151
|
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Frew
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences Charles Sturt University Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation Charles Sturt University Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
- Institute for Land, Water and Society Charles Sturt University Albury New South Wales Australia
| | - Jodi N. Price
- Institute for Land, Water and Society Charles Sturt University Albury New South Wales Australia
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Tedersoo L, Bahram M. Mycorrhizal types differ in ecophysiology and alter plant nutrition and soil processes. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1857-1880. [PMID: 31270944 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants by improved mineral nutrition and protection against stress, yet information about fundamental differences among mycorrhizal types in fungi and trees and their relative importance in biogeochemical processes is only beginning to accumulate. We critically review and synthesize the ecophysiological differences in ectomycorrhizal, ericoid mycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses and the effect of these mycorrhizal types on soil processes from local to global scales. We demonstrate that guilds of mycorrhizal fungi display substantial differences in genome-encoded capacity for mineral nutrition, particularly acquisition of nitrogen and phosphorus from organic material. Mycorrhizal associations alter the trade-off between allocation to roots or mycelium, ecophysiological traits such as root exudation, weathering, enzyme production, plant protection, and community assembly as well as response to climate change. Mycorrhizal types exhibit differential effects on ecosystem carbon and nutrient cycling that affect global elemental fluxes and may mediate biome shifts in response to global change. We also note that most studies performed to date have not been properly replicated and collectively suffer from strong geographical sampling bias towards temperate biomes. We advocate that combining carefully replicated field experiments and controlled laboratory experiments with isotope labelling and -omics techniques offers great promise towards understanding differences in ecophysiology and ecosystem services among mycorrhizal types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leho Tedersoo
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.,Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mohammad Bahram
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 16, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Zak DR, Pellitier PT, Argiroff W, Castillo B, James TY, Nave LE, Averill C, Beidler KV, Bhatnagar J, Blesh J, Classen AT, Craig M, Fernandez CW, Gundersen P, Johansen R, Koide RT, Lilleskov EA, Lindahl BD, Nadelhoffer KJ, Phillips RP, Tunlid A. Exploring the role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in soil carbon dynamics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:33-39. [PMID: 30636276 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi enable plants to access organic nitrogen (N) bound in soil organic matter (SOM) and transfer this growth-limiting nutrient to their plant host, has important implications for our understanding of plant-fungal interactions, and the cycling and storage of carbon (C) and N in terrestrial ecosystems. Empirical evidence currently supports a range of perspectives, suggesting that ECM vary in their ability to provide their host with N bound in SOM, and that this capacity can both positively and negatively influence soil C storage. To help resolve the multiplicity of observations, we gathered a group of researchers to explore the role of ECM fungi in soil C dynamics, and propose new directions that hold promise to resolve competing hypotheses and contrasting observations. In this Viewpoint, we summarize these deliberations and identify areas of inquiry that hold promise for increasing our understanding of these fundamental and widespread plant symbionts and their role in ecosystem-level biogeochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Zak
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Peter T Pellitier
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - WilliamA Argiroff
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Buck Castillo
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Timothy Y James
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lucas E Nave
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Colin Averill
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kaitlyn V Beidler
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Blesh
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Aimée T Classen
- The Rubenstein School of Environment & Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
- The Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Matthew Craig
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | | | - Per Gundersen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-1711, Denmark
| | - Renee Johansen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Santa Fe, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Roger T Koide
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Erik A Lilleskov
- US Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 410 Mac Innes Dr., Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Björn D Lindahl
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
| | - Knute J Nadelhoffer
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | - Anders Tunlid
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Gavito ME, Jakobsen I, Mikkelsen TN, Mora F. Direct evidence for modulation of photosynthesis by an arbuscular mycorrhiza-induced carbon sink strength. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:896-907. [PMID: 30891762 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that plant carbon (C) use by symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may be compensated by higher photosynthetic rates because fungal metabolism creates a strong C sink that prevents photosynthate accumulation and downregulation of photosynthesis. This mechanism remains largely unexplored and lacks experimental evidence. We report here two experiments showing that the experimental manipulation of the mycorrhizal C sink significantly affected the photosynthetic rates of cucumber host plants. We expected that a sudden reduction in sink strength would cause a significant reduction in photosynthetic rates, at least temporarily. Excision of part of the extraradical mycorrhizal mycelium from roots, and causing no disturbance to the plant, induced a sustained (10-40%) decline in photosynthetic rates that lasted from 30 min to several hours in plants that were well-nourished and hydrated, and in the absence of growth or photosynthesis promotion by mycorrhizal inoculation. This effect was though minor in plants growing at high (700 ppm) atmospheric CO2 . This is the first direct experimental evidence for the C sink strength effects exerted by arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts on plant photosynthesis. It encourages further experimentation on mycorrhizal source-sink relations, and may have strong implications in large-scale assessments and modelling of plant photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayra E Gavito
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex Hacienda de Sán José de la Huerta, Morelia, 58190, Michoacán, México
| | - Iver Jakobsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Teis N Mikkelsen
- DTU Environmental Engineering, Air, Land & Water Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Building 115, DK - 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Francisco Mora
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex Hacienda de Sán José de la Huerta, Morelia, 58190, Michoacán, México
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
de Boer HJ, Robertson I, Clisby R, Loader NJ, Gagen M, Young GHF, Wagner-Cremer F, Hipkin CR, McCarroll D. Tree-ring isotopes suggest atmospheric drying limits temperature-growth responses of treeline bristlecone pine. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:983-999. [PMID: 30976807 PMCID: PMC6642877 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Altitudinally separated bristlecone pine populations in the White Mountains (California, USA) exhibit differential climate-growth responses as temperature and tree-water relations change with altitude. These populations provide a natural experiment to explore the ecophysiological adaptations of this unique tree species to the twentieth century climate variability. We developed absolutely dated annual ring-width chronologies, and cellulose stable carbon and oxygen isotope chronologies from bristlecone pine growing at the treeline (~3500 m) and ~200 m below for the period AD 1710-2010. These chronologies were interpreted in terms of ecophysiological adaptations to climate variability with a dual-isotope model and a leaf gas exchange model. Ring widths show positive tree growth anomalies at treeline and consistent slower growth below treeline in relation to the twentieth century warming and associated atmospheric drying until the 1980s. Growth rates of both populations declined during and after the 1980s when growing-season temperature and atmospheric vapour pressure deficit continued to increase. Our model-based interpretations of the cellulose stable isotopes indicate that positive treeline growth anomalies prior to the 1980s were related to increased stomatal conductance and leaf-level transpiration and photosynthesis. Reduced growth since the 1980s occurred with a shift to more conservative leaf gas exchange in both the treeline and below-treeline populations, whereas leaf-level photosynthesis continued to increase in response to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Our results suggest that warming-induced atmospheric drying confounds positive growth responses of apparent temperature-limited bristlecone pine populations at treeline. In addition, the observed ecophysiological responses of attitudinally separated bristlecone pine populations illustrate the sensitivity of conifers to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo J de Boer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Iain Robertson
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Rory Clisby
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Neil J Loader
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Mary Gagen
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
156
|
Duhamel M, Wan J, Bogar LM, Segnitz RM, Duncritts NC, Peay KG. Plant selection initiates alternative successional trajectories in the soil microbial community after disturbance. ECOL MONOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Duhamel
- Department of Biology Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA
| | - Joe Wan
- Department of Biology Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA
| | - Laura M. Bogar
- Department of Biology Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA
| | - R. Max Segnitz
- Department of Biology Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA
| | - Nora C. Duncritts
- Department of Botany University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Kabir G. Peay
- Department of Biology Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Climatic controls of decomposition drive the global biogeography of forest-tree symbioses. Nature 2019; 569:404-408. [PMID: 31092941 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The identity of the dominant root-associated microbial symbionts in a forest determines the ability of trees to access limiting nutrients from atmospheric or soil pools1,2, sequester carbon3,4 and withstand the effects of climate change5,6. Characterizing the global distribution of these symbioses and identifying the factors that control this distribution are thus integral to understanding the present and future functioning of forest ecosystems. Here we generate a spatially explicit global map of the symbiotic status of forests, using a database of over 1.1 million forest inventory plots that collectively contain over 28,000 tree species. Our analyses indicate that climate variables-in particular, climatically controlled variation in the rate of decomposition-are the primary drivers of the global distribution of major symbioses. We estimate that ectomycorrhizal trees, which represent only 2% of all plant species7, constitute approximately 60% of tree stems on Earth. Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis dominates forests in which seasonally cold and dry climates inhibit decomposition, and is the predominant form of symbiosis at high latitudes and elevation. By contrast, arbuscular mycorrhizal trees dominate in aseasonal, warm tropical forests, and occur with ectomycorrhizal trees in temperate biomes in which seasonally warm-and-wet climates enhance decomposition. Continental transitions between forests dominated by ectomycorrhizal or arbuscular mycorrhizal trees occur relatively abruptly along climate-driven decomposition gradients; these transitions are probably caused by positive feedback effects between plants and microorganisms. Symbiotic nitrogen fixers-which are insensitive to climatic controls on decomposition (compared with mycorrhizal fungi)-are most abundant in arid biomes with alkaline soils and high maximum temperatures. The climatically driven global symbiosis gradient that we document provides a spatially explicit quantitative understanding of microbial symbioses at the global scale, and demonstrates the critical role of microbial mutualisms in shaping the distribution of plant species.
