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Abstract
Infection frequently elicits a coagulation response. Endotoxin triggers the formation of tissue factor initiating coagulation, down regulates anticoagulant mechanisms including the protein C pathway and heparin-like proteoglycans and up regulates plasminogen activator inhibitor. The overall physiological result of this is to promote coagulation through enhancing initiation, suppressing negative regulation and impairing fibrin removal. The response to infection also leads to tissue destruction. Nucleosomes and histones released from the injured cells trigger further inflammation, protection from the pathogen but further tissue injury leading to multi-organ failure. Such a complex response to infection presumably arises due to the role of coagulation in the control and clearance of the infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T. Esmon
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
- Howard Hughes Medical Instititute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
- Departments of Pathology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Jun Xu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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152
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Ito T, Maruyama I. Thrombomodulin: protectorate God of the vasculature in thrombosis and inflammation. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9 Suppl 1:168-73. [PMID: 21781252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM) is an endothelial anticoagulant cofactor that promotes thrombin-mediated activation of protein C. Recently, we conducted a multicentre, double-blind, randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (rhsTM, also known as ART-123) for the treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and found that rhsTM therapy is more effective and safer than low-dose heparin therapy. Thus, in 2008, rhsTM (Recomodulin) was approved for the treatment of DIC in Japan. Here we re-evaluate the therapeutic basis of this drug from the view of its anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties. Structurally, the extracellular portion of TM is composed of three domains: an N-terminal lectin-like domain (TM-D1), followed by an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain (TM-D2), and an O-glycosylation-rich domain (TM-D3). TM-D2 and TM-D3 are important for the protein's anticoagulant cofactor activities, i.e. inhibition of thrombin and activation of protein C. TM-D1 plays an important role in attenuation of inflammatory responses, through inhibition of leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, inhibition of complement pathways, neutralization of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and sequestration and degradation of pro-inflammatory high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1). Thus, TM on the surface of endothelial cells prevents dissemination of pro-coagulant and pro-inflammatory molecules, and by doing so, allows these molecules to act locally at the site of injury. In patients with sepsis and DIC, TM expression is down-regulated, which may result in dissemination of pro-coagulant and pro-inflammatory molecules throughout the systemic circulation. Replacement with rhsTM may offer therapeutic value in such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ito
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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153
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Nocchi L, Tomasetti M, Amati M, Neuzil J, Santarelli L, Saccucci F. Thrombomodulin is silenced in malignant mesothelioma by a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1-mediated epigenetic mechanism. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:19478-88. [PMID: 21489980 PMCID: PMC3103327 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.217331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is often complicated by thromboembolic episodes, with thrombomodulin (TM) playing a critical role in the anticoagulant process. Heterogeneous expression of TM has been observed in cancer, and low or no TM expression in cancer cells is associated with poor prognosis. In this study, we analyzed TM expression in biopsies of MM patients and compared them with normal mesothelial tissue. The role of DNA methylation-associated gene silencing in TM expression was investigated. To evaluate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) as responsible for gene promoter epigenetic modifications, nonmalignant mesothelial cells (Met-5A) and MM cells (H28) were silenced for PARP1 and the DNA methylation/acetylation-associated TM expression evaluated. A correlation between low TM expression and high level of TM promoter methylation was found in MM biopsies. Low expression of TM was restored in MM cells by their treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and, to a lesser extent, with trichostatin, whereas the epigenetic agents did not affect TM expression in Met-5A cells. Silencing of PARP1 resulted in a strong down-regulation of TM expression in Met-5A cells, while restoring TM expression in H28 cells. PARP1 silencing induced TM promoter methylation in Met-5A cells and demethylation in MM cells, and this was paralleled by corresponding changes in the DNA methyltransferase activity. We propose that methylation of the TM promoter is responsible for silencing of TM expression in MM tissue, a process that is regulated by PARP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Nocchi
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Biology, and Genetics, and
| | - Marco Tomasetti
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60126, Italy
| | - Monica Amati
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60126, Italy
| | - Jiri Neuzil
- the Apoptosis Research Group, School of Medical Science and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia, and
- the Molecular Therapy Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Lory Santarelli
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60126, Italy
| | - Franca Saccucci
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Biology, and Genetics, and
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154
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155
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Maia M, DeVriese A, Janssens T, Moons M, Lories RJ, Tavernier J, Conway EM. CD248 facilitates tumor growth via its cytoplasmic domain. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:162. [PMID: 21549007 PMCID: PMC3107809 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stromal fibroblasts participate in the development of a permissive environment for tumor growth, yet molecular pathways to therapeutically target fibroblasts are poorly defined. CD248, also known as endosialin or tumor endothelial marker 1 (TEM1), is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on activated fibroblasts. We recently showed that the cytoplasmic domain of CD248 is important in facilitating an inflammatory response in a mouse model of arthritis. Others have reported that CD248 gene inactivation in mice results in dampened tumor growth. We hypothesized that the conserved cytoplasmic domain of CD248 is important in regulating tumor growth. Methods Mice lacking the cytoplasmic domain of CD248 (CD248CyD/CyD) were generated and evaluated in tumor models, comparing the findings with wild-type mice (CD248WT/WT). Results As compared to the response in CD248WT/WT mice, growth of T241 fibrosarcomas and Lewis lung carcinomas was significantly reduced in CD248CyD/CyD mice. Tumor size was similar to that seen with CD248-deficient mice. Conditioned media from CD248CyD/CyD fibroblasts were less effective at supporting T241 fibrosarcoma cell survival. In addition to our previous observation of reduced release of activated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, CD248CyD/CyD fibroblasts also had impaired PDGF-BB-induced migration and expressed higher transcripts of tumor suppressor factors, transgelin (SM22α), Hes and Hey1. Conclusions The multiple pathways regulated by the cytoplasmic domain of CD248 highlight its potential as a therapeutic target to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Maia
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Herestraat 49, 9th floor, 3000 Belgium
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156
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Deletion of the α1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT) gene in pigs has removed a major xenoantigen but has not eliminated the problem of dysregulated coagulation and vascular injury. Rejecting GalT knockout organ xenografts almost invariably show evidence of thrombosis and platelet sequestration, and primate recipients frequently develop consumptive coagulopathy. This review examines recent findings that illuminate potential mechanisms of this current barrier to successful xenotransplantation. RECENT FINDINGS The coagulation response to xenotransplantation differs depending on the type of organ and quite likely the distinct vasculatures. Renal xenografts appear more likely to initiate consumptive coagulopathy than cardiac xenografts, possibly reflecting differential transcriptional responses. Liver xenografts induce rapid and profound thrombocytopenia resulting in recipient death within days due to bleeding; ex-vivo data suggest that liver endothelial cells and hepatocytes are responsible for platelet consumption by a coagulation-independent process.It has been proposed that expression of recipient tissue factor on platelets and monocytes is an important trigger of consumptive coagulopathy. Finally, pigs transgenic for human anticoagulants and antithrombotics are slowly but surely coming on line, but have not yet been rigorously tested to date. SUMMARY Successful control of coagulation dysregulation in xenotransplantation may require different combinatorial pharmacological and genetic strategies for different organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Cowan
