151
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Zhou D, Huang X, Guo J, dos‐Santos ML, Vivanco JM. Trichoderma gamsii affected herbivore feeding behaviour on Arabidopsis thaliana by modifying the leaf metabolome and phytohormones. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:1195-1206. [PMID: 30221488 PMCID: PMC6196387 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants can re-programme their transcriptome, proteome and metabolome to deal with environmental and biotic stress. It has been shown that the rhizosphere microbiome has influence on the plant metabolome and on herbivore behaviour. In the present study, Trichoderma gamsii was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana rhizosphere soil. The inoculation of roots of Arabidopsis thaliana with T. gamsii significantly inhibited the feeding behaviour of Trichoplusia ni and affected the metabolome as well as the content of phytohormones in Arabidopsis leaves. T. gamsii-treated plant leaves had higher levels of amino acids and lower concentrations of sugars. In addition, T. gamsii-treated plant leaves had more abscisic acid (ABA) and lower levels of salicylic acid (SA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in comparison with the untreated plants. Furthermore, the inoculation with T. gamsii on different signalling mutants showed that the induction of defences were SA-dependent. These findings indicate that T. gamsii has potential as a new type of biocontrol agent to promote plant repellence to insect attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Zhou
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape ArchitectureCenter for Rhizosphere BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523USA
- Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Xing‐Feng Huang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape ArchitectureCenter for Rhizosphere BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523USA
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Marcia L. dos‐Santos
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape ArchitectureCenter for Rhizosphere BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523USA
- Plant Molecular Biology LaboratoryDepartment of Genetics – “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture – ESALQUniversity of Sao PauloPiracicabaSP13418‐900Brazil
| | - Jorge M. Vivanco
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape ArchitectureCenter for Rhizosphere BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523USA
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152
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Su X, Lu G, Guo H, Zhang K, Li X, Cheng H. The dynamic transcriptome and metabolomics profiling in Verticillium dahliae inoculated Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15404. [PMID: 30337674 PMCID: PMC6193927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae is a common, devastating plant vascular disease notorious for causing economic losses. Despite considerable research on plant resistance genes, there has been little progress in modeling the effects of this fungus owing to its complicated pathogenesis. Here, we analyzed the transcriptional and metabolic responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to V. dahliae inoculation by Illumina-based RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. We identified 13,916 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in infected compared with mock-treated plants. Gene ontology analysis yielded 11,055 annotated DEGs, including 2,308 for response to stress and 2,234 for response to abiotic or biotic stimulus. Pathway classification revealed involvement of the metabolic, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, plant–pathogen interaction, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways. In addition, 401 transcription factors, mainly in the MYB, bHLH, AP2-EREBP, NAC, and WRKY families, were up- or downregulated. NMR analysis found decreased tyrosine, asparagine, glutamate, glutamine, and arginine and increased alanine and threonine levels following inoculation, along with a significant increase in the glucosinolate sinigrin and a decrease in the flavonoid quercetin glycoside. Our data reveal corresponding changes in the global transcriptomic and metabolic profiles that provide insights into the complex gene-regulatory networks mediating the plant’s response to V. dahliae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Su
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guoqing Lu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huiming Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Kaixuan Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongmei Cheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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153
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Hung WL, Wang Y. A Targeted Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics Approach toward the Understanding of Host Responses to Huanglongbing Disease. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:10651-10661. [PMID: 30220206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) is the major culprit of Huanglongbing (HLB), the most destructive citrus disease worldwide. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most common method for detecting the presence of CLas in the tree. However, due to the uneven distribution of bacteria and a minimum bacterial titer requirement, an infected tree may test false negative. Thus, our current study profiled primary and secondary metabolites of CLas-free leaves harvested from a citrus undercover protection system (CUPS) to prevent a misjudgment of CLas infection. Functional enrichment analysis revealed several metabolic pathways significantly affected by CLas infection, mainly biosynthesis of amino acids and secondary metabolites. Comparisons of CLas-infected metabolite alterations among oranges, mandarins, and grapefruits revealed that host responses to CLas were different. The metabolite signature highlighted in this study will provide a fuller understanding of how CLas bacteria affect the biosynthesis of primary and secondary metabolites in different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Hung
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition , University of Florida , 700 Experiment Station Road , Lake Alfred , Florida 33850 , United States
- School of Food Safety , Taipei Medical University , 250 Wu-Hsing Street , Taipei 11031 , Taiwan
| | - Yu Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition , University of Florida , 700 Experiment Station Road , Lake Alfred , Florida 33850 , United States
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154
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Hartmann M, Zeier J. l-lysine metabolism to N-hydroxypipecolic acid: an integral immune-activating pathway in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:5-21. [PMID: 30035374 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
l-lysine catabolic routes in plants include the saccharopine pathway to α-aminoadipate and decarboxylation of lysine to cadaverine. The current review will cover a third l-lysine metabolic pathway having a major role in plant systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to pathogen infection that was recently discovered in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this pathway, the aminotransferase AGD2-like defense response protein (ALD1) α-transaminates l-lysine and generates cyclic dehydropipecolic (DP) intermediates that are subsequently reduced to pipecolic acid (Pip) by the reductase SAR-deficient 4 (SARD4). l-pipecolic acid, which occurs ubiquitously in the plant kingdom, is further N-hydroxylated to the systemic acquired resistance (SAR)-activating metabolite N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) by flavin-dependent monooxygenase1 (FMO1). N-hydroxypipecolic acid induces the expression of a set of major plant immune genes to enhance defense readiness, amplifies resistance responses, acts synergistically with the defense hormone salicylic acid, promotes the hypersensitive cell death response and primes plants for effective immune mobilization in cases of future pathogen challenge. This pathogen-inducible NHP biosynthetic pathway is activated at the transcriptional level and involves feedback amplification. Apart from FMO1, some cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in secondary metabolism catalyze N-hydroxylation reactions in plants. In specific taxa, pipecolic acid might also serve as a precursor in the biosynthesis of specialized natural products, leading to C-hydroxylated and otherwise modified piperidine derivatives, including indolizidine alkaloids. Finally, we show that NHP is glycosylated in Arabidopsis to form a hexose-conjugate, and then discuss open questions in Pip/NHP-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hartmann
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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155
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Rosati RG, Lario LD, Hourcade ME, Cervigni GDL, Luque AG, Scandiani MM, Spampinato CP. Primary metabolism changes triggered in soybean leaves by Fusarium tucumaniae infection. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 274:91-100. [PMID: 30080645 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean can be caused by at least four distinct Fusarium species, with F. tucumaniae being the main causal agent in Argentina. The fungus is a soil-borne pathogen that is largely confined to the roots, but damage also reaches aerial part of the plant and interveinal chlorosis and necrosis, followed by premature defoliation can be observed. In this study, two genetically diverse soybean cultivars, one susceptible (NA 4613) and one partially resistant (DM 4670) to SDS infection, were inoculated with F. tucumaniae or kept uninoculated. Leaf samples at 7, 10, 14 and 25 days post-inoculation (dpi) were chosen for analysis. With the aim of detecting early markers that could potentially discriminate the cultivar response to SDS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses and biochemical studies were performed. Metabolic analyses show higher levels of several amino acids in the inoculated than in the uninoculated susceptible cultivar starting at 10 dpi. Biochemical studies indicate that pigment contents and Rubisco level were reduced while class III peroxidase activity was increased in the inoculated susceptible plant at 10 dpi. Taken together, our results indicate that the pathogen induced an accumulation of amino acids, a decrease of the photosynthetic activity, and an increase of plant-specific peroxidase activity in the susceptible cultivar before differences of visible foliar symptoms between genotypes could be observed, thus suggesting that metabolic and biochemical approaches may contribute to a rapid characterization of the cultivar response to SDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina G Rosati
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Luciana D Lario
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mónica E Hourcade
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía Gaseosa y Espectrometría de Masas, Sala de Instrumental Central, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gerardo D L Cervigni
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Alicia G Luque
- Centro de Referencia de Micología (CEREMIC), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - María M Scandiani
- Centro de Referencia de Micología (CEREMIC), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Claudia P Spampinato
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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156
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Leesutthiphonchai W, Vu AL, Ah-Fong AMV, Judelson HS. How Does Phytophthora infestans Evade Control Efforts? Modern Insight Into the Late Blight Disease. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:916-924. [PMID: 29979126 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-18-0130-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The infamous oomycete Phytophthora infestans has been a persistent threat to potato and tomato production worldwide, causing the diseases known as late blight. This pathogen has proved to be remarkably adept at overcoming control strategies including host-based resistance and fungicides. This review describes the features of P. infestans that make it such a daunting challenge to agriculture. These include a stealthy lifestyle that helps P. infestans evade plant defenses, effectors that suppress host defenses and promote susceptibility, profuse sporulation with a short latent period that enables rapid dissemination, and a genome structure that promotes the adaptive evolution of P. infestans by fostering genetic diversity. Nevertheless, there is reason to be optimistic that accumulated knowledge about the biology of P. infestans and its hosts will lead to improved management of late blight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea L Vu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - Audrey M V Ah-Fong
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - Howard S Judelson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
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157
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Fiorilli V, Vannini C, Ortolani F, Garcia-Seco D, Chiapello M, Novero M, Domingo G, Terzi V, Morcia C, Bagnaresi P, Moulin L, Bracale M, Bonfante P. Omics approaches revealed how arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis enhances yield and resistance to leaf pathogen in wheat. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9625. [PMID: 29941972 PMCID: PMC6018116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides improved mineral nutrition, plants colonised by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi often display increased biomass and higher tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Notwithstanding the global importance of wheat as an agricultural crop, its response to AM symbiosis has been poorly investigated. We focused on the role of an AM fungus on mineral nutrition of wheat, and on its potential protective effect against Xanthomonas translucens. To address these issues, phenotypical, molecular and metabolomic approaches were combined. Morphological observations highlighted that AM wheat plants displayed an increased biomass and grain yield, as well as a reduction in lesion area following pathogen infection. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the mycorrhizal phenotype, we investigated changes of transcripts and proteins in roots and leaves during the double (wheat-AM fungus) and tripartite (wheat-AM fungus-pathogen) interaction. Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling identified the main pathways involved in enhancing plant biomass, mineral nutrition and in promoting the bio-protective effect against the leaf pathogen. Mineral and amino acid contents in roots, leaves and seeds, and protein oxidation profiles in leaves, supported the omics data, providing new insight into the mechanisms exerted by AM symbiosis to confer stronger productivity and enhanced resistance to X. translucens in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Candida Vannini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesca Ortolani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Daniel Garcia-Seco
- IRD, Cirad, Univ. Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME), 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - Marco Chiapello
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Mara Novero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Guido Domingo
