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Saberi A, Gulyaeva AA, Brubacher JL, Newmark PA, Gorbalenya AE. A planarian nidovirus expands the limits of RNA genome size. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007314. [PMID: 30383829 PMCID: PMC6211748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses are the only known RNA-protein (RNP) entities capable of autonomous replication (albeit within a permissive host environment). A 33.5 kilobase (kb) nidovirus has been considered close to the upper size limit for such entities; conversely, the minimal cellular DNA genome is in the 100–300 kb range. This large difference presents a daunting gap for the transition from primordial RNP to contemporary DNA-RNP-based life. Whether or not RNA viruses represent transitional steps towards DNA-based life, studies of larger RNA viruses advance our understanding of the size constraints on RNP entities and the role of genome size in virus adaptation. For example, emergence of the largest previously known RNA genomes (20–34 kb in positive-stranded nidoviruses, including coronaviruses) is associated with the acquisition of a proofreading exoribonuclease (ExoN) encoded in the open reading frame 1b (ORF1b) in a monophyletic subset of nidoviruses. However, apparent constraints on the size of ORF1b, which encodes this and other key replicative enzymes, have been hypothesized to limit further expansion of these viral RNA genomes. Here, we characterize a novel nidovirus (planarian secretory cell nidovirus; PSCNV) whose disproportionately large ORF1b-like region including unannotated domains, and overall 41.1-kb genome, substantially extend the presumed limits on RNA genome size. This genome encodes a predicted 13,556-aa polyprotein in an unconventional single ORF, yet retains canonical nidoviral genome organization and expression, as well as key replicative domains. These domains may include functionally relevant substitutions rarely or never before observed in highly conserved sites of RdRp, NiRAN, ExoN and 3CLpro. Our evolutionary analysis suggests that PSCNV diverged early from multi-ORF nidoviruses, and acquired additional genes, including those typical of large DNA viruses or hosts, e.g. Ankyrin and Fibronectin type II, which might modulate virus-host interactions. PSCNV's greatly expanded genome, proteomic complexity, and unique features–impressive in themselves–attest to the likelihood of still-larger RNA genomes awaiting discovery. RNA viruses are the only known RNA-protein (RNP) entities capable of autonomous replication. The upper genome size for such entities was assumed to be <35 kb; conversely, the minimal cellular DNA genome is in the 100–300 kilobase (kb) range. This large difference presents a daunting gap for the proposed evolution of contemporary DNA-RNP-based life from primordial RNP entities. Here, we describe a nidovirus from planarians, named planarian secretory cell nidovirus (PSCNV), whose 41.1 kb genome is 23% larger than any riboviral genome yet discovered. This increase is nearly equivalent in size to the entire poliovirus genome, and it equips PSCNV with an unprecedented extra coding capacity to adapt. PSCNV has broken apparent constraints on the size of the genomic subregion that encodes core replication machinery in other nidoviruses, including coronaviruses, and has acquired genes not previously observed in RNA viruses. This virus challenges and advances our understanding of the limits to RNA genome size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Saberi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Anastasia A. Gulyaeva
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John L. Brubacher
- Department of Biology, Canadian Mennonite University, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Phillip A. Newmark
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PAN); (AEG)
| | - Alexander E. Gorbalenya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail: (PAN); (AEG)
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152
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Metz GE, Abeyá MM, Serena MS, Panei CJ, Echeverría MG. Evaluation of apoptosis markers in different cell lines infected with equine arteritis virus. Biotech Histochem 2018; 94:115-125. [PMID: 30350720 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2018.1521989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) induces apoptosis in infected cells. Cell death caused by EAV has been studied mainly using three cell lines, BHK-21, RK-13 and Vero cells. The mechanism of apoptosis varies among cell lines and results cannot be correlated owing to differences in EAV strains used. We evaluated different markers for apoptosis in BHK-21, RK-13 and Vero cell lines using the Bucyrus EAV reference strain. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining revealed morphological changes in infected cells, while flow cytometry indicated the extent of apoptosis. We also observed DNA fragmentation, but the DNA ladder was detected at different times post-infection depending on the cell line, i.e., 48, 72 and 96 h post-infection in RK-13, Vero and BHK-21 cells, respectively. Measurement of viral titers obtained with each cell line indicated that apoptosis causes interference with viral replication and therefore decreased viral titers. As an unequivocal marker of apoptosis, we measured the expression of caspase-3 and caspases-8 and -9 as extrinsic and intrinsic markers of apoptosis pathways, respectively. Caspase-8 in BHK-21 cells was the only protease that was not detected at any of the times assayed. We found that Bucyrus EAV strain exhibited a distinctive apoptosis pathway depending on the cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Metz
- a Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , National University of La Plata , La Plata , Argentina
| | - M M Abeyá
- a Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , National University of La Plata , La Plata , Argentina
| | - M S Serena
- a Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , National University of La Plata , La Plata , Argentina
| | - C J Panei
- a Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , National University of La Plata , La Plata , Argentina
| | - M G Echeverría
- a Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , National University of La Plata , La Plata , Argentina
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153
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Liu Y, Hu Y, Chai Y, Liu L, Song J, Zhou S, Su J, Zhou L, Ge X, Guo X, Han J, Yang H. Identification of Nonstructural Protein 8 as the N-Terminus of the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Virol Sin 2018; 33:429-439. [PMID: 30353315 PMCID: PMC6235764 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a member within the family Arteriviridae of the order Nidovirales. Replication of this positive-stranded RNA virus within the host cell involves expression of viral replicase proteins encoded by two ORFs, namely ORF1a and ORF1b. In particular, translation of ORF1b depends on a -1-ribosomal frameshift strategy. Thus, nonstructural protein 9 (nsp9), the first protein within ORF1b that specifies the function of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is expressed as the C-terminal extension of nsp8, a small nsp that is encoded by ORF1a. However, it has remained unclear whether the mature form of nsp9 in virus-infected cells still retains nsp8, addressing which is clearly critical to understand the biological function of nsp9. By taking advantage of specific antibodies to both nsp8 and nsp9, we report the following findings. (1) In infected cells, PRRSV nsp9 was identified as a major product with a size between 72 and 95 kDa (72-95 KDa form), which exhibited the similar mobility on the gel to the in vitro expressed nsp8-9ORF1b, but not the ORF1b-coded portion (nsp9ORF1b). (2) The antibodies to nsp8, but not to nsp7 or nsp10, could detect a major product that had the similar mobility to the 72-95 KDa form of nsp9. Moreover, nsp9 could be co-immunoprecipitated by antibodies to nsp8, and vice versa. (3) Neither nsp4 nor nsp2 PLP2 was able to cleave nsp8-nsp9 in vitro. Together, our studies provide experimental evidence to suggest that nsp8 is an N-terminal extension of nsp9. Our findings here paves way for further charactering the biological function of PRRSV nsp9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yunhao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yue Chai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiangwei Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shaochuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jia Su
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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154
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Di H, Morantz EK, Sadhwani H, Madden JC, Brinton MA. Insertion position as well as the inserted TRS and gene sequences differentially affect the retention of foreign gene expression by simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV). Virology 2018; 525:150-160. [PMID: 30286427 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant SHFV infectious cDNA clones expressing a foreign gene from an additional sg mRNA were constructed. Two 3' genomic region sites, between ORF4' and ORF2b and between ORF4 and ORF5, were utilized for insertion of the myxoma M013 gene with a C-terminal V5 tag followed by one of the three inserted transcription regulatory sequences (TRS), TRS2', TRS4' or TRS7. M013 insertion at the ORF4'/ORF2b site but not the ORF4/ORF5 site generated progeny virus but only the recombinant virus with an inserted TRS2' retained the entire M013 gene through passage four. Insertion of an auto-fluorescent protein gene, iLOV, with an inserted TRS2' at the ORF4'/ORF2b site, generated viable progeny virus. iLOV expression was maintained through passage eight. Although regulation of SHFV subgenomic RNA synthesis is complex, the ORF4'/ORF2b site, which is located between the two sets of minor structural proteins, is able to tolerate foreign gene insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Di
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Esther K Morantz
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Heena Sadhwani
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Joseph C Madden
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Margo A Brinton
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
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155
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Phages bearing specific peptides with affinity for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus GP4 protein prevent cell penetration of the virus. Vet Microbiol 2018; 224:43-49. [PMID: 30269789 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has caused significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide over the last 30 years. GP4 is a minor highly glycosylated structural protein composed of 187 and 183 amino acids in types I and II porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), respectively. The GP4 protein co-localizes with cluster of differentiation 163 (CD163), the major receptor on the target cell membrane, to mediate PRRSV internalization and disassembly. However, it remains to be established whether blocking interactions between GP4 and host cells can inhibit viral proliferation. In the present study, recombinant GP4 protein prepared and purified using the Escherichia coli system effectively recognized PRRSV-positive serum. Phage display biopanning on GP4 protein showed that the specific phages obtained could distinguish PRRSV from the other viruses. The exogenous peptide WHEYPLVWLSGY displayed on one of the candidate phages showed high affinity for GP4 protein and exerted a significant inhibitory effect on PRRSV penetration in vitro. Moreover, the N-terminus of GP4 was predicted as the critical receptor binding site and the beginning of the fifth scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain of CD163 as the critical ligand recognition site based on sequence alignment and model prediction analyses. The current study expands our understanding of PRRSV GP4 and its receptor CD163 and provides a fresh perspective for the development of novel peptide-based viral inhibition reagents.
