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Thomas VA, Donohoe BS, Li M, Pu Y, Ragauskas AJ, Kumar R, Nguyen TY, Cai CM, Wyman CE. Adding tetrahydrofuran to dilute acid pretreatment provides new insights into substrate changes that greatly enhance biomass deconstruction by Clostridium thermocellum and fungal enzymes. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:252. [PMID: 29213312 PMCID: PMC5707920 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0937-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) by anaerobes, such as Clostridium thermocellum, which combine enzyme production, hydrolysis, and fermentation are promising alternatives to historical economic challenges of using fungal enzymes for biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. However, limited research has integrated CBP with real pretreated biomass, and understanding how pretreatment impacts subsequent deconstruction by CBP vs. fungal enzymes can provide valuable insights into CBP and suggest other novel biomass deconstruction strategies. This study focused on determining the effect of pretreatment by dilute sulfuric acid alone (DA) and with tetrahydrofuran (THF) addition via co-solvent-enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation (CELF) on deconstruction of corn stover and Populus with much different recalcitrance by C. thermocellum vs. fungal enzymes and changes in pretreated biomass related to these differences. RESULTS Coupling CELF fractionation of corn stover and Populus with subsequent CBP by the anaerobe C. thermocellum completely solubilized polysaccharides left in the pretreated solids within only 48 h without adding enzymes. These results were better than those from the conventional DA followed by either CBP or fungal enzymes or CELF followed by fungal enzyme hydrolysis, especially at viable enzyme loadings. Enzyme adsorption on CELF-pretreated corn stover and CELF-pretreated Populus solids were virtually equal, while DA improved the enzyme accessibility for corn stover more than Populus. Confocal scanning light microscopy (CSLM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and NMR characterization of solids from both pretreatments revealed differences in cell wall structure and lignin composition, location, coalescence, and migration-enhanced digestibility of CELF-pretreated solids. CONCLUSIONS Adding THF to DA pretreatment (CELF) greatly enhanced deconstruction of corn stover and Populus by fungal enzymes and C. thermocellum CBP, and the CELF-CBP tandem was agnostic to feedstock recalcitrance. Composition measurements, material balances, cellulase adsorption, and CSLM and TEM imaging revealed adding THF enhanced the enzyme accessibility, cell wall fractures, and cellular dislocation and cell wall delamination. Overall, enhanced deconstruction of CELF solids by enzymes and particularly by C. thermocellum could be related to lignin removal and alteration, thereby pointing to these factors being key contributors to biomass recalcitrance as a barrier to low-cost biological conversion to sustainable fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A. Thomas
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Bryon S. Donohoe
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Mi Li
- Joint Institute of Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Joint Institute of Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- Joint Institute of Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN USA
- Department of Chemical & Bimolecular Engineering, Center for Renewable Carbon and Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Thanh Yen Nguyen
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
| | - Charles M. Cai
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Charles E. Wyman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
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152
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Nag SK, Liu R, Lal R. Emission of greenhouse gases and soil carbon sequestration in a riparian marsh wetland in central Ohio. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:580. [PMID: 29063197 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wetlands are a C sink, but they also account for a large natural source of greenhouse gases (GHG), particularly methane (CH4). Soils of wetlands play an important role in alleviating the global climate change regardless of the emission of CH4. However, there are uncertainties about the amount of C stored and emitted from wetlands because of the site specific factors. Therefore, the present study was conducted in a temperate riverine flow-through wetland, part of which was covered with emerging macrophyte Typhus latifolia in central Ohio, USA, with the objective to assess emissions of GHGs (CH4, CO2, N2O) and measure C and nitrogen (N) stocks in wetland soil in comparison to a reference upland site. The data revealed that CH4 emission from the open and vegetated wetland ranged from 1.03-0.51 Mg C/ha/y and that of CO2 varied from 1.26-1.51 Mg C/ha/y. In comparison, CH4 emission from reference upland site was negligible (0.01 Mg C/ha/y), but CO2 emission was much higher (3.24 Mg C/ha/y). The stock of C in wetland soil was 85 to 125 Mg C/ha up to 0.3 m depth. The average rate of emission was 2.15 Mg C/ha/y, but the rate of sequestration was calculated as 5.55 Mg C/ha/y. Thus, the wetland was actually a C sink. Emission of N2O was slightly higher in vegetated wetland (0.153 mg N2O-N/m2/h) than the open wetland and the reference site (0.129 mg N2O-N/m2/h). Effect of temperature on emission of GHGs from the systems was also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir K Nag
- Carbon Management and Sequestration Center, School of Environment and Natural Resources, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, India.
| | - Ruiqiang Liu
- Carbon Management and Sequestration Center, School of Environment and Natural Resources, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rattan Lal
- Carbon Management and Sequestration Center, School of Environment and Natural Resources, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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153
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Wang Q, Wang W, He X, Zheng Q, Wang H, Wu Y, Zhong Z. Changes in soil properties, X-ray-mineral diffractions and infrared-functional groups in bulk soil and fractions following afforestation of farmland, Northeast China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12829. [PMID: 28993634 PMCID: PMC5634410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of soil properties, the compositional traits in bulk soil and different fractions and their responses to afforestation practices may possibly facilitate clarification of the mechanisms underlying soil changes. Soil properties, the compositional functional groups and minerals were determined in the bulk soil and fractions from forests and adjacent farmlands. The afforestation of farmland could induce accumulation of soil organic carbon [SOC] (+18%) and nitrogen [N] (+4%) with pH increase (+4%), and declines in electric conductivity (−15%) and bulk density (−3%). Sand and aggregates [SA] and easily oxidized fraction [EO] mainly contributed to the SOC and N accumulation. Moreover, afforestation-induced changes were observed in O-H & N-H stretching (−26%), feldspar (+52%) and huntite crystallinity (−40%). The changes of soil properties were strongly associated with the changes in functional groups, followed by minerals. Of them, asymmetric COO- & C = O stretching & O-H bending, symmetric COO- stretching, huntite and smectite-vermiculite crystallinity were the key factors responsible for the changes of soil properties. Our findings highlight that degraded farmland afforestation could strongly affect soil properties in the bulk soil, and the changes in fractions (mainly SA and EO) as well as their changes in the compositional traits strongly supported these bulk soil changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China. .,Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China.
| | - Xingyuan He
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Qingfu Zheng
- Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, 028000, China
| | - Huimei Wang
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
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154
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Khan A, Tan DKY, Munsif F, Afridi MZ, Shah F, Wei F, Fahad S, Zhou R. Nitrogen nutrition in cotton and control strategies for greenhouse gas emissions: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:23471-23487. [PMID: 28940131 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium hirustum L.) is grown globally as a major source of natural fiber. Nitrogen (N) management is cumbersome in cotton production systems; it has more impacts on yield, maturity, and lint quality of a cotton crop than other primary plant nutrient. Application and production of N fertilizers consume large amounts of energy, and excess application can cause environmental concerns, i.e., nitrate in ground water, and the production of nitrous oxide a highly potent greenhouse gas (GHG) to the atmosphere, which is a global concern. Therefore, improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of cotton plant is critical in this context. Slow-release fertilizers (e.g., polymer-coated urea) have the potential to increase cotton yield and reduce environmental pollution due to more efficient use of nutrients. Limited literature is available on the mitigation of GHG emissions for cotton production. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of N fertilization, in cotton growth and GHG emission management strategies, and will assess, justify, and organize the researchable priorities. Nitrate and ammonium nitrogen are essential nutrients for successful crop production. Ammonia (NH3) is a central intermediate in plant N metabolism. NH3 is assimilated in cotton by the mediation of glutamine synthetase, glutamine (z-) oxoglutarate amino-transferase enzyme systems in two steps: the first step requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to add NH3 to glutamate to form glutamine (Gln), and the second step transfers the NH3 from glutamine (Gln) to α-ketoglutarate to form two glutamates. Once NH3 has been incorporated into glutamate, it can be transferred to other carbon skeletons by various transaminases to form additional amino acids. The glutamate and glutamine formed can rapidly be used for the synthesis of low-molecular-weight organic N compounds (LMWONCs) such as amides, amino acids, ureides, amines, and peptides that are further synthesized into high-molecular-weight organic N compounds (HMWONCs) such as proteins and nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Khan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic and Breeding, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, People's Republic of China
| | - Daniel Kean Yuen Tan
- Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Fazal Munsif
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahir Afridi
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Shah
- Department of Agriculture, Garden Campus, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25130, Pakistan
| | - Fan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic and Breeding, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shah Fahad
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Department of Agriculture, University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Ruiyang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic and Breeding, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, People's Republic of China.