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Valeria Terzi
- CREA-GB, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Via San Protaso 302, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
| | - Caterina Morcia
- CREA-GB, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Via San Protaso 302, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
| | - Paolo Bagnaresi
- CREA-GB, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Via San Protaso 302, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
| | - Lionel Moulin
- IRD, Cirad, Univ. Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME), 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - Marcella Bracale
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
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158
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Tugizimana F, Mhlongo MI, Piater LA, Dubery IA. Metabolomics in Plant Priming Research: The Way Forward? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061759. [PMID: 29899301 PMCID: PMC6032392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A new era of plant biochemistry at the systems level is emerging, providing detailed descriptions of biochemical phenomena at the cellular and organismal level. This new era is marked by the advent of metabolomics—the qualitative and quantitative investigation of the entire metabolome (in a dynamic equilibrium) of a biological system. This field has developed as an indispensable methodological approach to study cellular biochemistry at a global level. For protection and survival in a constantly-changing environment, plants rely on a complex and multi-layered innate immune system. This involves surveillance of ‘self’ and ‘non-self,’ molecule-based systemic signalling and metabolic adaptations involving primary and secondary metabolites as well as epigenetic modulation mechanisms. Establishment of a pre-conditioned or primed state can sensitise or enhance aspects of innate immunity for faster and stronger responses. Comprehensive elucidation of the molecular and biochemical processes associated with the phenotypic defence state is vital for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that define the metabolism of plant–pathogen interactions. Such insights are essential for translational research and applications. Thus, this review highlights the prospects of metabolomics and addresses current challenges that hinder the realisation of the full potential of the field. Such limitations include partial coverage of the metabolome and maximising the value of metabolomics data (extraction of information and interpretation). Furthermore, the review points out key features that characterise both the plant innate immune system and enhancement of the latter, thus underlining insights from metabolomic studies in plant priming. Future perspectives in this inspiring area are included, with the aim of stimulating further studies leading to a better understanding of plant immunity at the metabolome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidele Tugizimana
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
| | - Msizi I Mhlongo
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
| | - Lizelle A Piater
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
| | - Ian A Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
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159
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Florencio-Ortiz V, Sellés-Marchart S, Zubcoff-Vallejo J, Jander G, Casas JL. Changes in the free amino acid composition of Capsicum annuum (pepper) leaves in response to Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) infestation. A comparison with water stress. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198093. [PMID: 29856878 PMCID: PMC5983507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acids play a central role in aphid-plant interactions. They are essential components of plant primary metabolism, function as precursors for the synthesis of defense-related specialized metabolites, and are major growth-limiting nutrients for aphids. To quantify changes in the free amino acid content of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) leaves in response to green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) feeding, plants were infested with a low (20 aphids/plant) or a high (200 aphids/plant) aphid density in time-course experiments ranging from 3 hours to 7 days. A parallel experiment was conducted with pepper plants that had been subjected to water stress. Factor Analysis of Mixed Data revealed a significant interaction of time x density in the free amino acid response of aphid-infested leaves. At low aphid density, M. persicae did not trigger a strong response in pepper leaves. Conversely, at high density, a large increase in total free amino acid content was observed and specific amino acids peaked at different times post-infestation. Comparing aphid-infested with water-stressed plants, most of the observed differences were quantitative. In particular, proline and hydroxyproline accumulated dramatically in response to water stress, but not in response to aphid infestation. Some additional differences and commonalities between the two stress treatments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Florencio-Ortiz
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación CIBIO (Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad), University of Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Susana Sellés-Marchart
- Genomics and Proteomics Unit, Servicios Técnicos de Investigación, University of Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - José Zubcoff-Vallejo
- Departamento de Ciencias del Mar y Biología Aplicada, University of Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - José L. Casas
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación CIBIO (Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad), University of Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
- * E-mail:
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160
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Gruner K, Zeier T, Aretz C, Zeier J. A critical role for Arabidopsis MILDEW RESISTANCE LOCUS O2 in systemic acquired resistance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:1064-1082. [PMID: 29660188 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Members of the MILDEW RESISTANCE LOCUS O (MLO) gene family confer susceptibility to powdery mildews in different plant species, and their existence therefore seems to be disadvantageous for the plant. We recognized that expression of the Arabidopsis MLO2 gene is induced after inoculation with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, promoted by salicylic acid (SA) signaling, and systemically enhanced in the foliage of plants exhibiting systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Importantly, distinct mlo2 mutant lines were unable to systemically increase resistance to bacterial infection after inoculation with P. syringae, indicating that the function of MLO2 is necessary for biologically induced SAR in Arabidopsis. Our data also suggest that the close homolog MLO6 has a supportive but less critical role in SAR. In contrast to SAR, basal resistance to bacterial infection was not affected in mlo2. Remarkably, SAR-defective mlo2 mutants were still competent in systemically increasing the levels of the SAR-activating metabolites pipecolic acid (Pip) and SA after inoculation, and to enhance SAR-related gene expression in distal plant parts. Furthermore, although MLO2 was not required for SA- or Pip-inducible defense gene expression, it was essential for the proper induction of disease resistance by both SAR signals. We conclude that MLO2 acts as a critical downstream component in the execution of SAR to bacterial infection, being required for the translation of elevated defense responses into disease resistance. Moreover, our data suggest a function for MLO2 in the activation of plant defense priming during challenge by P. syringae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Gruner
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
| | - Tatyana Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
| | - Christina Aretz
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
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161
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Gupta MK, Vadde R, Donde R, Gouda G, Kumar J, Nayak S, Jena M, Behera L. Insights into the structure–function relationship of brown plant hopper resistance protein, Bph14 of rice plant: a computational structural biology approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:1649-1665. [PMID: 29633905 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1462737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University , Kadapa, India
| | - Ramakrishna Vadde
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University , Kadapa, India
| | - Ravindra Donde
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (Formerly CRRI) , Cuttack, India
| | - Gayatri Gouda
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (Formerly CRRI) , Cuttack, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (Formerly CRRI) , Cuttack, India
| | - Subhashree Nayak
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (Formerly CRRI) , Cuttack, India
| | - Mayabini Jena
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (Formerly CRRI) , Cuttack, India
| | - Lambodar Behera
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (Formerly CRRI) , Cuttack, India
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162
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Hartmann M, Zeier T, Bernsdorff F, Reichel-Deland V, Kim D, Hohmann M, Scholten N, Schuck S, Bräutigam A, Hölzel T, Ganter C, Zeier J. Flavin Monooxygenase-Generated N-Hydroxypipecolic Acid Is a Critical Element of Plant Systemic Immunity. Cell 2018; 173:456-469.e16. [PMID: 29576453 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Following a previous microbial inoculation, plants can induce broad-spectrum immunity to pathogen infection, a phenomenon known as systemic acquired resistance (SAR). SAR establishment in Arabidopsis thaliana is regulated by the Lys catabolite pipecolic acid (Pip) and flavin-dependent-monooxygenase1 (FMO1). Here, we show that elevated Pip is sufficient to induce an FMO1-dependent transcriptional reprogramming of leaves that is reminiscent of SAR. In planta and in vitro analyses demonstrate that FMO1 functions as a pipecolate N-hydroxylase, catalyzing the biochemical conversion of Pip to N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP). NHP systemically accumulates in plants after microbial attack. When exogenously applied, it overrides the defect of NHP-deficient fmo1 in acquired resistance and acts as a potent inducer of plant immunity to bacterial and oomycete infection. Our work has identified a pathogen-inducible L-Lys catabolic pathway in plants that generates the N-hydroxylated amino acid NHP as a critical regulator of systemic acquired resistance to pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hartmann
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tatyana Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Friederike Bernsdorff
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vanessa Reichel-Deland
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Denis Kim
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michele Hohmann
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicola Scholten
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Schuck
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Bräutigam
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Torsten Hölzel
- Institute of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Ganter
- Institute of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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163
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Thalineau E, Fournier C, Gravot A, Wendehenne D, Jeandroz S, Truong H. Nitrogen modulation of Medicago truncatula resistance to Aphanomyces euteiches depends on plant genotype. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:664-676. [PMID: 28296004 PMCID: PMC6638142 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) availability can impact plant resistance to pathogens by the regulation of plant immunity. To better understand the links between N nutrition and plant defence, we analysed the impact of N availability on Medicago truncatula resistance to the root pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches. This oomycete is considered to be the most limiting factor for legume production. Ten plant genotypes were tested in vitro for their resistance to A. euteiches in either complete or nitrate-deficient medium. N deficiency led to enhanced or reduced susceptibility depending on the plant genotype. Focusing on four genotypes displaying contrasting responses, we determined the impact of N deficiency on plant growth and shoot N concentration, and performed expression analyses on N- and defence-related genes, as well as the quantification of soluble phenolics and different amino acids in roots. Our analyses suggest that N modulation of plant resistance is not linked to plant response to N deprivation or to mechanisms previously identified to be involved in plant resistance. Furthermore, our studies highlight a role of glutamine in mediating the susceptibility to A. euteiches in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Thalineau
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | - Carine Fournier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | | | - David Wendehenne
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | - Sylvain Jeandroz
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | - Hoai‐Nam Truong
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
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164
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Hawkins LK, Warburton ML, Tang J, Tomashek J, Alves Oliveira D, Ogunola OF, Smith JS, Williams WP. Survey of Candidate Genes for Maize Resistance to Infection by Aspergillus flavus and/or Aflatoxin Contamination. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E61. [PMID: 29385107 PMCID: PMC5848162 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many projects have identified candidate genes for resistance to aflatoxin accumulation or Aspergillus flavus infection and growth in maize using genetic mapping, genomics, transcriptomics and/or proteomics studies. However, only a small percentage of these candidates have been validated in field conditions, and their relative contribution to resistance, if any, is unknown. This study presents a consolidated list of candidate genes identified in past studies or in-house studies, with descriptive data including genetic location, gene annotation, known protein identifiers, and associated pathway information, if known. A candidate gene pipeline to test the phenotypic effect of any maize DNA sequence on aflatoxin accumulation resistance was used in this study to determine any measurable effect on polymorphisms within or linked to the candidate gene sequences, and the results are published here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh K Hawkins
- USDA ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Marilyn L Warburton
- USDA ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Juliet Tang
- USDA FS Durability and Wood Protection Research Unit, Starkville, MS 39759, USA.
| | - John Tomashek
- Integrated Micro-Chromatography Systems LLC, Irmo, SC 29063, USA.
| | - Dafne Alves Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762 USA.