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156
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Tao R, Fang L, Bai D, Ke W, Zhou Y, Wang D, Xiao S. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Nonstructural Protein 4 Cleaves Porcine DCP1a To Attenuate Its Antiviral Activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2345-2353. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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157
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Li YL, Darwich L, Mateu E. Characterization of the attachment and infection by Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 isolates in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Vet Microbiol 2018; 223:181-188. [PMID: 30173745 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is known to infect porcine dendritic cells (DC). Previous studies indicated that different PRRSV1 isolates regulated differently the cytokine profiles and expression of surface molecules of DC. However, the characterisation of the infection is lacking. The current study aimed to characterise the replication and attachment of different PRRSV1 isolates in bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC). For this purpose, immature (i) and mature (m) BMDC were infected with three PRRSV1 isolates. The replication kinetics showed that titres in iBMDC were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in mBMDC by 24 hpi, and for two isolates titres peaked earlier in iBMDC, suggesting that iBMDC were more efficient in supporting PRRSV1 replication than mBMDC. The attachment was revealed by a three-colour confocal microscopy staining. All three isolates were seen attached to iBMDC even in cells lacking CD163 -the essential receptor for PRRSV- or porcine sialoadhesin (PoSn). The attachment was not fully avoided after removal of heparan sulphate by heparinase I. Furthermore, the infection was examined with regards to CD163 expression. By flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, positive signals of PRRSV1 nucleocapsid could be observed in CD163- iBMDC. Additional sorting experiment demonstrated that CD163- iBMDC were infected only when CD163lo/hi cells were present. This can be interpreted in different ways: susceptible CD163- cells arose as result of milieu created by CD163+ infected BMDC; CD163- cells were infected by receptor-independent mechanisms (i.e. exosomes) or, some cells expressed CD163 at levels beyond the technical sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Li
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Laila Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain
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158
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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nsp1β and nsp11 antagonize the antiviral activity of cholesterol-25-hydroxylase via lysosomal degradation. Vet Microbiol 2018; 223:134-143. [PMID: 30173739 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an immunosuppressive pathogen which has been recognized to modulate the host interferon (IFN) systems. Cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25 H) is an important interferon-stimulated gene (ISG)-encoded polytopic membrane protein that significantly inhibits the replication of many viruses. In the current study, we showed that PRRSV infection induced the down-regulation of the endogenous CH25H in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), and then discovered that the nonstructural protein (nsp) 1β and nsp11 of PRRSV could mediate the reduction of porcine CH25H d in HEK 293FT cells. Next, the amino acids including His-159 in nsp1β, and His-129, His-144 and Lys-173 in nsp11 were determined to play crucial roles in the reduction of CH25H. Furthermore, we confirmed that the nsp1β and nsp11 mediated the degradation of CH25H by lysosomal pathway in HEK 293FT cells. Finally, it was demonstrated that the anti-PRRSV activity of CH25H could be antagonized by nsp1β and nsp11 in MARC-145 cells. Our findings suggest a manner of antagonizing the antiviral activity of CH25H by PRRSV, and provide novel insight into the understanding of PRRSV's ability of escaping the innate immunity of host.
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159
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection Induces both eIF2α Phosphorylation-Dependent and -Independent Host Translation Shutoff. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00600-18. [PMID: 29899101 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00600-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an Arterivirus that has caused tremendous economic losses in the global swine industry since it was discovered in the late 1980s. Inducing host translation shutoff is a strategy used by many viruses to optimize their replication and spread. Here, we demonstrate that PRRSV infection causes host translation suppression, which is strongly dependent on viral replication. By screening PRRSV-encoded nonstructural proteins (nsps), we found that nsp2 participates in the induction of host translation shutoff and that its transmembrane (TM) domain is required for this process. nsp2-induced translation suppression is independent of protein degradation pathways and the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). However, the overexpression of nsp2 or its TM domain significantly attenuated the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, an alternative pathway for modulating host gene expression. PRRSV infection also attenuated the mTOR signaling pathway, and PRRSV-induced host translation shutoff could be partly reversed when the attenuated mTOR phosphorylation was reactivated by an activator of the mTOR pathway. PRRSV infection still negatively regulated the host translation when the effects of eIF2α phosphorylation were completely reversed. Taken together, our results demonstrate that PRRSV infection induces host translation shutoff and that nsp2 is associated with this process. Both eIF2α phosphorylation and the attenuation of the mTOR signaling pathway contribute to PRRSV-induced host translation arrest.IMPORTANCE Viruses are obligate parasites, and the production of progeny viruses relies strictly on the host translation machinery. Therefore, the efficient modulation of host mRNA translation benefits viral replication, spread, and evolution. In this study, we provide evidence that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection induces host translation shutoff and that the viral nonstructural protein nsp2 is associated with this process. Many viruses induce host translation shutoff by phosphorylating eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). However, PRRSV nsp2 does not induce eIF2α phosphorylation but attenuates the mTOR signaling pathway, another pathway regulating the host cell translational machinery. We also found that PRRSV-induced host translation shutoff was partly reversed by eliminating the effects of eIF2α phosphorylation or reactivating the mTOR pathway, indicating that PRRSV infection induces both eIF2α phosphorylation-dependent and -independent host translation shutoff.
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160
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Vanmechelen B, Vergote V, Laenen L, Koundouno FR, Bore JA, Wada J, Kuhn JH, Carroll MW, Maes P. Expanding the Arterivirus Host Spectrum: Olivier's Shrew Virus 1, A Novel Arterivirus Discovered in African Giant Shrews. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11171. [PMID: 30042503 PMCID: PMC6057926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Arteriviridae harbors a rapidly expanding group of viruses known to infect a divergent group of mammals, including horses, pigs, possums, primates, and rodents. Hosts infected with arteriviruses present with a wide variety of (sub) clinical symptoms, depending on the virus causing the infection and the host being infected. In this study, we determined the complete genome sequences of three variants of a previously unknown virus found in Olivier's shrews (Crocidura olivieri guineensis) sampled in Guinea. On the nucleotide level, the three genomes of this new virus, named Olivier's shrew virus 1 (OSV-1), are 88-89% similar. The genome organization of OSV-1 is characteristic of all known arteriviruses, yet phylogenetic analysis groups OSV-1 separately from all currently established arterivirus lineages. Therefore, we postulate that OSV-1 represents a member of a novel arterivirus genus. The virus described here represents the first discovery of an arterivirus in members of the order Eulipotyphla, thereby greatly expanding the known host spectrum of arteriviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Vanmechelen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49-Box 1040, BE3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valentijn Vergote
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49-Box 1040, BE3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies Laenen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49-Box 1040, BE3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jiro Wada
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, USA
| | - Miles W Carroll
- Research & Development Institute, National Infections Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Piet Maes
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49-Box 1040, BE3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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161
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Glycoprotein 3 of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Exhibits an Unusual Hairpin-Like Membrane Topology. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00660-18. [PMID: 29769343 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00660-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein 3 (GP3) of the arterivirus porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) consists of a cleaved signal peptide, a highly glycosylated domain, a short hydrophobic region, and an unglycosylated C-terminal domain. GP3 is supposed to form a complex with GP2 and GP4 in virus particles, but secretion of GP3 from cells has also been reported. We analyzed the membrane topology of GP3 from various PRRSV strains. A fraction of the protein is secreted from transfected cells, GP3 from PRRSV-1 strains to a greater extent than GP3 from PRRSV-2 strains. This secretion behavior is reversed after exchange of the variable C-terminal domain. A fluorescence protease protection assay shows that the C terminus of GP3, fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP), is resistant to proteolytic digestion in permeabilized cells. Furthermore, glycosylation sites inserted into the C-terminal part of GP3 are used. Both experiments indicate that the C terminus of GP3 is translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Deletion of the conserved hydrophobic region greatly enhances secretion of GP3, and fusion of this domain to GFP promotes membrane anchorage. Bioinformatics suggests that the hydrophobic region forms an amphipathic helix. Accordingly, exchanging only a few amino acids in its hydrophilic face prevents secretion of GP3 and in its hydrophobic face enhances it. Exchanging the latter amino acids in the context of the viral genome did not affect release of virions, but released particles were not infectious. In sum, GP3 exhibits an unusual hairpin-like membrane topology that might explain why a fraction of the protein is secreted.IMPORTANCE PRRSV is the most important pathogen in the pork industry. It causes persistent infections that lead to reduced weight gain of piglets; highly pathogenic strains even kill 90% of an infected pig population. PRRSV cannot be eliminated from pig farms by vaccination due to the large amino acid variability between the existing strains, especially in the glycoproteins. Here, we analyzed basic structural features of GP3 from various PRRSV strains. We show that the protein exhibits an unusual hairpin-like membrane topology; membrane anchoring might occur via an amphipathic helix. This rather weak membrane anchor explains why a fraction of the protein is secreted from cells. Interestingly, PRRSV-1 strains secrete more GP3 than PRRSV-2. We speculate that secreted GP3 plays a role during PRRSV infection of pigs: it might serve as a decoy to distract antibodies away from virus particles.
