology, Vascular and Genomic Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50094, Taiwan, China
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189
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Sudheesh N, Ajith T, Ramnath V, Janardhanan K. Therapeutic potential of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) P. Karst. against the declined antioxidant status in the mitochondria of post-mitotic tissues of aged mice. Clin Nutr 2010; 29:406-12. [PMID: 20044182 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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The neurogenic basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor NeuroD6 confers tolerance to oxidative stress by triggering an antioxidant response and sustaining the mitochondrial biomass. ASN Neuro 2010; 2:e00034. [PMID: 20517466 PMCID: PMC2874871 DOI: 10.1042/an20100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preserving mitochondrial mass, bioenergetic functions and ROS (reactive oxygen species) homoeostasis is key to neuronal differentiation and survival, as mitochondria produce most of the energy in the form of ATP to execute and maintain these cellular processes. In view of our previous studies showing that NeuroD6 promotes neuronal differentiation and survival on trophic factor withdrawal, combined with its ability to stimulate the mitochondrial biomass and to trigger comprehensive antiapoptotic and molecular chaperone responses, we investigated whether NeuroD6 could concomitantly modulate the mitochondrial biomass and ROS homoeostasis on oxidative stress mediated by serum deprivation. In the present study, we report a novel role of NeuroD6 as a regulator of ROS homoeostasis, resulting in enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress. Using a combination of flow cytometry, confocal fluorescence microscopy and mitochondrial fractionation, we found that NeuroD6 sustains mitochondrial mass, intracellular ATP levels and expression of specific subunits of respiratory complexes upon oxidative stress triggered by withdrawal of trophic factors. NeuroD6 also maintains the expression of nuclear-encoded transcription factors, known to regulate mitochondrial biogenesis, such as PGC-1α (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α), Tfam (transcription factor A, mitochondrial) and NRF-1 (nuclear respiratory factor-1). Finally, NeuroD6 triggers a comprehensive antioxidant response to endow PC12-ND6 cells with intracellular ROS scavenging capacity. The NeuroD6 effect is not limited to the classic induction of the ROS-scavenging enzymes, such as SOD2 (superoxide dismutase 2), GPx1 (glutathione peroxidase 1) and PRDX5 (peroxiredoxin 5), but also to the recently identified powerful ROS suppressors PGC-1α, PINK1 (phosphatase and tensin homologue-induced kinase 1) and SIRT1. Thus our collective results support the concept that the NeuroD6–PGC-1α–SIRT1 neuroprotective axis may be critical in co-ordinating the mitochondrial biomass with the antioxidant reserve to confer tolerance to oxidative stress.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer’s disease
- AM, acetoxymethyl ester
- COX, cytochrome c oxidase
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DIC, differential interference contrast
- Drp1, dynamin-related protein 1
- ETC, electron transfer chain
- GABP-α, GA-binding protein-α
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GPx1, glutathione peroxidase 1
- HSP, heat-shock protein
- MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential
- MTG, MitoTracker® Green
- MTR, MitoTracker® Red
- Mfn2, mitofusin 2
- Mg-Gr, Magnesium Green
- NRF, nuclear respiratory factor
- NT-PGC-1α, N-terminal-truncated PGC-1α
- NeuroD family
- OPA1, optic atrophy 1
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
- PDL, poly-d-lysine
- PGC-1α, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α
- PINK1, phosphatase and tensin homologue-induced kinase 1
- PRDX5, peroxiredoxin 5
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SIRT1
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Tfam, transcription factor A, mitochondrial
- WGA, wheatgerm agglutinin
- bHLH, basic helix–loop–helix
- mitochondria
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
- neuronal survival
- reactive oxygen species (ROS)
- transcriptional co-regulator peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α)
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191