- Immunology Research Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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157
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Niego B, Samson AL, Petersen KU, Medcalf RL. Thrombin-induced activation of astrocytes in mixed rat hippocampal cultures is inhibited by soluble thrombomodulin. Brain Res 2011; 1381:38-51. [PMID: 21241677 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin, a serine protease known for its role in coagulation, also induces a variety of protease activated receptor (PAR)-mediated responses in the central nervous system that contribute to many brain pathologies. Since the proteolytic specificity of thrombin is uniquely controlled by thrombomodulin (TM), we investigated the mechanisms by which thrombin and a recombinant soluble form of human TM (Solulin, INN: sothrombomodulin alpha; rhsTM) could influence rat hippocampal cultures. Treatment of hippocampal cultures with thrombin for up to 48h resulted in a significant morphological rearrangement with the formation of expansive cell-free areas (CFAs) and a reduction in cell viability; both effects were blocked by rhsTM. Treatment with the selective PAR-1 agonist, TRAP (SFLLRN) caused the formation of CFAs, suggesting that CFA formation involved PAR-1 signaling. Astrocytes prepared from PAR-1(-/-) mice also had an attenuated CFA response to thrombin. Thrombin-induced CFA formation was a consequence of cell movement and substantial changes in cell morphology, rather than due to cell detachment. Immunocytochemical and functional analyses revealed that the thrombin-sensitive cells within these hippocampal cultures were astrocytes. The effects of thrombin on CFA development were mediated by astrocyte-specific release of intracellular calcium and signalling through ERK1/2. rhsTM was able to attenuate thrombin-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Finally, astrocytes were shown to maintain thrombin-sensitivity following neuronal depletion with NMDA, a result which was confirmed with pure astrocyte cultures. Hence thrombin mediates PAR-1-induced activation of hippocampal astrocytes, but not neurons, in a process that can be modulated by rhsTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Be'eri Niego
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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158
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Takagi T, Taguchi O, Toda M, Ruiz DB, Bernabe PG, D'Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Miyake Y, Kobayashi T, Aoki S, Chiba F, Yano Y, Conway EM, Munesue S, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto H, Suzuki K, Takei Y, Morser J, Gabazza EC. Inhibition of Allergic Bronchial Asthma by Thrombomodulin Is Mediated by Dendritic Cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183:31-42. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201001-0107oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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159
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160
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Rho SS, Choi HJ, Min JK, Lee HW, Park H, Park H, Kim YM, Kwon YG. Clec14a is specifically expressed in endothelial cells and mediates cell to cell adhesion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 404:103-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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161
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Lax S, Hardie DL, Wilson A, Douglas MR, Anderson G, Huso D, Isacke CM, Buckley CD. The pericyte and stromal cell marker CD248 (endosialin) is required for efficient lymph node expansion. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:1884-9. [PMID: 20432232 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CD248 is a cell surface receptor that specifically identifies fibroblasts and pericytes during development and in association with cancer and inflammation. However, its function is poorly defined and its role in lymphoid organs not studied. Here, we used (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl chicken gamma-globulin immunisation and mice lacking CD248 to study whether CD248 modulates popliteal LN (pLN) expansion and subsequent immune responses. We have found that CD248 is required for complete pLN expansion but not for co-ordination of B and T cell compartmentalisation or antibody production following (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl chicken gamma-globulin immunisation. In vitro, we show that CD248 expression in human MG63 stromal cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts leads to a pro-proliferative and pro-migratory phenotype. This correlates with a proliferating CD248(+) population observed in vivo during pLN expansion. Taken together, these data highlight a role for CD248 in secondary lymphoid organ remodelling during adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siân Lax
- Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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162
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Cui W, Angsana J, Wen J, Chaikof EL. Liposomal Formulations of Thrombomodulin Increase Engraftment after Intraportal Islet Transplantation. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:1359-67. [DOI: 10.3727/096368910x513964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Early destruction of donor islet grafts due to an instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR) remains a major obstacle in islet transplantation. Thrombomodulin plays an important role in limiting coagulation and inflammatory events through a variety of effects. In this study, we investigated the ability of thrombomodulin (TM), when reconstituted as a liposomal formulation, to enhance early syngeneic islet engraftment by minimizing or abrogating the IBMIR. Administration of TM significantly improved early engraftment of syngeneic islets after intraportal transplantation in diabetic mice. In the absence of treatment, conversion to euglycemia was observed among 46.6% (7/15) of recipients. In contrast, administration of TM led to euglycemia in 93.3% (14/15) of recipients ( p = 0.0142). Recipients that received TM exhibited a lower incidence of primary nonfunction and better glucose control over a 30-day period after transplantation. Fibrin deposition ( p < 0.05), neutrophil infiltration ( p < 0.05), expression of TNF-α and IL-β mRNA ( p < 0.05), as well as NF-κB activity ( p < 0.05) were significantly reduced in the liver of islet recipients having been treated with liposomal TM. These data demonstrate that TM significantly improves early syngeneic islet engraftment through effects that target both coagulation and inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxing Cui
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julianty Angsana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University/Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elliot L. Chaikof
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University/Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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163
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Reducing agents induce thrombomodulin shedding in human endothelial cells. Thromb Res 2010; 126:e88-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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164
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Liu PL, Tsai JR, Chiu CC, Hwang JJ, Chou SH, Wang CK, Wu SJ, Chen YL, Chen WC, Chen YH, Chong IW. Decreased expression of thrombomodulin is correlated with tumor cell invasiveness and poor prognosis in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Mol Carcinog 2010; 49:874-81. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.20663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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165
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Bagley RG. Endosialin: from vascular target to biomarker for human sarcomas. Biomark Med 2010; 3:589-604. [PMID: 20477527 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers have been the focus of investigations to diagnose disease, track response to therapy and predict prognosis. Meanwhile, the identification of new targets for therapeutic intervention is an ongoing quest in the field of oncology. The recognition of endosialin as an antigen that is selectively overexpressed in human tumor tissues offers new strategies for treating cancer. Not only do the tumor vasculature and stromal compartments upregulate endosialin but, importantly, the malignant cells of sarcomas strongly express endosialin as well. A diagnostic assay that measures the intensity of endosialin expression in malignant tissues would assist in selecting patients that could benefit from an antiendosialin therapy. Thus, endosialin holds potential value both as a therapeutic target and as a biomarker for certain human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Bagley
- Genzyme Corporation, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01710-9322, USA.