Collapse
|
158
|
Luan J, Wu J, Liu S, Roulet N, Wang M. Soil nitrogen determines greenhouse gas emissions from northern peatlands under concurrent warming and vegetation shifting. Commun Biol 2019; 2:132. [PMID: 31016247 PMCID: PMC6472372 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Boreal peatlands store an enormous pool of soil carbon that is dependent upon - and vulnerable to changes in - climate, as well as plant community composition. However, how nutrient availability affects the effects of climate and vegetation change on ecosystem processes in these nutrient-poor ecosystems remains unclear. Here we show that although warming promoted higher CH4 emissions, the concurrent addition of N counteracted most (79%) of this effect. The regulation effects of the vegetation functional group, associated with the substrate quality, suggest that CH4 emissions from peatlands under future warming will be less than expected with predicted shrub expansion. In contrast, N2O flux will be enhanced under future warming with predicted shrub expansion. Our study suggests that changes in greenhouse gas emissions in response to future warming and shifts in plant community composition depend on N availability, which reveals the complex interactions that occur when N is not a limiting nutrient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Luan
- International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, 100102 Beijing, PR China
- Environment and Sustainability, School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4 Canada
| | - Jianghua Wu
- Environment and Sustainability, School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4 Canada
| | - Shirong Liu
- The Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091 Beijing, PR China
| | - Nigel Roulet
- Department of Geography and School of the Environment, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6 Canada
| | - Mei Wang
- Environment and Sustainability, School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4 Canada
- School of Geographical Science, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Mouton TL, Matheson FE, Stephenson F, Champion PD, Wadhwa S, Hamer MP, Catlin A, Riis T. Environmental filtering of native and non-native stream macrophyte assemblages by habitat disturbances in an agricultural landscape. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:1370-1381. [PMID: 31096347 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how inter-specific variation in functional traits affects native and non-native species responses to stream disturbances, is necessary to inform management strategies, providing tools for biomonitoring, conservation and restoration. This study used a functional trait approach to characterise the responses of macrophyte assemblages to reach-scale disturbances (measured by lack of riparian shading, altered hydromorphology and eutrophication), from 97 wadeable stream sites in an agriculturally impacted region of New Zealand. To determine whether macrophyte assemblages differed due to disturbances, we examined multidimensional assemblage functional structure in relation to eleven functional traits and further related two functional diversity indices (entropy and originality) to disturbances. Macrophyte assemblages showed distinct patterns in response to disturbances, with riparian shading and hydromorphological conditions being the strongest variables shaping macrophyte functional structure. In the multidimensional space, most of the non-native species were associated with disturbed conditions. These species had traits allowing faster colonisation rates (higher number of reproductive organs and larger root-rhizome system) and superior competitive abilities for resources (tall and dense canopy, heterophylly and greater preferences for light and nitrogen). In addition, lack of riparian shading increased the abundance of functionally distinct species (i.e. entropy), and eutrophication resulted in the growth of functionally unique species (i.e. originality). We demonstrated that stream reach-scale habitat disturbances were associated to a dominance of more productive species, equating to a greater abundance of non-native species. This, can result in a displacement of native species, habitat alterations, and changes to higher trophic level assemblages. Our results suggests that reach-scale management efforts such as the conservation and restoration of riparian vegetation that provides substantial shading and hydromorphologically diverse in-stream habitat, would have beneficial direct and indirect effects on ecosystem functioning, and contribute to the mitigation of land-use impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Théophile L Mouton
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Gate 10 Silverdale Road, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand.
| | - Fleur E Matheson
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Gate 10 Silverdale Road, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand
| | - Fabrice Stephenson
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Gate 10 Silverdale Road, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand
| | - Paul D Champion
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Gate 10 Silverdale Road, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand
| | - Sanjay Wadhwa
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Gate 10 Silverdale Road, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand
| | - Mark P Hamer
- Waikato Regional Council, 401 Grey Street, Private Bag 3038, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Alicia Catlin
- Waikato Regional Council, 401 Grey Street, Private Bag 3038, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Tenna Riis
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Alle 1, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Jo I, Fei S, Oswalt CM, Domke GM, Phillips RP. Shifts in dominant tree mycorrhizal associations in response to anthropogenic impacts. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav6358. [PMID: 30989116 PMCID: PMC6457943 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav6358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant-fungal symbioses play critical roles in vegetation dynamics and nutrient cycling, modulating the impacts of global changes on ecosystem functioning. Here, we used forest inventory data consisting of more than 3 million trees to develop a spatially resolved "mycorrhizal tree map" of the contiguous United States. We show that abundances of the two dominant mycorrhizal tree groups-arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal trees-are associated primarily with climate. Further, we show that anthropogenic influences, primarily nitrogen (N) deposition and fire suppression, in concert with climate change, have increased AM tree dominance during the past three decades in the eastern United States. Given that most AM-dominated forests in this region are underlain by soils with high N availability, our results suggest that the increasing abundance of AM trees has the potential to induce nutrient acceleration, with critical consequences for forest productivity, ecosystem carbon and nutrient retention, and feedbacks to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Insu Jo
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Songlin Fei
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christopher M. Oswalt
- Southern Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37919, USA
| | - Grant M. Domke
- Northern Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
161
|
Nasto MK, Winter K, Turner BL, Cleveland CC. Nutrient acquisition strategies augment growth in tropical N
2
‐fixing trees in nutrient‐poor soil and under elevated
CO
2. Ecology 2019; 100:e02646. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan K. Nasto
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation University of Montana Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843‐03092 Balboa Ancón Republic of Panama
| | - Benjamin L. Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843‐03092 Balboa Ancón Republic of Panama
| | - Cory C. Cleveland
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation University of Montana Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Gravuer K, Gennet S, Throop HL. Organic amendment additions to rangelands: A meta-analysis of multiple ecosystem outcomes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1152-1170. [PMID: 30604474 PMCID: PMC6849820 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Interest in land application of organic amendments-such as biosolids, composts, and manures-is growing due to their potential to increase soil carbon and help mitigate climate change, as well as to support soil health and regenerative agriculture. While organic amendments are predominantly applied to croplands, their application is increasingly proposed on relatively arid rangelands that do not typically receive fertilizers or other inputs, creating unique concerns for outcomes such as native plant diversity and water quality. To maximize environmental benefits and minimize potential harms, we must understand how soil, water, and plant communities respond to particular amendments and site conditions. We conducted a global meta-analysis of 92 studies in which organic amendments had been added to arid, semiarid, or Mediterranean rangelands. We found that organic amendments, on average, provide some environmental benefits (increased soil carbon, soil water holding capacity, aboveground net primary productivity, and plant tissue nitrogen; decreased runoff quantity), as well as some environmental harms (increased concentrations of soil lead, runoff nitrate, and runoff phosphorus; increased soil CO2 emissions). Published data were inadequate to fully assess impacts to native plant communities. In our models, adding higher amounts of amendment benefitted four outcomes and harmed two outcomes, whereas adding amendments with higher nitrogen concentrations benefitted two outcomes and harmed four outcomes. This suggests that trade-offs among outcomes are inevitable; however, applying low-N amendments was consistent with both maximizing benefits and minimizing harms. Short study time frames (median 1-2 years), limited geographic scope, and, for some outcomes, few published studies limit longer-term inferences from these models. Nevertheless, they provide a starting point to develop site-specific amendment application strategies aimed toward realizing the potential of this practice to contribute to climate change mitigation while minimizing negative impacts on other environmental goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Gravuer
- Center for Biodiversity OutcomesArizona State UniversityTempeArizona
- The Nature ConservancyArlingtonVirginia
| | | | - Heather L. Throop
- School of Earth and Space ExplorationArizona State UniversityTempeArizona
- School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeArizona
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Lilleskov EA, Kuyper TW, Bidartondo MI, Hobbie EA. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition impacts on the structure and function of forest mycorrhizal communities: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:148-162. [PMID: 30543941 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Humans have dramatically increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition globally. At the coarsest resolution, N deposition is correlated with shifts from ectomycorrhizal (EcM) to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) tree dominance. At finer resolution, ectomycorrhizal fungal (EcMF) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) communities respond strongly to long-term N deposition with the disappearance of key taxa. Conifer-associated EcMF are more sensitive than other EcMF, with current estimates of critical loads at 5-6 kg ha-1 yr-1 for the former and 10-20 kg ha-1 yr-1 for the latter. Where loads are exceeded, strong plant-soil and microbe-soil feedbacks may slow recovery rates after abatement of N deposition. Critical loads for AMF and tropical EcMF require additional study. In general, the responses of EcMF to N deposition are better understood than those of AMF because of methodological tractability. Functional consequences of EcMF community change are linked to decreases by fungi with medium-distance exploration strategies, hydrophobic walls, proteolytic capacity, and perhaps peroxidases for acquiring N from soil organic matter. These functional losses may contribute to declines in forest floor decomposition under N deposition. For AMF, limited capacity to directly access complexed organic N may reduce functional consequences, but research is needed to test this hypothesis. Mycorrhizal biomass often declines with N deposition, but the relative contributions of alternate mechanisms for this decline (lower C supply, higher C cost, physiological stress by N) have not been quantified. Furthermore, fungal biomass and functional responses to N inputs probably depend on ecosystem P status, yet how N deposition-induced P limitation interacts with belowground C flux and mycorrhizal community structure and function is still unclear. Current 'omic analyses indicate potential functional differences among fungal lineages and should be integrated with studies of physiology, host nutrition, growth and health, fungal and plant community structure, and ecosystem processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Lilleskov
- Forestry Sciences Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 410 MacInnes Dr, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.