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Hu C, Sun Q, Peng X, Huang Q, Wang M, Li S, Zhu Y. Flow cytometric analysis of mitochondrial populations in HL-CMS systems of rice under H2O2 stress. PROTOPLASMA 2010; 241:91-8. [PMID: 20157834 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-009-0101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has often been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. In this report, the heterogeneity of mitochondria was analyzed in both Honglian (HL) CMS (YtA) rice seedlings and those of its corresponding maintainers (YtB) by flow cytometry and staining with rhodamine-123 (Rh-123). Both lines revealed two distinct fluorescence populations: high fluorescence populations (HFP) and light fluorescence populations (LFP), and a somewhat lower LFP/HFP ratio was detected in conjunction with the higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in YtA. In addition, use of the specific effector hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) demonstrated a correlation between the LFP/HFP ratio and ROS levels in both lines. Higher ROS content caused a more swift decrease of F(0)F(1)-ATPase activity and ATP contents in YtA than those in YtB, which accompanied with an obvious decline of the LFP/HFP ratio in YtA. Furthermore, a mitochondrial genomic DNA smear was detected by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Taken together, these results implied that HL-CMS line rice seedlings and those of its corresponding maintainer have different proportion of Rh-123 staining mitochondria populations, which may be accounted for by ROS contents on the basis of ATPase activity and ATP contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Hu
- Key laboratory of MOE for Plant Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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192
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The term oxidative stress is often used to indicate a condition in which the accumulation of reactive oxygen species is considered just damaging. We will discuss both the physiological and pathological role of oxidative stress on skeletal muscle homeostasis and function, and how oxidative stress can activates opposite signaling molecule to regulate gene and protein expression to guarantee muscle adaptation and to trigger a pathological condition. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging evidences have assigned a critical role to oxidative stress in muscle homeostasis and in the physiopathology of skeletal muscle, suggesting that reactive oxygen species are not merely damaging agent inflicting random destruction to the cell structure and function, but useful signaling molecules to regulate growth, proliferation, differentiation, and adaptation, at least within physiological concentration. SUMMARY The role of oxidative stress on muscle homeostasis is quite complex. It is clear that transiently increased levels of oxidative stress might reflect a potentially health promoting process, whereas an uncontrolled accumulation of oxidative stress might have pathological implication. Additional work is, therefore, necessary to understand and define precisely whether the manipulation of the redox balance represents a useful approach in the design of therapeutic strategies for muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Musarò
- Department of Histology and Medical Embryology, Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, IIM, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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193
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Zhang L, Yue HY, Wu SG, Xu L, Zhang HJ, Yan HJ, Cao YL, Gong YS, Qi GH. Transport stress in broilers. II. Superoxide production, adenosine phosphate concentrations, and mRNA levels of avian uncoupling protein, avian adenine nucleotide translocator, and avian peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha in skeletal muscles. Poult Sci 2010; 89:393-400. [PMID: 20181853 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of transport stress on superoxide production and adenosine phosphate concentration in addition to avian uncoupling protein (avUCP), avian adenine nucleotide translocator, and avian peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha mRNA levels of skeletal muscles in broilers was investigated. Arbor Acres chicks (n = 360, 46 d old, males) were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments: unstressed control, 45-min (short-term) transport with 45-min (short-term) recovery, 45-min transport with 3-h (long-term) recovery, 3-h (long-term) transport with 45-min recovery, and 3-h transport with 3-h recovery. Each treatment consisted of 6 replicates with 12 birds each. All birds (except control group) were transported according to a designed protocol. Transport time affected reactive oxygen species production in the thigh muscle (P < 0.05), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and energy charge (EC) in both breast and thigh muscles (P < 0.05 for all 4 comparisons), ATP:adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ratio in the breast muscle (P < 0.05), and avUCP mRNA levels in the thigh muscle (P < 0.05). Long-term transport increased (P < 0.05) reactive oxygen species production, ATP content, ATP:ADP ratio, and EC in the thigh muscle, but it decreased ATP content, ATP:ADP ratio, and EC in the breast muscle. Long-term transport increased avUCP mRNA in the thigh muscle (P < 0.05). Long-term recovery increased the ATP (P < 0.05) and ADP (P < 0.05) concentrations, avian adenine nucleotide translocator mRNA (P < 0.05), and avian peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha mRNA (P < 0.05) in the thigh muscle, whereas EC decreased (P < 0.05) in the breast muscle. There were interactions between transport and recovery time on ATP (P < 0.05), EC (P < 0.05), and avUCP mRNA level (P < 0.05) in the thigh muscle. This study suggests that long-term transport accelerates muscle energy metabolism and lipid peroxidation. A long-term recovery may help alleviate cellular damage and maintain meat quality by reducing the rate of energy metabolism and scavenging of free radicals formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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194