| | - Oluwaseun F Ogunola
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - J Spencer Smith
- USDA ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - W Paul Williams
- USDA ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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165
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Maksym RP, Ghirardo A, Zhang W, von Saint Paul V, Lange B, Geist B, Hajirezaei MR, Schnitzler JP, Schäffner AR. The Defense-Related Isoleucic Acid Differentially Accumulates in Arabidopsis Among Branched-Chain Amino Acid-Related 2-Hydroxy Carboxylic Acids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:766. [PMID: 29937770 PMCID: PMC6002512 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) related 2-hydroxy carboxylic acid isoleucic acid (ILA) enhances salicylic acid-mediated pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana. ILA has been identified in A. thaliana as its glucose conjugate correlated with the activity of the small-molecule glucosyltransferase UGT76B1, which can glucosylate both salicylic acid and ILA in vitro. However, endogenous levels of the ILA aglycon have not yet been determined in planta. To quantify ILA as well as the related leucic acid (LA) and valic acid (VA) in plant extracts, a sensitive method based on the derivatization of small carboxylic acids by silylation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis was developed. ILA was present in all species tested including several monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants as well as broadleaf and coniferous trees, whereas LA and VA were only detectable in a few species. In A. thaliana both ILA and LA were found. However, their levels varied during plant growth and in root vs. leaves. ILA levels were higher in 2-week-old leaves and decreased in older plants, whereas LA exhibited a reverted accumulation pattern. Roots displayed higher ILA and LA levels compared to leaves. ILA was inversely related to UGT76B1 expression level indicating that UGT76B1 glucosylates ILA in planta. In contrast, LA was not affected by the expression of UGT76B1. To address the relation of both 2-hydroxy acids to plant defense, we studied ILA and LA levels upon infection by Pseudomonas syringae. LA abundance remained unaffected, whereas ILA was reduced. This change suggests an ILA-related attenuation of the salicylic acid response. Collectively, the BCAA-related ILA and LA differentially accumulated in Arabidopsis, supporting a specific role and regulation of the defense-modulating small-molecule ILA among these 2-hydroxy acids. The new sensitive method will pave the way to further unravel their role in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał P. Maksym
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit for Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Lange
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Birgit Geist
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit for Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anton R. Schäffner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anton R. Schäffner,
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Kang ZW, Liu FH, Tan XL, Zhang ZF, Zhu JY, Tian HG, Liu TX. Infection of Powdery Mildew Reduces the Fitness of Grain Aphids ( Sitobion avenae) Through Restricted Nutrition and Induced Defense Response in Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:778. [PMID: 29967627 PMCID: PMC6015903 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In natural ecological systems, plants are often simultaneously attacked by both insects and pathogens, which can affect each other's performance and the interactions can be extended to higher trophic levels, such as parasitoids. The English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) and powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) are two common antagonists that pose a serious threat to wheat production. Numerous studies have investigated the effect of a single factor (insect or pathogen) on wheat production. However, investigation on the interactions among insect pests, pathogens, and parasitoids within the wheat crop system are rare. Furthermore, the influence of the fungicide, propiconazole, has been found to imitate the natural ecosystem. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of B. graminis on the biological performance of grain aphids and the orientation behavior of its endoparasitic wasp Aphidius gifuensis in the wheat system. Our findings indicated that B. graminis infection suppressed the feeding behavior, adult and nymph weight, and fecundity and prolonged the developmental time of S. avenae. We found that wheat host plants had decreased proportions of essential amino acids and higher content of sucrose following aggravated B. graminis infection. The contents of Pro and Gln increased in the wheat plant tissues after B. graminis infection. In addition, B. graminis infection elicited immune responses in wheat: increase in the expression of defense genes, content of total phenolic compounds, and activity of three related antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, co-infection of B. graminis and S. avenae increased the attraction to A. gifuensis compare to that after infestation with aphids alone. In conclusion, our results indicated that B. graminis infection adversely affected the performance of S. avenae in wheat through restricted nutrition and induced defense response. Furthermore, the preference of parasitoids in such an interactive environment might provide an important basis for pest management control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Fang-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jing-Yun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hong-Gang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- *Correspondence: Tong-Xian Liu,
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167
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Proteomics reveals key proteins participating in growth difference between fall dormant and non-dormant alfalfa in terminal buds. J Proteomics 2017; 173:126-138. [PMID: 29229487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To explore the molecular mechanism of growth differences between fall dormant (FD) and non-FD alfalfa, we conducted iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics on terminal buds of Maverick (FD) and Cuf101 (non-FD) cultivars, identified differential abundance protein species (DAPS) and verified expression profiling of certain corresponding mRNA by qRT-PCR. A total of 3872 protein species were annotated. Of the 90 DAPS, 56 and 34 were respectively up- and down-accumulated in Maverick, compared to Cuf101. They were grouped into 35 functional categories and enriched in seven pathways. Of which, auxin polar transport was up-regulated, while phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, pyruvate metabolism and transportation, vitamin B1 synthesis process and flavonoid biosynthesis were down-regulated in Maverick, comparing with Cuf101. In Maverick, mRNA abundances of l-asparaginase, chalcone and stilbene synthase family protein, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase-like protein, thiazole biosynthetic enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 beta subunit, and aldo/keto reductase family oxidoreductase were significantly lower at FD than at other stages, and lower than in Cuf101. We also observed opposite mRNA profiles of thiazole biosynthetic enzyme, chalcone and stilbene synthase family protein, pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 beta subunit in both cultivars from summer to autumn. Our results suggest that these DAPS could play important roles in growth difference between FD and non-FD alfalfa. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Up to now, as far as we know, currently the proteins related with the growth differences between FD and non-FD alfalfa cultivars in autumn have not yet been identified in terminal buds. This study identified the protein species expressed in alfalfa terminal buds, selected differentially abundant protein species in terminal buds between Maverick (FD) and Cuf101 (non-FD) cultivars in autumn and identified the important protein species participated in the growth differences. This study lays a foundation for further investigation of the molecular mechanism of the growth differences between FD and non-FD alfalfa and the cultivation of advanced alfalfa cultivars.
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168
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Fu S, Shao J, Paul C, Zhou C, Hartung JS. Transcriptional analysis of sweet orange trees co-infected with 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' and mild or severe strains of Citrus tristeza virus. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:837. [PMID: 29089035 PMCID: PMC5664567 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus worldwide is threatened by huanglongbing (HLB) and tristeza diseases caused by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CaLas) and Citrus tristeza virus (CTV). Although the pathogens are members of the α-proteobacteria and Closteroviridae, respectively, both are restricted to phloem cells in infected citrus and are transmitted by insect vectors. The response of sweet orange to single infection by either of these two pathogens has been characterized previously by global gene expression analysis. But because of the ubiquity of these pathogens where the diseases occur, co-infection by both pathogens is very common and could lead to increased disease severity based on synergism. We therefore co-inoculated sweet orange trees with CaLas and either a mild or a severe strain of CTV, and measured changes of gene expression in host plants. RESULTS In plants infected with CaLas-B232, the overall alteration in gene expression was much greater in plants co-inoculated with the severe strain of CTV, B6, than when co-infected with the mild strain of CTV, B2. Plants co-infected with CaLas-B232 and either strain of CTV died but trees co-infected with CTV-B2 survived much longer than those co-infected with CTV-B6. Many important pathways were perturbed by both CTV-B2/CaLas-B232 and/or CTV-B6/CaLas-B232, but always more severely by CTV-B6/CaLas-B232. Genes related to cell wall modification and metal transport responded differently to infection by the pathogens in combination than by the same pathogens singly. The expressions of genes encoding phloem proteins and sucrose loading proteins were also differentially altered in response to CTV-B2 or CTV-B6 in combination with CaLas-B232, leading to different phloem environments in plants co-infected by CaLas and mild or severe CTV. CONCLUSIONS Many host genes were expressed differently in response to dual infection as compared to single infections with the same pathogens. Interactions of the pathogens within the host may lead to a better or worse result for the host plant. CTV-B6 may exert a synergistic effect with CaLas-B232 in weakening the plant; on the other hand, the responses activated by the mild strain CTV-B2 may provide some beneficial effects against CaLas-B232 by increasing the defense response of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Fu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD USA
| | - Jonathan Shao
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD USA
| | - Cristina Paul
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD USA
| | - Changyong Zhou
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - John S. Hartung
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD USA
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169
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Studies on the constituents of Helleborus purpurascens: analysis and biological activity of the aqueous and organic extracts. Amino Acids 2017; 50:163-188. [PMID: 29027024 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In Southeast Europe, the ethnomedicinal use of Helleborus species has a very long tradition. Cardiac steroids (Hellebrin), cysteine-rich proteins (Hellethionins) and several steroidal saponins have been identified in these plants. Aim of the present work was to investigate the amino acid composition of native extracts from the root and rootstock of Helleborus purpurascens. The amino acids have been identified by the GC-MS technique on the previously derivatised (Phenomenex Faast Kit) extract samples by comparison with the mass spectra and retention-time of the standards. A remarkable finding was a relatively intensive peak attributed to the non-proteinogenic Pipecolic acid (Pic). A cyclisation of the derivatised glutamine was observed during the GC measurement and a mechanistic pathway is described. Samples of the extract and of some isolated fractions have also been tested on; altogether 12 cancer cell lines aimed to identify further potentially cytostatic components which should be less toxic than Hellebrin. The finding of one Hellebrin-free fraction (IC50 = 0.007 mg/L) with higher cytotoxicity than Hellebrin (IC50 = 0.008 mg/L) is remarkable.
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170
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Turetschek R, Desalegn G, Epple T, Kaul HP, Wienkoop S. Key metabolic traits of Pisum sativum maintain cell vitality during Didymella pinodes infection: cultivar resistance and the microsymbionts' influence. J Proteomics 2017; 169:189-201. [PMID: 28268116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ascochyta blight causes severe losses in field pea production and the search for resistance traits towards the causal agent Didymella pinodes is of particular importance for farmers. Various microsymbionts have been reported to shape the plants' immune response. However, regardless their contribution to resistance, they are hardly included in experimental designs. We delineate the effect of symbionts (rhizobia, mycorrhiza) on the leaf proteome and metabolome of two field pea cultivars with varying resistance levels against D. pinodes and, furthermore, show cultivar specific symbiont colonisation efficiency. The pathogen infection showed a stronger influence on the interaction with the microsymbionts in the susceptible cultivar, which was reflected in decreased nodule weight and root mycorrhiza colonisation. Vice versa, symbionts induced variation of the host's infection response which, however, was overruled by genotypic resistance associated traits of the tolerant cultivar such as maintenance of photosynthesis and provision of sugars and carbon back bones to fuel secondary metabolism. Moreover, resistance appears to be linked to sulphur metabolism, a functional glutathione-ascorbate hub and fine adjustment of jasmonate and ethylene synthesis to suppress induced cell death. We conclude that these metabolic traits are essential for sustainment of cell vitality and thus, a more efficient infection response. SIGNIFICANCE The infection response of two Pisum sativum cultivars with varying resistance levels towards Didymella pinodes was analysed most comprehensively at proteomic and metabolomic levels. Enhanced tolerance was linked to newly discovered cultivar specific metabolic traits such as hormone synthesis and presumably suppression of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Turetschek
- University of Vienna, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Austria
| | - Getinet Desalegn
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Crop Sciences, Austria
| | - Tamara Epple
- University of Vienna, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Kaul
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Crop Sciences, Austria
| | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- University of Vienna, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Austria.