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166
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Soltesz P, Bereczki D, Szodoray P, Magyar MT, Der H, Csipo I, Hajas A, Paragh G, Szegedi G, Bodolay E. Endothelial cell markers reflecting endothelial cell dysfunction in patients with mixed connective tissue disease. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R78. [PMID: 20459625 PMCID: PMC2911856 DOI: 10.1186/ar2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between cardiovascular risk factors and endothelial dysfunction in patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) and to determine which biomarkers are associated with atherosclerotic complications, such as cardiovascular disease. METHODS Fifty MCTD patients and 38 healthy age-matched and sex-matched controls were enrolled in this study. In order to describe endothelial dysfunction, we assessed flow-mediated dilation (FMD), nitrate-mediated dilation (NMD) and carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT). We investigated FMD of the brachial artery after reactive hyperemia and NMD after sublingual nitroglycerin administration, while the IMT of the common carotid artery was determined by ultrasound. Anti-U1 ribonucleoprotein (anti-U1RNP) antibodies, anti-cardiolipin (anti-CL) antibodies, anti-endothelial cell antibody (AECA) and endothelial cell markers, such as soluble thrombomodulin (TM) and von Willebrand factor antigen (vWFAg), were assessed. RESULTS The endothelium-dependent vasodilation (FMD) was significantly impaired in patients with MCTD, as compared with controls (%FMD: 4.7+/-4.2% vs. 8.7+/-5.0%; P<0.001), while the percentage NMD did not differ (%NMD: 14.3+/-6.6% vs. 17.1+/-6.7%; P=0.073). Mean carotid IMT values were higher in patients than in controls (IMT: MCTD, 0.64+/-0.13 mm vs. controls, 0.53+/-0.14 mm; P<0.001). FMD negatively correlated with disease duration, the levels of apolipoprotein A1, the paraoxonase-1 activity, and systolic blood pressure in MCTD patients. The percentage FMD was significantly lower in MCTD patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD), than in those without CVD (%FMD: 3.5+/-2.9 vs. 5.8+/-4.8, P<0.0002), while percentage NMD did not differ between patients with and without CVDs. Serum levels of autoantibodies (anti-U1RNP, AECA and anti-CL) were significantly higher in MCTD patients and differed between MCTD patients with and without CVD. Endothelial cell markers such as soluble TM (12.2+/-8.1 ng/ml vs. 3.2+/-1.3 ng/ml; P<0.001) and vWFAg (224.1+/-115% vs. 89.4+/-27.1%, P<0.001) were the highest in MCTD patients with CVD. CONCLUSIONS FMD is a reliable sensitive marker of endothelial cell dysfunction in MCTD. Beside the traditional risk factors, anti-U1RNP, AECA and anti-CL antibodies may be important not only in the pathogenesis of MCTD but in the induction of endothelial cell activation, and may play crucial roles in the development of early atherosclerosis in MCTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pal Soltesz
- 3rd Department of Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zs. Str. 22, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Daniel Bereczki
- Department of Neurology, Semmelweis University of Budapest, Balassa Str. 6, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Peter Szodoray
- Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien Str. 20, Oslo 0027, Norway
| | - Maria T Magyar
- Department of Neurology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zs. Str. 22, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Henrietta Der
- 3rd Department of Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zs. Str. 22, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Istvan Csipo
- 3rd Department of Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zs. Str. 22, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Agota Hajas
- 3rd Department of Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zs. Str. 22, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Paragh
- 1st Department of Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Str. 98, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Gyula Szegedi
- 3rd Department of Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zs. Str. 22, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Edit Bodolay
- 3rd Department of Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Moricz Zs. Str. 22, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
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167
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Li Y, Gong W, Zhang L, Huang G, Li J, Shen X, He F. Expression and purification of the fusion protein HMGB1Abox-TMD1, a novel HMGB1 antagonist. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:466-71. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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168
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Miwa Y, Yamamoto K, Onishi A, Iwamoto M, Yazaki S, Haneda M, Iwasaki K, Liu D, Ogawa H, Nagasaka T, Uchida K, Nakao A, Kadomatsu K, Kobayashi T. Potential value of human thrombomodulin and DAF expression for coagulation control in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2010; 17:26-37. [PMID: 20149186 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2009.00555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Problems of coagulation disorder remain to be resolved in pig-to-primate xenotransplantation. Molecular incompatibilities in the coagulation systems between pigs and humans, such as the thrombomodulin (TM)-protein C system or direct prothrombinase activity, have been suggested as possible causes. Coagulation and complement activation are closely related to each other. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the protective effects on the coagulation system of the expression of human TM and decay accelerating factor (hDAF) (for inhibition of complement activation) in pig endothelial cells. METHODS Human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC), porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAEC), hDAF-expressing PAEC (hDAF-PAEC), hDAF/Endo-beta-galactosidase C-expressing PAEC (hDAF/EndoGalC-PAEC), hTM-expressing PAEC (hTM-PAEC), hDAF/hTM expressing-PAEC (hDAF/hTM-PAEC), and hDAF/EndoGalC/hTM-expressing PAEC (hDAF/EndoGalC/hTM-PAEC) were used in this study. Coagulation activity was examined by clotting, activated protein C (APC), and thrombin generation assay. RESULTS A large difference was observed in clotting time of human plasma when exposed to PAEC (170 s) and HAEC (1020 s). hTM expression on PAEC was proven to produce a comparable level of APC to that produced by HAEC, which prolonged the clotting time, though not to the level of HAEC. Pretreatment with human sera considerably shortened the clotting time in PAEC (80 s). hDAF-PAEC significantly inhibited such a shortening of clotting time by reductions in tissue factor expression and thrombin generation. Thrombin generation through direct prothrombinase activity, which was detected only in PAEC, could be suppressed by hTM expression. Suppression of antibody binding and complement activation improved clotting time not in PAEC, but in PAEC expressing hTM. CONCLUSIONS In addition to effective suppression of antibody-induced complement activation, hTM expression in PAEC may be essential for regulating procoagulant activity in xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Miwa
- Department of Applied Immunology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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IN VIVO AND IN VITRO EFFECTS OF THE ANTICOAGULANT, THROMBOMODULIN, ON THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN RODENT MODELS. Shock 2010; 33:282-8. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181b0ef7b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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170
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review new findings about the function of the protein C system during inflammation and coagulation. MAIN FINDINGS Coagulation proteases and their cofactors modify the outcome of severe inflammation by engaging signaling-competent cell surface receptors. The central effector protease of the protein C pathway, activated protein C, interacts with the endothelial cell protein C receptor, protease-activated receptors, and other receptors to exert multiple effects on hemostasis and immune cell function. Thrombomodulin controls the complement arm of the innate immune system in a thrombin-dependent manner through activation of the thrombin activatable inhibitor of fibrinolysis, and in a thrombin-independent, constitutive manner via its lectin-like extracellular domain; and inhibits the inflammatory effects of high-mobility box group 1 protein. Protein S not only suppresses coagulation as an enhancing cofactor for the coagulation inhibitors activated protein C and tissue factor pathway inhibitor but also is also a physiologic ligand for the Tyro/axl/Mer-family of receptor tyrosine kinases that mediate an anti-inflammatory regulatory loop of dendritic cell and monocyte inflammatory function. CONCLUSIONS The immune-regulatory capacity of the protein C pathway and its individual components emerge as the dominant action of this pathway in the setting of severe inflammation.