| | - Thomas W Kuyper
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, NL-6708 PB, Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, England, UK; Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, England, UK.
| | - Erik A Hobbie
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Road, Durham, NH, 03824-0322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Lohberger A, Spangenberg JE, Ventura Y, Bindschedler S, Verrecchia EP, Bshary R, Junier P. Effect of Organic Carbon and Nitrogen on the Interactions of Morchella spp. and Bacteria Dispersing on Their Mycelium. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:124. [PMID: 30881350 PMCID: PMC6405442 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated how the source of organic carbon (Corg) and nitrogen (Norg) affects the interactions between fungi of the genus Morchella and bacteria dispersing along their hyphae (fungal highways; FH). We demonstrated that bacteria using FH increase the hydrolysis of an organic nitrogen source that only the fungus can degrade. Using purified fungal exudates, we found that this increased hydrolysis was due to bacteria enhancing the activity of proteolytic enzymes produced by the fungus. The same effect was shown for various fungal and bacterial strains. The effect of this enhanced proteolytic activity on bacterial and fungal biomass production varied accordingly to the source of Corg and Norg provided. An increase in biomass for both partners 5 days post-inoculation was only attained with a Norg source that the bacterium could not degrade and when additional Corg was present in the medium. In contrast, all other combinations yielded a decrease on biomass production in the co-cultures compared to individual growth. The coupled cycling of Corg and Norg is rarely considered when investigating the role of microbial activity on soil functioning. Our results show that cycling of these two elements can be related through cross-chemical reactions in independent, albeit interacting microbes. In this way, the composition of organic material could greatly alter nutrient turnover due to its effect on the outcome of interactions between fungi and bacteria that disperse on their mycelia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lohberger
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Biogeosciences, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jorge E. Spangenberg
- Stable Isotope and Organic Geochemistry Laboratories, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yolanda Ventura
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Saskia Bindschedler
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Eric P. Verrecchia
- Laboratory of Biogeosciences, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Redouan Bshary
- Laboratory of Eco-ethology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Pilar Junier
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Decadal biomass increment in early secondary succession woody ecosystems is increased by CO 2 enrichment. Nat Commun 2019; 10:454. [PMID: 30765702 PMCID: PMC6376023 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric CO2 stimulates photosynthesis which can increase net primary production (NPP), but at longer timescales may not necessarily increase plant biomass. Here we analyse the four decade-long CO2-enrichment experiments in woody ecosystems that measured total NPP and biomass. CO2 enrichment increased biomass increment by 1.05 ± 0.26 kg C m−2 over a full decade, a 29.1 ± 11.7% stimulation of biomass gain in these early-secondary-succession temperate ecosystems. This response is predictable by combining the CO2 response of NPP (0.16 ± 0.03 kg C m−2 y−1) and the CO2-independent, linear slope between biomass increment and cumulative NPP (0.55 ± 0.17). An ensemble of terrestrial ecosystem models fail to predict both terms correctly. Allocation to wood was a driver of across-site, and across-model, response variability and together with CO2-independence of biomass retention highlights the value of understanding drivers of wood allocation under ambient conditions to correctly interpret and predict CO2 responses. It is unclear whether CO2-stimulation of photosynthesis can propagate through slower ecosystem processes and lead to long-term increases in terrestrial carbon. Here the authors show that CO2-stimulation of photosynthesis leads to a 30% increase in forest regrowth over a decade of CO2 enrichment.
Collapse
|
166
|
Lu M, Hedin LO. Global plant-symbiont organization and emergence of biogeochemical cycles resolved by evolution-based trait modelling. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:239-250. [PMID: 30664701 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the most distinct but unresolved global patterns is the apparent variation in plant-symbiont nutrient strategies across biomes. This pattern is central to our understanding of plant-soil-nutrient feedbacks in the land biosphere, which, in turn, are essential for our ability to predict the future dynamics of the Earth system. Here, we present an evolution-based trait-modelling approach for resolving (1) the organization of plant-symbiont relationships across biomes worldwide and (2) the emergent consequences for plant community composition and land biogeochemical cycles. Using game theory, we allow plants to use different belowground strategies to acquire nutrients and compete within local plant-soil-nutrient cycles in boreal, temperate and tropical biomes. The evolutionarily stable strategies that emerge from this analysis allow us to predict the distribution of belowground symbioses worldwide, the sequence and timing of plant succession, the bistability of ecto- versus arbuscular mycorrhizae in temperate and tropical forests, and major differences in the land carbon and nutrient cycles across biomes. Our findings imply that belowground symbioses have been central to the evolutionary assembly of plant communities and plant-nutrient feedbacks at the scale of land biomes. We conclude that complex global patterns emerge from local between-organism interactions in the context of Darwinian natural selection and evolution, and that the underlying dynamics can be mechanistically probed by our low-dimensional modelling approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Lu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Lars O Hedin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Hovenden MJ, Leuzinger S, Newton PCD, Fletcher A, Fatichi S, Lüscher A, Reich PB, Andresen LC, Beier C, Blumenthal DM, Chiariello NR, Dukes JS, Kellner J, Hofmockel K, Niklaus PA, Song J, Wan S, Classen AT, Langley JA. Globally consistent influences of seasonal precipitation limit grassland biomass response to elevated CO 2. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:167-173. [PMID: 30737508 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration should stimulate biomass production directly via biochemical stimulation of carbon assimilation, and indirectly via water savings caused by increased plant water-use efficiency. Because of these water savings, the CO2 fertilization effect (CFE) should be stronger at drier sites, yet large differences among experiments in grassland biomass response to elevated CO2 appear to be unrelated to annual precipitation, preventing useful generalizations. Here, we show that, as predicted, the impact of elevated CO2 on biomass production in 19 globally distributed temperate grassland experiments reduces as mean precipitation in seasons other than spring increases, but that it rises unexpectedly as mean spring precipitation increases. Moreover, because sites with high spring precipitation also tend to have high precipitation at other times, these effects of spring and non-spring precipitation on the CO2 response offset each other, constraining the response of ecosystem productivity to rising CO2. This explains why previous analyses were unable to discern a reliable trend between site dryness and the CFE. Thus, the CFE in temperate grasslands worldwide will be constrained by their natural rainfall seasonality such that the stimulation of biomass by rising CO2 could be substantially less than anticipated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Hovenden
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Sebastian Leuzinger
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul C D Newton
- Plant Functional Biology, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Fletcher
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simone Fatichi
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lüscher
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louise C Andresen
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claus Beier
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dana M Blumenthal
- Rangeland Resources Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Nona R Chiariello
- Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Dukes
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Juliane Kellner
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kirsten Hofmockel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Pascal A Niklaus
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jian Song
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Shiqiang Wan
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Aimée T Classen
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - J Adam Langley
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Song J, Wan S, Piao S, Hui D, Hovenden MJ, Ciais P, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhong M, Zheng M, Ma G, Zhou Z, Ru J. Elevated CO2
does not stimulate carbon sink in a semi-arid grassland. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:458-468. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Song
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology; School of Life Sciences; Henan University; Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
- College of Life Sciences; Hebei University; Baoding Hebei 071002 China
| | - Shiqiang Wan
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology; School of Life Sciences; Henan University; Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
- College of Life Sciences; Hebei University; Baoding Hebei 071002 China
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science; College of Urban and Environmental Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity; Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100085 China
- Centre for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100085 China
| | - Dafeng Hui
- Department of Biological Sciences; Tennessee State University; Nashville TN 37209 USA
| | - Mark J. Hovenden
- Biological Sciences; School of Natural Sciences; University of Tasmania; Private Bag 55 Hobart Tas 7001 Australia
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement; CEA CNRS UVSQ; Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Yongwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity; Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Yinzhan Liu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology; School of Life Sciences; Henan University; Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Mingxing Zhong
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology; School of Life Sciences; Henan University; Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Mengmei Zheng
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology; School of Life Sciences; Henan University; Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Gaigai Ma
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology; School of Life Sciences; Henan University; Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Zhenxing Zhou
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology; School of Life Sciences; Henan University; Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Jingyi Ru
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology; School of Life Sciences; Henan University; Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Smith NG, Keenan TF, Colin Prentice I, Wang H, Wright IJ, Niinemets Ü, Crous KY, Domingues TF, Guerrieri R, Yoko Ishida F, Kattge J, Kruger EL, Maire V, Rogers A, Serbin SP, Tarvainen L, Togashi HF, Townsend PA, Wang M, Weerasinghe LK, Zhou SX. Global photosynthetic capacity is optimized to the environment. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:506-517. [PMID: 30609108 PMCID: PMC6849754 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Earth system models (ESMs) use photosynthetic capacity, indexed by the maximum Rubisco carboxylation rate (Vcmax), to simulate carbon assimilation and typically rely on empirical estimates, including an assumed dependence on leaf nitrogen determined from soil fertility. In contrast, new theory, based on biochemical coordination and co‐optimization of carboxylation and water costs for photosynthesis, suggests that optimal Vcmax can be predicted from climate alone, irrespective of soil fertility. Here, we develop this theory and find it captures 64% of observed variability in a global, field‐measured Vcmax dataset for C3 plants. Soil fertility indices explained substantially less variation (32%). These results indicate that environmentally regulated biophysical constraints and light availability are the first‐order drivers of global photosynthetic capacity. Through acclimation and adaptation, plants efficiently utilize resources at the leaf level, thus maximizing potential resource use for growth and reproduction. Our theory offers a robust strategy for dynamically predicting photosynthetic capacity in ESMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Trevor F Keenan