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171
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Microbiome of Pacific Whiteleg shrimp reveals differential bacterial community composition between Wild, Aquacultured and AHPND/EMS outbreak conditions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11783. [PMID: 28924190 PMCID: PMC5603525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11805-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Crustaceans form the second largest subphylum on Earth, which includes Litopeneaus vannamei (Pacific whiteleg shrimp), one of the most cultured shrimp worldwide. Despite efforts to study the shrimp microbiota, little is known about it from shrimp obtained from the open sea and the role that aquaculture plays in microbiota remodeling. Here, the microbiota from the hepatopancreas and intestine of wild type (wt) and aquacultured whiteleg shrimp and pond sediment from hatcheries were characterized using sequencing of seven hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Cultured shrimp with AHPND/EMS disease symptoms were also included. We found that (i) microbiota and their predicted metagenomic functions were different between wt and cultured shrimp; (ii) independent of the shrimp source, the microbiota of the hepatopancreas and intestine was different; (iii) the microbial diversity between the sediment and intestines of cultured shrimp was similar; and (iv) associated to an early development of AHPND/EMS disease, we found changes in the microbiome and the appearance of disease-specific bacteria. Notably, under cultured conditions, we identified bacterial taxa enriched in healthy shrimp, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Pantoea agglomerans, and communities enriched in diseased shrimp, such as Aeromonas taiwanensis, Simiduia agarivorans and Photobacterium angustum.
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172
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Pagter M, Alpers J, Erban A, Kopka J, Zuther E, Hincha DK. Rapid transcriptional and metabolic regulation of the deacclimation process in cold acclimated Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:731. [PMID: 28915789 PMCID: PMC5602955 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During low temperature exposure, temperate plant species increase their freezing tolerance in a process termed cold acclimation. This is accompanied by dampened oscillations of circadian clock genes and disrupted oscillations of output genes and metabolites. During deacclimation in response to warm temperatures, cold acclimated plants lose freezing tolerance and resume growth and development. While considerable effort has been directed toward understanding the molecular and metabolic basis of cold acclimation, much less information is available about the regulation of deacclimation. Results We report metabolic (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) and transcriptional (microarrays, quantitative RT-PCR) responses underlying deacclimation during the first 24 h after a shift of Arabidopsis thaliana (Columbia-0) plants cold acclimated at 4 °C back to warm temperature (20 °C). The data reveal a faster response of the transcriptome than of the metabolome and provide evidence for tightly regulated temporal responses at both levels. Metabolically, deacclimation is associated with decreasing contents of sugars, amino acids, glycolytic and TCA cycle intermediates, indicating an increased need for carbon sources and respiratory energy production for the activation of growth. The early phase of deacclimation also involves extensive down-regulation of protein synthesis and changes in the metabolism of lipids and cell wall components. Hormonal regulation appears particularly important during deacclimation, with extensive changes in the expression of genes related to auxin, gibberellin, brassinosteroid, jasmonate and ethylene metabolism. Members of several transcription factor families that control fundamental aspects of morphogenesis and development are significantly regulated during deacclimation, emphasizing that loss of freezing tolerance and growth resumption are transcriptionally highly interrelated processes. Expression patterns of some clock oscillator components resembled those under warm conditions, indicating at least partial re-activation of the circadian clock during deacclimation. Conclusions This study provides the first combined metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of the regulation of deacclimation in cold acclimated plants. The data indicate cascades of rapidly regulated genes and metabolites that underlie the developmental switch resulting in reduced freezing tolerance and the resumption of growth. They constitute a large-scale dataset of genes, metabolites and pathways that are crucial during the initial phase of deacclimation. The data will be an important reference for further analyses of this and other important but under-researched stress deacclimation processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4126-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majken Pagter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Present address: Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220, Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Jessica Alpers
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ellen Zuther
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dirk K Hincha
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany.
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173
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Wu X, Cai K, Zhang G, Zeng F. Metabolite Profiling of Barley Grains Subjected to Water Stress: To Explain the Genotypic Difference in Drought-Induced Impacts on Malting Quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1547. [PMID: 28936221 PMCID: PMC5594086 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Grain weight and protein content will be reduced and increased, respectively, when barley is subjected to water stress after anthesis, consequently deteriorating the malt quality. However, such adverse impact of water stress differs greatly among barley genotypes. In this study, two Tibetan wild barley accessions and two cultivated varieties differing in water stress tolerance were used to investigate the genotypic difference in metabolic profiles during grain-filling stage under drought condition. Totally, 71 differently accumulated metabolites were identified, including organic acids, amino acids/amines, and sugars/sugar alcohols. Their relative contents were significantly affected by water stress for all genotypes and differed distinctly between the wild and cultivated barleys. The principal component analysis of metabolites indicated that the Tibetan wild barley XZ147 possessed a unique response to water stress. When subjected to water stress, the wild barley XZ147 showed the most increase of β-amylase activity among the four genotypes, as a result of its higher lysine content, less indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis, more stable H2O2 homeostasis, and more up-regulation of BMY1 gene. On the other hand, XZ147 had the most reduction of β-glucan content under water stress than the other genotypes, which could be explained by the faster grain filling process and the less expression of β-glucan synthase gene GSL7. All these results indicated a great potential for XZ147 in barley breeding for improving water stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Wu
- Agronomy Department, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Kangfeng Cai
- Agronomy Department, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Agronomy Department, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- Agronomy Department, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
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174
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Garcia-Seco D, Chiapello M, Bracale M, Pesce C, Bagnaresi P, Dubois E, Moulin L, Vannini C, Koebnik R. Transcriptome and proteome analysis reveal new insight into proximal and distal responses of wheat to foliar infection by Xanthomonas translucens. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10157. [PMID: 28860643 PMCID: PMC5579275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10568-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular details of local plant response against Xanthomonas translucens infection is largely unknown. Moreover, there is no knowledge about effects of the pathogen on the root's transcriptome and proteome. Therefore, we investigated the global gene and protein expression changes both in leaves and roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum) 24 h post leaf infection of X. translucens. This simultaneous analysis allowed us to obtain insight into possible metabolic rearrangements in above- and belowground tissues and to identify common responses as well as specific alterations. At the site of infection, we observed the implication of various components of the recognition, signaling, and amplification mechanisms in plant response to the pathogen. Moreover, data indicate a massive down-regulation of photosynthesis and confirm the chloroplast as crucial signaling hub during pathogen attack. Notably, roots responded as well to foliar attack and their response significantly differed from that locally triggered in infected leaves. Data indicate that roots as a site of energy production and synthesis of various secondary metabolites may actively influence the composition and colonisation level of root-associated microbes. Finally, our results emphasize the accumulation of jasmonic acid, pipecolic acid and/or the downstream mediator of hydrogen peroxide as long distal signals from infected leaves to roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Garcia-Seco
- IRD, Cirad, Univ. Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME), 34394, Montpellier, France.
| | - M Chiapello
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - M Bracale
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - C Pesce
- IRD, Cirad, Univ. Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME), 34394, Montpellier, France
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology Phytopathology, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - P Bagnaresi
- Council for agricultural research and economics (CREA) - Genomics Research Centre, via San Protaso 302, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Piacenza, Italy
| | - E Dubois
- CNRS, Montpellier GenomiX, c/o Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 rue de la Cardonille, Montpellier Cedex 34, France
| | - L Moulin
- IRD, Cirad, Univ. Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME), 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - C Vannini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | - R Koebnik
- IRD, Cirad, Univ. Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME), 34394, Montpellier, France
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175
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Killiny N, Nehela Y. Metabolomic Response to Huanglongbing: Role of Carboxylic Compounds in Citrus sinensis Response to 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' and Its Vector, Diaphorina citri. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:666-678. [PMID: 28510485 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-17-0106-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing, a destructive disease of citrus, is caused by the fastidious bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' and transmitted by Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. The impact of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' infection or D. citri infestation on Valencia sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) leaf metabolites was investigated using gas chromatography mass spectrometry, followed by gene expression analysis for 37 genes involved in jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and proline-glutamine pathways. The total amino acid abundance increased after 'Ca. L. asiaticus' infection, while the total fatty acids increased dramatically after infestation with D. citri, compared with control plants. Seven amino acids (glycine, l-isoleucine, l-phenylalanine, l-proline, l-serine, l-threonine, and l-tryptophan) and five organic acids (benzoic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, SA, and succinic acid) increased in 'Ca. L. asiaticus'-infected plants. On the other hand, the abundance of trans-JA and its precursor α-linolenic increased in D. citri-infested plants. Surprisingly, the double attack of both D. citri infestation and 'Ca. L. asiaticus' infection moderated the metabolic changes in all chemical classes studied. In addition, the gene expression analysis supported these results. Based on these findings, we suggest that, although amino acids such as phenylalanine are involved in citrus defense against 'Ca. L. asiaticus' infection through the activation of an SA-mediated pathway, fatty acids, especially α-linolenic acid, are involved in defense against D. citri infestation via the induction of a JA-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred 33850, U.S.A.; and
| | - Yasser Nehela
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred 33850, U.S.A.; and
- 2 Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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176
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Tzin V, Hojo Y, Strickler SR, Bartsch LJ, Archer CM, Ahern KR, Zhou S, Christensen SA, Galis I, Mueller LA, Jander G. Rapid defense responses in maize leaves induced by Spodoptera exigua caterpillar feeding. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4709-4723. [PMID: 28981781 PMCID: PMC5853842 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Insects such as the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) cause extensive damage to maize (Zea mays). Maize plants respond by triggering defense signaling, changes in gene expression, and biosynthesis of specialized metabolites. Leaves of maize inbred line B73, which has an available genome sequence, were infested with S. exigua for 1 to 24 h, followed by comparisons of the transcript and metabolite profiles with those of uninfested controls. The most extensive gene expression responses occurred rapidly, within 4-6 h after caterpillar infestation. However, both gene expression and metabolite profiles were altered within 1 h and continued to change during the entire 24 h experiment. The defensive functions of three caterpillar-induced genes were examined using available Dissociation transposon insertions in maize inbred line W22. Whereas mutations in the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis pathway (Bx1 and Bx2) significantly improved caterpillar growth, the knockout of a 13-lipoxygenase (Lox8) involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis did not. Interestingly, 9-lipoxygenases, which lead to the production of maize death acids, were more strongly induced by caterpillar feeding than 13-lipoxygenases, suggesting an as yet unknown function in maize defense against herbivory. Together, these results provide a comprehensive view of the dynamic transcriptomic and metabolomic responses of maize leaves to caterpillar feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Tzin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Yuko Hojo