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155
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Gosling P, van der Gast C, Bending GD. Converting highly productive arable cropland in Europe to grassland: -a poor candidate for carbon sequestration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10493. [PMID: 28874831 PMCID: PMC5585225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequestration of atmospheric CO2 as organic carbon by agricultural soils (SOC) is promoted as a climate change mitigation option. IPCC provides guidelines for determining carbon stocks and sequestration potential, incentivising policy changes towards management of farmland for carbon sequestration. However, the basis of the assumption that agricultural soils can sequester significant atmospheric CO2 has been questioned. We sought to determine the potential for conversion of arable cropland to grassland to sequester carbon in the short to medium term and potential limiting factors. There were no differences in SOC stocks in the top 30 cm between grassland up to 17 years old and arable cropland at 14 sites across the UK. However, SOC showed different distribution patterns, being concentrated in the top 10 cm under grassland. Soil microbial communities were significantly different between arable and grassland, with higher biomass and lesser dominance by bacteria in grassland soils. A land use conversion experiment showed these changes occurred within one year of land use change. Failure of grassland soils to accumulate SOC was attributed to reduced available soil nitrogen, resulting in low productivity. The implications of these results for carbon sequestration in soils as a climate change mitigation strategy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gosling
- AHDB, Stoneleigh Park, Kenilworth, Warwickshire, CV8 2TL, UK.
| | | | - Gary D Bending
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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156
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Wertebach TM, Hölzel N, Kämpf I, Yurtaev A, Tupitsin S, Kiehl K, Kamp J, Kleinebecker T. Soil carbon sequestration due to post-Soviet cropland abandonment: estimates from a large-scale soil organic carbon field inventory. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:3729-3741. [PMID: 28161907 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991 triggered cropland abandonment on a continental scale, which in turn led to carbon accumulation on abandoned land across Eurasia. Previous studies have estimated carbon accumulation rates across Russia based on large-scale modelling. Studies that assess carbon sequestration on abandoned land based on robust field sampling are rare. We investigated soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks using a randomized sampling design along a climatic gradient from forest steppe to Sub-Taiga in Western Siberia (Tyumen Province). In total, SOC contents were sampled on 470 plots across different soil and land-use types. The effect of land use on changes in SOC stock was evaluated, and carbon sequestration rates were calculated for different age stages of abandoned cropland. While land-use type had an effect on carbon accumulation in the topsoil (0-5 cm), no independent land-use effects were found for deeper SOC stocks. Topsoil carbon stocks of grasslands and forests were significantly higher than those of soils managed for crops and under abandoned cropland. SOC increased significantly with time since abandonment. The average carbon sequestration rate for soils of abandoned cropland was 0.66 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 (1-20 years old, 0-5 cm soil depth), which is at the lower end of published estimates for Russia and Siberia. There was a tendency towards SOC saturation on abandoned land as sequestration rates were much higher for recently abandoned (1-10 years old, 1.04 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 ) compared to earlier abandoned crop fields (11-20 years old, 0.26 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 ). Our study confirms the global significance of abandoned cropland in Russia for carbon sequestration. Our findings also suggest that robust regional surveys based on a large number of samples advance model-based continent-wide SOC prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim-Martin Wertebach
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Norbert Hölzel
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Immo Kämpf
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Vegetation Ecology and Botany Group, Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Andrey Yurtaev
- Tyumen State University, Semakova Str. 10, Tyumen, 625003, Russia
| | - Sergey Tupitsin
- Tyumen State University, Semakova Str. 10, Tyumen, 625003, Russia
| | - Kathrin Kiehl
- Vegetation Ecology and Botany Group, Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Johannes Kamp
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Till Kleinebecker
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
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157
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Ni X, Yang W, Qi Z, Liao S, Xu Z, Tan B, Wang B, Wu Q, Fu C, You C, Wu F. Simple additive simulation overestimates real influence: altered nitrogen and rainfall modulate the effect of warming on soil carbon fluxes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:3371-3381. [PMID: 27935178 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Experiments and models have led to a consensus that there is positive feedback between carbon (C) fluxes and climate warming. However, the effect of warming may be altered by regional and global changes in nitrogen (N) and rainfall levels, but the current understanding is limited. Through synthesizing global data on soil C pool, input and loss from experiments simulating N deposition, drought and increased precipitation, we quantified the responses of soil C fluxes and equilibrium to the three single factors and their interactions with warming. We found that warming slightly increased the soil C input and loss by 5% and 9%, respectively, but had no significant effect on the soil C pool. Nitrogen deposition alone increased the soil C input (+20%), but the interaction of warming and N deposition greatly increased the soil C input by 49%. Drought alone decreased the soil C input by 17%, while the interaction of warming and drought decreased the soil C input to a greater extent (-22%). Increased precipitation stimulated the soil C input by 15%, but the interaction of warming and increased precipitation had no significant effect on the soil C input. However, the soil C loss was not significantly affected by any of the interactions, although it was constrained by drought (-18%). These results implied that the positive C fluxes-climate warming feedback was modulated by the changing N and rainfall regimes. Further, we found that the additive effects of [warming × N deposition] and [warming × drought] on the soil C input and of [warming × increased precipitation] on the soil C loss were greater than their interactions, suggesting that simple additive simulation using single-factor manipulations may overestimate the effects on soil C fluxes in the real world. Therefore, we propose that more multifactorial experiments should be considered in studying Earth systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyin Ni
- Long-Term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Advanced Science Research Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Brooklyn College of The City University of New York, New York, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Wanqin Yang
- Long-Term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Ecological Security in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zemin Qi
- College of Life Science, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, 641199, China
| | - Shu Liao
- Long-Term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xu
- Long-Term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Ecological Security in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bo Tan
- Long-Term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Ecological Security in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Laboratory of Forestry, Department of Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090, Gontrode (Melle), Belgium
| | - Qinggui Wu
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, 621000, China
| | - Changkun Fu
- Long-Term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Chengming You
- Long-Term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Fuzhong Wu
- Long-Term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Ecological Security in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Chengdu, 611130, China
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158
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Freedman AJ, Tan B, Thompson JR. Microbial potential for carbon and nutrient cycling in a geogenic supercritical carbon dioxide reservoir. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:2228-2245. [PMID: 28229521 PMCID: PMC5518199 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms catalyze carbon cycling and biogeochemical reactions in the deep subsurface and thus may be expected to influence the fate of injected supercritical (sc) CO2 following geological carbon sequestration (GCS). We hypothesized that natural subsurface scCO2 reservoirs, which serve as analogs for the long-term fate of sequestered scCO2 , harbor a 'deep carbonated biosphere' with carbon cycling potential. We sampled subsurface fluids from scCO2 -water separators at a natural scCO2 reservoir at McElmo Dome, Colorado for analysis of 16S rRNA gene diversity and metagenome content. Sequence annotations indicated dominance of Sulfurospirillum, Rhizobium, Desulfovibrio and four members of the Clostridiales family. Genomes extracted from metagenomes using homology and compositional approaches revealed diverse mechanisms for growth and nutrient cycling, including pathways for CO2 and N2 fixation, anaerobic respiration, sulfur oxidation, fermentation and potential for metabolic syntrophy. Differences in biogeochemical potential between two production well communities were consistent with differences in fluid chemical profiles, suggesting a potential link between microbial activity and geochemistry. The existence of a microbial ecosystem associated with the McElmo Dome scCO2 reservoir indicates that potential impacts of the deep biosphere on CO2 fate and transport should be taken into consideration as a component of GCS planning and modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J.E. Freedman
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - BoonFei Tan
- Center for Environmental Sensing and ModelingSingapore‐MIT Alliance for Research and TechnologySingaporeSingapore
| | - Janelle R. Thompson
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Center for Environmental Sensing and ModelingSingapore‐MIT Alliance for Research and TechnologySingaporeSingapore
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159
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160