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162
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de Wilde AH, Pham U, Posthuma CC, Snijder EJ. Cyclophilins and cyclophilin inhibitors in nidovirus replication. Virology 2018; 522:46-55. [PMID: 30014857 PMCID: PMC7112023 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilins (Cyps) belong to the family of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPIases). The PPIase activity of most Cyps is inhibited by the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A and several of its non-immunosuppressive analogs, which can also block the replication of nidoviruses (arteriviruses and coronaviruses). Cyclophilins have been reported to play an essential role in the replication of several other RNA viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus-1, hepatitis C virus, and influenza A virus. Likewise, the replication of various nidoviruses was reported to depend on Cyps or other PPIases. This review summarizes our current understanding of this class of nidovirus-host interactions, including the potential function of in particular CypA and the inhibitory effect of Cyp inhibitors. Also the involvement of the FK-506-binding proteins and parvulins is discussed. The nidovirus data are placed in a broader perspective by summarizing the most relevant data on Cyp interactions and Cyp inhibitors for other RNA viruses. Nidovirus replication is inhibited by cyclophilin inhibitors. Arterivirus replication depends on cyclophilin A. Cyclosporin A blocks arterivirus RNA synthesis. Using cyclophilin inhibitors against nidoviruses in vivo needs more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan H de Wilde
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Uyen Pham
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Clara C Posthuma
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Snijder
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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163
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Li L, Zhou Y, Jiang Y, Gao F, Shan T, Zhao K, Zhang Y, Li L, Tong G. Galectin-3 inhibits replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by interacting with viral Nsp12 in vitro. Virus Res 2018; 253:87-91. [PMID: 29920289 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine galectin-3 (GAL3) is a 29-kDa protein encoded by a single gene, LGALS3, located on chromosome 1. Here, using a yeast two-hybrid screen of a cDNA library from porcine alveolar macrophage cells (PAMs), we report for the first time that GAL3 interacts with nonstructural protein 12 (Nsp12) of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Although extensive research has focused on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), little is known about the pathogen and host interactions involving individual nonstructural viral proteins, especially Nsp12. Here, we showed that GAL3 interacted with viral Nsp12 following co-transfection of HEK293 cells with GAL3- and Nsp12-expressing plasmids. Additionally, we observed that PPRSV infection led to reduced GAL3 levels during the late phase of infection in both MARC-145 cells and PAMs. Importantly, GAL3 overexpression significantly suppressed the replication of both type 1 and 2 PRRSV strains, whereas knockout of endogenous LGALS3 in MARC-145 cells significantly increased viral titer and expression of the nucleocapsid protein. These results strongly support a direct inhibitory effect of GAL3 on PRRSV replication, which might contribute to an overall antiviral effect. Furthermore, our findings provide insights into the molecular basis of the role Nsp12 plays in PRRSV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Yifeng Jiang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Fei Gao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Tongling Shan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Kuan Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Lin Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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164
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Recombinant Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Expressing Membrane-Bound Interleukin-15 as an Immunomodulatory Adjuvant Enhances NK and γδ T Cell Responses and Confers Heterologous Protection. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00007-18. [PMID: 29643245 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00007-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are often used as adjuvants to improve vaccine immunogenicity, since they are important in initiating and shaping the immune response. The available commercial modified live-attenuated vaccines (MLVs) against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are unable to mount sufficient heterologous protection, as they typically induce weak innate and inadequate T cell responses. In this study, we investigated the immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy of recombinant PRRSV MLVs incorporated with the porcine cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15) or IL-18 gene fused to a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) modification signal that can anchor the cytokines to the cell membrane. We demonstrated that both cytokines were successfully expressed on the cell membrane of porcine alveolar macrophages after infection with recombinant MLVs. Pigs vaccinated with recombinant MLVs or the parental Suvaxyn MLV had significantly reduced lung lesions and viral RNA loads in the lungs after heterologous challenge with the PRRSV NADC20 strain. The recombinant MLVs SUV-IL-15 and SUV-IL-18 recovered the inhibition of the NK cell response seen with Suvaxyn MLV. The recombinant MLV SUV-IL-15 significantly increased the numbers of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing cells in circulation at 49 days postvaccination (dpv), especially for IFN-γ-producing CD4- CD8+ T cells and γδ T cells, compared to the Suvaxyn MLV and SUV-IL-18. Additionally, MLV SUV-IL-15-vaccinated pigs also had elevated levels of γδ T cell responses observed at 7 dpv, 49 dpv, and 7 days postchallenge. These data demonstrate that the recombinant MLV expressing membrane-bound IL-15 enhances NK and T cell immune responses after vaccination and confers improved heterologous protection, although this was not statistically significant compared to the parental MLV.IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has arguably been the most economically important global swine disease, causing immense economic losses worldwide. The available commercial modified live-attenuated vaccines (MLVs) against PRRS virus (PRRSV) are generally effective against only homologous or closely related virus strains but are ineffective against heterologous strains, partially due to the insufficient immune response induced by the vaccine virus. To improve the immunogenicity of MLVs, in this study, we present a novel approach of using porcine IL-15 or IL-18 as an adjuvant by directly incorporating its encoding gene into a PRRSV MLV and expressing it as an adjuvant. Importantly, we directed the expression of the incorporated cytokines to the cell membrane surface by fusing the genes with a membrane-targeting signal from CD59. The recombinant MLV virus expressing the membrane-bound IL-15 cytokine greatly enhanced NK cell and γδ T cell responses and also conferred improved protection against heterologous challenge with the PRRSV NADC20 strain.
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165
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Zheng A, Shi Y, Shen Z, Wang G, Shi J, Xiong Q, Fang L, Xiao S, Fu ZF, Peng G. Insight into the evolution of nidovirus endoribonuclease based on the finding that nsp15 from porcine Deltacoronavirus functions as a dimer. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12054-12067. [PMID: 29887523 PMCID: PMC6078464 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nidovirus endoribonucleases (NendoUs) include nonstructural protein 15 (nsp15) from coronaviruses and nsp11 from arteriviruses, both of which have been reported to participate in the viral replication process and in the evasion of the host immune system. Results from a previous study of coronaviruses SARS-CoV, HCoV-229E, and MHV nsp15 indicate that it mainly forms a functional hexamer, whereas nsp11 from the arterivirus PRRSV is a dimer. Here, we found that porcine Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) nsp15 primarily exists as dimers and monomers in vitro. Biological experiments reveal that a PDCoV nsp15 mutant lacking the first 27 amino acids of the N-terminal domain (Asn-1–Asn-27) forms more monomers and displays decreased enzymatic activity, indicating that this region is important for its dimerization. Moreover, multiple sequence alignments and three-dimensional structural analysis indicated that the C-terminal region (His-251–Val-261) of PDCoV nsp15 is 10 amino acids shorter and forms a shorter loop than that formed by the equivalent sequence (Gln-259–Phe-279) of SARS-CoV nsp15. This result may explain why PDCoV nsp15 failed to form hexamers. We speculate that NendoUs may have originated from XendoU endoribonucleases (XendoUs) forming monomers in eukaryotic cells, that NendoU from arterivirus gained the ability to form dimers, and that the coronavirus variants then evolved the capacity to assemble into hexamers. We further propose that PDCoV nsp15 may be an intermediate in this evolutionary process. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for improving our understanding of NendoU evolution and offer useful clues for designing drugs and vaccines against nidoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuejun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhou Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiale Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiqi Xiong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
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166
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Lee SC, Lee S, Yoo GW, Choi HW, Noh YH, Park CE, Shin JH, Yoon IJ, Kang SY, Lee C. Phenotypic and genotypic analyses of an attenuated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strain after serial passages in cultured porcine alveolar macrophages. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:358-367. [PMID: 29486535 PMCID: PMC5974517 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.3.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a globally ubiquitous swine viral pathogen that causes major economic losses worldwide. We previously reported an over-attenuated phenotype of cell-adapted PRRSV strain CA-2-P100 in vivo. In the present study, CA-2-P100 was serially propagated in cultured porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) cells for up to 20 passages to obtain the derivative strain CA-2-MP120. Animal inoculation studies revealed that both CA-2-P100 and CA-2-MP120 had decreased virulence, eliciting weight gains, body temperatures, and histopathologic lesions similar to those in the negative control group. However, compared to CA-2-P100 infection, CA-2-MP120 yielded consistently higher viremia kinetics and enhanced antibody responses in pigs. All pigs inoculated with CA-2-MP120 developed viremia and seroconverted to PRRSV. During 20 passages in PAM cells, CA-2-MP120 acquired 15 amino acid changes that were mostly distributed in nsp2 and minor structural protein-coding regions. Among these changes, 6 mutations represented reversions to the sequences of the reference CA-2 and parental CA-2-P20 strains. These genetic drifts may be hypothetical molecular markers associated with PRRSV macrophage tropism and virulence. Our results indicate that the PAM-passaged CA-2-MP120 strain is a potential candidate for developing a live, attenuated PRRSV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Chul Lee
- Choongang Vaccine Laboratory, Daejeon 34055, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Gun-Woo Yoo
- Choongang Vaccine Laboratory, Daejeon 34055, Korea
| | | | - Yun-Hee Noh
- Choongang Vaccine Laboratory, Daejeon 34055, Korea
| | - Chang Eon Park