- Okayama University, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Susan R Strickler
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lee J Bartsch
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Cairo M Archer
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kevin R Ahern
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shaoqun Zhou
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- USDA-ARS Chemistry Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ivan Galis
- Okayama University, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Lukas A Mueller
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, USA
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177
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Dinkeloo K, Boyd S, Pilot G. Update on amino acid transporter functions and on possible amino acid sensing mechanisms in plants. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 74:105-113. [PMID: 28705659 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are essential components of plant metabolism, not only as constituents of proteins, but also as precursors of important secondary metabolites and as carriers of organic nitrogen between the organs of the plant. Transport across intracellular membranes and translocation of amino acids within the plant is mediated by membrane amino acid transporters. The past few years have seen the identification of a new family of amino acid transporters in Arabidopsis, the characterization of intracellular amino acid transporters, and the discovery of new roles for already known proteins. While amino acid metabolism needs to be tightly coordinated with amino acid transport activity and carbohydrate metabolism, no gene involved in amino acid sensing in plants has been unequivocally identified to date. This review aims at summarizing the recent data accumulated on the identity and function of amino acid transporters in plants, and discussing the possible identity of amino acid sensors based on data from other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasia Dinkeloo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Shelton Boyd
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Guillaume Pilot
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
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178
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Jiang Z, He F, Zhang Z. Large-scale transcriptome analysis reveals arabidopsis metabolic pathways are frequently influenced by different pathogens. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 94:453-467. [PMID: 28540497 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Through large-scale transcriptional data analyses, we highlighted the importance of plant metabolism in plant immunity and identified 26 metabolic pathways that were frequently influenced by the infection of 14 different pathogens. Reprogramming of plant metabolism is a common phenomenon in plant defense responses. Currently, a large number of transcriptional profiles of infected tissues in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) have been deposited in public databases, which provides a great opportunity to understand the expression patterns of metabolic pathways during plant defense responses at the systems level. Here, we performed a large-scale transcriptome analysis based on 135 previously published expression samples, including 14 different pathogens, to explore the expression pattern of Arabidopsis metabolic pathways. Overall, metabolic genes are significantly changed in expression during plant defense responses. Upregulated metabolic genes are enriched on defense responses, and downregulated genes are enriched on photosynthesis, fatty acid and lipid metabolic processes. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) identifies 26 frequently differentially expressed metabolic pathways (FreDE_Paths) that are differentially expressed in more than 60% of infected samples. These pathways are involved in the generation of energy, fatty acid and lipid metabolism as well as secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Clustering analysis based on the expression levels of these 26 metabolic pathways clearly distinguishes infected and control samples, further suggesting the importance of these metabolic pathways in plant defense responses. By comparing with FreDE_Paths from abiotic stresses, we find that the expression patterns of 26 FreDE_Paths from biotic stresses are more consistent across different infected samples. By investigating the expression correlation between transcriptional factors (TFs) and FreDE_Paths, we identify several notable relationships. Collectively, the current study will deepen our understanding of plant metabolism in plant immunity and provide new insights into disease-resistant crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei He
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Ziding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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179
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Valim MF, Killiny N. Occurrence of free fatty acids in the phloem sap of different citrus varieties. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1327497. [PMID: 28532234 PMCID: PMC5566350 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1327497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus is a phloem restricted bacterium that causes citrus greening disease or huanglongbing (HLB), a major treat to commercial citrus production in Florida. It is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, a phloem sap-feeding insect. Studies conducted on the composition of citrus phloem sap revealed the presence amino acids, organic acids and sugars and of low amounts of free fatty acids. In the present study, the phloem sap of 12 citrus varieties with different degrees of tolerance to HLB were extracted with ethyl acetate and analyzed by GC-MS after derivatization with boron trifluoride, a fatty acid-specific reagent. Nine free fatty acids were detected in all varieties. Of the 9 fatty acids detected, only capric acid was significantly different among varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Filomena Valim
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
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180
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Krysenko S, Okoniewski N, Kulik A, Matthews A, Grimpo J, Wohlleben W, Bera A. Gamma-Glutamylpolyamine Synthetase GlnA3 Is Involved in the First Step of Polyamine Degradation Pathway in Streptomyces coelicolor M145. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:726. [PMID: 28487688 PMCID: PMC5403932 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces coelicolor M145 was shown to be able to grow in the presence of high concentrations of polyamines, such as putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, or spermine, as a sole nitrogen source. However, hardly anything is known about polyamine utilization and its regulation in streptomycetes. In this study, we demonstrated that only one of the three proteins annotated as glutamine synthetase-like protein, GlnA3 (SCO6962), was involved in the catabolism of polyamines. Transcriptional analysis revealed that the expression of glnA3 was strongly induced by exogenous polyamines and repressed in the presence of ammonium. The ΔglnA3 mutant was shown to be unable to grow on defined Evans agar supplemented with putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, and spermine as sole nitrogen source. HPLC analysis demonstrated that the ΔglnA3 mutant accumulated polyamines intracellularly, but was unable to degrade them. In a rich complex medium supplemented with a mixture of the four different polyamines, the ΔglnA3 mutant grew poorly showing abnormal mycelium morphology and decreased life span in comparison to the parental strain. These observations indicated that the accumulation of polyamines was toxic for the cell. An in silico analysis of the GlnA3 protein model suggested that it might act as a gamma-glutamylpolyamine synthetase catalyzing the first step of polyamine degradation. GlnA3-catalyzed glutamylation of putrescine was confirmed in an enzymatic in vitro assay and the GlnA3 reaction product, gamma-glutamylputrescine, was detected by HPLC/ESI-MS. In this work, the first step of polyamine utilization in S. coelicolor has been elucidated and the putative polyamine utilization pathway has been deduced based on the sequence similarity and transcriptional analysis of homologous genes expressed in the presence of polyamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergii Krysenko
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Okoniewski
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kulik
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Arne Matthews
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Grimpo
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wohlleben
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Bera
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
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181
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Shahzad R, Khan AL, Bilal S, Asaf S, Lee IJ. Plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria versus pathogenic infections: an example of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RWL-1 and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3107. [PMID: 28321368 PMCID: PMC5357341 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogenic attacks are one of the major threats to the growth and productivity of crop plants. Currently, instead of synthetic fungicides, the use of plant growth-promoting bacterial endophytes has been considered intriguingly eco-friendly in nature. Here, we aimed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo antagonistic approach by using seed-borne endophytic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RWL-1 against pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. The results revealed significant suppression of pathogenic fungal growth by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in vitro. Further to this, we inoculated tomato plants with RWL-1 and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in the root zone. The results showed that the growth attributes and biomass were significantly enhanced by endophytic-inoculation during disease incidence as compared to F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici infected plants. Under pathogenic infection, the RWL-1-applied plants showed increased amino acid metabolism of cell wall related (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine (Ser), and proline (Pro)) as compared to diseased plants. In case of endogenous phytohormones, significantly lower amount of jasmonic acid (JA) and higher amount of salicylic acid (SA) contents was recorded in RWL-1-treated diseased plants. The phytohormones regulation in disease incidences might be correlated with the ability of RWL-1 to produce organic acids (e.g., succinic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and citric acid) during the inoculation and infection of tomato plants. The current findings suggest that RWL-1 inoculation promoted and rescued plant growth by modulating defense hormones and regulating amino acids. This suggests that bacterial endophytes could be used for possible control of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in an eco-friendly way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheem Shahzad
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Abdul Latif Khan
- Chair of Oman’s Medicinal Plants & Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Saqib Bilal
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sajjad Asaf
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - In-Jung Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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182
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Donze-Reiner T, Palmer NA, Scully ED, Prochaska TJ, Koch KG, Heng-Moss T, Bradshaw JD, Twigg P, Amundsen K, Sattler SE, Sarath G. Transcriptional analysis of defense mechanisms in upland tetraploid switchgrass to greenbugs. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:46. [PMID: 28209137 PMCID: PMC5314684 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-0998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphid infestation of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) has the potential to reduce yields and biomass quality. Although switchgrass-greenbug (Schizaphis graminum; GB) interactions have been studied at the whole plant level, little information is available on plant defense responses at the molecular level. RESULTS The global transcriptomic response of switchgrass cv Summer to GB was monitored by RNA-Seq in infested and control (uninfested) plants harvested at 5, 10, and 15 days after infestation (DAI). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in infested plants were analyzed relative to control uninfested plants at each time point. DEGs in GB-infested plants induced by 5-DAI included an upregulation of reactive burst oxidases and several cell wall receptors. Expression changes in genes linked to redox metabolism, cell wall structure, and hormone biosynthesis were also observed by 5-DAI. At 10-DAI, network analysis indicated a massive upregulation of defense-associated genes, including NAC, WRKY, and MYB classes of transcription factors and potential ancillary signaling molecules such as leucine aminopeptidases. Molecular evidence for loss of chloroplastic functions was also detected at this time point. Supporting these molecular changes, chlorophyll content was significantly decreased, and ROS levels were elevated in infested plants 10-DAI. Total peroxidase and laccase activities were elevated in infested plants at 10-DAI relative to control uninfested plants. The net result appeared to be a broad scale defensive response that led to an apparent reduction in C and N assimilation and a potential redirection of nutrients away from GB and towards the production of defensive compounds, such as pipecolic acid, chlorogenic acid, and trehalose by 10-DAI. By 15-DAI, evidence of recovery in primary metabolism was noted based on transcript abundances for genes associated with carbon, nitrogen, and nutrient assimilation. CONCLUSIONS Extensive remodeling of the plant transcriptome and the production of ROS and several defensive metabolites in an upland switchgrass cultivar were observed in response to GB feeding. The early loss and apparent recovery in primary metabolism by 15-DAI would suggest that these transcriptional changes in later stages of GB infestation could underlie the recovery response categorized for this switchgrass cultivar. These results can be exploited to develop switchgrass lines with more durable resistance to GB and potentially other aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Donze-Reiner