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Tyynismaa H, Suomalainen A. Mouse models of mtDNA replication diseases. Methods 2010; 51:405-10. [PMID: 20385238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Defective mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication is a common cause of human disease in children and adults. mtDNA replication relies on a large set of nuclear-encoded proteins that either belong to the replication machinery itself, or participate in the nucleotide pool regulation. Identification of patient mutations in the corresponding genes has revealed that dysfunctional mtDNA replication can cause highly variable disease phenotypes. We describe here the strategies that have been undertaken to generate mouse models for mtDNA replication diseases. Such models are essential tools for understanding the consequences of mtDNA replication defects on different tissues and on the metabolism of the whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Tyynismaa
- Biomedicum Helsinki, Research Programme of Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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195
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Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major mechanism of liver injury. A parent drug or its reactive metabolite can trigger outer mitochondrial membrane permeabilization or rupture due to mitochondrial permeability transition. The latter can severely deplete ATP and cause liver cell necrosis, or it can instead lead to apoptosis by releasing cytochrome c, which activates caspases in the cytosol. Necrosis and apoptosis can trigger cytolytic hepatitis resulting in lethal fulminant hepatitis in some patients. Other drugs severely inhibit mitochondrial function and trigger extensive microvesicular steatosis, hypoglycaemia, coma, and death. Milder and more prolonged forms of drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction can also cause macrovacuolar steatosis. Although this is a benign liver lesion in the short-term, it can progress to steatohepatitis and then to cirrhosis. Patient susceptibility to drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and liver injury can sometimes be explained by genetic or acquired variations in drug metabolism and/or elimination that increase the concentration of the toxic species (parent drug or metabolite). Susceptibility may also be increased by the presence of another condition, which also impairs mitochondrial function, such as an inborn mitochondrial cytopathy, beta-oxidation defect, certain viral infections, pregnancy, or the obesity-associated metabolic syndrome. Liver injury due to mitochondrial dysfunction can have important consequences for pharmaceutical companies. It has led to the interruption of clinical trials, the recall of several drugs after marketing, or the introduction of severe black box warnings by drug agencies. Pharmaceutical companies should systematically investigate mitochondrial effects during lead selection or preclinical safety studies.
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196
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Fisher EMC, Lana-Elola E, Watson SD, Vassiliou G, Tybulewicz VLJ. New approaches for modelling sporadic genetic disease in the mouse. Dis Model Mech 2010; 2:446-53. [PMID: 19726804 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.001644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic diseases, which occur as single, scattered cases, are among the commonest causes of human morbidity and death. They result in a variety of diseases, including many cancers, premature aging, neurodegeneration and skeletal defects. They are often pathogenetically complex, involving a mosaic distribution of affected cells, and are difficult to model in the mouse. Faithful models of sporadic diseases require innovative forms of genetic manipulation to accurately recreate their initiation and pathogenesis. Such modelling is crucial to understanding these diseases and, by extension, to the development of therapeutic approaches to treat them. This article focuses on sporadic diseases with a genetic aetiology, the challenges they pose to biomedical researchers, and the different current and developing approaches used to model such disorders in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M C Fisher
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N3BG, UK.