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Abbas F, Hammad HM, Fahad S, Cerdà A, Rizwan M, Farhad W, Ehsan S, Bakhat HF. Agroforestry: a sustainable environmental practice for carbon sequestration under the climate change scenarios-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:11177-11191. [PMID: 28281063 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Agroforestry is a sustainable land use system with a promising potential to sequester atmospheric carbon into soil. This system of land use distinguishes itself from the other systems, such as sole crop cultivation and afforestation on croplands only through its potential to sequester higher amounts of carbon (in the above- and belowground tree biomass) than the aforementioned two systems. According to Kyoto protocol, agroforestry is recognized as an afforestation activity that, in addition to sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2) to soil, conserves biodiversity, protects cropland, works as a windbreak, and provides food and feed to human and livestock, pollen for honey bees, wood for fuel, and timber for shelters construction. Agroforestry is more attractive as a land use practice for the farming community worldwide instead of cropland and forestland management systems. This practice is a win-win situation for the farming community and for the environmental sustainability. This review presents agroforestry potential to counter the increasing concentration of atmospheric CO2 by sequestering it in above- and belowground biomass. The role of agroforestry in climate change mitigation worldwide might be recognized to its full potential by overcoming various financial, technical, and institutional barriers. Carbon sequestration in soil by various agricultural systems can be simulated by various models but literature lacks reports on validated models to quantify the agroforestry potential for carbon sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhat Abbas
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Hafiz Mohkum Hammad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Shah Fahad
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Artemi Cerdà
- Departament de Geografia, Universitat de València, Blasco Ibàñez, 28, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Wajid Farhad
- Department of Agronomy, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, 90150, Pakistan
| | - Sana Ehsan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Faiq Bakhat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
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161
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Lozano-García B, Muñoz-Rojas M, Parras-Alcántara L. Climate and land use changes effects on soil organic carbon stocks in a Mediterranean semi-natural area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1249-1259. [PMID: 27913021 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A thorough knowledge of the effects of climate and land use changes on the soil carbon pool is critical to planning effective strategies for adaptation and mitigation in future scenarios of global climate and land use change. In this study, we used CarboSOIL model to predict changes in soil organic carbon stocks in a semi-natural area of Southern Spain in three different time horizons (2040, 2070, 2100), considering two general circulation models (BCM2 and ECHAM5) and three IPCC scenarios (A1b, A2, B2). The effects of potential land use changes from natural vegetation (Mediterranean evergreen oak woodland) to agricultural land (olive grove and cereal) on soil organic carbon stocks were also evaluated. Predicted values of SOC contents correlated well those measured (R2 ranging from 0.71 at 0-25cm to 0.97 at 50-75cm) showing the efficiency of the model. Results showed substantial differences among time horizons, climate and land use scenarios and soil depth with larger decreases of soil organic carbon stocks in the long term (2100 time horizon) and particularly in olive groves. The combination of climate and land use scenarios (in particular conversion from current 'dehesa' to olive groves) resulted in yet higher losses of soil organic carbon stocks, e.g. -30, -15 and -33% in the 0-25, 25-50 and 50-75cm sections respectively. This study shows the importance of soil organic carbon stocks assessment under both climate and land use scenarios at different soil sections and point towards possible directions for appropriate land use management in Mediterranean semi natural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Lozano-García
- SUMAS Research Group, Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Faculty of Science, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence - ceiA3, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Miriam Muñoz-Rojas
- The University of Western Australia, School of Plant Biology, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia; Kings Park and Botanic Garden, Kings Park, Perth 6005, WA, Australia
| | - Luis Parras-Alcántara
- SUMAS Research Group, Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Faculty of Science, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence - ceiA3, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
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162
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Pant D, Sharma V, Singh P, Kumar M, Giri A, Singh MP. Perturbations and 3R in carbon management. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:4413-4432. [PMID: 27981475 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Perturbations in various carbon pools like biological, geological, oceanic, and missing carbon sink affect its global data, which are generally neglected or ignored in routine calculations. These natural and anthropogenic events need to be considered before projecting a sustainable carbon management plan. These plans have both general and experimental aspects. General plans should focus on (a) minimizing emission; (b) maximizing environmentally sound reuse, reduce, and recycling; (c) effective treatment; and (d) converting carbon into valuable products with atom economy. Experimental carbon management plans involving various biological and chemical techniques with limitation in terms of research level and economic feasibility. Chemical options have benefits of higher productivity and wider product range, but it suffers from its higher-energy requirements and environmental unfriendliness. In contrast to this, biological options are more selective and less energy intensive, but their productivity is very low. Hence, there is a requirement of hybrid process where the benefits of both the options, i.e., biological and chemical, can be reaped. In view of above, the proposed review targets to highlight the various perturbations in the global carbon cycle and their effects; study the currently practiced options of carbon management, specifically in light of 3R principle; and propose various new hybrid methods by compatible combinations of chemical and biological processes to develop better and safer carbon management. These methods are hypothetical so they may require further research and validations but may provide a comprehensive base for developing such management methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Pant
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, 176215, India.
| | - Virbala Sharma
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, 176215, India
| | - Pooja Singh
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, 176215, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., R&D Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
| | - Anand Giri
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, 176215, India
| | - M P Singh
- Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., R&D Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India
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163
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Garcia-Pausas J, Romanyà J, Montané F, Rios AI, Taull M, Rovira P, Casals P. Are Soil Carbon Stocks in Mountain Grasslands Compromised by Land-Use Changes? HIGH MOUNTAIN CONSERVATION IN A CHANGING WORLD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55982-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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164
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Bhattarai MD, Secchi S, Schoof J. An Analysis of the Climate Change Mitigation Potential through Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in a Corn Belt Watershed. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 59:77-86. [PMID: 27730286 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-016-0771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Land-based carbon sequestration constitutes a major low cost and immediately viable option in climate change mitigation. Using downscaled data from eight atmosphere-ocean general circulation models for a simulation period between 2015 and 2099, we examine the carbon sequestration potential of alternative agricultural land uses in an intensively farmed Corn Belt watershed and the impact of climate change on crop yields. Our results show that switching from conventional tillage continuous corn to no-till corn-soybean can sequester the equivalent of 192.1 MtCO2 eq of soil organic carbon per hectare with a sequestration rate of 2.26 MtCO2 eq ha-1 yr-1. Our results also indicate that switchgrass can sequester the equivalent of 310.7 MtCO2 eq of soil organic carbon per hectare with a sequestration rate of 3.65 MtCO2 eq ha-1 yr-1. Our findings suggest that, unlike for corn and soybean yields, climate change does not have a significant effect on switchgrass yields, possibly due to the carbon fertilization effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Secchi
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Justin Schoof
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois, USA
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165
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Abstract
Wetland soils contain some of the highest stores of soil carbon in the biosphere. However, there is little understanding of the quantity and distribution of carbon stored in our remaining wetlands or of the potential effects of human disturbance on these stocks. Here we use field data from the 2011 National Wetland Condition Assessment to provide unbiased estimates of soil carbon stocks for wetlands at regional and national scales. We find that wetlands in the conterminous United States store a total of 11.52 PgC, much of which is within soils deeper than 30 cm. Freshwater inland wetlands, in part due to their substantial areal extent, hold nearly ten-fold more carbon than tidal saltwater sites—indicating their importance in regional carbon storage. Our data suggest a possible relationship between carbon stocks and anthropogenic disturbance. These data highlight the need to protect wetlands to mitigate the risk of avoidable contributions to climate change. Wetlands store large quantities of carbon, the distribution and quantity of which is little known. Here, Nahlik and Fennessy use data collected as part of the 2011 National Wetland Condition Assessment to estimate wetland carbon stocks across the United States, illustrating total storage of 11.52 PgC.