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171
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Thrombomodulin-Protein-C-System und Protein Z. Hamostaseologie 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-01544-1_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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172
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Li M, Huang SJ. Innate immunity, coagulation and placenta-related adverse pregnancy outcomes. Thromb Res 2009; 124:656-62. [PMID: 19683334 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Maternal immunity undergoes subtle adjustment in order to tolerate the semi-allogeneic embryo and maintain the host defense against potential pathogens. Concomitantly, coagulation systems change from an anti-coagulant state to a pro-coagulant state to meet the hemostatic challenge of placentation and delivery. Innate immunity and blood coagulation systems are the first line of defense to protect a host against exogenous challenges, including alloantigens and mechanical insults, and preserve the integrity of an organism. The interactions between coagulation and immune systems have been extensively studied. Immune cells play a pivotal role in the initiation of the coagulation cascade, whereas coagulation proteases display substantial immuno-modulatory effects. Upon exogenous challenges, the immune and coagulation systems are capable of potentiating each other leading to a vicious cycle. Natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages (Mphis) and dendritic cells (DCs) are three major innate immune cells that have been demonstrated to play essential roles in early pregnancy. However, immune maladaptation and hemostatic imbalance have been suggested to be responsible for adverse pregnant outcomes, such as preeclampsia (PE), miscarriage, recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). In this review, we will summarize the mutual regulation between blood coagulation and innate immune systems as well as their roles in the maintenance of normal pregnancy and in the pathogenesis of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8063, USA
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173
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Delvaeye M, Noris M, De Vriese A, Esmon CT, Esmon NL, Ferrell G, Del-Favero J, Plaisance S, Claes B, Lambrechts D, Zoja C, Remuzzi G, Conway EM. Thrombomodulin mutations in atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:345-57. [PMID: 19625716 PMCID: PMC3530919 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa0810739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hemolytic-uremic syndrome consists of the triad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal failure. The common form of the syndrome is triggered by infection with Shiga toxin-producing bacteria and has a favorable outcome. The less common form of the syndrome, called atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome, accounts for about 10% of cases, and patients with this form of the syndrome have a poor prognosis. Approximately half of the patients with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome have mutations in genes that regulate the complement system. Genetic factors in the remaining cases are unknown. We studied the role of thrombomodulin, an endothelial glycoprotein with anticoagulant, antiinflammatory, and cytoprotective properties, in atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. METHODS We sequenced the entire thrombomodulin gene (THBD) in 152 patients with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome and in 380 controls. Using purified proteins and cell-expression systems, we investigated whether thrombomodulin regulates the complement system, and we characterized the mechanisms. We evaluated the effects of thrombomodulin missense mutations associated with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome on complement activation by expressing thrombomodulin variants in cultured cells. RESULTS Of 152 patients with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 7 unrelated patients had six different heterozygous missense THBD mutations. In vitro, thrombomodulin binds to C3b and factor H (CFH) and negatively regulates complement by accelerating factor I-mediated inactivation of C3b in the presence of cofactors, CFH or C4b binding protein. By promoting activation of the plasma procarboxypeptidase B, thrombomodulin also accelerates the inactivation of anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a. Cultured cells expressing thrombomodulin variants associated with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome had diminished capacity to inactivate C3b and to activate procarboxypeptidase B and were thus less protected from activated complement. CONCLUSIONS Mutations that impair the function of thrombomodulin occur in about 5% of patients with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Delvaeye
- VIB-K.U.Leuven Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, Belgium
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174
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Activation of endothelial intrinsic NF-{kappa}B pathway impairs protein C anticoagulation mechanism and promotes coagulation in endotoxemic mice. Blood 2009; 114:2521-9. [PMID: 19620400 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-02-205914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the role of systemic activation of the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway in septic coagulation has been well documented, little is known about the contribution of endothelial-specific NF-kappaB signaling in this pathologic process. Here, we used transgenic mice that conditionally overexpress a mutant I-kappaBalpha, an inhibitor of NF-kappaB, selectively on endothelium, and their wild-type littermates to define the role of endothelial-specific NF-kappaB in septic coagulation. In wild-type mice, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge (5 mg/kg intraperitoneally) caused markedly increased plasma markers of coagulation, decreased plasma fibrinogen level, and widespread tissue fibrin deposition, which were abrogated by endothelial NF-kappaB blockade in transgenic mice. Endothelial NF-kappaB blockade inhibited tissue factor expression in endothelial cells, but not in leukocytes. Endothelial NF-kappaB blockade did not inhibit LPS-induced tissue factor expression in heart, kidney, and liver. Endothelial NF-kappaB blockade prevented LPS down-regulation of endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) and thrombomodulin protein expressions, inhibited tissue tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme activity, reduced EPCR shedding, and restored plasma protein C level. Our data demonstrate that endothelial intrinsic NF-kappaB signaling plays a pivotal role in septic coagulation and suggests a link between endothelial-specific NF-kappaB activation and the impairment of the thrombomodulin-protein C-EPCR anticoagulation pathway.
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175
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Abstract
Inflammation shifts the hemostatic mechanisms in favor of thrombosis. Multiple mechanisms are at play including up regulation of tissue factor leading to the initiation of clotting, amplification of the clotting process by augmenting exposure of cellular coagulant phospholipids, inhibition of fibrinolysis by elevating plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and decreases in natural anticoagulant pathways, particularly targeted toward down regulation of the protein C anticoagulant pathway through multiple mechanisms. The decreased function of the natural anticoagulant pathways may be particularly problematic because these appear to play a role in dampening inflammatory responses. The protein C anticoagulant pathway provides a useful model for the impact of inflammation on coagulation. This pathway plays a major role in preventing microvascular thrombosis. The pathway is initiated when thrombin binds to thrombomodulin (TM) on the surface of the endothelium. An endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) augments protein C activation by the thrombin-TM complex more than 10-fold in vivo. EPCR is shed from the endothelium by inflammatory mediators and thrombin. EPCR binds to activated neutrophils in a process that involves proteinase 3 and Mac-1 and appears to inhibit leukocyte extravisation. EPCR can undergo translocation from the plasma membrane to the nucleus where it redirects gene expression. During translocation it can carry activated protein C (APC) to the nucleus, possibly accounting for the ability of APC to modulate inflammatory mediator responses in the endothelium. TNF alpha and other inflammatory mediators can down-regulate EPCR and TM and IL-6 can depress levels of protein S in experimental animals. Inhibition of protein C pathway function increases cytokine elaboration, endothelial cell injury and leukocyte extravisation in response to endotoxin, processes that are decreased by infusion of APC. In vitro, APC inhibits TNF alpha elaboration from monocytes and to block leukocyte adhesion to selectins. Since thrombin can elicit many inflammatory responses in microvascular endothelium, loss of control of microvascular thrombin generation due to impaired protein C pathway function probably contributes to microvascular dysfunction in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Esmon
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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176
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Ding BS, Hong N, Christofidou-Solomidou M, Gottstein C, Albelda SM, Cines DB, Fisher AB, Muzykantov VR. Anchoring fusion thrombomodulin to the endothelial lumen protects against injury-induced lung thrombosis and inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:247-56. [PMID: 19342415 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200809-1433oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Endothelial thrombomodulin (TM) regulates thrombosis and inflammation. Diverse forms of pulmonary and vascular injury are accompanied by down-regulation of TM, which aggravates tissue injury. We postulated that anchoring TM to the endothelial surface would restore its protective functions. OBJECTIVES To design an effective and safe strategy to treat pulmonary thrombotic and inflammatory injury. METHODS We synthesized a fusion protein, designated scFv/TM, by linking the extracellular domain of mouse TM to a single-chain variable fragment of an antibody to platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1). The targeting and protective functions of scFv/TM were tested in mouse models of lung ischemia-reperfusion and acute lung injury (ALI) caused by intratracheal endotoxin and hyperoxia, both of which caused approximately 50% reduction in the endogenous expression of TM. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Biochemical assays showed that scFv/TM accelerated protein C activation by thrombin and bound mouse PECAM-1 and cytokine high mobility group-B1. After intravenous injection, scFv/TM preferentially accumulated in the mouse pulmonary vasculature. In a lung model of ischemia-reperfusion injury, scFv/TM attenuated elevation of early growth response-1, inhibited pulmonary deposition of fibrin and leukocyte infiltration, and preserved blood oxygenation more effectively than soluble TM. In an ALI model, scFv/TM, but not soluble TM, suppressed activation of nuclear factor-kappaB, inflammation and edema in the lung and reduced mortality without causing hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS Targeting TM to the endothelium using an scFv anchor enhances its antithrombotic and antiinflammatory effectiveness in models of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Sen Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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177