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - I Colin Prentice
- AXA Chair of Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia.,Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristine Y Crous
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Tomas F Domingues
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rossella Guerrieri
- Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - F Yoko Ishida
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Jens Kattge
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany.,German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eric L Kruger
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Vincent Maire
- Département des sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois, Rivières, Trois Rivières, Canada
| | - Alistair Rogers
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Shawn P Serbin
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Lasse Tarvainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrique F Togashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Philip A Townsend
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Lasantha K Weerasinghe
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Shuang-Xi Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia.,The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Hawke's, Bay, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Jiang Y, Qian H, Huang S, Zhang X, Wang L, Zhang L, Shen M, Xiao X, Chen F, Zhang H, Lu C, Li C, Zhang J, Deng A, van Groenigen KJ, Zhang W. Acclimation of methane emissions from rice paddy fields to straw addition. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau9038. [PMID: 30746466 PMCID: PMC6357747 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau9038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Straw incorporation is a common long-term practice to improve soil fertility in croplands worldwide. However, straw amendments often increase methane (CH4) emissions from rice paddies, one of the main sources of anthropogenic CH4. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodologies to estimate CH4 emissions from rice agriculture assume that the effect of straw addition remains constant over time. Here, we show through a series of experiments and meta-analysis that these CH4 emissions acclimate. Effects of long-term (>5 years) straw application on CH4 emissions were, on average, 48% lower than IPCC estimates. Long-term straw incorporation increased soil methanotrophic abundance and rice root size, suggesting an increase in CH4 oxidation rates through improved O2 transport into the rhizosphere. Our results suggest that recent model projections may have overestimated CH4 emissions from rice agriculture and that CH4 emission estimates can be improved by considering the duration of straw incorporation and other management practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4 RJ, UK
| | - Haoyu Qian
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Ministry of Education and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xingyue Zhang
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingxing Shen
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Taihu Lake District, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Suzhou 215100, China
| | - Xiaoping Xiao
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Fu Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Changying Lu
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Taihu Lake District, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Suzhou 215100, China
| | - Chao Li
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Aixing Deng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kees Jan van Groenigen
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4 RJ, UK
- Corresponding author. (W.Z.); (K.J.V.G.)
| | - Weijian Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
- Corresponding author. (W.Z.); (K.J.V.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Brundrett M, Tedersoo L. Misdiagnosis of mycorrhizas and inappropriate recycling of data can lead to false conclusions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:18-24. [PMID: 30191568 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We draw attention to a worrying trend for the uncritical use of 'recycled' mycorrhizal data to compile host species lists that include obvious errors or undertake risky analyses that correlate mycorrhizal colonisation levels with environmental or physiological factors despite inherent limitations in datasets. We are not suggesting that all meta-studies are wrong, only that more care should be taken to resolve what can safely be done with recycled mycorrhizal data in the future. We also recommend that mycorrhizal species lists should be checked against standard references since the majority of EM hosts and NM plant belong to families that are well resolved. However, additional research is required in cases where plant families have multiple root types within genera or occur in habitats where mycorrhizal associations are often suppressed (see Brundrett & Tedersoo, 2018). We hope that the mycorrhizal science community will work together more closely in the future to develop and enforce standards for mycorrhizal diagnosis and to share carefully corrected datasets for realistic meta-studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Brundrett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Dusenge ME, Duarte AG, Way DA. Plant carbon metabolism and climate change: elevated CO 2 and temperature impacts on photosynthesis, photorespiration and respiration. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:32-49. [PMID: 29983005 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 32 I. The importance of plant carbon metabolism for climate change 32 II. Rising atmospheric CO2 and carbon metabolism 33 III. Rising temperatures and carbon metabolism 37 IV. Thermal acclimation responses of carbon metabolic processes can be best understood when studied together 38 V. Will elevated CO2 offset warming-induced changes in carbon metabolism? 40 VI. No plant is an island: water and nutrient limitations define plant responses to climate drivers 41 VII. Conclusions 42 Acknowledgements 42 References 42 Appendix A1 48 SUMMARY: Plant carbon metabolism is impacted by rising CO2 concentrations and temperatures, but also feeds back onto the climate system to help determine the trajectory of future climate change. Here we review how photosynthesis, photorespiration and respiration are affected by increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate warming, both separately and in combination. We also compile data from the literature on plants grown at multiple temperatures, focusing on net CO2 assimilation rates and leaf dark respiration rates measured at the growth temperature (Agrowth and Rgrowth , respectively). Our analyses show that the ratio of Agrowth to Rgrowth is generally homeostatic across a wide range of species and growth temperatures, and that species that have reduced Agrowth at higher growth temperatures also tend to have reduced Rgrowth , while species that show stimulations in Agrowth under warming tend to have higher Rgrowth in the hotter environment. These results highlight the need to study these physiological processes together to better predict how vegetation carbon metabolism will respond to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirindi Eric Dusenge
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - André Galvao Duarte
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Danielle A Way
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Zhang Z, Phillips RP, Zhao W, Yuan Y, Liu Q, Yin H. Mycelia‐derived C contributes more to nitrogen cycling than root‐derived C in ectomycorrhizal alpine forests. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Plant & Environmental SciencesClemson University Clemson South Carolina
| | | | - Wenqiang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
| | - Yuanshuang Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Qing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
| | - Huajun Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Kariman K, Barker SJ, Tibbett M. Structural plasticity in root-fungal symbioses: diverse interactions lead to improved plant fitness. PeerJ 2018; 6:e6030. [PMID: 30533314 PMCID: PMC6284451 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Root-fungal symbioses such as mycorrhizas and endophytes are key components of terrestrial ecosystems. Diverse in trophy habits (obligate, facultative or hemi-biotrophs) and symbiotic relations (from mutualism to parasitism), these associations also show great variability in their root colonization and nutritional strategies. Specialized interface structures such as arbuscules and Hartig nets are formed by certain associations while others are restricted to non-specialized intercellular or intracellular hyphae in roots. In either case, there are documented examples of active nutrient exchange, reinforcing the fact that specialized structures used to define specific mycorrhizal associations are not essential for reciprocal exchange of nutrients and plant growth promotion. In feremycorrhiza (with Austroboletus occidentalis and eucalypts), the fungal partner markedly enhances plant growth and nutrient acquisition without colonizing roots, emphasizing that a conventional focus on structural form of associations may have resulted in important functional components of rhizospheres being overlooked. In support of this viewpoint, mycobiome studies using the state-of-the-art DNA sequencing technologies have unearthed much more complexity in root-fungal relationships than those discovered using the traditional morphology-based approaches. In this review, we explore the existing literature and most recent findings surrounding structure, functioning, and ecology of root-fungal symbiosis, which highlight the fact that plant fitness can be altered by taxonomically/ecologically diverse fungal symbionts regardless of root colonization and interface specialization. Furthermore, transition from saprotrophy to biotrophy seems to be a common event that occurs in diverse fungal lineages (consisting of root endophytes, soil saprotrophs, wood decayers etc.), and which may be accompanied by development of specialized interface structures and/or mycorrhiza-like effects on plant growth and nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Kariman
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Susan Jane Barker
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark Tibbett
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research & Soil Research Centre, School of Agriculture Policy and Development, University of Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Pither J, Pickles BJ, Simard SW, Ordonez A, Williams JW. Below-ground biotic interactions moderated the postglacial range dynamics of trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:1148-1160. [PMID: 29770964 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tree range shifts during geohistorical global change events provide a useful real-world model for how future changes in forest biomes may proceed. In North America, during the last deglaciation, the distributions of tree taxa varied significantly as regards the rate and direction of their responses for reasons that remain unclear. Local-scale processes such as establishment, growth, and resilience to environmental stress ultimately influence range dynamics. Despite the fact that interactions between trees and soil biota are known to influence local-scale processes profoundly, evidence linking below-ground interactions to distribution dynamics remains scarce. We evaluated climate velocity and plant traits related to dispersal, environmental tolerance and below-ground symbioses, as potential predictors of the geohistorical rates of expansion and contraction of the core distributions of tree genera between 16 and 7 ka bp. The receptivity of host genera towards ectomycorrhizal fungi was strongly supported as a positive predictor of poleward rates of distribution expansion, and seed mass was supported as a negative predictor. Climate velocity gained support as a positive predictor of rates of distribution contraction, but not expansion. Our findings indicate that understanding how tree distributions, and thus forest ecosystems, respond to climate change requires the simultaneous consideration of traits, biotic interactions and abiotic forcing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Pither
- Okanagan Institute for Biodiversity, Resilience, and Ecosystem Services, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Brian J Pickles
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Harborne Building, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AS, UK
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Suzanne W Simard
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alejandro Ordonez
- Department of Bioscience - Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Queen's University Belfast - School of Biological Sciences, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - John W Williams