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166
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167
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Chen KY, Chen TY, Chan YT, Cheng CY, Tzou YM, Liu YT, Teah HY. Stabilization of Natural Organic Matter by Short-Range-Order Iron Hydroxides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12612-12620. [PMID: 27782386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is capable of modifying the surfaces of soil minerals (e.g., Fe hydroxides) or even forming stable co-precipitates with Fe(III) in a neutral environment. The DOM/Fe co-precipitation may alter biogeochemical carbon cycling in soils if the relatively mobile DOM is sorbed by soil minerals against leaching, runoff, and biodegradation. In this study, we aimed to determine the structural development of DOM/Fe co-precipitates in relation to changes in pH and C/(C + Fe) ratios using XRD, XPS, Fe K-edge XAS, FTIR, and C-NEXAFS techniques. The results showed that in the system with bulk C/(C + Fe) molar ratios ≤0.65, the ferrihydrite-like Fe domains were precipitated as the core and covered by the C shells. When the C/(C + Fe) molar ratio ranged between 0.71 and 0.89, the emerging Fe-C bonding suggested a more substantial association between Fe domains including edge- and corner-sharing FeO6 octahedra and DOM. With C/(C + Fe) bulk molar ratios ≥0.92, only corner-sharing FeO6 octahedra along with Fe-C bonding were found. The homogeneously distributed C and Fe domains caused the enhancement of Fe and C solubilization from co-precipitates. The C/(C + Fe) ratios dominated structural compositions and stabilities of C/Fe co-precipitates and may directly affect the Fe and C cycles in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yue Chen
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 40227, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tsan-Yao Chen
- Department of Engineering and System Sciences, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30043, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ya-Ting Chan
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 40227, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Yun Cheng
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 40227, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Min Tzou
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 40227, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Ting Liu
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 40227, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Heng-Yi Teah
- Division of Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 332 Building of Environmental Studies, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8563, Japan
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168
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Magbitang RA, Lamorena RB. Carbonate formation on ophiolitic rocks at different pH, salinity and particle size conditions in CO2-sparged suspensions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40090-016-0099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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169
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Okyay TO, Nguyen HN, Castro SL, Rodrigues DF. CO 2 sequestration by ureolytic microbial consortia through microbially-induced calcite precipitation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:671-680. [PMID: 27524723 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Urea is an abundant nitrogen-containing compound found in urine of mammals and widely used in fertilizers. This compound is part of the nitrogen biogeochemical cycle and is easily biodegraded by ureolytic microorganisms that have the urease enzyme. Previous studies, with ureolytic isolates, have shown that some ureolytic microorganisms are able to sequester CO2 through a process called microbially-induced calcium carbonate precipitation. The present study investigates 15 ureolytic consortia obtained from the "Pamukkale travertines" and the "Cave Without A Name" using different growth media to identify the possible bacterial genera responsible for CO2 sequestration through the microbially-induced calcite precipitation (MICP). The community structure and diversity were determined by deep-sequencing. The results showed that all consortia presented varying CO2 sequestration capabilities and MICP rates. The CO2 sequestration varied between 0 and 86.4%, and it depended largely on the community structure, as well as on pH. Consortia with predominance of Comamonas, Plesiomonas and Oxalobacter presented reduced CO2 sequestration. On the other hand, consortia dominated by Sporosarcina, Sphingobacterium, Stenotrophomonas, Acinetobacter, and Elizabethkingia showed higher rates of CO2 uptake in the serum bottle headspace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba O Okyay
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-4003, USA
| | - Hang N Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-4003, USA
| | - Sarah L Castro
- NASA Johnson Space Center Microbiology Laboratory, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - Debora F Rodrigues
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-4003, USA.
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170
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Affiliation(s)
- Rattan Lal
- Carbon Management and Sequestration Center The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210
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171
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Kim J, Grunwald S. Assessment of Carbon Stocks in the Topsoil Using Random Forest and Remote Sensing Images. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2016; 45:1910-1918. [PMID: 27898790 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2016.03.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wetland soils are able to exhibit both consumption and production of greenhouse gases, and they play an important role in the regulation of the global carbon (C) cycle. Still, it is challenging to accurately evaluate the actual amount of C stored in wetlands. The incorporation of remote sensing data into digital soil models has great potential to assess C stocks in wetland soils. Our objectives were (i) to develop C stock prediction models utilizing remote sensing images and environmental ancillary data, (ii) to identify the prime environmental predictor variables that explain the spatial distribution of soil C, and (iii) to assess the amount of C stored in the top 20-cm soils of a prominent nutrient-enriched wetland. We collected a total of 108 soil cores at two soil depths (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm) in the Water Conservation Area 2A, FL. We developed random forest models to predict soil C stocks using field observation data, environmental ancillary data, and spectral data derived from remote sensing images, including Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre (spatial resolution: 10 m), Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (30 m), and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (250 m). The random forest models showed high performance to predict C stocks, and variable importance revealed that hydrology was the major environmental factor explaining the spatial distribution of soil C stocks in Water Conservation Area 2A. Our results showed that this area stores about 4.2 Tg (4.2 Mt) of C in the top 20-cm soils.
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172
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Wang Q, He T, Liu J. Litter input decreased the response of soil organic matter decomposition to warming in two subtropical forest soils. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33814. [PMID: 27644258 PMCID: PMC5028766 DOI: 10.1038/srep33814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction effect of temperature and litter input on SOM decomposition is poor understood, restricting accurate prediction of the dynamics and stocks of soil organic carbon under global warming. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted an incubation experiment by adding 13C labeled leaf-litter into a coniferous forest (CF) soil and a broadleaved forest (BF) soil. In this experiment, response of the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of SOM decomposition to the increase in litter input was investigated. The temperature dependences of priming effect (PE) and soil microbial community were analyzed. The Q10 for CF soil significantly decreased from 2.41 in no-litter treatment to 2.05 in litter-added treatment and for BF soil from 2.14 to 1.82, suggesting that litter addition decreases the Q10. PE in the CF soil was 24.9% at 20 °C and 6.2% at 30 °C, and in the BF soil the PE was 8.8% at 20 °C and −7.0% at 30 °C, suggesting that PE decreases with increasing temperature. Relative PE was positively related to the concentrations of Gram-negative bacterial and fungal PLFAs. This study moves a step forward in understanding warming effect on forest carbon cycling by highlighting interaction effect of litter input and warming on soil carbon cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingkui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, P. R. China.,Huitong Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huitong 418307, P.R. China
| | - Tongxin He
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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173
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Hu Y, Wang L, Fu X, Yan J, Wu J, Tsang Y, Le Y, Sun Y. Salinity and nutrient contents of tidal water affects soil respiration and carbon sequestration of high and low tidal flats of Jiuduansha wetlands in different ways. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:637-648. [PMID: 27208721 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Soils were collected from low tidal flats and high tidal flats of Shang shoal located upstream and Xia shoal located downstream with different tidal water qualities, in the Jiuduansha wetland of the Yangtze River estuary. Soil respiration (SR) in situ and soil abiotic and microbial characteristics were studied to clarify the respective differences in the effects of tidal water salinity and nutrient levels on SR and soil carbon sequestration in low and high tidal flats. In low tidal flats, higher total nitrogen (TN) and lower salinity in the tidal water of Shang shoal resulted in higher TN and lower salinity in its soils compared with Xia shoal. These would benefit β-Proteobacteria and Anaerolineae in Shang shoal soil, which might have higher heterotrophic microbial activities and thus soil microbial respiration and SR. In low tidal flats, where soil moisture was high and the major carbon input was active organic carbon from tidal water, increasing TN was a more important factor than salinity and obviously enhanced soil microbial heterotrophic activities, soil microbial respiration and SR. While, in high tidal flats, higher salinity in Xia shoal due to higher salinity in tidal water compared with Shang shoal benefited γ-Proteobacteria which might enhance autotrophic microbial activity, and was detrimental to β-Proteobacteria in Xia shoal soil. These might have led to lower soil microbial respiration and thus SR in Xia shoal compared with Shang shoal. In high tidal flats, where soil moisture was relatively lower and the major carbon input was plant biomass that was difficult to degrade, soil salinity was the major factor restraining microbial activities, soil microbial respiration and SR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, China.