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Higuchi T, Nakamura T, Kakutani H, Ishii H. Thrombomodulin suppresses invasiveness of HT1080 tumor cells by reducing plasminogen activation on the cell surface through activation of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:179-85. [PMID: 19182372 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell malignancy is negatively correlated with the expression of thrombomodulin (TM), a thrombin receptor expressed on the surface of various cells, including tumor cells. TM accelerates thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) activation catalyzed by thrombin. The active form of TAFI (TAFIa) contributes to inhibition of plasmin formation through its carboxypeptidase B (CPB)-like activity. Here, we examined whether TM- and tumor cell-dependent TAFI activation participates in controlling pericellular fibrinolysis and cell invasion. Human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells retained the ability to activate both prothrombin and plasminogen, but did not express TM. HT1080 cells mediated activation of TAFI in plasma in the presence of soluble-type TM (sTM) through cell-dependent prothrombin activation. HT1080 cells stably expressing TM (TM-HT1080) mediated plasma TAFI activation without added sTM, but HT1080 (wild-type) and Mock-transfected HT1080 cells (Mock) did not. Production of TAFIa suppressed cell-mediated plasminogen activation. Matrigel invasion by wild-type and Mock cells was enhanced two-fold by diluted plasma (10%), whereas the plasma-induced invasion of TM-HT1080 cells (65% of wild-type invasion) was lower than those of wild-type and Mock cells. Cell invasion by TM-HT1080 was partially enhanced by addition of a TAFIa/CPB inhibitor. These results suggest that TM suppresses pericellular fibrinolysis and plasma-induced tumor cell invasion, and that it is mediated, at least in part, by plasma TAFI activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Higuchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathophysiology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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178
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179
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IL-32-dependent effects of IL-1beta on endothelial cell functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:3883-8. [PMID: 19228941 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0813334106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrates that interleukin (IL)-32 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, inducing IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and chemokines via nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and activating protein (AP)-1 activation. Here we report that IL-32 is expressed and is also functional in human vascular endothelial cells (EC) of various origins. Compared with primary blood monocytes, high levels of IL-32 are constitutively produced in human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC), aortic macrovascular EC, and cardiac as well as pulmonary microvascular EC. At concentrations as low as 0.1 ng/ml, IL-1beta stimulated IL-32 up to 15-fold over constitutive levels, whereas 10 ng/ml of TNFalpha or 100 ng/ml of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were required to induce similar quantities of IL-32. IL-1beta-induced IL-32 was reduced by inhibition of the IkappaB kinase-beta/NF-kappaB and ERK pathways. In addition to IL-1beta, pro-coagulant concentrations of thrombin or fresh platelets increased IL-32 protein up to 6-fold. IL-1beta and thrombin induced an isoform-switch in steady-state mRNA levels from IL-32alpha/gamma to beta/epsilon. Adult EC responded in a similar fashion. To prove functionality, we silenced endogenous IL-32 with siRNA, decreasing intracellular IL-32 protein levels by 86%. The knockdown of IL-32 resulted in reduction of constitutive as well as IL-1beta-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (of 55% and 54%, respectively), IL-1alpha (of 62% and 43%), IL-6 (of 53% and 43%), and IL-8 (of 46% and 42%). In contrast, the anti-inflammatory/anti-coagulant CD141/thrombomodulin increased markedly when IL-32 was silenced. This study introduces IL-32 as a critical regulator of endothelial function, expanding the properties of this cytokine relevant to coagulation, endothelial inflammation, and atherosclerosis.
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180
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Nieuwenhuizen L, de Groot PG, Grutters JC, Biesma DH. A review of pulmonary coagulopathy in acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia. Eur J Haematol 2009; 82:413-25. [PMID: 19220414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2009.01238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced bronchoalveolar coagulation is a hallmark of many acute inflammatory lung diseases such as acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia. Intervention with natural anticoagulants in these diseases has therefore become a topic of interest. Recently, new data on the role of pulmonary coagulation and inflammation has become available. The aim of this review is to summarize these findings. Furthermore, the results of anticoagulant therapeutic interventions in these disorders are discussed.
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181
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Sharfuddin AA, Sandoval RM, Berg DT, McDougal GE, Campos SB, Phillips CL, Jones BE, Gupta A, Grinnell BW, Molitoris BA. Soluble thrombomodulin protects ischemic kidneys. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:524-34. [PMID: 19176699 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008060593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered coagulation and inflammation contribute to the pathogenesis of ischemic renal injury. Thrombomodulin is a necessary factor in the anticoagulant protein C pathway and has inherent anti-inflammatory properties. We studied the effect of soluble thrombomodulin (sTM) in a hypoperfusion model of ischemic kidney injury. To markedly reduce infrarenal aortic blood flow and femoral arterial pressures, we clamped the suprarenal aorta of rats, occluding them 90%, for 60 min. Reversible acute kidney injury (AKI) occurred at 24 h in rats subjected to hypoperfusion. Histologic analysis at 24 h revealed acute tubular necrosis (ATN), and intravital two-photon microscopy showed flow abnormalities in the microvasculature and defects of endothelial permeability. Pretreatment with rat sTM markedly reduced both I-R-induced renal dysfunction and tubular histologic injury scores. sTM also significantly improved microvascular erythrocyte flow rates, reduced microvascular endothelial leukocyte rolling and attachment, and minimized endothelial permeability to infused fluorescence dextrans, assessed by intravital quantitative multiphoton microscopy. Furthermore, sTM administered 2 h after reperfusion protected against ischemia-induced renal dysfunction at 24 h and improved survival. By using an sTM variant, we also determined that the protective effects of sTM were independent of its ability to generate activated protein C. These data suggest that sTM may have therapeutic potential for ischemic AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif A Sharfuddin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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182
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Lo IC, Lin TM, Chou LH, Liu SL, Wu LW, Shi GY, Wu HL, Jiang MJ. Ets-1 mediates platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced thrombomodulin expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 81:771-9. [PMID: 19091791 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Thrombomodulin (TM), a potent anticoagulant, is not detected in quiescent vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In diseased vessels, VSMC expresses TM, but the mechanisms are unclear. This study examined molecular mechanisms for TM expression in VSMCs. METHODS AND RESULTS Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) induced TM expression in cultured human aortic VSMCs. PDGF-induced TM is functional in activating protein C. TM induction was eliminated by inhibitors of Src kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and by expressing dominant-negative Akt while expressing active Akt-stimulated TM expression. PDGF-BB activated the TM promoter, and the deletion of a sequence segment -394/-255 drastically reduced TM promoter activity. Transcription factor E26 transformation-specific sequence-1 (Ets-1) was upregulated by PDGF-BB in a PI3-kinase- and mTOR-dependent manner. RNA interference of Ets-1 inhibited PDGF induction of TM, and overexpressing Ets-1 increased TM expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assay detected increased Ets-1 binding to the TM promoter after PDGF treatment. Following carotid artery ligation of C57/BL6 mice, PDGF-BB and TM were co-expressed in the media and neointima. CONCLUSION In VSMCs, PDGF-BB stimulates TM expression that is mainly mediated by Ets-1 via the Src kinase/PI3-kinase/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway. Furthermore, PDGF-BB may regulate TM expression in VSMCs during vascular remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chung Lo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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183
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Iwata M, Kawahara KI, Kawabata H, Ito T, Mera K, Biswas KK, Tancharoen S, Higashi Y, Kikuchi K, Hashiguchi T, Kanekura T, Maruyama I. Thrombomodulin exerts cytoprotective effect on low-dose UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:642-647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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184
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Varol FG, Ozgen L, Sayin NC, Demir M. Correlation between maternal plasma thrombomodulin and infant birth weight in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2008; 15:166-70. [PMID: 19022800 DOI: 10.1177/1076029608325543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between maternal plasma thrombomodulin levels and infant birth weights in pregnancy-induced hypertension. STUDY DESIGN Plasma thrombomodulin levels were measured in 80 pregnant women living in the Trakya region of Turkey. Of these patients, 30 were with severe preeclampsia, 10 with HELLP syndrome, 10 with eclampsia, and 30 were normotensive healthy pregnant women. Plasma thrombomodulin levels were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The correlation analysis between thrombomodulin and birth weight and placental weights was done using analysis of variance and Bonferroni test (significance at P < .05). Kruskal-Wallis statistical analysis was performed in comparison of the descriptive and laboratory data (significance at P < .05). RESULTS The plasma thrombomodulin values in hypertensive disorders in pregnancy were found to be highly correlated with the infant birth weights (P < .001). In HELLP syndrome, the highest thrombomodulin levels (94.69 + 10.41 ng/mL) were associated with the lowest infant birth weight (1509.70 + 187.55 g) in the study population. Thrombomodulin in eclampsia (81.37 + 3.59 ng/mL) showed an association with infant birth weight (2078 + 132.65 g). Although thrombomodulin levels in severe preeclampsia (67.15 + 3.72 ng/mL) were associated with the values (1748.20 + 132.62 g) in infant birth weight, thrombomodulin levels of the control group demonstrated the mean (48.06 + 2.45) with the highest infant birth weight (3228.85 + 84.83) in the total group. CONCLUSION Elevated plasma thrombomodulin levels in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were well correlated with related infant birth weights of these pathologies. Plasma thrombomodulin levels might point out placental vascular endothelial damage reflecting on infant birth weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Füsun G Varol
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey.