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Shin
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | | | - Shien-Young Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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167
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Identification of the RNA Pseudoknot within the 3' End of the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Genome as a Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern To Activate Antiviral Signaling via RIG-I and Toll-Like Receptor 3. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00097-18. [PMID: 29618647 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00097-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Once infected by viruses, cells can detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on viral nucleic acid by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to initiate the antiviral response. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the causative agent of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), characterized by reproductive failure in sows and respiratory diseases in pigs of different ages. To date, the sensing mechanism of PRRSV has not been elucidated. Here, we reported that the pseudoknot region residing in the 3' untranslated regions (UTR) of the PRRSV genome, which has been proposed to regulate RNA synthesis and virus replication, was sensed as nonself by retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and strongly induced type I interferons (IFNs) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). The interaction between the two stem-loops inside the pseudoknot structure was sufficient for IFN induction, since disruption of the pseudoknot interaction powerfully dampened the IFN induction. Furthermore, transfection of the 3' UTR pseudoknot transcripts in PAMs inhibited PRRSV replication in vitro Importantly, the predicted similar structures of other arterivirus members, including equine arteritis virus (EAV), lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV), also displayed strong IFN induction activities. Together, in this work we identified an innate recognition mechanism by which the PRRSV 3' UTR pseudoknot region served as PAMPs of arteriviruses and activated innate immune signaling to produce IFNs that inhibit virus replication. All of these results provide novel insights into innate immune recognition during virus infection.IMPORTANCE PRRS is the most common viral disease in the pork industry. It is caused by PRRSV, a positive single-stranded RNA virus, whose infection often leads to persistent infection. To date, it is not yet clear how PRRSV is recognized by the host and what is the exact mechanism of IFN induction. Here, we investigated the nature of PAMPs on PRRSV and the associated PRRs. We found that the 3' UTR pseudoknot region of PRRSV, which has been proposed to regulate viral RNA synthesis, could act as PAMPs recognized by RIG-I and TLR3 to induce type I IFN production to suppress PRRSV infection. This report is the first detailed description of pattern recognition for PRRSV, which is important in understanding the antiviral response of arteriviruses, especially PRRSV, and extends our knowledge on virus recognition.
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168
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Jeong J, Kim S, Park C, Kang I, Park KH, Ham HJ, Chae C. Effect of vaccination with a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome subunit vaccine on sow reproductive performance in endemic farms. Vet Rec 2018; 182:602. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoon Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seeun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ikjae Kang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Hwan Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Ham
- College of Liberal Arts, Anyang University; Anyang Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
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169
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ZHANG ZB, XU L, WEN XX, DONG JG, ZHOU L, GE XN, YANG HC, GUO X. Identification of the strain-specifically truncated nonstructural protein 10 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in infected cells. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE AGRICULTURE : JIA 2018; 17:1171-1180. [PMID: 32288956 PMCID: PMC7128467 DOI: 10.1016/s2095-3119(17)61896-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The nonstructural protein 10 (nsp10) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) encodes for helicase which plays a vital role in viral replication. In the present study, a truncated form of nsp10, termed nsp10a, was found in PRRSV-infected cells and the production of nsp10a was strain-specific. Mass spectrometric analysis and deletion mutagenesis indicated that nsp10a may be short of about 70 amino acids in the N terminus of nsp10. Further studies by rescuing recombinant viruses showed that the Glu-69 in nsp10 was the key amino acid for nsp10a production. Finally, we demonstrated that nsp10a exerted little influence on the growth kinetics of PRRSV in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Han-chun YANG
- Correspondence YANG Han-chun, Tel/Fax: +86-10-62731296
| | - Xin GUO
- GUO Xin, Tel/Fax: +86-10-62732875
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170
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Jeong J, Kim S, Park C, Park KH, Kang I, Park SJ, Chae C. Commercial porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-2 modified live virus vaccine against heterologous single and dual Korean PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 challenge. Vet Rec 2018; 182:485. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoon Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seeun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Hwan Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ikjae Kang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
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171
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Serine 105 and 120 are important phosphorylation sites for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus N protein function. Vet Microbiol 2018; 219:128-135. [PMID: 29778185 PMCID: PMC7117435 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We identified one novel phophorylation site of the PRRSV N protein. We firstly found that the mutated the residue 105 and 120 could down-regulate the N-induced IL-10. We firstly found that mutating the residue 105 could impair the virus growth ability.
The nucleocapsid (N) protein is the most abundant protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). It has been shown to be multiphosphorylated. However, the phosphorylation sites are still unknown. In this study, we used liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) to analyze the phosphorylation sites of N protein expressed in Sf9 cells. The results showed that N protein contains two phosphorylation sites. Since N protein can regulate IL-10, which may facilitate PRRSV replication, we constructed four plasmids (pCA-XH-GD, pCA-A105, pCA-A120 and pCA-A105-120) and transfected them into Pig alveolar macrophages (PAMs,3D4/2). The qPCR results showed that mutations at residues 105 and 120 were associated with down-regulation of the IL-10 mRNA level, potentially decreasing the viral growth ability. Then, we mutated the phosphorylation sites (S105A and S120A) and rescued three mutated viruses, namely, A105, A120 and A105-120. Compared with wild-type virus titers, the titers of the mutated viruses at 48 hpi were significantly decreased. The Nsp(non-structural protein) 9 qPCR results were consistent with the multistep growth kinetics results. The infected PAMs (primary PAMs) results were similar with Marc-145.The findings indicated that the mutations impaired the viral replication ability. The confocal microscopy results suggested that mutations to residues 105 and 120 did not affect N protein distribution. Whether the mutations affected other functions of N protein and what the underlying mechanisms are need further investigation. In conclusion, our results show that residues 105 and 120 are phosphorylation sites and are important for N protein function and for viral replication ability.
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172
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Intercellular transfer of mitochondria rescues virus-induced cell death but facilitates cell-to-cell spreading of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virology 2018; 517:122-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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173
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An CH, Nazki S, Park SC, Jeong YJ, Lee JH, Park SJ, Khatun A, Kim WI, Park YI, Jeong JC, Kim CY. Plant synthetic GP4 and GP5 proteins from porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus elicit immune responses in pigs. PLANTA 2018; 247:973-985. [PMID: 29313103 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2836-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated successful overexpression of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-derived GP4D and GP5D antigenic proteins in Arabidopsis. Pigs immunized with transgenic plants expressing GP4D and GP5D proteins generated both humoral and cellular immune responses to PRRSV. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes PRRS, the most economically significant disease affecting the swine industry worldwide. However, current commercial PRRSV vaccines (killed virus or modified live vaccines) show poor efficacy and safety due to concerns such as reversion of virus to wild type and lack of cross protection. To overcome these problems, plants are considered a promising alternative to conventional platforms and as a vehicle for large-scale production of recombinant proteins. Here, we demonstrate successful production of recombinant protein vaccine by expressing codon-optimized and transmembrane-deleted recombinant glycoproteins (GP4D and GP5D) from PRRSV in planta. We generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing GP4D and GP5D proteins as candidate antigens. To examine immunogenicity, pigs were fed transgenic Arabidopsis leaves expressing the GP4D and GP5D antigens (three times at 2-week intervals) and then challenged with PRRSV at 6-week post-initial treatment. Immunized pigs showed significantly lower lung lesion scores and reduced viremia and viral loads in the lung than pigs fed Arabidopsis leaves expressing mYFP (control). Immunized pigs also had higher titers of PRRSV-specific antibodies and significantly higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-12). Furthermore, the numbers of IFN-γ+-producing cells were higher, and those of regulatory T cells were lower, in GP4D and GP5D immunized pigs than in control pigs. Thus, plant-derived GP4D and GP5D proteins provide an alternative platform for producing an effective subunit vaccine against PRRSV.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Swine/immunology
- Swine/virology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Han An
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Salik Nazki
- College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Environmental and Biosource Science, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Park
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jeong Jeong
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Huck Lee
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Natural Product Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Amina Khatun
- College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Environmental and Biosource Science, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and College of Environmental and Biosource Science, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Il Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Cheol Jeong
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cha Young Kim
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea.