| | - Xiaohua Fu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, China
| | - Jianfang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, China
| | - Jihua Wu
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yiufai Tsang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiquan Le
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Shanghai Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve Administration, Shanghai 200135, China
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174
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Ye S, Krauss KW, Brix H, Wei M, Olsson L, Yu X, Ma X, Wang J, Yuan H, Zhao G, Ding X, Moss RF. Inter-Annual Variability of Area-Scaled Gaseous Carbon Emissions from Wetland Soils in the Liaohe Delta, China. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160612. [PMID: 27501148 PMCID: PMC4976977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Global management of wetlands to suppress greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, facilitate carbon (C) sequestration, and reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations while simultaneously promoting agricultural gains is paramount. However, studies that relate variability in CO2 and CH4 emissions at large spatial scales are limited. We investigated three-year emissions of soil CO2 and CH4 from the primary wetland types of the Liaohe Delta, China, by focusing on a total wetland area of 3287 km2. One percent is Suaeda salsa, 24% is Phragmites australis, and 75% is rice. While S. salsa wetlands are under somewhat natural tidal influence, P. australis and rice are managed hydrologically for paper and food, respectively. Total C emissions from CO2 and CH4 from these wetland soils were 2.9 Tg C/year, ranging from 2.5 to 3.3 Tg C/year depending on the year assessed. Primary emissions were from CO2 (~98%). Photosynthetic uptake of CO2 would mitigate most of the soil CO2 emissions, but CH4 emissions would persist. Overall, CH4 fluxes were high when soil temperatures were >18°C and pore water salinity <18 PSU. CH4 emissions from rice habitat alone in the Liaohe Delta represent 0.2% of CH4 carbon emissions globally from rice. With such a large area and interannual sensitivity in soil GHG fluxes, management practices in the Delta and similar wetlands around the world have the potential not only to influence local C budgeting, but also to influence global biogeochemical cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Ken W. Krauss
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, Louisiana, 70506, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hans Brix
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience and Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Aarhus, C 8000, Denmark
| | - Mengjie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Linda Olsson
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience and Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Aarhus, C 8000, Denmark
| | - Xueyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xueying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hongming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Guangming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xigui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Rebecca F. Moss
- Cherokee Nation Technology Solutions, USGS Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, Louisiana, 70506, United States of America
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175
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Upadhyay PR, Srivastava V. Heterogeneous Silica Tethered Ruthenium Catalysts for Carbon Sequestration Reaction. Catal Letters 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-016-1772-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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176
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Carbon Sequestration and Sedimentation in Mangrove Swamps Influenced by Hydrogeomorphic Conditions and Urbanization in Southwest Florida. FORESTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/f7060116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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177
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Trading Off Global Fuel Supply, CO2 Emissions and Sustainable Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149406. [PMID: 26959977 PMCID: PMC4784947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The United Nations Conference on Climate Change (Paris 2015) reached an international agreement to keep the rise in global average temperature ‘well below 2°C’ and to ‘aim to limit the increase to 1.5°C’. These reductions will have to be made in the face of rising global energy demand. Here a thoroughly validated dynamic econometric model (Eq 1) is used to forecast global energy demand growth (International Energy Agency and BP), which is driven by an increase of the global population (UN), energy use per person and real GDP (World Bank and Maddison). Even relatively conservative assumptions put a severe upward pressure on forecast global energy demand and highlight three areas of concern. First, is the potential for an exponential increase of fossil fuel consumption, if renewable energy systems are not rapidly scaled up. Second, implementation of internationally mandated CO2 emission controls are forecast to place serious constraints on fossil fuel use from ~2030 onward, raising energy security implications. Third is the challenge of maintaining the international ‘pro-growth’ strategy being used to meet poverty alleviation targets, while reducing CO2 emissions. Our findings place global economists and environmentalists on the same side as they indicate that the scale up of CO2 neutral renewable energy systems is not only important to protect against climate change, but to enhance global energy security by reducing our dependence of fossil fuels and to provide a sustainable basis for economic development and poverty alleviation. Very hard choices will have to be made to achieve ‘sustainable development’ goals.
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178
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Fernandez CW, Kennedy PG. Revisiting the 'Gadgil effect': do interguild fungal interactions control carbon cycling in forest soils? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1382-94. [PMID: 26365785 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In forest ecosystems, ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi play a central role in the breakdown of soil organic matter (SOM). Competition between these two fungal guilds has long been hypothesized to lead to suppression of decomposition rates, a phenomenon known as the 'Gadgil effect'. In this review, we examine the documentation, generality, and potential mechanisms involved in the 'Gadgil effect'. We find that the influence of ectomycorrhizal fungi on litter and SOM decomposition is much more variable than previously recognized. To explain the inconsistency in size and direction of the 'Gadgil effect', we argue that a better understanding of underlying mechanisms is required. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each of the primary mechanisms proposed to date and how using different experimental methods (trenching, girdling, microcosms), as well as considering different temporal and spatial scales, could influence the conclusions drawn about this phenomenon. Finally, we suggest that combining new research tools such as high-throughput sequencing with experiments utilizing natural environmental gradients will significantly deepen our understanding of the 'Gadgil effect' and its consequences on forest soil carbon and nutrient cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Fernandez
- Departments of Plant Biology and Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Peter G Kennedy
- Departments of Plant Biology and Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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179
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Bhattacharya SS, Kim KH, Das S, Uchimiya M, Jeon BH, Kwon E, Szulejko JE. A review on the role of organic inputs in maintaining the soil carbon pool of the terrestrial ecosystem. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 167:214-227. [PMID: 26686074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Among the numerous sources of greenhouse gases, emissions of CO2 are considerably affected by changes in the extent and type of land use, e.g., intensive agriculture, deforestation, urbanization, soil erosion, or wetland drainage. As a feasible option to control emissions from the terrestrial ecosystems, the scientific community has explored the possibility of enhancing soil carbon (C) storage capacity. Thus, restoration of damaged lands through conservation tillage, crop rotation, cover cropping, reforestation, sub-soiling of compacted lands, sustainable water management practices, and organic manuring are the major antidotes against attenuation of soil organic C (SOC) stocks. In this research, we focused on the effect of various man-made activities on soil biotic organics (e.g., green-, farm-yard manure, and composts) to understand how C fluxes from various sources contribute to the establishment of a new equilibrium in the terrestrial ecosystems. Although such inputs substitute a portion of chemical fertilizers, they all undergo activities that augment the rate and extent of decay to deplete the SOC bank. Here, we provide perspectives on the balancing factors that control the mineralization rate of organic matter. Our arguments are placed in the background of different land use types and their impacts on forests, agriculture, urbanization, soil erosion, and wetland destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
| | - Subhasish Das
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Assam 784028, India
| | - Minori Uchimiya
- USDA-ARS 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Byong Hun Jeon
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Eilhann Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Jan E Szulejko
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
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180