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185
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Matsuyama T, Tokuda M, Izumi Y. Significance of thrombomodulin release from gingival epithelial cells in periodontitis patients. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:379-85. [PMID: 18942187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Thrombomodulin, a cell transmembrane glycoprotein, binds to thrombin and converts it from a procoagulant protease to an anticoagulant enzyme that activates protein C. Thrombomodulin is very important in regulating the function of thrombin. Elevated soluble thrombomodulin is present in the gingival crevicular fluid of subjects with periodontitis. The objective of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms about the elevated soluble thrombomodulin in gingival crevicular fluid. MATERIAL AND METHODS Gingival sections from six patients with chronic periodontitis and from three periodontally healthy subjects were immunostained for thrombomodulin detection. Thrombomodulin levels were investigated in the gingival crevicular fluid of 11 subjects with chronic periodontitis. The effects of neutrophil enzymes on thrombomodulin release and on thrombomodulin in the gingival crevicular fluid were examined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or by Western blotting. RESULTS The expression of gingival epithelial thrombomodulin was lost or decrease near infiltrating neutrophils. Thrombomodulin was rapidly released from gingival epithelial cells by neutrophil enzymes, and gingival crevicular fluid with periodontitis included the proteolytic cleavage thrombomodulin using immunoblotting analysis. The thrombomodulin release was not caused by rapid cell damage, on lactate dehydrogenase assay. There were significant differences in thrombomodulin content between gingival crevicular fluid samples from healthy and diseased sites, regardless of the degree of probing depth. CONCLUSION Neutrophil enzymes induced rapid thrombomodulin release from the membrane surface of gingival epithelial cells. This might explain the thrombomodulin increase in gingival crevicular fluid with local diseased gingiva. Elevation of thrombomodulin in gingival crevicular fluid may be a potential marker of epithelial cell membrane injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsuyama
- Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
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186
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Svenungsson E, Cederholm A, Jensen-Urstad K, Fei GZ, de Faire U, Frostegård J. Endothelial function and markers of endothelial activation in relation to cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Rheumatol 2008; 37:352-9. [PMID: 18666029 DOI: 10.1080/03009740802007514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is common in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) although it is not clear whether an increased risk of CVD is a general feature of SLE or whether it applies only to a subgroup of patients. Our objective was to evaluate endothelial function and markers of endothelial activation in relation to CVD in SLE. METHODS Twenty-six women with SLE and previous CVD (SLE/CVD cases, defined as objectively verified angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, or intermittent claudication; 52+/-8.2 years) were compared with age-matched SLE women without CVD (SLE controls) and population control women. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery after reactive hyperaemia and nitroglycerin-mediated dilatation (NMD) after sublingual nitroglycerin administration were determined by ultrasound. Soluble thrombomodulin (sTM) and soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS FMD and NMD levels did not differ between SLE controls and population controls. In SLE cases FMD and NMD were not assessed because of interference with nitro-related medication. sVCAM-1 discriminated between SLE cases, SLE controls, and population controls (ng/mL; 814+/-221 vs. 545+/-214 vs. 401+/-189, p<0.01), whereas sTM (ng/mL; 5.2+/-2.8 vs. 4.2+/-1.9 vs. 3.0+/-0.5) differed between both SLE groups and controls (p<0.05). CONCLUSION In this study SLE women free of CVD had good endothelial function (FMD), a possible marker of protection from lupus-related CVD. In addition, high levels of sVCAM-1, associated with systemic tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) activity, were identified as a novel discriminator for SLE-related CVD. This supports our hypothesis that SLE patients with enhanced systemic TNFalpha activity are at high risk of developing CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Svenungsson
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, the Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna.
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187
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Abstract
Atherothrombotic disease remains a major cause of mortality worldwide, and family clustering suggests an important contribution of genetic factors to disease pathogenesis. Thrombus formation represents the final step in atherothrombosis, a process influenced by genetic and environmental factors. A major difficulty of investigating the genetic regulation of thrombotic conditions is the complexity of the phenotype and the relatively modest effects of individual genetic variations. We address in this review genetic aspects involved in regulating thrombosis potential and their impact on the development of atherothrombotic disease. The effects of common genetic polymorphisms in clotting factors are discussed and examples of complex gene-gene and gene-environment interactions are highlighted. Understanding the effects of genetic factors on predisposition to thrombotic disease and unravelling the complex gene-environment interactions will help to better understand the pathophysiology of this complex condition, which will enable the development of new preventative and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ajjan
- Division of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research, Leeds Institute for Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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188
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Lectin-like domain of thrombomodulin binds to its specific ligand Lewis Y antigen and neutralizes lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response. Blood 2008; 112:3661-70. [PMID: 18711002 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-03-142760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM), a widely expressing glycoprotein originally identified in vascular endothelium, is an important cofactor in the protein C anticoagulant system. TM appears to exhibit anti-inflammatory ability through both protein C-dependent and -independent pathways. We presently have demonstrated that recombinant N-terminal lectinlike domain of TM (rTMD1) functions as a protective agent against sepsis caused by Gram-negative bacterial infections. rTMD1 caused agglutination of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and enhanced the macrophage phagocytosis of these Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, rTMD1 bound to the Klebsiella pneumoniae and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by specifically interacting with Lewis Y antigen. rTMD1 inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory mediator production via interference with CD14 and LPS binding. Furthermore, rTMD1 modulated LPS-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway activations and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in macrophages. Administration of rTMD1 protected the host by suppressing inflammatory responses induced by LPS and Gram-negative bacteria, and enhanced LPS and bacterial clearance in sepsis. Thus, rTMD1 can be used to defend against bacterial infection and inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory responses, suggesting that rTMD1 may be valuable in the treatment of severe inflammation in sepsis, especially in Gram-negative bacterial infections.