- Department of Geography and Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Collalti A, Trotta C, Keenan TF, Ibrom A, Bond‐Lamberty B, Grote R, Vicca S, Reyer CPO, Migliavacca M, Veroustraete F, Anav A, Campioli M, Scoccimarro E, Šigut L, Grieco E, Cescatti A, Matteucci G. Thinning Can Reduce Losses in Carbon Use Efficiency and Carbon Stocks in Managed Forests Under Warmer Climate. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2018; 10:2427-2452. [PMID: 31007835 PMCID: PMC6472666 DOI: 10.1029/2018ms001275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Forest carbon use efficiency (CUE, the ratio of net to gross primary productivity) represents the fraction of photosynthesis that is not used for plant respiration. Although important, it is often neglected in climate change impact analyses. Here we assess the potential impact of thinning on projected carbon cycle dynamics and implications for forest CUE and its components (i.e., gross and net primary productivity and plant respiration), as well as on forest biomass production. Using a detailed process-based forest ecosystem model forced by climate outputs of five Earth System Models under four representative climate scenarios, we investigate the sensitivity of the projected future changes in the autotrophic carbon budget of three representative European forests. We focus on changes in CUE and carbon stocks as a result of warming, rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, and forest thinning. Results show that autotrophic carbon sequestration decreases with forest development, and the decrease is faster with warming and in unthinned forests. This suggests that the combined impacts of climate change and changing CO2 concentrations lead the forests to grow faster, mature earlier, and also die younger. In addition, we show that under future climate conditions, forest thinning could mitigate the decrease in CUE, increase carbon allocation into more recalcitrant woody pools, and reduce physiological-climate-induced mortality risks. Altogether, our results show that thinning can improve the efficacy of forest-based mitigation strategies and should be carefully considered within a portfolio of mitigation options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Collalti
- Impacts on Agriculture, Forests and Ecosystem Services DivisionFoundation Euro‐Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC)ViterboItaly
- National Research Council of ItalyInstitute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR‐ISAFOM)RendeItaly
| | - Carlo Trotta
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro‐food and Forest SystemsUniversity of TusciaViterboItaly
| | - Trevor F. Keenan
- Earth Sciences DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCAUSA
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and ManagementUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Department Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark (DTU)LyngbyDenmark
| | - Ben Bond‐Lamberty
- Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryJoint Global Change Research Institute at the University of Maryland‐College ParkCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Ruediger Grote
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK‐IFU)Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruheGermany
| | - Sara Vicca
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Pant and Vegetation Ecology), Department of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | | | | | | | - Alessandro Anav
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Matteo Campioli
- Department Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of Denmark (DTU)LyngbyDenmark
| | - Enrico Scoccimarro
- Climate Simulation and Prediction DivisionFoundation Euro‐Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC)BolognaItaly
| | - Ladislav Šigut
- Department of Matter and Energy FluxesGlobal Change Research Institute CASBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Elisa Grieco
- Impacts on Agriculture, Forests and Ecosystem Services DivisionFoundation Euro‐Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC)ViterboItaly
| | - Alessandro Cescatti
- Directorate for Sustainable ResourcesEuropean Commission, Joint Research CentreIspraItaly
| | - Giorgio Matteucci
- National Research Council of ItalyInstitute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR‐ISAFOM)RendeItaly
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Osborne CP, Charles-Dominique T, Stevens N, Bond WJ, Midgley G, Lehmann CER. Human impacts in African savannas are mediated by plant functional traits. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:10-24. [PMID: 29806964 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tropical savannas have a ground cover dominated by C4 grasses, with fire and herbivory constraining woody cover below a rainfall-based potential. The savanna biome covers 50% of the African continent, encompassing diverse ecosystems that include densely wooded Miombo woodlands and Serengeti grasslands with scattered trees. African savannas provide water, grazing and browsing, food and fuel for tens of millions of people, and have a unique biodiversity that supports wildlife tourism. However, human impacts are causing widespread and accelerating degradation of savannas. The primary threats are land cover-change and transformation, landscape fragmentation that disrupts herbivore communities and fire regimes, climate change and rising atmospheric CO2 . The interactions among these threats are poorly understood, with unknown consequences for ecosystem health and human livelihoods. We argue that the unique combinations of plant functional traits characterizing the major floristic assemblages of African savannas make them differentially susceptible and resilient to anthropogenic drivers of ecosystem change. Research must address how this functional diversity among African savannas differentially influences their vulnerability to global change and elucidate the mechanisms responsible. This knowledge will permit appropriate management strategies to be developed to maintain ecosystem integrity, biodiversity and livelihoods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin P Osborne
- Grantham Centre for Sustainable Futures, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Tristan Charles-Dominique
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Nicola Stevens
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - William J Bond
- South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON), Private Bag X7, Claremont, 7735, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Guy Midgley
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
178
|
Chen J, Luo Y, García-Palacios P, Cao J, Dacal M, Zhou X, Li J, Xia J, Niu S, Yang H, Shelton S, Guo W, van Groenigen KJ. Differential responses of carbon-degrading enzyme activities to warming: Implications for soil respiration. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:4816-4826. [PMID: 29999577 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular enzymes catalyze rate-limiting steps in soil organic matter decomposition, and their activities (EEAs) play a key role in determining soil respiration (SR). Both EEAs and SR are highly sensitive to temperature, but their responses to climate warming remain poorly understood. Here, we present a meta-analysis on the response of soil cellulase and ligninase activities and SR to warming, synthesizing data from 56 studies. We found that warming significantly enhanced ligninase activity by 21.4% but had no effect on cellulase activity. Increases in ligninase activity were positively correlated with changes in SR, while no such relationship was found for cellulase. The warming response of ligninase activity was more closely related to the responses of SR than a wide range of environmental and experimental methodological factors. Furthermore, warming effects on ligninase activity increased with experiment duration. These results suggest that soil microorganisms sustain long-term increases in SR with warming by gradually increasing the degradation of the recalcitrant carbon pool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Chen
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- Aarhus University Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
- Department for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Pablo García-Palacios
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Marina Dacal
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, Tiantong National Field Observation Station for Forest Ecosystem, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianwei Li
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jianyang Xia
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, Tiantong National Field Observation Station for Forest Ecosystem, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuli Niu
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiyi Yang
- College of Engineering Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Shelby Shelton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
179
|
Averill C, Dietze MC, Bhatnagar JM. Continental-scale nitrogen pollution is shifting forest mycorrhizal associations and soil carbon stocks. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:4544-4553. [PMID: 30051940 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Most tree roots on Earth form a symbiosis with either ecto- or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nitrogen fertilization is hypothesized to favor arbuscular mycorrhizal tree species at the expense of ectomycorrhizal species due to differences in fungal nitrogen acquisition strategies, and this may alter soil carbon balance, as differences in forest mycorrhizal associations are linked to differences in soil carbon pools. Combining nitrogen deposition data with continental-scale US forest data, we show that nitrogen pollution is spatially associated with a decline in ectomycorrhizal vs. arbuscular mycorrhizal trees. Furthermore, nitrogen deposition has contrasting effects on arbuscular vs. ectomycorrhizal demographic processes, favoring arbuscular mycorrhizal trees at the expense of ectomycorrhizal trees, and is spatially correlated with reduced soil carbon stocks. This implies future changes in nitrogen deposition may alter the capacity of forests to sequester carbon and offset climate change via interactions with the forest microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Averill
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Earth & Environment, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael C Dietze
- Department of Earth & Environment, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | |
Collapse
|
180
|
Verlinden MS, Ven A, Verbruggen E, Janssens IA, Wallander H, Vicca S. Favorable effect of mycorrhizae on biomass production efficiency exceeds their carbon cost in a fertilization experiment. Ecology 2018; 99:2525-2534. [PMID: 30218450 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Biomass production efficiency (BPE), the ratio of biomass production to photosynthesis, varies greatly among ecosystems and typically increases with increasing nutrient availability. Reduced carbon partitioning to mycorrhizal fungi (i.e., per unit photosynthesis) is the hypothesized underlying mechanism, as mycorrhizal abundance and plant dependence on these symbionts typically decrease with increasing nutrient availability. In a mesocosm experiment with Zea mays, we investigated the effect of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) addition and of mycorrhizal inoculation on BPE. Photosynthesis and respiration were measured at mesocosm scale and at leaf scale. The growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was assessed with ingrowth bags while also making use of the difference in δ13 C between C4 plants and C3 soil. Mesocosms without AMF, that is, with pasteurized soil, were used to further explore the role of AMF. Plant growth, photosynthesis, and BPE were positively affected by P, but not by N addition. AMF biomass also was slightly higher under P addition, but carbon partitioning to AMF was significantly lower than without P addition. Interestingly, in the absence of AMF, plants that did not receive P died prematurely. Our study confirmed the hypothesis that BPE increases with increasing nutrient availability, and that carbon partitioning to AMF plays a key role in this nutrient effect. The comparison of inoculated vs. pasteurized mesocosms further suggested a lower carbon cost of nutrient uptake via AMF than via other mechanisms under nutrient rich conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Verlinden
- Research Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, BE-2610, Belgium
| | - Arne Ven
- Research Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, BE-2610, Belgium
| | - Erik Verbruggen
- Research Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, BE-2610, Belgium
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Research Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, BE-2610, Belgium
| | - Håkan Wallander
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, 223 62, Sweden
| | - Sara Vicca
- Research Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, BE-2610, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Cotton TEA. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities and global change: an uncertain future. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:5096018. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- TE Anne Cotton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