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174
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Respiratory disease in ball pythons (Python regius) experimentally infected with ball python nidovirus. Virology 2018; 517:77-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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175
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Zhang M, Veit M. Differences in signal peptide processing between GP3 glycoproteins of Arteriviridae. Virology 2018; 517:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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176
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Xin Y, Wang D, Huang M, Yu J, Fang L, Xiao S. Proteome analysis of differential protein expression in porcine alveolar macrophages regulated by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nsp1β protein. Virus Genes 2018; 54:385-396. [PMID: 29508239 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an acute infectious disease agent in swine, causes enormous economic losses to the global swine industry. PRRSV nonstructural protein 1β (nsp1β) plays a critical role in viral subgenomic mRNA synthesis and host immune regulation. However, the global changes of cellular gene expression in natural target cells regulated by the nsp1β have not yet been identified. Here, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were used to quantitatively identify cellular proteins in porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) 3D4/21 cells transduced with recombinant lentivirus expressing PRRSV nsp1β that are differentially expressed compared with PAM 3D4/21 cells transduced with recombinant lentivirus expressing GFP. Of the 425 cellular proteins detected as differentially expressed, 186 were upregulated and 239 were downregulated. Based on the identities of the differentially expressed cellular proteins and the essential role of nsp1β in interferon (IFN) activation and inflammatory factor antagonism during PRRSV infection, we propose a potential mechanism in which nsp1β inhibits IFN induction and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Our results suggest that mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein and translocases of outer membrane complex 70 (TOM70), involved in type I IFN induction, were downregulated, while protein phosphatase 1A (PPM1A), related to the inhibition of NF-κB pathway activation, was upregulated in nsp1β-overexpressed PAM 3D4/21 cells. These data provide valuable information for better understanding the potential biological function of nsp1β during PRRSV infection and the mechanism of virus escape from host immune surveillance of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghao Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Dang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Meijin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shi-zi-shan Street, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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177
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Characterization of the interactome of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus glycoprotein-5. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1595-1605. [PMID: 29497848 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogens in the swine industry, causing reproductive failure in sows and respiratory disorders in piglets. Glycosylated protein 5 (GP5) is a major envelope protein of the virus. It is essential for virus particle assembly and involved in viral pathogenesis. In the present study, we identified the host cellular proteins that interact with GP5 by performing immunoprecipitation in MARC-145 cells infected by a recombinant PRRSV containing a FLAG-tag insertion in GP5. In total, 122 cellular proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS. Gene Ontology and KEGG databases were used to map these proteins to different cellular processes, locations and functions. Interestingly, 10.24% of identified cellular proteins were involved in the process of translation. Follow up experiments demonstrated that expression of GP5 in transfected cells led to inhibition of translation of reporter genes. Interaction between GP5 and ATP synthase subunit alpha (ATP5A) was further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation suggesting a possible role of GP5 in regulation of ATP production in cells. These data contribute to a better understanding of GP5's role in viral pathogenesis and virus-host interactions.
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178
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Zhang M, Wu Q, Chen Y, Duan M, Tian G, Deng X, Sun Y, Zhou T, Zhang G, Chen W, Chen J. Inhibition of proanthocyanidin A2 on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication in vitro. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193309. [PMID: 29489892 PMCID: PMC5831109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a widely prevalent and endemic swine pathogen that causes significant economic losses for the global pig industry annually. Currently, the most prevalent strategy for PRRSV control remains the prevention of virus transmission, with highly effective therapeutic agents and vaccines still lacking. Proanthocyanidin A2 (PA2) belongs to the family of tea polyphenols, which have been reported to exhibit a range of biological activities including anti-oxidative, cardio-protective, anti-tumoural, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro as well as in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that PA2 exhibits potent anti-viral activity against PRRSV infection in Marc-145 cells. Similar inhibitory effects were also found in porcine alveolar macrophages, the primary target cell type of PRRSV infection in pigs in vivo. For traditional type II PRRSV CH-1a strain and high pathogenic GD-XH strain and GD-HD strain, PA2 exhibited broad-spectrum and comparable inhibitory activities in vitro with EC50 ranging from 2.2 to 3.2 μg/ml. Treatment of PRRSV-infected Marc-145 cells with PA2 significantly inhibited viral RNA synthesis, viral protein expression and progeny virus production in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, PA2 treatment reduced gene expressions of cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-α, IL-1β and IL-6) induced by PRRSV infection in PAMs. Mechanistically, PA2 inhibited PRRSV replication by targeting multiple pathways including blockade of viral entry and progeny virus release. Altogether, our findings suggest that PA2 has the potential to serve as a novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mubing Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ge Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianbo Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yankuo Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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179
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Li N, Yan Y, Zhang A, Gao J, Zhang C, Wang X, Hou G, Zhang G, Jia J, Zhou EM, Xiao S. MicroRNA-like viral small RNA from porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus negatively regulates viral replication by targeting the viral nonstructural protein 2. Oncotarget 2018; 7:82902-82920. [PMID: 27769040 PMCID: PMC5347740 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses encode microRNAs (miRNAs) that are small non-coding single-stranded RNAs which play critical roles in virus-host interactions. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically impactful viruses in the swine industry. The present study sought to determine whether PRRSV encodes miRNAs that could regulate PRRSV replication. Four viral small RNAs (vsRNAs) were mapped to the stem-loop structures in the ORF1a, ORF1b and GP2a regions of the PRRSV genome by bioinformatics prediction and experimental verification. Of these, the structures with the lowest minimum free energy (MFE) values predicted for PRRSV-vsRNA1 corresponded to typical stem-loop, hairpin structures. Inhibition of PRRSV-vsRNA1 function led to significant increases in viral replication. Transfection with PRRSV-vsRNA1 mimics significantly inhibited PRRSV replication in primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). The time-dependent increase in the abundance of PRRSV-vsRNA1 mirrored the gradual upregulation of PRRSV RNA expression. Knockdown of proteins associated with cellular miRNA biogenesis demonstrated that Drosha and Argonaute (Ago2) are involved in PRRSV-vsRNA1 biogenesis. Moreover, PRRSV-vsRNA1 bound specifically to the nonstructural protein 2 (NSP2)-coding sequence of PRRSV genome RNA. Collectively, the results reveal that PRRSV encodes a functional PRRSV-vsRNA1 which auto-regulates PRRSV replication by directly targeting and suppressing viral NSP2 gene expression. These findings not only provide new insights into the mechanism of the pathogenesis of PRRSV, but also explore a potential avenue for controlling PRRSV infection using viral small RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yunhuan Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Angke Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiming Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Gaopeng Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Jinbu Jia
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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180
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Di H, McIntyre AA, Brinton MA. New insights about the regulation of Nidovirus subgenomic mRNA synthesis. Virology 2018; 517:38-43. [PMID: 29475599 PMCID: PMC5987246 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The members of the Order Nidovirales share a similar genome organization with two overlapping nonstructural polyproteins encoded in the 5' two-thirds and the structural proteins encoded in the 3' third. They also express their 3' region proteins from a nested set of 3' co-terminal subgenomic messenger RNAs (sg mRNAs). Some but not all of the Nidovirus sg mRNAs also have a common 5' leader sequence that is acquired by a discontinuous RNA synthesis mechanism regulated by multiple 3' body transcription regulating sequences (TRSs) and the 5' leader TRS. Initial studies detected a single major body TRS for each 3' sg mRNA with a few alternative functional TRSs reported. The recent application of advanced techniques, such as next generation sequencing and ribosomal profiling, in studies of arteriviruses and coronaviruses has revealed an expanded sg mRNA transcriptome and coding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Di
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4010, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ayisha A McIntyre
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4010, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Margo A Brinton
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4010, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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181
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Spear A, Wang FX, Kappes MA, Das PB, Faaberg KS. Progress toward an enhanced vaccine: Eight marked attenuated viruses to porcine reproductive and respiratory disease virus. Virology 2018; 516:30-37. [PMID: 29324359 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant viruses of strain Ingelvac® PRRS porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) modified live virus vaccine were produced with two individual small in-frame deletions in nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2; Δ23 and Δ87) and also the same deletions supplanted with foreign tags (Δ23-V5, Δ23-FLAG, Δ23-S, Δ87-V5, Δ87-FLAG, Δ87-S). The viruses, but one (Δ87-FLAG), were stable for 10 passages and showed minimal effects on in vitro growth. Northern hybridization showed that the Δ23-tagged probe detected intracellular viral genome RNA as well as shorter RNAs that may represent heteroclite species, while the Δ87-tagged probe detected predominantly only genome length RNAs. When the tagged viruses were used to probe nsp2 protein in infected cells, perinuclear localization similar to native nsp2 was seen. Dual infection of Δ23-S and Δ87-S viruses allowed some discrimination of individual tagged nsp2 protein, facilitating future research. The mutants could potentially also be used to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyn Spear
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Feng-Xue Wang
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Matthew A Kappes
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Phani B Das
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Kay S Faaberg
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA.