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197
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Chow L, From A, Seaquist E. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance: the interplay of local lipid excess and mitochondrial dysfunction. Metabolism 2010; 59:70-85. [PMID: 19766267 PMCID: PMC2789850 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Chow
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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198
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Larosche I, Lettéron P, Berson A, Fromenty B, Huang TT, Moreau R, Pessayre D, Mansouri A. Hepatic mitochondrial DNA depletion after an alcohol binge in mice: probable role of peroxynitrite and modulation by manganese superoxide dismutase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 332:886-97. [PMID: 20016022 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.160879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, which can damage mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and alter mitochondrial function. To test whether manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) modulates acute alcohol-induced mitochondrial alterations, transgenic MnSOD-overexpressing (MnSOD(+++)) mice, heterozygous knockout (MnSOD(+/-)) mice, and wild-type (WT) littermates were sacrificed 2 or 24 h after intragastric ethanol administration (5 g/kg). Alcohol administration further increased MnSOD activity in MnSOD(+++) mice, but further decreased it in MnSOD(+/-) mice. In WT mice, alcohol administration transiently increased mitochondrial ROS formation, decreased mitochondrial glutathione, depleted and damaged mtDNA, and decreased complex I and V activities; alcohol durably increased inducible nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) expression, plasma nitrites/nitrates, and the nitration of tyrosine residues in complex V proteins. These effects were prevented in MnSOD(+++) mice and prolonged in MnSOD(+/-) mice. In alcoholized WT or MnSOD(+/-) mice, mtDNA depletion and the nitration of tyrosine residues in complex I and V proteins were prevented or attenuated by cotreatment with tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl), a superoxide scavenger; N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester and N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine (1,400W), two NOS inhibitors; or uric acid, a peroxynitrite scavenger. In conclusion, MnSOD overexpression prevents, and MnSOD deficiency prolongs, mtDNA depletion after an acute alcohol binge in mice. The protective effects of MnSOD, tempol, NOS inhibitors, and uric acid point out a role of the superoxide anion reacting with NO to form mtDNA-damaging peroxynitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Larosche
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U773, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, BP 416, 75018 Paris, France
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199
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Puddu P, Puddu GM, Cravero E, De Pascalis S, Muscari A. The emerging role of cardiovascular risk factor-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in atherogenesis. J Biomed Sci 2009; 16:112. [PMID: 20003216 PMCID: PMC2800844 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-16-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An important role in atherogenesis is played by oxidative stress, which may be induced by common risk factors. Mitochondria are both sources and targets of reactive oxygen species, and there is growing evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction may be a relevant intermediate mechanism by which cardiovascular risk factors lead to the formation of vascular lesions. Mitochondrial DNA is probably the most sensitive cellular target of reactive oxygen species. Damage to mitochondrial DNA correlates with the extent of atherosclerosis. Several cardiovascular risk factors are demonstrated causes of mitochondrial damage. Oxidized low density lipoprotein and hyperglycemia may induce the production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria of macrophages and endothelial cells. Conversely, reactive oxygen species may favor the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, mainly through the induction of insulin resistance. Similarly - in addition to being a cause of endothelial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction - hypertension may develop in the presence of mitochondrial DNA mutations. Finally, other risk factors, such as aging, hyperhomocysteinemia and cigarette smoking, are also associated with mitochondrial damage and an increased production of free radicals. So far clinical studies have been unable to demonstrate that antioxidants have any effect on human atherogenesis. Mitochondrial targeted antioxidants might provide more significant results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Puddu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Aging and Nephrological Diseases, University of Bologna and S, Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
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200
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Won JC, Park JY, Kim YM, Koh EH, Seol S, Jeon BH, Han J, Kim JR, Park TS, Choi CS, Lee WJ, Kim MS, Lee IK, Youn JH, Lee KU. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha overexpression prevents endothelial apoptosis by increasing ATP/ADP translocase activity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 30:290-7. [PMID: 19965780 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.198721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fatty acids increase reactive oxygen species generation and cell apoptosis in endothelial cells. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1alpha) is a transcriptional coactivator that increases mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in various cells. This study was undertaken to investigate the possible preventive effect of PGC-1alpha on endothelial apoptosis and its molecular mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS Treatment with linoleic acid in cultured human aortic endothelial cells increased reactive oxygen species generation and cell apoptosis. These effects appeared to be mediated by increases in cytosolic fat metabolites, ie, fatty acyl CoA, diacylglycerol, and ceramide, and consequent decreases in ATP/ADP translocase activity of adenine nucleotide translocator. Adenoviral overexpression of PGC-1alpha prevented linoleic acid-induced increases in reactive oxygen species generation and cell apoptosis in human aortic endothelial cells by increasing fatty acid oxidation, decreasing diacylglycerol and ceramide, and increasing ATP/ADP translocase activity. In isolated aorta, PGC-1alpha overexpression prevented linoleic acid-induced decrease in endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, and this effect was abolished by adenine nucleotide translocator1 shRNA. CONCLUSIONS PGC-1alpha regulates reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis in endothelial cells by increasing fatty acid oxidation and enhancing ATP/ADP translocase activity. Measures to increase PGC-1alpha expression or ATP/ADP translocase activity in vascular cells may aid in the prevention or treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Chul Won
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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