- Department of Biology, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA 19383 USA
| | - Nathan A. Palmer
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 251 Filley Hall, East Campus, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937 USA
| | - Erin D. Scully
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 251 Filley Hall, East Campus, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937 USA
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA
| | - Travis J. Prochaska
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816 USA
- Present address: North Central Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, South Minot, ND 58701 USA
| | - Kyle G. Koch
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816 USA
| | - Tiffany Heng-Moss
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816 USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Bradshaw
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816 USA
| | - Paul Twigg
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska-Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849 USA
| | - Keenan Amundsen
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915 USA
| | - Scott E. Sattler
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 251 Filley Hall, East Campus, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937 USA
| | - Gautam Sarath
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 251 Filley Hall, East Campus, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937 USA
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183
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Sedaghatmehr M, Mueller-Roeber B, Balazadeh S. The plastid metalloprotease FtsH6 and small heat shock protein HSP21 jointly regulate thermomemory in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12439. [PMID: 27561243 PMCID: PMC5007455 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired tolerance to heat stress is an increased resistance to elevated temperature following a prior exposure to heat. The maintenance of acquired thermotolerance in the absence of intervening stress is called 'thermomemory' but the mechanistic basis for this memory is not well defined. Here we show that Arabidopsis HSP21, a plastidial small heat shock protein that rapidly accumulates after heat stress and remains abundant during the thermomemory phase, is a crucial component of thermomemory. Sustained memory requires that HSP21 levels remain high. Through pharmacological interrogation and transcriptome profiling, we show that the plastid-localized metalloprotease FtsH6 regulates HSP21 abundance. Lack of a functional FtsH6 protein promotes HSP21 accumulation during the later stages of thermomemory and increases thermomemory capacity. Our results thus reveal the presence of a plastidial FtsH6-HSP21 control module for thermomemory in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mastoureh Sedaghatmehr
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Cooperative Research Group, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Cooperative Research Group, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Salma Balazadeh
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Cooperative Research Group, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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184
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Hilker M, Fatouros NE. Resisting the onset of herbivore attack: plants perceive and respond to insect eggs. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 32:9-16. [PMID: 27267276 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants can respond to attack by herbivorous insects very soon after herbivores start producing a new generation by depositing eggs onto their leaves. Egg-induced plant responses may result in killing the attacker in its egg stage. However, if the eggs do survive, they can also prime feeding-induced plant defenses against the larvae hatching from eggs. In this paper we focus first on egg-induced plant responses that resemble hypersensitive responses (HR) to phytopathogens and lead to egg desiccation or detachment from plants. We then summarize the current knowledge about egg-mediated effects on feeding-induced plant defenses against larvae. Finally, we discuss the insect species specificity of plant responses to eggs and the variability of insect susceptibility to these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Hilker
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nina E Fatouros
- Wageningen University, Biosystematics Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
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185
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Bruckhoff V, Haroth S, Feussner K, König S, Brodhun F, Feussner I. Functional Characterization of CYP94-Genes and Identification of a Novel Jasmonate Catabolite in Flowers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159875. [PMID: 27459369 PMCID: PMC4961372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades much research focused on the biosynthesis of the plant hormone jasmonyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile). While many details about its biosynthetic pathway as well about its physiological function are established nowadays, knowledge about its catabolic fate is still scarce. Only recently, the hormonal inactivation mechanisms became a stronger research focus. Two major pathways have been proposed to inactivate JA-Ile: i) The cleavage of the jasmonyl-residue from the isoleucine moiety, a reaction that is catalyzed by specific amido-hydrolases, or ii), the sequential oxidation of the ω-end of the pentenyl side-chain. This reaction is catalyzed by specific members of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) subfamily CYP94: CYP94B1, CYP94B3 and CYP94C1. In the present study, we further investigated the oxidative fate of JA-Ile by expanding the analysis on Arabidopsis thaliana mutants, lacking only one (cyp94b1, cyp94b2, cyp94b3, cyp94c1), two (cyp94b1xcyp94b2, cyp94b1xcyp94b3, cyp94b2xcyp94b3), three (cyp94b1xcyp94b2xcyp94b3) or even four (cyp94b1xcyp94b2xcyp94b3xcyp94c1) CYP94 functionalities. The results obtained in the present study show that CYP94B1, CYP94B2, CYP94B3 and CYP94C1 are responsible for catalyzing the sequential ω-oxidation of JA-Ile in a semi-redundant manner. While CYP94B-enzymes preferentially hydroxylate JA-Ile to 12-hydroxy-JA-Ile, CYP94C1 catalyzes primarily the subsequent oxidation, yielding 12-carboxy-JA-Ile. In addition, data obtained from investigating the triple and quadruple mutants let us hypothesize that a direct oxidation of unconjugated JA to 12-hydroxy-JA is possible in planta. Using a non-targeted metabolite fingerprinting analysis, we identified unconjugated 12-carboxy-JA as novel jasmonate derivative in floral tissues. Using the same approach, we could show that deletion of CYP94-genes might not only affect JA-homeostasis but also other signaling pathways. Deletion of CYP94B1, for example, led to accumulation of metabolites that may be characteristic for plant stress responses like systemic acquired resistance. Evaluation of the in vivo function of the different CYP94-enzymes on the JA-sensitivity demonstrated that particularly CYP94B-enzymes might play an essential role for JA-response, whereas CYP94C1 might only be of minor importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Bruckhoff
- Georg-August-University Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sven Haroth
- Georg-August-University Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- Georg-August-University Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie König
- Georg-August-University Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Florian Brodhun
- Georg-August-University Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Georg-August-University Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany.,Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany
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186
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Stahl E, Bellwon P, Huber S, Schlaeppi K, Bernsdorff F, Vallat-Michel A, Mauch F, Zeier J. Regulatory and Functional Aspects of Indolic Metabolism in Plant Systemic Acquired Resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:662-681. [PMID: 26802249 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan-derived, indolic metabolites possess diverse functions in Arabidopsis innate immunity to microbial pathogen infection. Here, we investigate the functional role and regulatory characteristics of indolic metabolism in Arabidopsis systemic acquired resistance (SAR) triggered by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Indolic metabolism is broadly activated in both P. syringae-inoculated and distant, non-inoculated leaves. At inoculation sites, camalexin, indol-3-ylmethylamine (I3A), and indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA) are the major accumulating compounds. Camalexin accumulation is positively affected by MYB122, and the cytochrome P450 genes CYP81F1 and CYP81F2. Local I3A production, by contrast, occurs via indole glucosinolate breakdown by PEN2- dependent and independent pathways. Moreover, exogenous application of the defense hormone salicylic acid stimulates I3A generation at the expense of its precursor indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate (I3M), and the SAR regulator pipecolic acid primes plants for enhanced P. syringae-induced activation of distinct branches of indolic metabolism. In uninfected systemic tissue, the metabolic response is more specific and associated with enhanced levels of the indolics I3A, ICA, and indole-3-carbaldehyde (ICC). Systemic indole accumulation fully depends on functional CYP79B2/3, PEN2, and MYB34/51/122, and requires functional SAR signaling. Genetic analyses suggest that systemically elevated indoles are dispensable for SAR and associated systemic increases of salicylic acid. However, soil-grown but not hydroponically -cultivated cyp79b2/3 and pen2 plants, both defective in indolic secondary metabolism, exhibit pre-induced immunity, which abrogates their intrinsic ability to induce SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Stahl
- Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patricia Bellwon
- Plant Biology Section, University of Fribourg, Route Albert Gockel 3, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Huber
- Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Schlaeppi
- Plant Biology Section, University of Fribourg, Route Albert Gockel 3, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Friederike Bernsdorff
- Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Armelle Vallat-Michel
- Institut de Chimie, Université de Neuchâtel, Avenue Bellevaux 51, 2007 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Mauch
- Plant Biology Section, University of Fribourg, Route Albert Gockel 3, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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187
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Srivastava VK, Raikwar S, Tuteja R, Tuteja N. Ectopic expression of phloem motor protein pea forisome PsSEO-F1 enhances salinity stress tolerance in tobacco. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:1021-41. [PMID: 26825595 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1935-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE PsSEOF-1 binds to calcium and its expression is upregulated by salinity treatment. PsSEOF - 1 -overexpressing transgenic tobacco showed enhanced salinity stress tolerance by maintaining cellular ion homeostasis and modulating ROS-scavenging pathway. Calcium (Ca(2+)) plays important role in growth, development and stress tolerance in plants. Cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis is achieved by the collective action of channels, pumps, antiporters and by Ca(2+) chelators present in the cell like calcium-binding proteins. Forisomes are ATP-independent mechanically active motor proteins known to function in wound sealing of injured sieve elements of phloem tissue. The Ca(2+)-binding activity of forisome and its role in abiotic stress signaling were largely unknown. Here we report the Ca(2+)-binding activity of pea forisome (PsSEO-F1) and its novel function in promoting salinity tolerance in transgenic tobacco. Native PsSEO-F1 promoter positively responded in salinity stress as confirmed using GUS reporter. Overexpression of PsSEO-F1 tobacco plants confers salinity tolerance by alleviating ionic toxicity and increased ROS scavenging activity which probably results in reduced membrane damage and improved yield under salinity stress. Evaluation of several physiological indices shows an increase in relative water content, electrolyte leakage, proline accumulation and chlorophyll content in transgenic lines as compared with null-segregant control. Expression of several genes involved in cellular homeostasis is perturbed by PsSEO-F1 overexpression. These findings suggest that PsSEO-F1 provides salinity tolerance through cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis which in turn modulates ROS machinery providing indirect link between Ca(2+) and ROS signaling under salinity-induced perturbation. PsSEO-F1 most likely functions in salinity stress tolerance by improving antioxidant machinery and mitigating ion toxicity in transgenic lines. This finding should make an important contribution in our better understanding of the significance of calcium signaling in phloem tissue leading to salinity stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Kumar Srivastava
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shailendra Raikwar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Renu Tuteja
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Narendra Tuteja
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India.