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182
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Nonstructural proteins nsp2TF and nsp2N of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) play important roles in suppressing host innate immune responses. Virology 2018; 517:164-176. [PMID: 29325778 PMCID: PMC5884420 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we identified a unique -2/-1 ribosomal frameshift mechanism in PRRSV, which yields two truncated forms of nonstructural protein (nsp) 2 variants, nsp2TF and nsp2N. Here, in vitro expression of individual PRRSV nsp2TF and nsp2N demonstrated their ability to suppress cellular innate immune responses in transfected cells. Two recombinant viruses were further analyzed, in which either nsp2TF was C-terminally truncated (vKO1) or expression of both nsp2TF and nsp2N was knocked out (vKO2). Host cellular mRNA profiling showed that a panel of cellular immune genes, in particular those involved in innate immunity, was upregulated in cells infected with vKO1 and vKO2. Compared to the wild-type virus, vKO1 and vKO2 expedited the IFN-α response and increased NK cell cytotoxicity, and subsequently enhanced T cell immune responses in infected pigs. Our data strongly implicate nsp2TF/nsp2N in arteriviral immune evasion and demonstrate that nsp2TF/nsp2N-deficient PRRSV is less capable of counteracting host innate immune responses. In vitro expression of PRRSV nsp2TF/nsp2N affects cellular innate immune response. Nsp2TF/nsp2N suppressed immune genes expression in PRRSV-infected cells. Nsp2TF/nsp2N-deficient mutants showed attenuated growth in vivo. Nsp2TF/nsp2N-deficient mutants induced augmented immune responses in infected pigs.
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183
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Genotype 2 Strains of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Dysregulate Alveolar Macrophage Cytokine Production via the Unfolded Protein Response. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01251-17. [PMID: 29070690 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01251-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infects alveolar macrophages (AMϕ), causing dysregulated alpha interferon (IFN-α) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production through a mechanism(s) yet to be resolved. Here, we show that AMϕ infected with PRRSV secreted a reduced quantity of IFN-α following exposure of the cell to synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). This reduction did not correlate with reduced IFNA1 gene transcription. Rather, it coincided with two events that occurred late during infection and that were indicative of translational attenuation, specifically, the activation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) and the appearance of stress granules. Notably, the typical rapid production of TNF-α by AMϕ exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was suppressed or enhanced by PRRSV, depending on when the LPS exposure occurred after virus infection. If exposure was delayed until 6 h postinfection (hpi) so that the development of the cytokine response coincided with the time in which phosphorylation of eIF2α by the stress sensor PERK (protein kinase RNA [PKR]-like ER kinase) occurred, inhibition of TNF-α production was observed. However, if LPS exposure occurred at 2 hpi, prior to a detectable onset of eIF2α phosphorylation, a synergistic response was observed due to the earlier NF-κB activation via the stress sensor IRE1α (inositol-requiring kinase 1α). These results suggest that the asynchronous actions of two branches of the unfolded protein response (UPR), namely, IRE1α, and PERK, activated by ER stress resulting from the virus infection, are associated with enhancement or suppression of TNF-α production, respectively.IMPORTANCE The activation of AMϕ is controlled by the microenvironment to deter excessive proinflammatory cytokine responses to microbes that could impair lung function. However, viral pneumonias frequently become complicated by secondary bacterial infections, triggering severe inflammation, lung dysfunction, and death. Although dysregulated cytokine production is considered an integral component of the exacerbated inflammatory response in viral-bacterial coinfections, the mechanism responsible for this event is unknown. Here, we show that PRRSV replication in porcine AMϕ triggers activation of the IRE1α branch of the UPR, which causes a synergistic TNF-α response to LPS exposure. Thus, the severe pneumonias typically observed in pigs afflicted with PRRSV-bacterial coinfections could result from dysregulated, overly robust TNF-α production in response to opportunistic pathogens that is not commensurate with the typical restrained reaction by uninfected AMϕ. This notion could help in the design of therapies to mitigate the severity of viral and bacterial coinfections.
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184
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Coronaviruses and arteriviruses display striking differences in their cyclophilin A-dependence during replication in cell culture. Virology 2017; 517:148-156. [PMID: 29249267 PMCID: PMC7112125 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (CypA) is an important host factor in the replication of a variety of RNA viruses. Also the replication of several nidoviruses was reported to depend on CypA, although possibly not to the same extent. These prior studies are difficult to compare, since different nidoviruses, cell lines and experimental set-ups were used. Here, we investigated the CypA dependence of three distantly related nidoviruses that can all replicate in Huh7 cells: the arterivirus equine arteritis virus (EAV), the alphacoronavirus human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), and the betacoronavirus Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The replication of these viruses was compared in the same parental Huh7 cells and in CypA-knockout Huh7 cells generated using CRISPR/Cas9-technology. CypA depletion reduced EAV yields by ~ 3-log, whereas MERS-CoV progeny titers were modestly reduced (3-fold) and HCoV-229E replication was unchanged. This study reveals that the replication of nidoviruses can differ strikingly in its dependence on cellular CypA. Nidoviruses display differences in sensitivity towards cyclophilin A depletion. Replication of MERS-coronavirus is reduced modestly in cyclophilin A-knockout cells. Equine arteritis virus replication is strongly inhibited by cyclophilin A depletion. Chromosomal anomalies complicate CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in Huh7 cells.
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185
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Tian D, Sooryanarain H, Matzinger SR, Gauger PC, Karuppannan AK, Elankumaran S, Opriessnig T, Meng XJ. Protective efficacy of a virus-vectored multi-component vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus type 2 and swine influenza virus. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:3026-3036. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Debin Tian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Harini Sooryanarain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Shannon R. Matzinger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Phil C. Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Anbu K. Karuppannan
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Subbiah Elankumaran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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186
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Jiang N, Jin H, Li Y, Ge X, Han J, Guo X, Zhou L, Yang H. Identification of a novel linear B-cell epitope in nonstructural protein 11 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus that are conserved in both genotypes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188946. [PMID: 29186182 PMCID: PMC5706702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically important pathogens, that hinder the development of global pork industry. Its nonstructural protein 11 (nsp11), with the nidoviral uridylate-specific endoribonuclease (NendoU) domain, is essential for PRRSV genome replication and it also contributes to host innate immunity suppression. However, the immunogenicity and immune structure of PRRSV nsp11 have not been well investigated yet. In this study, a monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated 3F9, that against nsp11 was generated. Subsequently, a series of partially overlapped fragments, covered the nsp1140-223aa, were expressed to test the reactivity with mAb 3F9, and the 111DCREY115 was found to be the core unit of the B-cell epitope recognized by mAb 3F9. Further investigation indicated that both genotype 1 and genotype 2 PRRSV can be recognized by mAb 3F9, due to the 111DCREY115 is conserved in both genotype virus. Meanwhile, this epitope, localized at the surface of nsp11 in 3D structure, is confirmed to be able to induce humoral immune response in PRRSV infected pigs. These findings do not only provide an mAb tool to further investigate the function of nsp11, they also indicate the diagnostic potential for this epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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187
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Shi Y, Lei Y, Ye G, Sun L, Fang L, Xiao S, Fu ZF, Yin P, Song Y, Peng G. Identification of two antiviral inhibitors targeting 3C-like serine/3C-like protease of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Vet Microbiol 2017; 213:114-122. [PMID: 29291994 PMCID: PMC7117380 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Identification of antiviral inhibitors that target PRRSV nsp4 (3CLSP). Suppression of PRRSV replication by compounds 2, 3 and 5. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibit broad-spectrum antiviral activity against PEDV. Compounds 2 and 3 may block the combination of proteases and substrates.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are highly virulent and contagious porcine pathogens that cause tremendous economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Currently, there is no effective treatment for PRRSV and PEDV, and commercial vaccines do not induce sterilizing immunity. In this study, we screened a library of 1000 compounds and identified two specific inhibitors, designated compounds 2 and 3, which target the PRRSV 3C-like serine protease (3CLSP). First, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of compounds 2 and 3 on PRRSV 3CLSP activity. Next, we determined the anti-PRRSV capacity of compounds 2 and 3 in MARC-145 cells and obtained EC50 and CC50 values of 57 μM (CC50 = 479.9 μM) and 56.8 μM (CC50 = 482.8 μM), respectively. Importantly, compounds 2 and 3 also targeted the PEDV 3C-like protease (3CL protease) and inhibited PEDV replication, showing EC50 and CC50 values of 100 μM (CC50 = 533.8 μM) and 57.9 μM (CC50 = 522.3 μM), respectively. Finally, our results indicated that the active sites (His39 in 3CLSP and His41 in 3CL protease) were conservative, and contacted compounds 2 and 3 via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic forces in the putative substrate-binding models. In summary, compounds 2 and 3 exhibit broad-spectrum antiviral activity and may facilitate the development of antiviral drugs against PRRSV and PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingying Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Gang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Limeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Departments of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ping Yin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yunfeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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188
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Balasuriya UB, Carossino M. Reproductive effects of arteriviruses: equine arteritis virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infections. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 27:57-70. [PMID: 29172072 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are the most economically important members of the family Arteriviridae. EAV and PRRSV cause reproductive and respiratory disease in equids and swine, respectively and constitute a significant economic burden to equine and swine industries around the world. Furthermore, they both cause abortion in pregnant animals and establish persistent infection in their natural hosts, which fosters viral shedding in semen leading to sexual transmission. The primary focus of this article is to provide an update on the effects of these two viruses on the reproductive tract of their natural hosts and provide a comparative analysis of clinical signs, virus-host interactions, mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udeni Br Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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189
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Bailey-Elkin BA, Knaap RCM, Kikkert M, Mark BL. Structure and Function of Viral Deubiquitinating Enzymes. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:3441-3470. [PMID: 28625850 PMCID: PMC7094624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of cellular proteins by ubiquitin regulates numerous cellular processes, including innate and adaptive immune responses. Ubiquitin-mediated control over these processes can be reversed by cellular deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), which remove ubiquitin from cellular targets and depolymerize polyubiquitin chains. The importance of protein ubiquitination to host immunity has been underscored by the discovery of viruses that encode proteases with deubiquitinating activity, many of which have been demonstrated to actively corrupt cellular ubiquitin-dependent processes to suppress innate antiviral responses and promote viral replication. DUBs have now been identified in diverse viral lineages, and their characterization is providing valuable insights into virus biology and the role of the ubiquitin system in host antiviral mechanisms. Here, we provide an overview of the structural biology of these fascinating viral enzymes and their role innate immune evasion and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Bailey-Elkin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T2N2, Canada
| | - Robert C M Knaap
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Brian L Mark
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T2N2, Canada.