- Plant Production and Protection (P3) Institute for Translational Plant and Soil Biology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Watts-Williams SJ, Andrew Smith F, Jakobsen I. Soil phosphorus availability is a driver of the responses of maize (Zea mays) to elevated CO2 concentration and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation. Symbiosis 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-018-0573-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
183
|
Hoeksema JD, Bever JD, Chakraborty S, Chaudhary VB, Gardes M, Gehring CA, Hart MM, Housworth EA, Kaonongbua W, Klironomos JN, Lajeunesse MJ, Meadow J, Milligan BG, Piculell BJ, Pringle A, Rúa MA, Umbanhowar J, Viechtbauer W, Wang YW, Wilson GWT, Zee PC. Evolutionary history of plant hosts and fungal symbionts predicts the strength of mycorrhizal mutualism. Commun Biol 2018; 1:116. [PMID: 30271996 PMCID: PMC6123707 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Most plants engage in symbioses with mycorrhizal fungi in soils and net consequences for plants vary widely from mutualism to parasitism. However, we lack a synthetic understanding of the evolutionary and ecological forces driving such variation for this or any other nutritional symbiosis. We used meta-analysis across 646 combinations of plants and fungi to show that evolutionary history explains substantially more variation in plant responses to mycorrhizal fungi than the ecological factors included in this study, such as nutrient fertilization and additional microbes. Evolutionary history also has a different influence on outcomes of ectomycorrhizal versus arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses; the former are best explained by the multiple evolutionary origins of ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in plants, while the latter are best explained by recent diversification in plants; both are also explained by evolution of specificity between plants and fungi. These results provide the foundation for a synthetic framework to predict the outcomes of nutritional mutualisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Hoeksema
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - James D Bever
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Sounak Chakraborty
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - V Bala Chaudhary
- Department of Environmental Science and Studies, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA
| | - Monique Gardes
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174 UPS - CNRS - IRD - ENSFEA, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine A Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Miranda M Hart
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | | | - Wittaya Kaonongbua
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - John N Klironomos
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Marc J Lajeunesse
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - James Meadow
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, 344 Leon Johnson Hall, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, 335 Pacific Hall, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Brook G Milligan
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Bridget J Piculell
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, 29424, USA
| | - Anne Pringle
- Departments of Botany and Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Megan A Rúa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - James Umbanhowar
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Wolfgang Viechtbauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6200, MD, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Yen-Wen Wang
- Departments of Botany and Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Gail W T Wilson
- Natural Resource Ecology & Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Peter C Zee
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Craig ME, Turner BL, Liang C, Clay K, Johnson DJ, Phillips RP. Tree mycorrhizal type predicts within-site variability in the storage and distribution of soil organic matter. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:3317-3330. [PMID: 29573504 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Forest soils store large amounts of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), yet how predicted shifts in forest composition will impact long-term C and N persistence remains poorly understood. A recent hypothesis predicts that soils under trees associated with arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) store less C than soils dominated by trees associated with ectomycorrhizas (ECM), due to slower decomposition in ECM-dominated forests. However, an incipient hypothesis predicts that systems with rapid decomposition-e.g. most AM-dominated forests-enhance soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization by accelerating the production of microbial residues. To address these contrasting predictions, we quantified soil C and N to 1 m depth across gradients of ECM-dominance in three temperate forests. By focusing on sites where AM- and ECM-plants co-occur, our analysis controls for climatic factors that covary with mycorrhizal dominance across broad scales. We found that while ECM stands contain more SOM in topsoil, AM stands contain more SOM when subsoil to 1 m depth is included. Biomarkers and soil fractionations reveal that these patterns are driven by an accumulation of microbial residues in AM-dominated soils. Collectively, our results support emerging theory on SOM formation, demonstrate the importance of subsurface soils in mediating plant effects on soil C and N, and indicate that shifts in the mycorrhizal composition of temperate forests may alter the stabilization of SOM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Craig
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Chao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Keith Clay
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
185
|
Chen J, Luo Y, van Groenigen KJ, Hungate BA, Cao J, Zhou X, Wang RW. A keystone microbial enzyme for nitrogen control of soil carbon storage. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaaq1689. [PMID: 30140736 PMCID: PMC6105232 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaq1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural and industrial activities have increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition to ecosystems worldwide. N deposition can stimulate plant growth and soil carbon (C) input, enhancing soil C storage. Changes in microbial decomposition could also influence soil C storage, yet this influence has been difficult to discern, partly because of the variable effects of added N on the microbial enzymes involved. We show, using meta-analysis, that added N reduced the activity of lignin-modifying enzymes (LMEs), and that this N-induced enzyme suppression was associated with increases in soil C. In contrast, N-induced changes in cellulase activity were unrelated to changes in soil C. Moreover, the effects of added soil N on LME activity accounted for more of the variation in responses of soil C than a wide range of other environmental and experimental factors. Our results suggest that, through responses of a single enzyme system to added N, soil microorganisms drive long-term changes in soil C accumulation. Incorporating this microbial influence on ecosystem biogeochemistry into Earth system models could improve predictions of ecosystem C dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Chen
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG) and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
- Aarhus University Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Department for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, AZ 86011, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Kees Jan van Groenigen
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Bruce A. Hungate
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG) and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, Tiantong National Field Observation Station for Forest Ecosystem, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Rui-wu Wang
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Dong Y, Wang Z, Sun H, Yang W, Xu H. The Response Patterns of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal and Ectomycorrhizal Symbionts Under Elevated CO 2: A Meta-Analysis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1248. [PMID: 29942293 PMCID: PMC6004511 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2), a much-discussed topic in global warming, influences development and functions of mycorrhizal fungi and plants. However, due to the inconsistent results reported in various publications, the response patterns of symbionts associated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) or with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi to eCO2 remains still unclear. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to identify how eCO2 affected mycorrhizal fungi and if there is a significant different response between AM and ECM symbionts. Our results demonstrated that eCO2 increased mycorrhizal plants biomass (+26.20%), nutrient contents [+2.45% in nitrogen (N), and +10.66% in phosphorus (P)] and mycorrhizal fungal growth (+22.87% in extraradical hyphal length and +21.77% in mycorrhizal fungal biomass), whereas plant nutrient concentrations decreased (-11.86% in N and -12.01% in P) because the increase in plant biomass was greater than that in nutrient content. The AM plants exhibited larger increases in their biomass (+33.90%) and in their N (+21.99%) and P contents (+19.48%) than did the ECM plants (+20.57% in biomass, -4.28% in N content and -13.35% in P content). However, ECM fungi demonstrated increased responses of mycorrhizal fungal biomass (+29.98%) under eCO2 compared with AM fungi (+6.61%). These data indicate different patterns in the growth of AM and ECM symbionts under eCO2: AM symbionts contributed more to plant growth, while ECM symbionts were more favorable to mycorrhizal fungal growth. In addition, the responses of plant biomass to eCO2 showed no significant difference between short-term and long-term groups, whereas a significant difference in the responses of mycorrhizal fungal growth was found between the two groups. The addition of N increased plant growth but decreased mycorrhizal fungal abundance, and P addition increased total plant biomass and extraradical hyphal length, but shoot biomass largely increased in low P conditions. Mixtures of mycorrhizal fungi affected the total plant and root biomasses more than a single mycorrhizal fungus. Clarifying the different patterns in AM and ECM symbionts under eCO2 would contribute to a better understanding of the interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and plant symbionts under the conditions of global climate change as well as of the coevolution of flora with Earth's environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Dong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology, Benxi, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weichao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
van der Linde S, Suz LM, Orme CDL, Cox F, Andreae H, Asi E, Atkinson B, Benham S, Carroll C, Cools N, De Vos B, Dietrich HP, Eichhorn J, Gehrmann J, Grebenc T, Gweon HS, Hansen K, Jacob F, Kristöfel F, Lech P, Manninger M, Martin J, Meesenburg H, Merilä P, Nicolas M, Pavlenda P, Rautio P, Schaub M, Schröck HW, Seidling W, Šrámek V, Thimonier A, Thomsen IM, Titeux H, Vanguelova E, Verstraeten A, Vesterdal L, Waldner P, Wijk S, Zhang Y, Žlindra D, Bidartondo MI. Environment and host as large-scale controls of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Nature 2018; 558:243-248. [PMID: 29875410 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Explaining the large-scale diversity of soil organisms that drive biogeochemical processes-and their responses to environmental change-is critical. However, identifying consistent drivers of belowground diversity and abundance for some soil organisms at large spatial scales remains problematic. Here we investigate a major guild, the ectomycorrhizal fungi, across European forests at a spatial scale and resolution that is-to our knowledge-unprecedented, to explore key biotic and abiotic predictors of ectomycorrhizal diversity and to identify dominant responses and thresholds for change across complex environmental gradients. We show the effect of 38 host, environment, climate and geographical variables on ectomycorrhizal diversity, and define thresholds of community change for key variables. We quantify host specificity and reveal plasticity in functional traits involved in soil foraging across gradients. We conclude that environmental and host factors explain most of the variation in ectomycorrhizal diversity, that the environmental thresholds used as major ecosystem assessment tools need adjustment and that the importance of belowground specificity and plasticity has previously been underappreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sietse van der Linde
- Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK. .,Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK. .,Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, UK.