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Jin J, Sun K, Wang Z, Han L, Wu F, Xing B. The effect of composition on stability ((14)C activity) of soil organic matter fractions from the albic and black soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:92-100. [PMID: 26402480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the composition of soil organic matter (SOM) for carbon (C) cycling is still under debate. Here a single soil source was used to examine the specific influence of its composition on stability ((14)C activity) of SOM fractions while constraining other influential C turnover factors such as mineral, climate and plant input. The following SOM fractions were isolated from two soil samples: four humic acids, two humins, non-hydrolyzable carbon, and the demineralized fraction. We examined the isotope ratios of SOM fractions in relation to composition (such as aliphatic and aromatic C content) using solid state (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and thermal analysis. The Δ(14)C values of the fractions isolated from both an albic soil (SOMs-A) and a black soil (SOMs-B) correlated negatively with their peak temperature of decomposition and the temperature where half of the total heat of reaction was evolved, implying a potential link between thermal and biogeochemical stability of SOM fractions. Aryl C contents of SOMs-A determined using (13)C NMR varied inversely with δ(15)N values and directly with δ(13)C values, suggesting that part of aryl C of SOMs-A might be fire-derived. The Δ(14)C values of SOMs-A correlated positively with aliphatic C content and negatively with aromatic C content. We therefore concluded that fire-derived aromatic C in SOMs-A appeared to be more stable than microbially-derived aliphatic C. The greater decomposition of SOMs-B fractions weakened the relationship of their Δ(14)C values with alkyl and aryl C contents. Hence, the role of the composition of SOM fractions in regulating stability might be dependent on the source of specific C forms and their stage of decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Ke Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Ziying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lanfang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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181
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182
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Chassé AW, Ohno T, Higgins SR, Amirbahman A, Yildirim N, Parr TB. Chemical Force Spectroscopy Evidence Supporting the Layer-by-Layer Model of Organic Matter Binding to Iron (oxy)Hydroxide Mineral Surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:9733-9741. [PMID: 26214079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to metal (oxy)hydroxide mineral surfaces is a critical step for C sequestration in soils. Although equilibrium studies have described some of the factors controlling this process, the molecular-scale description of the adsorption process has been more limited. Chemical force spectroscopy revealed differing adhesion strengths of DOM extracted from three soils and a reference peat soil material to an iron (oxy)hydroxide mineral surface. The DOM was characterized using ultrahigh-resolution negative ion mode electrospray ionization Fourier Transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The results indicate that carboxyl-rich aromatic and N-containing aliphatic molecules of DOM are correlated with high adhesion forces. Increasing molecular mass was shown to decrease the adhesion force between the mineral surface and the DOM. Kendrick mass defect analysis suggests that mechanisms involving two carboxyl groups result in the most stable bond to the mineral surface. We conceptualize these results using a layer-by-layer "onion" model of organic matter stabilization on soil mineral surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven R Higgins
- ∥Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States
| | | | | | - Thomas B Parr
- ¶Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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183
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Cao Q, Wang R, Zhang H, Ge X, Liu J. Distribution of Organic Carbon in the Sediments of Xinxue River and the Xinxue River Constructed Wetland, China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134713. [PMID: 26230255 PMCID: PMC4521701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wetland ecosystems are represented as a significant reservoir of organic carbon and play an important role in mitigating the greenhouse effect. In order to compare the compositions and distribution of organic carbon in constructed and natural river wetlands, sediments from the Xinxue River Constructed Wetland and the Xinxue River, China, were sampled at two depths (0–15 cm and 15–25 cm) in both upstream and downstream locations. Three types of organic carbon were determined: light fraction organic carbon, heavy fraction organic carbon, and dissolved organic carbon. The results show that variations in light fraction organic carbon are significantly larger between upstream and downstream locations than they are between the two wetland types; however, the opposite trend is observed for the dissolved organic carbon. There are no significant differences in the distribution of heavy fraction organic carbon between the discrete variables (e.g., between the two depths, the two locations, or the two wetland types). However, there are significant cross-variable differences; for example, the distribution patterns of heavy fraction organic carbon between wetland types and depths, and between wetland types and locations. Correlation analysis reveals that light fraction organic carbon is positively associated with light fraction nitrogen in both wetlands, while heavy fraction organic carbon is associated with both heavy fraction nitrogen and the moisture content in the constructed wetland. The results of this study demonstrate that the constructed wetland, which has a relatively low background value of heavy fraction organic carbon, is gradually accumulating organic carbon of different types, with the level of accumulation dependent on the balance between carbon accumulation and carbon decomposition. In contrast, the river wetland has relatively stable levels of organic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Cao
- Institute of Environmental Research, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Renqing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Haijie Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Research, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiuli Ge
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Environmental Research, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- * E-mail:
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184
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Edmondson JL, Stott I, Potter J, Lopez-Capel E, Manning DAC, Gaston KJ, Leake JR. Black Carbon Contribution to Organic Carbon Stocks in Urban Soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:8339-8346. [PMID: 26114917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Soil holds 75% of the total organic carbon (TOC) stock in terrestrial ecosystems. This comprises ecosystem-derived organic carbon (OC) and black carbon (BC), a recalcitrant product of the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. Urban topsoils are often enriched in BC from historical emissions of soot and have high TOC concentrations, but the contribution of BC to TOC throughout the urban soil profile, at a regional scale is unknown. We sampled 55 urban soil profiles across the North East of England, a region with a history of coal burning and heavy industry. Through combined elemental and thermogravimetic analyses, we found very large total soil OC stocks (31-65 kg m(-2) to 1 m), exceeding typical values reported for UK woodland soils. BC contributed 28-39% of the TOC stocks, up to 23 kg C m(-2) to 1 m, and was affected by soil texture. The proportional contribution of the BC-rich fraction to TOC increased with soil depth, and was enriched in topsoil under trees when compared to grassland. Our findings establish the importance of urban ecosystems in storing large amounts of OC in soils and that these soils also capture a large proportion of BC particulates emitted within urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill L Edmondson
- †Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Iain Stott
- ‡Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, U.K
| | - Jonathan Potter
- †Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Elisa Lopez-Capel
- §School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - David A C Manning
- §School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Kevin J Gaston
- ‡Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, U.K
| | - Jonathan R Leake
- †Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
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185
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Are Biofuels an Effective and Viable Energy Strategy for Industrialized Societies? A Reasoned Overview of Potentials and Limits. SUSTAINABILITY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/su7078491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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186
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van Leeuwen M, Kremens RL, van Aardt J. Tracking diurnal variation in photosynthetic down-regulation using low cost spectroscopic instrumentation. SENSORS 2015; 15:10616-30. [PMID: 25951342 PMCID: PMC4481939 DOI: 10.3390/s150510616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthetic light-use efficiency (LUE) has gained wide interest as an input to modeling forest gross primary productivity (GPP). The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) has been identified as a principle means to inform LUE-based models, using airborne and satellite-based observations of canopy reflectance. More recently, low-cost electronics have become available with the potential to provide for dense in situ time-series measurements of PRI. A recent design makes use of interference filters to record light transmission within narrow wavebands. Uncertainty remains as to the dynamic range of these sensors and performance under low light conditions, the placement of the reference band, and methodology for reflectance calibration. This paper presents a low-cost sensor design and is tested in a laboratory set-up, as well in the field. The results demonstrate an excellent performance against a calibration standard (R2 = 0.9999) and at low light conditions. Radiance measurements over vegetation demonstrate a reversible reduction in green reflectance that was, however, seen in both the reference and signal wavebands. Time-series field measurements of PRI in a Douglas-fir canopy showed a weak correlation with eddy-covariance-derived LUE and a significant decline in PRI over the season. Effects of light quality, bidirectional scattering effects, and possible sensor artifacts on PRI are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin van Leeuwen
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, 54 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA.
| | - Robert L Kremens
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, 54 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA.
| | - Jan van Aardt
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, 54 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA.