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Bagley RG, Honma N, Weber W, Boutin P, Rouleau C, Shankara S, Kataoka S, Ishida I, Roberts BL, Teicher BA. Endosialin/TEM 1/CD248 is a pericyte marker of embryonic and tumor neovascularization. Microvasc Res 2008; 76:180-8. [PMID: 18761022 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The formation of functional, mature blood vessels depends on the interaction between endothelial cells and pericytes. Commonality exists in the processes involved in vasculature development between tissues whether healthy or diseased. Endosialin/TEM 1 is a cell membrane protein that is expressed in blood vessels during embryogenesis and tumorigenesis but not in normal mature vessels. Antibodies developed to human endosialin were used to investigate endosialin expression and function in human prenatal brain pericytes and pericytes residing in tumors. Anti-endosialin was capable of preventing pericyte tube formation in culture and inhibited migration. Brain pericytes in culture had higher levels of endosialin/TEM 1 than TEMs-2, -3, -4, -5, -7, and -8. Immunocytochemistry revealed that endosialin was present in the cytoplasmic body and in the elongated extensions essential to pericyte function. Transgenic mice engineered to express human endosialin bred on an immunocompromised background allowed the growth of human tumor xenografts. In human colon carcinoma Colo205 and HT29 xenografts grown in human endosialin-transgenic mice, endosialin expression was largely confined to NG2-expressing perivascular cells and not CD31-positive endothelial cells. Similar methods applied to human ovarian and colon tumors confirmed endosialin expression by pericytes. The data indicate that endosialin is strongly expressed by pericytes during periods of active angiogenesis during embryonic and tumor development. Anti-endosialin antibodies may have value in identifying vasculature in malignant tissues. With the appropriate agent, targeting endosialin may interfere with blood vessel growth during tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Bagley
- Genzyme Corporation, 49 New York Avenue Framingham, MA 01701-9322, USA.
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190
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Yeh CH, Hung LY, Hsu C, Le SY, Lee PT, Liao WL, Lin YT, Chang WC, Tseng JT. RNA-binding protein HuR interacts with thrombomodulin 5'untranslated region and represses internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation under IL-1 beta treatment. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:3812-22. [PMID: 18579691 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-09-0962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduction in host-activated protein C levels and resultant microvascular thrombosis highlight the important functional role of protein C anticoagulant system in the pathogenesis of sepsis and septic shock. Thrombomodulin (TM) is a critical factor to activate protein C in mediating the anticoagulation and anti-inflammation effects. However, TM protein content is decreased in inflammation and sepsis, and the mechanism is still not well defined. In this report, we identified that the TM 5' untranslated region (UTR) bearing the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element controls TM protein expression. Using RNA probe pulldown assay, HuR was demonstrated to interact with the TM 5'UTR. Overexpression of HuR protein inhibited the activity of TM IRES, whereas on the other hand, reducing the HuR protein level reversed this effect. When cells were treated with IL-1beta, the IRES activity was suppressed and accompanied by an increased interaction between HuR and TM 5'UTR. In the animal model of sepsis, we found the TM protein expression level to be decreased while concurrently observing the increased interaction between HuR and TM mRNA in liver tissue. In summary, HuR plays an important role in suppression of TM protein synthesis in IL-1beta treatment and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Hung Yeh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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191
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Acute coagulopathy of trauma: hypoperfusion induces systemic anticoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 64:1211-7; discussion 1217. [PMID: 18469643 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e318169cd3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coagulopathy is present at admission in 25% of trauma patients, is associated with shock and a 5-fold increase in mortality. The coagulopathy has recently been associated with systemic activation of the protein C pathway. This study was designed to characterize the thrombotic, coagulant and fibrinolytic derangements of trauma-induced shock. METHODS This was a prospective cohort study of major trauma patients admitted to a single trauma center. Blood was drawn within 10 minutes of arrival for analysis of partial thromboplastin and prothrombin times, prothrombin fragments 1 + 2 (PF1 + 2), fibrinogen, factor VII, thrombomodulin, protein C, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and D-dimers. Base deficit was used as a measure of tissue hypoperfusion. RESULTS Two hundred eight patients were studied. Systemic hypoperfusion was associated with anticoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis. Coagulation was activated and thrombin generation was related to injury severity, but acidosis did not affect Factor VII or PF1 + 2 levels. Hypoperfusion-induced increase in soluble thrombomodulin levels was associated with reduced fibrinogen utilization, reduction in protein C and an increase in TAFI. Hypoperfusion also resulted in hyperfibrinolysis, with raised tPA and D-Dimers, associated with the observed reduction in PAI-1 and not alterations in TAFI. CONCLUSIONS Acute coagulopathy of trauma is associated with systemic hypoperfusion and is characterized by anticoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis. There was no evidence of coagulation factor loss or dysfunction at this time point. Soluble thrombomodulin levels correlate with thrombomodulin activity. Thrombin binding to thrombomodulin contributes to hyperfibrinolysis via activated protein C consumption of PAI-1.
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192
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Roussel JC, Moran CJ, Salvaris EJ, Nandurkar HH, d'Apice AJF, Cowan PJ. Pig thrombomodulin binds human thrombin but is a poor cofactor for activation of human protein C and TAFI. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:1101-12. [PMID: 18444940 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Incompatibility between pig thrombomodulin (TM) and primate thrombin is thought to be an important factor in the development of microvascular thrombosis in rejecting pig-to-primate xenografts. To examine this interaction at the molecular level, we cloned pig TM and measured its ability to bind human thrombin and act as a cofactor for the activation of human protein C and TAFI. The 579-residue pig TM protein showed approximately 69% sequence identity to human TM. Within the EGF domains necessary for binding of thrombin (EGF56), protein C (EGF4) and TAFI (EGF3), all of the amino acids previously identified as critical for the function of human TM, with the exception of Glu-408 in EGF5, were conserved in pig TM. Comparison of transfected cells expressing pig or human TM demonstrated that both proteins bound human thrombin and inhibited its procoagulant activity. However, pig TM was a poor cofactor for the activation of human protein C and TAFI, with domain swapping showing that EGF5 was the most important determinant of compatibility. Thus, while pig TM may be capable of binding thrombin generated in the vicinity of xenograft endothelium, its failure to promote the activation of human protein C remains a significant problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Roussel
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Health, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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193
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194
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Lust M, Vulcano M, Danese S. The protein C pathway in inflammatory bowel disease: the missing link between inflammation and coagulation. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:237-44. [PMID: 18457995 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally described as a major anti-coagulant system, the protein C (PC) pathway, consisting of thrombomodulin, the endothelial cell protein C receptor and activated PC (APC), is gaining increasing attention as an important regulator of microvascular inflammation. Although they possess several anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective functions, the expression and function of the components of the PC pathway is downregulated during inflammation. Recent evidence suggests that the PC pathway is defective in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and that restoring its function has anti-inflammatory effects on cultured intestinal microvascular endothelial cells and in animal models of colitis. Here, we propose that the PC pathway has an important role in governing intestinal microvascular inflammation and might provide a novel therapeutic target in the management of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lust
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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195
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Schouten M, Wiersinga WJ, Levi M, van der Poll T. Inflammation, endothelium, and coagulation in sepsis. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 83:536-45. [PMID: 18032692 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0607373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic response to infection, and symptoms are produced by host defense systems rather than by the invading pathogens. Amongst the most prominent features of sepsis, contributing significantly to its outcome, is activation of coagulation with concurrent down-regulation of anticoagulant systems and fibrinolysis. Inflammation-induced coagulation on its turn contributes to inflammation. Another important feature of sepsis, associated with key symptoms such as hypovolemia and hypotension, is endothelial dysfunction. Under normal conditions, the endothelium provides for an anticoagulant surface, a property that is lost in sepsis. In this review, data about the interplay between inflammation and coagulation in sepsis are summarized with a special focus on the influence of the endothelium on inflammation-induced coagulation and vice versa. Possible procoagulant properties of the endothelium are described, such as expression of tissue factor (TF) and von Willebrand factor and interaction with platelets. Possible procoagulant roles of microparticles, circulating endothelial cells and endothelial apoptosis, are also discussed. Moreover, the important roles of the endothelium in down-regulating the anticoagulants TF pathway inhibitor, antithrombin, and the protein C (PC) system and inhibition of fibrinolysis are discussed. The influence of coagulation on its turn on inflammation and the endothelium is described with a special focus on protease-activated receptors (PARs). We conclude that the relationship between endothelium and coagulation in sepsis is tight and that further research is needed, for example, to better understand the role of activated PC signaling via PAR-1, the role of the endothelial PC receptor herein, and the role of the glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schouten