| | - Laura M Suz
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK
| | | | - Filipa Cox
- Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Henning Andreae
- Public Enterprise Sachsenforst, Kompetenzzentrum Wald und Forstwirtschaft, Pirna, Germany
| | - Endla Asi
- Estonian Environment Agency, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Bonnie Atkinson
- Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK.,Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK
| | - Sue Benham
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, UK
| | | | - Nathalie Cools
- Nature and Forest Research Institute, Environment and Climate, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Bruno De Vos
- Nature and Forest Research Institute, Environment and Climate, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | | | | | - Joachim Gehrmann
- Landesamt für Natur Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz Nordrhein-Westfalen, Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - Tine Grebenc
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hyun S Gweon
- Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.,Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
| | - Karin Hansen
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ferdinand Kristöfel
- Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Wien, Austria
| | - Paweł Lech
- Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, Poland
| | | | - Jan Martin
- Landesforstanstalt M-V BT: FVI, Schwerin, Germany
| | | | - Päivi Merilä
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Oulu, Finland
| | - Manuel Nicolas
- Office National des Forêts, Recherche-Développement-Innovation, Fontainebleau, France
| | | | - Pasi Rautio
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Vít Šrámek
- Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Jíloviště, Czech Republic
| | - Anne Thimonier
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Iben Margrete Thomsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hugues Titeux
- University of Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Arne Verstraeten
- Nature and Forest Research Institute, Environment and Climate, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Lars Vesterdal
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Waldner
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Sture Wijk
- Swedish Forest Agency, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | | | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK.,Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Carrara JE, Walter CA, Hawkins JS, Peterjohn WT, Averill C, Brzostek ER. Interactions among plants, bacteria, and fungi reduce extracellular enzyme activities under long-term N fertilization. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:2721-2734. [PMID: 29488286 PMCID: PMC5980773 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has enhanced soil carbon (C) stocks in temperate forests. Most research has posited that these soil C gains are driven primarily by shifts in fungal community composition with elevated N leading to declines in lignin degrading Basidiomycetes. Recent research, however, suggests that plants and soil microbes are dynamically intertwined, whereby plants send C subsidies to rhizosphere microbes to enhance enzyme production and the mobilization of N. Thus, under elevated N, trees may reduce belowground C allocation leading to cascading impacts on the ability of microbes to degrade soil organic matter through a shift in microbial species and/or a change in plant-microbe interactions. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which couplings among plant, fungal, and bacterial responses to N fertilization alter the activity of enzymes that are the primary agents of soil decomposition. We measured fungal and bacterial community composition, root-microbial interactions, and extracellular enzyme activity in the rhizosphere, bulk, and organic horizon of soils sampled from a long-term (>25 years), whole-watershed, N fertilization experiment at the Fernow Experimental Forest in West Virginia, USA. We observed significant declines in plant C investment to fine root biomass (24.7%), root morphology, and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization (55.9%). Moreover, we found that declines in extracellular enzyme activity were significantly correlated with a shift in bacterial community composition, but not fungal community composition. This bacterial community shift was also correlated with reduced AM fungal colonization indicating that declines in plant investment belowground drive the response of bacterial community structure and function to N fertilization. Collectively, we find that enzyme activity responses to N fertilization are not solely driven by fungi, but instead reflect a whole ecosystem response, whereby declines in the strength of belowground C investment to gain N cascade through the soil environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Carrara
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Christopher A. Walter
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Colin Averill
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
189
|
Andresen LC, Domínguez MT, Reinsch S, Smith AR, Schmidt IK, Ambus P, Beier C, Boeckx P, Bol R, Dato G, Emmett BA, Estiarte M, Garnett MH, Kröel‐Dulay G, Mason SL, Nielsen CS, Peñuelas J, Tietema A. Isotopic methods for non‐destructive assessment of carbon dynamics in shrublands under long‐term climate change manipulation. Methods Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise C. Andresen
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Andrew R. Smith
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bangor UK
- School of EnvironmentNatural Resources & GeographyBangor University Bangor UK
| | - Inger K. Schmidt
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Per Ambus
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Claus Beier
- Centre for Catchments and Urban Water Research Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory ‐ ISOFYSGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Roland Bol
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
- Institute of Bio‐ and GeosciencesIBG‐3: Agrosphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany
| | - Giovanbattista Dato
- Department for Innovation in BiologicalAgro‐food and Forest systemsUniversity of Tuscia Viterbo Italy
| | | | - Marc Estiarte
- CSICGlobal Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Mark H. Garnett
- NERC Radiocarbon FacilityScottish Enterprise Technology Park East Kilbride UK
| | - György Kröel‐Dulay
- Centre for Ecological ResearchInstitute of Ecology and BotanyHungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest Hungary
| | - Sharon L. Mason
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Cecilie S. Nielsen
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSICGlobal Ecology Unit CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Albert Tietema
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Gehring CA, Johnson NC. Beyond ICOM8: perspectives on advances in mycorrhizal research from 2015 to 2017. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:197-201. [PMID: 29290018 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This report reviews important advances in mycorrhizal research that occurred during the past 2 years. We highlight major advancements both within and across levels of biological organization and describe areas where greater integration has led to unique insights. Particularly active areas of research include exploration of the mechanisms underpinning the development of the mycorrhizal symbiosis, the mycorrhizal microbiome, comparisons among types of mycorrhizas from molecular to ecosystem scales, the extent and function of mycorrhizal networks and enhanced understanding of the role of mycorrhizas in carbon dynamics from local to global scales. The top-tier scientific journals have acknowledged mycorrhizas to be complex adaptive systems that play key roles in the development of communities and ecosystem processes. Understanding the mechanisms driving these large-scale effects requires integration of knowledge across scales of biological organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, 617 S. Beaver Street, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5640, USA.