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188
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Galili G, Amir R, Fernie AR. The Regulation of Essential Amino Acid Synthesis and Accumulation in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:153-78. [PMID: 26735064 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although amino acids are critical for all forms of life, only proteogenic amino acids that humans and animals cannot synthesize de novo and therefore must acquire in their diets are classified as essential. Nine amino acids-lysine, methionine, threonine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and histidine-fit this definition. Despite their nutritional importance, several of these amino acids are present in limiting quantities in many of the world's major crops. In recent years, a combination of reverse genetic and biochemical approaches has been used to define the genes encoding the enzymes responsible for synthesizing, degrading, and regulating these amino acids. In this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of the metabolism of the essential amino acids, discuss approaches for enhancing their levels in plants, and appraise efforts toward their biofortification in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Galili
- Department of Plant Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
| | - Rachel Amir
- Laboratory of Plant Science, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel;
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany;
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189
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Thalineau E, Truong HN, Berger A, Fournier C, Boscari A, Wendehenne D, Jeandroz S. Cross-Regulation between N Metabolism and Nitric Oxide (NO) Signaling during Plant Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:472. [PMID: 27092169 PMCID: PMC4824785 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms that have evolved a complex immune system which helps them cope with pathogen attacks. However, the capacity of a plant to mobilize different defense responses is strongly affected by its physiological status. Nitrogen (N) is a major nutrient that can play an important role in plant immunity by increasing or decreasing plant resistance to pathogens. Although no general rule can be drawn about the effect of N availability and quality on the fate of plant/pathogen interactions, plants' capacity to acquire, assimilate, allocate N, and maintain amino acid homeostasis appears to partly mediate the effects of N on plant defense. Nitric oxide (NO), one of the products of N metabolism, plays an important role in plant immunity signaling. NO is generated in part through Nitrate Reductase (NR), a key enzyme involved in nitrate assimilation, and its production depends on levels of nitrate/nitrite, NR substrate/product, as well as on L-arginine and polyamine levels. Cross-regulation between NO signaling and N supply/metabolism has been evidenced. NO production can be affected by N supply, and conversely NO appears to regulate nitrate transport and assimilation. Based on this knowledge, we hypothesized that N availability partly controls plant resistance to pathogens by controlling NO homeostasis. Using the Medicago truncatula/Aphanomyces euteiches pathosystem, we showed that NO homeostasis is important for resistance to this oomycete and that N availability impacts NO homeostasis by affecting S-nitrosothiol (SNO) levels and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase activity in roots. These results could therefore explain the increased resistance we noted in N-deprived as compared to N-replete M. truncatula seedlings. They open onto new perspectives for the studies of N/plant defense interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Thalineau
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-ComtéDijon, France
| | - Hoai-Nam Truong
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-ComtéDijon, France
| | - Antoine Berger
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR, INRA, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRSSophia Antipolis, France
| | - Carine Fournier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-ComtéDijon, France
| | - Alexandre Boscari
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR, INRA, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRSSophia Antipolis, France
| | - David Wendehenne
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-ComtéDijon, France
| | - Sylvain Jeandroz
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-ComtéDijon, France
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190
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Mo HJ, Sun YX, Zhu XL, Wang XF, Zhang Y, Yang J, Yan GJ, Ma ZY. Cotton S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase-mediated spermine biosynthesis is required for salicylic acid- and leucine-correlated signaling in the defense response to Verticillium dahliae. PLANTA 2016; 243:1023-39. [PMID: 26757733 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cotton S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase-, rather than spermine synthase-, mediated spermine biosynthesis is required for salicylic acid- and leucine-correlated signaling in the defense response to Verticillium dahliae. Spermine (Spm) signaling is correlated with plant resistance to the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae. We identified genes for key rate-limiting enzymes in the biosynthesis of Spm, namely S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (GhSAMDC) and Spm synthase (GhSPMS). These were found by screening suppression subtractive hybridization and cDNA libraries of cotton (Gossypium) species tolerant to Verticillium wilt. Both were induced early and strongly by inoculation with V. dahliae and application of plant hormones. Silencing of GhSPMS or GhSAMDC in cotton leaves led to a significant accumulation of upstream substrates and, ultimately, enhanced plant susceptibility to Verticillium infection. Exogenous supplementation of Spm to the silenced cotton plants improved resistance. When compared with the wild type (WT), constitutive expression of GhSAMDC in Arabidopsis thaliana was associated with greater Verticillium wilt resistance and higher accumulations of Spm, salicylic acid, and leucine during the infection period. By contrast, transgenic Arabidopsis plants that over-expressed GhSPMS were unexpectedly more susceptible than the WT to V. dahliae and they also had impaired levels of putrescine (Put) and salicylic acid (SA). The susceptibility exhibited in GhSPMS-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants was partially reversed by the exogenous supply of Put or SA. In addition, the responsiveness of those two transgenic Arabidopsis lines to V. dahliae was associated with an alteration in transcripts of genes involved in plant resistance to epidermal penetrations and amino acid signaling. Together, these results suggest that GhSAMDC-, rather than GhSPMS-, mediated spermine biosynthesis contributes to plant resistance against V. dahliae through SA- and leucine-correlated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Juan Mo
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yan-Xiang Sun
- Institute of Genetics and Breeding, Langfang Teachers University, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhu
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Xing-Fen Wang
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Jun Yang
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Gui-Jun Yan
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Zhi-Ying Ma
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
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191
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Primary Metabolism, Phenylpropanoids and Antioxidant Pathways Are Regulated in Potato as a Response to Potato virus Y Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146135. [PMID: 26727123 PMCID: PMC4738437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato production is one of the most important agricultural sectors, and it is challenged by various detrimental factors, including virus infections. To control losses in potato production, knowledge about the virus—plant interactions is crucial. Here, we investigated the molecular processes in potato plants as a result of Potato virus Y (PVY) infection, the most economically important potato viral pathogen. We performed an integrative study that links changes in the metabolome and gene expression in potato leaves inoculated with the mild PVYN and aggressive PVYNTN isolates, for different times through disease development. At the beginning of infection (1 day post-inoculation), virus-infected plants showed an initial decrease in the concentrations of metabolites connected to sugar and amino-acid metabolism, the TCA cycle, the GABA shunt, ROS scavangers, and phenylpropanoids, relative to the control plants. A pronounced increase in those metabolites was detected at the start of the strong viral multiplication in infected leaves. The alterations in these metabolic pathways were also seen at the gene expression level, as analysed by quantitative PCR. In addition, the systemic response in the metabolome to PVY infection was analysed. Systemic leaves showed a less-pronounced response with fewer metabolites altered, while phenylpropanoid-associated metabolites were strongly accumulated. There was a more rapid onset of accumulation of ROS scavengers in leaves inoculated with PVYN than those inoculated with PVYNTN. This appears to be related to the lower damage observed for leaves of potato infected with the milder PVYN strain, and at least partially explains the differences between the phenotypes observed.
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Killiny N, Hijaz F. Amino acids implicated in plant defense are higher in Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus-tolerant citrus varieties. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1171449. [PMID: 27057814 PMCID: PMC4883877 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1171449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, has been threatening the citrus industry since the early 1900's and up to this date there are no effective cures for this disease. Field observations and greenhouse controlled studies demonstrated that some citrus genotypes are more tolerant to Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) pathogen than others. However, the mechanisms underpinning tolerance has not been determined yet. The phloem sap composition of CLas-tolerant and sensitive citrus varieties was studied to identify metabolites that could be responsible for their tolerance to CLas. The citrus phloem sap was collected by centrifugation and was analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after methyl chloroformate derivatization. Thirty-three metabolites were detected in the phloem sap of the studied varieties: twenty 20 amino acids, eight 8 organic acids, and five 5 fatty acids. Interestingly, the levels of most amino acids, especially those implicated in plantdefense to pathogens such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, lysine, and asparagine were higher in tolerant varieties. Although the level of organic acids varied between cultivars, this variation was not correlated with citrus resistance to CLas and could be cultivar specific. The fatty acids were found in trace amounts and in most cases their levels were not significantly different among varieties. Better understanding of the mechanisms underpinning citrus tolerance to CLas will help in developing economically tolerant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
| | - Faraj Hijaz
- Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
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193
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Yuan Y, Zhong M, Shu S, Du N, Sun J, Guo S. Proteomic and Physiological Analyses Reveal Putrescine Responses in Roots of Cucumber Stressed by NaCl. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1035. [PMID: 27471514 PMCID: PMC4945654 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a major environmental constraint that threatens agricultural productivity. Different strategies have been developed to improve crop salt tolerance, among which the effects of polyamines have been well-reported. To gain a better understanding of the cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) responses to NaCl and unravel the underlying mechanism of exogenous putrescine (Put) alleviating salt-induced damage, comparative proteomic analysis was conducted on cucumber roots treated with NaCl, and/or Put for 7 days. The results showed that exogenous Put restored the root growth inhibited by NaCl. Sixty-two differentially expressed proteins implicated in various biological processes were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. The four largest categories included proteins involved in defense response (24.2%), protein metabolism (24.2%), carbohydrate metabolism (19.4%), and amino acid metabolism (14.5%). Exogenous Put up-regulated most identified proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism, implying an enhancement in energy generation. Proteins involved in defense response and protein metabolism were differently regulated by Put, which indicated the roles of Put in stress resistance and proteome rearrangement. Put also increased the abundance of proteins involved in amino acid metabolism. Meanwhile, physiological analysis showed that Put could further up-regulated the levels of free amino acids in salt stressed-roots. In addition, Put also improved endogenous polyamines contents by regulating the transcription levels of key enzymes in polyamine metabolism. Taken together, these results suggest that Put may alleviate NaCl-induced growth inhibition through degradation of misfolded/damaged proteins, activation of stress defense, and the promotion of carbohydrate metabolism to generate more energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Min Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Sheng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Nanshan Du
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversitySuqian, China
| | - Shirong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversitySuqian, China
- *Correspondence: Shirong Guo
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194
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Bernsdorff F, Döring AC, Gruner K, Schuck S, Bräutigam A, Zeier J. Pipecolic Acid Orchestrates Plant Systemic Acquired Resistance and Defense Priming via Salicylic Acid-Dependent and -Independent Pathways. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:102-29. [PMID: 26672068 PMCID: PMC4746677 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the relationships of the two immune-regulatory plant metabolites, salicylic acid (SA) and pipecolic acid (Pip), in the establishment of plant systemic acquired resistance (SAR), SAR-associated defense priming, and basal immunity. Using SA-deficient sid2, Pip-deficient ald1, and sid2 ald1 plants deficient in both SA and Pip, we show that SA and Pip act both independently from each other and synergistically in Arabidopsis thaliana basal immunity to Pseudomonas syringae. Transcriptome analyses reveal that SAR establishment in Arabidopsis is characterized by a strong transcriptional response systemically induced in the foliage that prepares plants for future pathogen attack by preactivating multiple stages of defense signaling and that SA accumulation upon SAR activation leads to the downregulation of photosynthesis and attenuated jasmonate responses systemically within the plant. Whereas systemic Pip elevations are indispensable for SAR and necessary for virtually the whole transcriptional SAR response, a moderate but significant SA-independent component of SAR activation and SAR gene expression is revealed. During SAR, Pip orchestrates SA-dependent and SA-independent priming of pathogen responses in a FLAVIN-DEPENDENT-MONOOXYGENASE1 (FMO1)-dependent manner. We conclude that a Pip/FMO1 signaling module acts as an indispensable switch for the activation of SAR and associated defense priming events and that SA amplifies Pip-triggered responses to different degrees in the distal tissue of SAR-activated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Bernsdorff
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anne-Christin Döring
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katrin Gruner