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190
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Dervas E, Hepojoki J, Laimbacher A, Romero-Palomo F, Jelinek C, Keller S, Smura T, Hepojoki S, Kipar A, Hetzel U. Nidovirus-Associated Proliferative Pneumonia in the Green Tree Python (Morelia viridis). J Virol 2017; 91:e00718-17. [PMID: 28794044 PMCID: PMC5640870 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00718-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2014 we observed a noticeable increase in the number of sudden deaths among green tree pythons (Morelia viridis). Pathological examination revealed the accumulation of mucoid material within the airways and lungs in association with enlargement of the entire lung. We performed a full necropsy and histological examination on 12 affected green tree pythons from 7 different breeders to characterize the pathogenesis of this mucinous pneumonia. By histology we could show a marked hyperplasia of the airway epithelium and of faveolar type II pneumocytes. Since routine microbiological tests failed to identify a causative agent, we studied lung tissue samples from a few diseased snakes by next-generation sequencing (NGS). From the NGS data we could assemble a piece of RNA genome whose sequence was <85% identical to that of nidoviruses previously identified in ball pythons and Indian pythons. We then employed reverse transcription-PCR to demonstrate the presence of the novel nidovirus in all diseased snakes. To attempt virus isolation, we established primary cultures of Morelia viridis liver and brain cells, which we inoculated with homogenates of lung tissue from infected individuals. Ultrastructural examination of concentrated cell culture supernatants showed the presence of nidovirus particles, and subsequent NGS analysis yielded the full genome of the novel virus Morelia viridis nidovirus (MVNV). We then generated an antibody against MVNV nucleoprotein, which we used alongside RNA in situ hybridization to demonstrate viral antigen and RNA in the affected lungs. This suggests that in natural infection MVNV damages the respiratory tract epithelium, which then results in epithelial hyperplasia, most likely as an exaggerated regenerative attempt in association with increased epithelial turnover.IMPORTANCE Novel nidoviruses associated with severe respiratory disease were fairly recently identified in ball pythons and Indian pythons. Herein we report on the isolation and identification of a further nidovirus from green tree pythons (Morelia viridis) with fatal pneumonia. We thoroughly characterized the pathological changes in the infected individuals and show that nidovirus infection is associated with marked epithelial proliferation in the respiratory tract. We speculate that this and the associated excess mucus production can lead to the animals' death by inhibiting normal gas exchange in the lungs. The virus was predominantly detected in the respiratory tract, which renders transmission via the respiratory route likely. Nidoviruses cause sudden outbreaks with high rates of mortality in breeding collections, and most affected snakes die without prior clinical signs. These findings, together with those of other groups, indicate that nidoviruses are a likely cause of severe pneumonia in pythons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Dervas
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Helsinki, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Laimbacher
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Romero-Palomo
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Jelinek
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Saskia Keller
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Teemu Smura
- University of Helsinki, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Hepojoki
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Udo Hetzel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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191
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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus envelope (E) protein interacts with tubulin. Vet Microbiol 2017; 211:51-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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192
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Hernández J, Rascón-Castelo E, Bray J, Lokhandwala S, Mwangi W. Immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus expressing porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus polyepitopes. Vet Microbiol 2017; 212:7-15. [PMID: 29173591 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the immunogenicity of a chimeric antigen containing characterized PRRSV epitopes. A synthetic gene, designated HEJ, encoding defined epitopes was used to generate a recombinant adenovirus designed Ad-HEJ. The chimeric antigen included T-cell epitopes from structural and nonstructural proteins, and a neutralizing B-cell epitope. Following a homologous prime-boost immunization, the Ad-HEJ virus elicited significant (p<0.05) epitope-specific IFN-γ responses compared to sham-treatment. Two weeks post-challenge, this response was significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to the negative control treatment. IFN-γ response to PRRSV stimulation in vitro were observed in both groups only after challenge. Antibodies against PRRSV and peptides were detectable following prime-boost immunization in the Ad-HEJ treatment group and the responses increased post-challenge against the virus and against most of the peptides. All the swine were viremic one week post-challenge, but four weeks later, five out of the seven Ad-HEJ vaccinees had cleared the PRRSV, whereas only two of the six negative controls had cleared the virus. The outcome suggests that the adenovirus expressing defined epitopes induced a strong immune response against the peptides, but this response was not sufficient to confer protection against PRRSV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C (CIAD, A.C.), Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Edgar Rascón-Castelo
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C (CIAD, A.C.), Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Jocelyn Bray
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shehnaz Lokhandwala
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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193
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Jing H, Zhou Y, Fang L, Ding Z, Wang D, Ke W, Chen H, Xiao S. DExD/H-Box Helicase 36 Signaling via Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response Gene 88 Contributes to NF-κB Activation to Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1365. [PMID: 29123520 PMCID: PMC5662876 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
DExD/H-box helicase 36 (DHX36) is known to be an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the guanine-quadruplexes DNA or RNA, but emerging data suggest that it also functions as pattern recognition receptor in innate immunity. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an Arterivirus that has been devastating the swine industry worldwide. Interstitial pneumonia is considered to be one of the most obvious clinical signs of PRRSV infection, suggesting that the inflammatory response plays an important role in PRRSV pathogenesis. However, whether DHX36 is involved in PRRSV-induced inflammatory cytokine expression remains unclear. In this study, we found that PRRSV infection increased the expression of DHX36. Knockdown of DHX36 and its adaptor myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) by small-interfering RNA in MARC-145 cells significantly reduced NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression after PRRSV infection. Further investigation revealed that PRRSV nucleocapsid protein interacted with the N-terminal quadruplex binding domain of DHX36, which in turn augmented nucleocapsid protein-induced NF-κB activation. Taken together, our results suggest that DHX36-MyD88 has a relevant role in the recognition of PRRSV nucleocapsid protein and in the subsequent activation of pro-inflammatory NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanrong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Dang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenting Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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194
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Du T, Shi Y, Xiao S, Li N, Zhao Q, Zhang A, Nan Y, Mu Y, Sun Y, Wu C, Zhang H, Zhou EM. Curcumin is a promising inhibitor of genotype 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:298. [PMID: 29017487 PMCID: PMC5633875 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) could lead to pandemic diseases and huge financial losses to the swine industry worldwide. Curcumin, a natural compound, has been reported to serve as an entry inhibitor of hepatitis C virus, chikungunya virus and vesicular stomatitis virus. In this study, we investigated the potential effect of curcumin on early stages of PRRSV infection. Results Curcumin inhibited infection of Marc-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) by four different genotype 2 PRRSV strains, but had no effect on the levels of major PRRSV receptor proteins on Marc-145 cells and PAMs or on PRRSV binding to Marc-145 cells. However, curcumin did block two steps of the PRRSV infection process: virus internalization and virus-mediated cell fusion. Conclusions Our results suggested that an inhibition of genotype 2 PRRSV infection by curcumin is virus strain-independent, and mainly inhibited by virus internalization and cell fusion mediated by virus. Collectively, these results demonstrate that curcumin holds promise as a new anti-PRRSV drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taofeng Du
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yunpeng Shi
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Angke Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yang Mu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China. .,Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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195
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Equine Arteritis Virus Elicits a Mucosal Antibody Response in the Reproductive Tract of Persistently Infected Stallions. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00215-17. [PMID: 28814389 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00215-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) has the ability to establish persistent infection in the reproductive tract of the stallion (carrier) and is continuously shed in its semen. We have recently demonstrated that EAV persists within stromal cells and a subset of lymphocytes in the stallion accessory sex glands in the presence of a significant local inflammatory response. In the present study, we demonstrated that EAV elicits a mucosal antibody response in the reproductive tract during persistent infection with homing of plasma cells into accessory sex glands. The EAV-specific immunoglobulin isotypes in seminal plasma included IgA, IgG1, IgG3/5, and IgG4/7. Interestingly, seminal plasma IgG1 and IgG4/7 possessed virus-neutralizing activity, while seminal plasma IgA and IgG3/5 did not. However, virus-neutralizing IgG1 and IgG4/7 in seminal plasma were not effective in preventing viral infectivity. In addition, the serological response was primarily mediated by virus-specific IgM and IgG1, while virus-specific serum IgA, IgG3/5, IgG4/7, and IgG6 isotype responses were not detected. This is the first report characterizing the immunoglobulin isotypes in equine serum and seminal plasma in response to EAV infection. The findings presented herein suggest that while a broader immunoglobulin isotype diversity is elicited in seminal plasma, EAV has the ability to persist in the reproductive tract, in spite of local mucosal antibody and inflammatory responses. This study provides further evidence that EAV employs complex immune evasion mechanisms during persistence in the reproductive tract that warrant further investigation.