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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196
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Ley K. The Microcirculation in Inflammation. Microcirculation 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374530-9.00011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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197
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Wu HL, Lin CI, Huang YL, Chen PS, Kuo CH, Chen MS, Wu GCC, Shi GY, Yang HY, Lee H. Lysophosphatidic acid stimulates thrombomodulin lectin-like domain shedding in human endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 367:162-8. [PMID: 18167312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.12.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM) is an anticoagulant glycoprotein highly expressed on endothelial cell surfaces. Increased levels of soluble TM in circulation have been widely accepted as an indicator of endothelial damage or dysfunction. Previous studies indicated that various proinflammatory factors stimulate TM shedding in various cell types such as smooth muscle cells and epithelial cells. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid mediator present in biological fluids during endothelial damage or injury. In the present study, we first observed that LPA triggered TM shedding in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). By Cyflow analysis, we showed that the LPA-induced accessibility of antibodies to the endothelial growth factor (EGF)-like domain of TM is independent of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), while LPA-induced TM lectin-like domain shedding is MMP-dependent. Furthermore, a stable cell line expressing TM without its lectin-like domain exhibited a higher cell proliferation rate than a stable cell line expressing full-length TM. These results imply that LPA induces TM lectin-like domain shedding, which might contribute to the exposure of its EGF-like domain for EGF receptor (EGFR) binding, thereby stimulating subsequent cell proliferation. Based on our findings, we propose a novel mechanism for the exposure of TM EGF-like domain, which possibly mediates LPA-induced EGFR transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Lin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
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198
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Scaldaferri F, Sans M, Vetrano S, Graziani C, De Cristofaro R, Gerlitz B, Repici A, Arena V, Malesci A, Panes J, Grinnell BW, Danese S. Crucial role of the protein C pathway in governing microvascular inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:1951-60. [PMID: 17557119 PMCID: PMC1884689 DOI: 10.1172/jci31027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) and thrombomodulin (TM) are expressed at high levels in the resting microvasculature and convert protein C (PC) into its activated form, which is a potent anticoagulant and antiinflammatory molecule. Here we provide evidence that in Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the 2 major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), there was loss of expression of endothelial EPCR and TM, which in turns caused impairment of PC activation by the inflamed mucosal microvasculature. In isolated human intestinal endothelial cells, administration of recombinant activated PC had a potent antiinflammatory effect, as demonstrated by downregulated cytokine-dependent cell adhesion molecule expression and chemokine production as well as inhibited leukocyte adhesion. In vivo, administration of activated PC was therapeutically effective in ameliorating experimental colitis as evidenced by reduced weight loss, disease activity index, and histological colitis scores as well as inhibited leukocyte adhesion to the inflamed intestinal vessels. The results suggest that the PC pathway represents a new system crucially involved in governing intestinal homeostasis mediated by the mucosal microvasculature. Restoring the PC pathway may represent a new therapeutic approach to suppress intestinal inflammation in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Scaldaferri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy.
Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clinic y Provincial, Barcelona, Spain.
Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Sans
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy.
Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clinic y Provincial, Barcelona, Spain.
Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Vetrano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy.
Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clinic y Provincial, Barcelona, Spain.
Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Graziani
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy.
Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clinic y Provincial, Barcelona, Spain.
Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Raimondo De Cristofaro
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy.
Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clinic y Provincial, Barcelona, Spain.
Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruce Gerlitz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy.
Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clinic y Provincial, Barcelona, Spain.
Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Repici
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy.
Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clinic y Provincial, Barcelona, Spain.
Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Arena
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy.
Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clinic y Provincial, Barcelona, Spain.
Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Malesci
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy.
Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clinic y Provincial, Barcelona, Spain.
Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Julian Panes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy.
Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clinic y Provincial, Barcelona, Spain.
Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Brian W. Grinnell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy.
Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clinic y Provincial, Barcelona, Spain.
Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvio Danese
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy.
Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clinic y Provincial, Barcelona, Spain.
Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Department of Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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Lax S, Hou TZ, Jenkinson E, Salmon M, MacFadyen JR, Isacke CM, Anderson G, Cunningham AF, Buckley CD. CD248/Endosialin is dynamically expressed on a subset of stromal cells during lymphoid tissue development, splenic remodeling and repair. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:3550-6. [PMID: 17628549 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies of stromal cell populations in lymphoid tissue (LT) have been hampered by a lack of selective markers. Here, we show that CD248 (Endosialin/TEM1) is a stromal marker that is differentially expressed on fibroblasts and pericytes in the thymus, lymph node and spleen. Expression is high during LT development but largely disappears in the adult. CD248 is re-expressed in a Salmonella-induced model of splenic enlargement; peak expression corresponding to the peak of splenic enlargement. These results suggest that CD248 expression helps define a subset of LT stromal cells which play a role in remodelling during tissue development, infection and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siân Lax
- Division of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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200
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Brohi K, Cohen MJ, Ganter MT, Matthay MA, Mackersie RC, Pittet JF. Acute traumatic coagulopathy: initiated by hypoperfusion: modulated through the protein C pathway? Ann Surg 2007; 245:812-8. [PMID: 17457176 PMCID: PMC1877079 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000256862.79374.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Coagulopathy following major trauma is conventionally attributed to activation and consumption of coagulation factors. Recent studies have identified an acute coagulopathy present on admission that is independent of injury severity. We hypothesized that early coagulopathy is due to tissue hypoperfusion, and investigated derangements in coagulation associated with this. METHODS This was a prospective cohort study of major trauma patients admitted to a single trauma center. Blood was drawn within 10 minutes of arrival for analysis of partial thromboplastin and prothrombin times, prothrombin fragments 1+2, fibrinogen, thrombomodulin, protein C, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and D-dimers. Base deficit (BD) was used as a measure of tissue hypoperfusion. RESULTS A total of 208 patients were enrolled. Patients without tissue hypoperfusion were not coagulopathic, irrespective of the amount of thrombin generated. Prolongation of the partial thromboplastin and prothrombin times was only observed with an increased BD. An increasing BD was associated with high soluble thrombomodulin and low protein C levels. Low protein C levels were associated with prolongation of the partial thromboplastin and prothrombin times and hyperfibrinolysis with low levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and high D-dimer levels. High thrombomodulin and low protein C levels were significantly associated with increased mortality, blood transfusion requirements, acute renal injury, and reduced ventilator-free days. CONCLUSIONS Early traumatic coagulopathy occurs only in the presence of tissue hypoperfusion and appears to occur without significant consumption of coagulation factors. Alterations in the thrombomodulin-protein C pathway are consistent with activated protein C activation and systemic anticoagulation. Admission plasma thrombomodulin and protein C levels are predictive of clinical outcomes following major trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Brohi
- Department of Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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