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187
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Drake JA, Carrucan A, Jackson WR, Cavagnaro TR, Patti AF. Biochar application during reforestation alters species present and soil chemistry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 514:359-65. [PMID: 25679816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Reforestation of landscapes is being used as a method for tackling climate change through carbon sequestration and land restoration, as well as increasing biodiversity and improving the provision of ecosystem services. The success of reforestation activities can be reduced by adverse field conditions, including those that reduce germination and survival of plants. One method for improving success is biochar addition to soil, which is not only known to improve soil carbon sequestration, but is also known to improve growth, health, germination and survival of plants. In this study, biochar was applied to soil at rates of 0, 1, 3 and 6 t ha(-1) along with a direct-seed forest species mix at three sites in western Victoria, Australia. Changes in soil chemistry, including total carbon, and germination and survival of species were measured over an 18 month period. Biochar was found to significantly increase total carbon by up to 15.6% on soils low in carbon, as well as alter electrical conductivity, Colwell phosphorous and nitrate- and ammonium-nitrogen. Biochar also increased the number of species present, and stem counts of Eucalyptus species whilst decreasing stem counts of Acacia species. Biochar has the potential to positively benefit reforestation activities, but site specific and plant-soil-biochar responses require targeted research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Drake
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - A Carrucan
- Greening Australia, Colac, VIC 3250, Australia.
| | - W R Jackson
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - T R Cavagnaro
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB1 Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - A F Patti
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
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188
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Negassa WC, Guber AK, Kravchenko AN, Marsh TL, Hildebrandt B, Rivers ML. Properties of soil pore space regulate pathways of plant residue decomposition and community structure of associated bacteria. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123999. [PMID: 25909444 PMCID: PMC4409378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical protection of soil carbon (C) is one of the important components of C storage. However, its exact mechanisms are still not sufficiently lucid. The goal of this study was to explore the influence of soil structure, that is, soil pore spatial arrangements, with and without presence of plant residue on (i) decomposition of added plant residue, (ii) CO2 emission from soil, and (iii) structure of soil bacterial communities. The study consisted of several soil incubation experiments with samples of contrasting pore characteristics with/without plant residue, accompanied by X-ray micro-tomographic analyses of soil pores and by microbial community analysis of amplified 16S-18S rRNA genes via pyrosequencing. We observed that in the samples with substantial presence of air-filled well-connected large (>30 µm) pores, 75-80% of the added plant residue was decomposed, cumulative CO2 emission constituted 1,200 µm C g(-1) soil, and movement of C from decomposing plant residue into adjacent soil was insignificant. In the samples with greater abundance of water-filled small pores, 60% of the added plant residue was decomposed, cumulative CO2 emission constituted 2,000 µm C g(-1) soil, and the movement of residue C into adjacent soil was substantial. In the absence of plant residue the influence of pore characteristics on CO2 emission, that is on decomposition of the native soil organic C, was negligible. The microbial communities on the plant residue in the samples with large pores had more microbial groups known to be cellulose decomposers, that is, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes, while a number of oligotrophic Acidobacteria groups were more abundant on the plant residue from the samples with small pores. This study provides the first experimental evidence that characteristics of soil pores and their air/water flow status determine the phylogenetic composition of the local microbial community and directions and magnitudes of soil C decomposition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakene C. Negassa
- IASS-Global Soil Forum, Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andrey K. Guber
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alexandra N. Kravchenko
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Terence L. Marsh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Britton Hildebrandt
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mark L. Rivers
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Argonne National Lab, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America
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189
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190
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Abstract
Growth of microorganisms in environments containing CO2 above its critical point is unexpected due to a combination of deleterious effects, including cytoplasmic acidification and membrane destabilization. Thus, supercritical CO2 (scCO2) is generally regarded as a sterilizing agent. We report isolation of bacteria from three sites targeted for geologic carbon dioxide sequestration (GCS) that are capable of growth in pressurized bioreactors containing scCO2. Analysis of 16S rRNA genes from scCO2 enrichment cultures revealed microbial assemblages of varied complexity, including representatives of the genus Bacillus. Propagation of enrichment cultures under scCO2 headspace led to isolation of six strains corresponding to Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subterraneus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus safensis, and Bacillus megaterium. Isolates are spore-forming, facultative anaerobes and capable of germination and growth under an scCO2 headspace. In addition to these isolates, several Bacillus type strains grew under scCO2, suggesting that this may be a shared feature of spore-forming Bacillus spp. Our results provide direct evidence of microbial activity at the interface between scCO2 and an aqueous phase. Since microbial activity can influence the key mechanisms for permanent storage of sequestered CO2 (i.e., structural, residual, solubility, and mineral trapping), our work suggests that during GCS microorganisms may grow and catalyze biological reactions that influence the fate and transport of CO2 in the deep subsurface.
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191
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Okyay TO, Rodrigues DF. Biotic and abiotic effects on CO2 sequestration during microbially-induced calcium carbonate precipitation. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 91:fiv017. [PMID: 25764465 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, CO2 sequestration was investigated through the microbially-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) process with isolates obtained from a cave called 'Cave Without A Name' (Boerne, TX, USA) and the Pamukkale travertines (Denizli, Turkey). The majority of the bacterial isolates obtained from these habitats belonged to the genera Sporosarcina, Brevundimonas, Sphingobacterium and Acinetobacter. The isolates were investigated for their capability to precipitate calcium carbonate and sequester CO2. Biotic and abiotic effects of CO2 sequestration during MICP were also investigated. In the biotic effect, we observed that the rate and concentration of CO2 sequestered was dependent on the species or strains. The main abiotic factors affecting CO2 sequestration during MICP were the pH and medium components. The increase in pH led to enhanced CO2 sequestration by the growth medium. The growth medium components, on the other hand, were shown to affect both the urease activity and CO2 sequestration. Through the Plackett-Burman experimental design, the most important growth medium component involved in CO2 sequestration was determined to be urea. The optimized medium composition by the Plackett-Burman design for each isolate led to a statistically significant increase, of up to 148.9%, in CO2 uptake through calcification mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Onal Okyay
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-4003, USA
| | - Debora F Rodrigues
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-4003, USA
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192
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Soil Quality and Plant-Microbe Interactions in the Rhizosphere. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16742-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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193
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Agostini F, Gregory AS, Richter GM. Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? BIOENERGY RESEARCH 2015; 8:1057-1080. [PMID: 26855689 PMCID: PMC4732603 DOI: 10.1007/s12155-014-9571-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic carbon (SOC) changes associated with land conversion to energy crops are central to the debate on bioenergy and their potential carbon neutrality. Here, the experimental evidence on SOC under perennial energy crops (PECs) is synthesised to parameterise a whole systems model and to identify uncertainties and knowledge gaps determining PECs being a sink or source of greenhouse gas (GHG). For Miscanthus and willow (Salix spp.) and their analogues (switchgrass, poplar), we examine carbon (C) allocation to above- and belowground residue inputs, turnover rates and retention in the soil. A meta-analysis showed that studies on dry matter partitioning and C inputs to soils are plentiful, whilst data on turnover are rare and rely on few isotopic C tracer studies. Comprehensive studies on SOC dynamics and GHG emissions under PECs are limited and subsoil processes and C losses through leaching remain unknown. Data showed dynamic changes of gross C inputs and SOC stocks depending on stand age. C inputs and turnover can now be specifically parameterised in whole PEC system models, whilst dependencies on soil texture, moisture and temperature remain empirical. In conclusion, the annual net SOC storage change exceeds the minimum mitigation requirement (0.25 Mg C ha-1 year-1) under herbaceous and woody perennials by far (1.14 to 1.88 and 0.63 to 0.72 Mg C ha-1 year-1, respectively). However, long-term time series of field data are needed to verify sustainable SOC enrichment, as the physical and chemical stabilities of SOC pools remain uncertain, although they are essential in defining the sustainability of C sequestration (half-life >25 years).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Agostini
- Department of Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Andrew S. Gregory
- Department of Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Goetz M. Richter
- Department of Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ UK
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194