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196
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Expanded subgenomic mRNA transcriptome and coding capacity of a nidovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E8895-E8904. [PMID: 29073030 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706696114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the order Nidovirales express their structural protein ORFs from a nested set of 3' subgenomic mRNAs (sg mRNAs), and for most of these ORFs, a single genomic transcription regulatory sequence (TRS) was identified. Nine TRSs were previously reported for the arterivirus Simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV). In the present study, which was facilitated by next-generation sequencing, 96 SHFV body TRSs were identified that were functional in both infected MA104 cells and macaque macrophages. The abundance of sg mRNAs produced from individual TRSs was consistent over time in the two different cell types. Most of the TRSs are located in the genomic 3' region, but some are in the 5' ORF1a/1b region and provide alternative sources of nonstructural proteins. Multiple functional TRSs were identified for the majority of the SHFV 3' ORFs, and four previously identified TRSs were found not to be the predominant ones used. A third of the TRSs generated sg mRNAs with variant leader-body junction sequences. Sg mRNAs encoding E', GP2, or ORF5a as their 5' ORF as well as sg mRNAs encoding six previously unreported alternative frame ORFs or 14 previously unreported C-terminal ORFs of known proteins were also identified. Mutation of the start codon of two C-terminal ORFs in an infectious clone reduced virus yield. Mass spectrometry detected one previously unreported protein and suggested translation of some of the C-terminal ORFs. The results reveal the complexity of the transcriptional regulatory mechanism and expanded coding capacity for SHFV, which may also be characteristic of other nidoviruses.
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Cellular cholesterol is required for porcine nidovirus infection. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3753-3767. [PMID: 28884395 PMCID: PMC7086867 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3545-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are porcine nidoviruses that are considered emerging and re-emerging viral pathogens of pigs that pose a significant economic threat to the global pork industry. Although cholesterol is known to affect the replication of a broad range of viruses in vitro, its significance and role in porcine nidovirus infection remains to be elucidated. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine whether cellular or/and viral cholesterol levels play a role in porcine nidovirus infection. Our results showed that depletion of cellular cholesterol by treating cells with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) dose-dependently suppressed the replication of both nidoviruses. Conversely, cholesterol depletion from the viral envelope had no inhibitory effect on porcine nidovirus production. The addition of exogenous cholesterol to MβCD-treated cells moderately restored the infectivity of porcine nidoviruses, indicating that the presence of cholesterol in the target cell membrane is critical for viral replication. The antiviral activity of MβCD on porcine nidovirus infection was found to be predominantly exerted when used as a treatment pre-infection or prior to the viral entry process. Furthermore, pharmacological sequestration of cellular cholesterol efficiently blocked both virus attachment and internalization and, accordingly, markedly affected subsequent post-entry steps of the replication cycle, including viral RNA and protein biosynthesis and progeny virus production. Taken together, our data indicate that cell membrane cholesterol is required for porcine nidovirus entry into cells, and pharmacological drugs that hamper cholesterol-dependent virus entry may have antiviral potential against porcine nidoviruses.
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Cortey M, Díaz I, Martín-Valls G, Mateu E. Next-generation sequencing as a tool for the study of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) macro- and micro- molecular epidemiology. Vet Microbiol 2017; 209:5-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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199
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Leng C, Zhang W, Zhang H, Kan Y, Yao L, Zhai H, Li M, Li Z, Liu C, An T, Peng J, Wang Q, Leng Y, Cai X, Tian Z, Tong G. ORF1a of highly pathogenic PRRS attenuated vaccine virus plays a key role in neutralizing antibody induction in piglets and virus neutralization in vitro. Virol J 2017; 14:159. [PMID: 28830563 PMCID: PMC5568364 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0825-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically important viral pathogens in swine in most countries, especially China. Two PRRSV attenuated live vaccine strains (HuN4-F112 and CH-1R) are currently widely used in China. Our previous study showed that HuN4-F112, but not CH-1R, induced high anti-nucleocapsid (N) antibody and neutralizing antibody (NA) titers. Additionally, sera from HuN4-F112 inoculated pigs induced low cross neutralization of CH-1R. METHODS In the present study, 6 chimeric viruses through exchanging 5' untranslated region (UTR) + open reading frame (ORF)1a, ORF1b, and ORF2-7 + 3'UTR between HuN4-F112 and CH-1R were constructed and rescued based on the infectious clones of rHuN4-F112 and rCH-1R. The characteristics of these viruses were investigated in vitro and vivo. RESULTS All the three fragments, 5'UTR + ORF1a, ORF1b, and ORF2-7 + 3'UTR, could affect the replication efficiencies of rHuN4-F112 and rCH-1R in vitro. Additionally, both 5'UTR + ORF1a and ORF2-7 + 3'UTR affected the anti-N antibody and NA responses targeting rHuN4-F112 and rCH-1R in piglets. CONCLUSIONS The 5'UTR + ORF1a region of HuN4-F112 played a key role in inducing NAs in piglets. Furthermore, we confirmed for the first time that ORF1a contains a neutralization region. This study provides important information that can be used for further study of the generation of anti-PRRSV NAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoliang Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427, Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Wuchao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427, Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427, Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yunchao Kan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Hongyue Zhai
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Mingliang Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427, Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427, Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427, Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jinmei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427, Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427, Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yumin Leng
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427, Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhijun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427, Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427, Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China. .,Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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Liu K, Li Y, Zhou B, Wang F, Huan B, Shao D, Wei J, Qiu Y, Li B, Qian Y, Jung YS, Miao D, Tong G, Ma Z. A conjugate protein containing HIV TAT, ISG20, and a PRRSV polymerase binding inhibits PRRSV replication and may be a novel therapeutic platform. Res Vet Sci 2017; 113:13-20. [PMID: 28818749 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), which is caused by Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) infection, has caused substantial economic losses for the global swine industry. To date, there are limited commercially available measures to control the spread of PRRSV. The available vaccines are unstable and there is no anti-PRRSV therapeutic available. Therefore, this study designed a novel recombinant antiviral protein that included a novel polypeptide that binds to the PRRSV polymerase (p9), the transduction ability of the HIV TAT, and the nucleotide degradation activity of interferon stimulated gene 20 (ISG20). The recombinant proteins TAT-p9-ISG20 and p9-ISG20 were expressed in MARC-145 cells by transient transfection and then tested for antiviral activity and entry efficiency. The p9-ISG20 construct had greater antiviral activity than either p9 alone (1.37-fold) or ISG20 alone (1.9-fold). Addition of the HIV TAT protein increased the entry efficiency of p9-ISG20 by 1.57-fold, which was associated with increased anti-viral activity (1.52-fold) compared to P9-ISG20. In summary, TAT-p9-ISG20 achieved a synergistic effect by combining three different antiviral proteins and may be a novel PRRSV therapeutic platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yuming Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostic & Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine College, Nanjing Agricultural University, YiFu 4037, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostic & Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine College, Nanjing Agricultural University, YiFu 4037, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Beili Huan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yingjuan Qian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostic & Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine College, Nanjing Agricultural University, YiFu 4037, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Yong-Sam Jung
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostic & Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine College, Nanjing Agricultural University, YiFu 4037, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Denian Miao
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China.
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