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Schuck
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Bräutigam
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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195
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Hildebrandt TM, Nunes Nesi A, Araújo WL, Braun HP. Amino Acid Catabolism in Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1563-79. [PMID: 26384576 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 572] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids have various prominent functions in plants. Besides their usage during protein biosynthesis, they also represent building blocks for several other biosynthesis pathways and play pivotal roles during signaling processes as well as in plant stress response. In general, pool sizes of the 20 amino acids differ strongly and change dynamically depending on the developmental and physiological state of the plant cell. Besides amino acid biosynthesis, which has already been investigated in great detail, the catabolism of amino acids is of central importance for adjusting their pool sizes but so far has drawn much less attention. The degradation of amino acids can also contribute substantially to the energy state of plant cells under certain physiological conditions, e.g. carbon starvation. In this review, we discuss the biological role of amino acid catabolism and summarize current knowledge on amino acid degradation pathways and their regulation in the context of plant cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana M Hildebrandt
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Adriano Nunes Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Hans-Peter Braun
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
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196
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Fernández-Crespo E, Scalschi L, Llorens E, García-Agustín P, Camañes G. NH4+ protects tomato plants against Pseudomonas syringae by activation of systemic acquired acclimation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6777-90. [PMID: 26246613 PMCID: PMC4623687 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
NH4 (+) nutrition provokes mild toxicity by enhancing H2O2 accumulation, which acts as a signal activating systemic acquired acclimation (SAA). Until now, induced resistance mechanisms in response to an abiotic stimulus and related to SAA were only reported for exposure to a subsequent abiotic stress. Herein, the first evidence is provided that this acclimation to an abiotic stimulus induces resistance to later pathogen infection, since NH4 (+) nutrition (N-NH4 (+))-induced resistance (NH4 (+)-IR) against Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst) in tomato plants was demonstrated. N-NH4 (+) plants displayed basal H2O2, abscisic acid (ABA), and putrescine (Put) accumulation. H2O2 accumulation acted as a signal to induce ABA-dependent signalling pathways required to prevent NH4 (+) toxicity. This acclimatory event provoked an increase in resistance against later pathogen infection. N-NH4 (+) plants displayed basal stomatal closure produced by H2O2 derived from enhanced CuAO and rboh1 activity that may reduce the entry of bacteria into the mesophyll, diminishing the disease symptoms as well as strongly inducing the oxidative burst upon Pst infection, favouring NH4 (+)-IR. Experiments with inhibitors of Put accumulation and the ABA-deficient mutant flacca demonstrated that Put and ABA downstream signalling pathways are required to complete NH4 (+)-IR. The metabolic profile revealed that infected N-NH4 (+) plants showed greater ferulic acid accumulation compared with control plants. Although classical salicylic acid (SA)-dependent responses against biotrophic pathogens were not found, the important role of Put in the resistance of tomato against Pst was demonstrated. Moreover, this work revealed the cross-talk between abiotic stress acclimation (NH4 (+) nutrition) and resistance to subsequent Pst infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Fernández-Crespo
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Eugenio Llorens
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Agustín
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Gemma Camañes
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
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197
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Camañes G, Scalschi L, Vicedo B, González-Bosch C, García-Agustín P. An untargeted global metabolomic analysis reveals the biochemical changes underlying basal resistance and priming in Solanum lycopersicum, and identifies 1-methyltryptophan as a metabolite involved in plant responses to Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:125-39. [PMID: 26270176 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have used untargeted global metabolomic analysis to determine and compare the chemical nature of the metabolites altered during the infection of tomato plants (cv. Ailsa Craig) with Botrytis cinerea (Bot) or Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst), pathogens that have different invasion mechanisms and lifestyles. We also obtained the metabolome of tomato plants primed using the natural resistance inducer hexanoic acid and then infected with these pathogens. By contrasting the metabolomic profiles of infected, primed, and primed + infected plants, we determined not only the processes or components related directly to plant defense responses, but also inferred the metabolic mechanisms by which pathogen resistance is primed. The data show that basal resistance and hexanoic acid-induced resistance to Bot and Pst are associated with a marked metabolic reprogramming. This includes significant changes in amino acids, sugars and free fatty acids, and in primary and secondary metabolism. Comparison of the metabolic profiles of the infections indicated clear differences, reflecting the fact that the plant's chemical responses are highly adapted to specific attackers. The data also indicate involvement of signaling molecules, including pipecolic and azelaic acids, in response to Pst and, interestingly, to Bot. The compound 1-methyltryptophan was shown to be associated with the tomato-Pst and tomato-Bot interactions as well as with hexanoic acid-induced resistance. Root application of this Trp-derived metabolite also demonstrated its ability to protect tomato plants against both pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Camañes
- Grup de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Àrea de Fisiologa Vegetal, Departament de Ciències Agràries y del Medi Natural, Escola Superior de Tecnología i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Grup de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Àrea de Fisiologa Vegetal, Departament de Ciències Agràries y del Medi Natural, Escola Superior de Tecnología i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Begonya Vicedo
- Grup de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Àrea de Fisiologa Vegetal, Departament de Ciències Agràries y del Medi Natural, Escola Superior de Tecnología i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Bosch
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de València, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Agustín
- Grup de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Àrea de Fisiologa Vegetal, Departament de Ciències Agràries y del Medi Natural, Escola Superior de Tecnología i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
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198
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Hilker M, Schwachtje J, Baier M, Balazadeh S, Bäurle I, Geiselhardt S, Hincha DK, Kunze R, Mueller-Roeber B, Rillig MC, Rolff J, Romeis T, Schmülling T, Steppuhn A, van Dongen J, Whitcomb SJ, Wurst S, Zuther E, Kopka J. Priming and memory of stress responses in organisms lacking a nervous system. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 91:1118-1133. [PMID: 26289992 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Experience and memory of environmental stimuli that indicate future stress can prepare (prime) organismic stress responses even in species lacking a nervous system. The process through which such organisms prepare their phenotype for an improved response to future stress has been termed 'priming'. However, other terms are also used for this phenomenon, especially when considering priming in different types of organisms and when referring to different stressors. Here we propose a conceptual framework for priming of stress responses in bacteria, fungi and plants which allows comparison of priming with other terms, e.g. adaptation, acclimation, induction, acquired resistance and cross protection. We address spatial and temporal aspects of priming and highlight current knowledge about the mechanisms necessary for information storage which range from epigenetic marks to the accumulation of (dormant) signalling molecules. Furthermore, we outline possible patterns of primed stress responses. Finally, we link the ability of organisms to become primed for stress responses (their 'primability') with evolutionary ecology aspects and discuss which properties of an organism and its environment may favour the evolution of priming of stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Hilker
- Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Institute of Biology, Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Haderslebener Straße 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jens Schwachtje
- Applied Metabolome Analysis, Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Margarete Baier
- Plant Physiology, DCPS, Institute of Biology, FU Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Salma Balazadeh
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Isabel Bäurle
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Sven Geiselhardt
- Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Institute of Biology, Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Haderslebener Straße 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk K Hincha
- Central Infrastructure Group Transcript Profiling, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Reinhard Kunze
- Applied Genetics/Molecular Plant Genetics, DCPS, Institute of Biology, FU Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Plant Ecology, DCPS, Institute of Biology, FU Berlin, Altensteinstraße 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Rolff
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, FU Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tina Romeis
- Plant Biochemistry, DCPS, Institute of Biology, FU Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Applied Genetics, DCPS, Institute of Biology, FU Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Molecular Ecology, DCPS, Institute of Biology, FU Berlin, Haderslebener Straße 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joost van Dongen
- Rhizosphere Molecular Ecology, Institute of Biology, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah J Whitcomb
- Applied Metabolome Analysis, Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Susanne Wurst
- Functional Ecology, DCPS, Institute of Biology, FU Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ellen Zuther
- Central Infrastructure Group Transcript Profiling, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Applied Metabolome Analysis, Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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199
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Li Y, Zhang L, Chen H, Koštál V, Simek P, Moos M, Denlinger DL. Shifts in metabolomic profiles of the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis associated with elevated cold tolerance induced by the parasitoid's diapause, host diapause and host diet augmented with proline. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 63:34-46. [PMID: 26005120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The ectoparasitoid wasp, Nasonia vitripennis can enhance its cold tolerance by exploiting a maternally-induced larval diapause. A simple manipulation of the fly host diapause status and supplementation of the host diet with proline also dramatically increase cold tolerance in the parasitoid. In this study, we used a metabolomics approach to define alterations in metabolite profiles of N. vitripennis caused by diapause in the parasitoid, diapause of the host, and augmentation of the host's diet with proline. Metabolic profiles of diapausing and nondiapausing parasitoid were significantly differentiated, with pronounced distinctions in levels of multiple cryoprotectants, amino acids, and carbohydrates. The dynamic nature of diapause was underscored by a shift in the wasp's metabolomic profile as the duration of diapause increased, a feature especially evident for increased concentrations of a suite of cryoprotectants. Metabolic pathways involved in amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism were distinctly enriched during diapause in the parasitoid. Host diapause status also elicited a pronounced effect on metabolic signatures of the parasitoid, noted by higher cryoprotectants and elevated compounds derived from glycolysis. Proline supplementation of the host diet did not translate directly into elevated proline in the parasitoid but resulted in an alteration in the abundance of many other metabolites, including elevated concentrations of essential amino acids, and reduction in metabolites linked to energy utilization, lipid and amino acid metabolism. Thus, the enhanced cold tolerance of N. vitripennis associated with proline augmentation of the host diet appears to be an indirect effect caused by the metabolic perturbations associated with diet supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Hongyin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Vladimir Koštál
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Simek
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Moos
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - David L Denlinger
- Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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200
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Functional roles of three cutin biosynthetic acyltransferases in cytokinin responses and skotomorphogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121943. [PMID: 25803274 PMCID: PMC4372371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) regulate plant development and growth via a two-component signaling pathway. By forward genetic screening, we isolated an Arabidopsis mutant named grow fast on cytokinins 1 (gfc1), whose seedlings grew larger aerial parts on MS medium with CK. gfc1 is allelic to a previously reported cutin mutant defective in cuticular ridges (dcr). GFC1/DCR encodes a soluble BAHD acyltransferase (a name based on the first four enzymes characterized in this family: Benzylalcohol O-acetyltransferase, Anthocyanin O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, anthranilate N-hydroxycinnamoyl/benzoyltransferase and Deacetylvindoline 4-O-acetyltransferase) with diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity in vitro and is necessary for normal cuticle formation on epidermis in vivo. Here we show that gfc1 was a CK-insensitive mutant, as revealed by its low regeneration frequency in vitro and resistance to CK in adventitious root formation and dark-grown hypocotyl inhibition assays. In addition, gfc1 had de-etiolated phenotypes in darkness and was therefore defective in skotomorphogenesis. The background expression levels of most type-A Arabidopsis Response Regulator (ARR) genes were higher in the gfc1 mutant. The gfc1-associated phenotypes were also observed in the cutin-deficient glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4/8 (gpat4/8) double mutant [defective in glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) acyltransferase enzymes GPAT4 and GPAT8, which redundantly catalyze the acylation of G3P by hydroxyl fatty acid (OH-FA)], but not in the cutin-deficient mutant cytochrome p450, family 86, subfamily A, polypeptide 2/aberrant induction of type three 1 (cyp86A2/att1), which affects the biosynthesis of some OH-FAs. Our results indicate that some acyltransferases associated with cutin formation are involved in CK responses and skotomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis.
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