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Oldham P, Szerszynski B, Stilgoe J, Brown C, Eacott B, Yuille A. Mapping the landscape of climate engineering. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2014; 372:rsta.2014.0065. [PMID: 25404683 PMCID: PMC4240957 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of a governance framework for climate engineering technologies such as solar radiation management (SRM), the practices of scientific research and intellectual property acquisition can de facto shape the development of the field. It is therefore important to make visible emerging patterns of research and patenting, which we suggest can effectively be done using bibliometric methods. We explore the challenges in defining the boundary of climate engineering, and set out the research strategy taken in this study. A dataset of 825 scientific publications on climate engineering between 1971 and 2013 was identified, including 193 on SRM; these are analysed in terms of trends, institutions, authors and funders. For our patent dataset, we identified 143 first filings directly or indirectly related to climate engineering technologies-of which 28 were related to SRM technologies-linked to 910 family members. We analyse the main patterns discerned in patent trends, applicants and inventors. We compare our own findings with those of an earlier bibliometric study of climate engineering, and show how our method is consistent with the need for transparency and repeatability, and the need to adjust the method as the field develops. We conclude that bibliometric monitoring techniques can play an important role in the anticipatory governance of climate engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Oldham
- One World Analytics, 3B Waterview, White Cross, Lancaster, UK
| | - B Szerszynski
- Centre for the Study of Environmental Change, Department of Sociology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YT, UK
| | - J Stilgoe
- Department of Science and Technology Studies, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - C Brown
- Centre for the Study of Environmental Change, Department of Sociology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YT, UK
| | - B Eacott
- Department of Science and Technology Studies, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - A Yuille
- Centre for the Study of Environmental Change, Department of Sociology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YT, UK
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195
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Villa JA, Mitsch WJ. Carbon sequestration in different wetland plant communities in the Big Cypress Swamp region of southwest Florida. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIODIVERSITY SCIENCE, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES & MANAGEMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/21513732.2014.973909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A. Villa
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Everglades Wetland Research Park, Florida Gulf Coast University, 4940 Bayshore Drive, Naples, FL, USA
- Grupo de Investigación GAMA, Corporación Universitaria Lasallista, Caldas, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - William J. Mitsch
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Everglades Wetland Research Park, Florida Gulf Coast University, 4940 Bayshore Drive, Naples, FL, USA
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196
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A'Bear AD, Jones TH, Boddy L. Potential impacts of climate change on interactions among saprotrophic cord-forming fungal mycelia and grazing soil invertebrates. FUNGAL ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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197
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Edmondson JL, O'Sullivan OS, Inger R, Potter J, McHugh N, Gaston KJ, Leake JR. Urban tree effects on soil organic carbon. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101872. [PMID: 25003872 PMCID: PMC4087013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban trees sequester carbon into biomass and provide many ecosystem service benefits aboveground leading to worldwide tree planting schemes. Since soils hold ∼75% of ecosystem organic carbon, understanding the effect of urban trees on soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil properties that underpin belowground ecosystem services is vital. We use an observational study to investigate effects of three important tree genera and mixed-species woodlands on soil properties (to 1 m depth) compared to adjacent urban grasslands. Aboveground biomass and belowground ecosystem service provision by urban trees are found not to be directly coupled. Indeed, SOC enhancement relative to urban grasslands is genus-specific being highest under Fraxinus excelsior and Acer spp., but similar to grasslands under Quercus robur and mixed woodland. Tree cover type does not influence soil bulk density or C∶N ratio, properties which indicate the ability of soils to provide regulating ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling and flood mitigation. The trends observed in this study suggest that genus selection is important to maximise long-term SOC storage under urban trees, but emerging threats from genus-specific pathogens must also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill L. Edmondson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Odhran S. O'Sullivan
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Inger
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Potter
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola McHugh
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J. Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Leake
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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198
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Hernandez ME, Marín-Muñiz JL, Moreno-Casasola P, Vázquez V. Comparing soil carbon pools and carbon gas fluxes in coastal forested wetlands and flooded grasslands in Veracruz, Mexico. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIODIVERSITY SCIENCE, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES & MANAGEMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/21513732.2014.925977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Hernandez
- Red de Manejo Biotecnológico de Recursos, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Jose Luis Marín-Muñiz
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Casco de la Ex-Hacienda Lucas Martín, Privada de Araucarias S/N. Col. Periodistas, AP. 525, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Patricia Moreno-Casasola
- Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Violeta Vázquez
- Red de Manejo Biotecnológico de Recursos, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
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199
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Fernández JM, Nieto MA, López-de-Sá EG, Gascó G, Méndez A, Plaza C. Carbon dioxide emissions from semi-arid soils amended with biochar alone or combined with mineral and organic fertilizers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 482-483:1-7. [PMID: 24632059 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Semi-arid soils cover a significant area of Earth's land surface and typically contain large amounts of inorganic C. Determining the effects of biochar additions on CO2 emissions from semi-arid soils is therefore essential for evaluating the potential of biochar as a climate change mitigation strategy. Here, we measured the CO2 that evolved from semi-arid calcareous soils amended with biochar at rates of 0 and 20tha(-1) in a full factorial combination with three different fertilizers (mineral fertilizer, municipal solid waste compost, and sewage sludge) applied at four rates (equivalent to 0, 75, 150, and 225kg potentially available Nha(-1)) during 182 days of aerobic incubation. A double exponential model, which describes cumulative CO2 emissions from two active soil C compartments with different turnover rates (one relatively stable and the other more labile), was found to fit very well all the experimental datasets. In general, the organic fertilizers increased the size and decomposition rate of the stable and labile soil C pools. In contrast, biochar addition had no effects on any of the double exponential model parameters and did not interact with the effects ascribed to the type and rate of fertilizer. After 182 days of incubation, soil organic and microbial biomass C contents tended to increase with increasing the application rates of organic fertilizer, especially of compost, whereas increasing the rate of mineral fertilizer tended to suppress microbial biomass. Biochar was found to increase both organic and inorganic C contents in soil and not to interact with the effects of type and rate of fertilizer on C fractions. As a whole, our results suggest that the use of biochar as enhancer of semi-arid soils, either alone or combined with mineral and organic fertilizers, is unlikely to increase abiotic and biotic soil CO2 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Fernández
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 115 bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Aurora Nieto
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 115 bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ingeniería de Materiales, E.T.S.I. Minas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ríos Rosas 21, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther G López-de-Sá
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 115 bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Gascó
- Departamento de Edafología, E.T.S.I. Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28004 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Méndez
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Materiales, E.T.S.I. Minas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ríos Rosas 21, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - César Plaza
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 115 bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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200
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Li Q, Fernandez-Martinez A, Lee B, Waychunas GA, Jun YS. Interfacial energies for heterogeneous nucleation of calcium carbonate on mica and quartz. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:5745-5753. [PMID: 24730716 DOI: 10.1021/es405141j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial free energies often control heterogeneous nucleation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) on mineral surfaces. Here we report an in situ experimental study of CaCO3 nucleation on mica (muscovite) and quartz, which allows us to obtain the interfacial energies governing heterogeneous nucleation. In situ grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) was used to measure nucleation rates at different supersaturations. The rates were incorporated into classical nucleation theory to calculate the effective interfacial energies (α'). Ex situ Raman spectroscopy identified both calcite and vaterite as CaCO3 polymorphs; however, vaterite is the most probable heterogeneous nuclei mineral phase. The α' was 24 mJ/m(2) for the vaterite-mica system and 32 mJ/m(2) for the vaterite-quartz system. The smaller α' of the CaCO3-mica system led to smaller particles and often higher particle densities on mica. A contributing factor affecting α' in our system was the smaller structural mismatch between CaCO3 and mica compared to that between CaCO3 and quartz. The extent of hydrophilicity and the surface charge could not explain the observed CaCO3 nucleation trend on mica and quartz. The findings of this study provide new thermodynamic parameters for subsurface reactive transport modeling and contribute to our understanding of mechanisms where CaCO3 formation on surfaces is of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Li
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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