| | - Nancy C Johnson
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, 525 S. Beaver Street, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5694, USA
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Agne MC, Beedlow PA, Shaw DC, Woodruff DR, Lee EH, Cline SP, Comeleo RL. Interactions of predominant insects and diseases with climate change in Douglas-fir forests of western Oregon and Washington, U.S.A. FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT 2018; 409:317-332. [PMID: 29290644 PMCID: PMC5746199 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Forest disturbance regimes are beginning to show evidence of climate-mediated changes, such as increasing severity of droughts and insect outbreaks. We review the major insects and pathogens affecting the disturbance regime for coastal Douglas-fir forests in western Oregon and Washington State, USA, and ask how future climate changes may influence their role in disturbance ecology. Although the physiological constraints of light, temperature, and moisture largely control tree growth, episodic and chronic disturbances interacting with biological factors have substantial impacts on the structure and functioning of forest ecosystems in this region. Understanding insect and disease interactions is critical to predicting forest response to climate change and the consequences for ecosystem services, such as timber, clean water, fish and wildlife. We focused on future predictions for warmer wetter winters, hotter drier summers, and elevated atmospheric CO2 to hypothesize the response of Douglas-fir forests to the major insects and diseases influencing this forest type: Douglas-fir beetle, Swiss needle cast, black stain root disease, and laminated root rot. We hypothesize that 1) Douglas-fir beetle and black stain root disease could become more prevalent with increasing, fire, temperature stress, and moisture stress, 2) future impacts of Swiss needle cast are difficult to predict due to uncertainties in May-July leaf wetness, but warmer winters could contribute to intensification at higher elevations, and 3) laminated root rot will be influenced primarily by forest management, rather than climatic change. Furthermore, these biotic disturbance agents interact in complex ways that are poorly understood. Consequently, to inform management decisions, insect and disease influences on disturbance regimes must be characterized specifically by forest type and region in order to accurately capture these interactions in light of future climate-mediated changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. Agne
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, Oregon State University, 280 Peavy Hall, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Peter A. Beedlow
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, Oregon, 97333, USA
| | - David C. Shaw
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, Oregon State University, 280 Peavy Hall, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - David R. Woodruff
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon, 97333, USA
| | - E. Henry Lee
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, Oregon, 97333, USA
| | - Steven P. Cline
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, Oregon, 97333, USA
| | - Randy L. Comeleo
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, Oregon, 97333, USA
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Ancient environmental DNA reveals shifts in dominant mutualisms during the late Quaternary. Nat Commun 2018; 9:139. [PMID: 29321473 PMCID: PMC5762924 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02421-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA-based snapshots of ancient vegetation have shown that the composition of high-latitude plant communities changed considerably during the late Quaternary. However, parallel changes in biotic interactions remain largely uninvestigated. Here we show how mutualisms involving plants and heterotrophic organisms varied during the last 50,000 years. During 50–25 ka BP, a cool period featuring stadial-interstadial fluctuations, arbuscular mycorrhizal and non-N-fixing plants predominated. During 25-15 ka BP, a cold, dry interval, the representation of ectomycorrhizal, non-mycorrhizal and facultatively mycorrhizal plants increased, while that of N-fixing plants decreased further. From 15 ka BP, which marks the transition to and establishment of the Holocene interglaciation, representation of arbuscular mycorrhizal plants decreased further, while that of ectomycorrhizal, non-mycorrhizal, N-fixing and wind-pollinated plants increased. These changes in the mutualist trait structure of vegetation may reflect responses to historical environmental conditions that are without current analogue, or biogeographic processes, such as spatial decoupling of mutualist partners. Recently, an eDNA metabarcoding data set was used to describe northern high-latitude vegetation during the past 50,000 years. Here, Zobel et al. use the data set to examine how the abundance of key plant mutualistic traits changed during this period and discuss possible environmental drivers.
Collapse
|
193
|
Pellitier PT, Zak DR. Ectomycorrhizal fungi and the enzymatic liberation of nitrogen from soil organic matter: why evolutionary history matters. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:68-73. [PMID: 29193221 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 68 I. Introduction 68 II. Have ECM fungi retained genes with lignocellulolytic potential from saprotrophic ancestors? 69 III. Are genes with saprotrophic function expressed by ECM fungi when in symbiosis? 71 IV. Do transcribed enzymes operate to obtain N from SOM? 71 V. Is the organic N derived from SOM transferred to the plant host? 71 VI. Concluding remarks 72 Acknowledgements 72 References 72 SUMMARY: The view that ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi commonly participate in the enzymatic liberation of nitrogen (N) from soil organic matter (SOM) has recently been invoked as a key mechanism governing the biogeochemical cycles of forest ecosystems. Here, we provide evidence that not all evolutionary lineages of ECM have retained the genetic potential to produce extracellular enzymes that degrade SOM, calling into question the ubiquity of the proposed mechanism. Further, we discuss several untested conditions that must be empirically validated before it is certain that any lineage of ECM fungi actively expresses extracellular enzymes in order to degrade SOM and transfer N contained therein to its host plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Pellitier
- School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, 440 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Donald R Zak
- School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, 440 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Terrer C, Vicca S, Stocker BD, Hungate BA, Phillips RP, Reich PB, Finzi AC, Prentice IC. Ecosystem responses to elevated CO 2 governed by plant-soil interactions and the cost of nitrogen acquisition. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:507-522. [PMID: 29105765 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 507 I. Introduction 507 II. The return on investment approach 508 III. CO2 response spectrum 510 IV. Discussion 516 Acknowledgements 518 References 518 SUMMARY: Land ecosystems sequester on average about a quarter of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. It has been proposed that nitrogen (N) availability will exert an increasingly limiting effect on plants' ability to store additional carbon (C) under rising CO2 , but these mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we review findings from elevated CO2 experiments using a plant economics framework, highlighting how ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 may depend on the costs and benefits of plant interactions with mycorrhizal fungi and symbiotic N-fixing microbes. We found that N-acquisition efficiency is positively correlated with leaf-level photosynthetic capacity and plant growth, and negatively with soil C storage. Plants that associate with ectomycorrhizal fungi and N-fixers may acquire N at a lower cost than plants associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. However, the additional growth in ectomycorrhizal plants is partly offset by decreases in soil C pools via priming. Collectively, our results indicate that predictive models aimed at quantifying C cycle feedbacks to global change may be improved by treating N as a resource that can be acquired by plants in exchange for energy, with different costs depending on plant interactions with microbial symbionts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- César Terrer
- AXA Chair Programme in Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Sara Vicca
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Benjamin D Stocker
- AXA Chair Programme in Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
| | - Bruce A Hungate
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | | | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Adrien C Finzi
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - I Colin Prentice
- AXA Chair Programme in Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Liese R, Lübbe T, Albers NW, Meier IC. The mycorrhizal type governs root exudation and nitrogen uptake of temperate tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:83-95. [PMID: 29126247 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Even though the two dominant mycorrhizal associations of temperate tree species differentially couple carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles in temperate forests, systematic differences between the biogeochemical cycles of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) tree species remain poorly described. A classification according to the mycorrhizal type offers the chance, though, to develop a global frame concept for the prediction of temperate ecosystem responses to environmental change. Focusing on the influence of mycorrhizal types on two key plant processes of biogeochemical cycling (root exudation and N acquisition), we investigated four temperate deciduous tree species per mycorrhizal type in a drought experiment in large mesocosms. We hypothesized that (H1) C loss by root exudation is higher in ECM than in AM trees, (H2) drought leads to higher reductions in root exudation of drought-sensitive ECM trees and (H3) inorganic N uptake is higher in AM than in ECM trees. In contradiction to H2, we found no systematic difference in root exudation between the mycorrhizal types at ample soil moisture, but almost twofold higher exudation in ECM trees when exposed to soil drought. In addition, photosynthetic C cost of root exudation strongly increased by ~10-fold in drought-treated ECM trees, while it only doubled in AM trees, which confirms H1. With respect to H3, we corroborated that AM trees had higher absolute and relative inorganic N acquisition rates than ECM trees, while the organic N uptake did not differ between mycorrhizal types. We conclude that ECM trees are less efficient in inorganic N uptake than AM trees, but ECM trees increase root C release as an adaptive response to dry soil to maintain hydraulic conductivity and/or nutrient availability. These systematic differences in key biogeochemical processes support hints on the key role of the mycorrhizal types in coupling C and N cycles in temperate forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Liese
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Torben Lübbe
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nora W Albers
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ina C Meier
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
de Witte LC, Rosenstock NP, van der Linde S, Braun S. Nitrogen deposition changes ectomycorrhizal communities in Swiss beech forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:1083-1096. [PMID: 28715856 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollution has implications for the health and diversity of temperate forests covering large parts of central Europe. Long-term elevated anthropogenic deposition of nitrogen (N) is driving forest ecosystems from the limitation by N to other nutrients and is found to affect tree health and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), which most trees depend on for nutrient uptake. However, the consequence of EMF community changes for trees remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated changes in EMF communities on root tips and in soil of beech forests along a N deposition gradient ranging between 16 and 33kgNha-1a-1, where high N deposition was found to negatively affect tree growth and nutrient levels. The most important factors significantly explaining variation in root tip and mycelium EMF community composition in both root tips and mesh bags were increased N deposition, base saturation, growing season temperature and precipitation. With increasing N deposition, fine root length, EMF root colonization, EMF diversity on root tips and in soil, and production of extramatrical mycelium decreased significantly. Foliar P and potassium (K) were positively associated with increasing EMF diversity and we found EMF community composition to be associated with foliar P and N:P ratio. The decrease in root colonization, mesh bag ingrowth and abundance of the important species Cenococcum geophilum as well as high biomass species with increasing N availability clearly indicate repercussions for belowground carbon allocation, although some indicator species for high N deposition and low foliar P have long mycelia and may reflect a potential optimization of host P uptake. Our study supports the hypothesis that the decrease in nutrient uptake in beech forests across Europe is related to changes in EMF communities and suggests that continued high N deposition changes soil carbon and nutrient cycles, thereby affecting forest ecosystem health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C de Witte
- Institute for Applied Plant Biology, Sandgrubenstrasse 25/27, CH-4124 Schönenbuch, Switzerland.
| | - N P Rosenstock
- Center for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - S van der Linde
- Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Jodrell Laboratory, Richmond TW9 3DS, United Kingdom
| | - S Braun
- Institute for Applied Plant Biology, Sandgrubenstrasse 25/27, CH-4124 Schönenbuch, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
de Vries W, Posch M, Simpson D, Reinds GJ. Modelling long-term impacts of changes in climate, nitrogen deposition and ozone exposure on carbon sequestration of European forest ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:1097-1116. [PMID: 28738517 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We modelled the effects of past and expected future changes in climate (temperature, precipitation), CO2 concentration, nitrogen deposition (N) and ozone (O3) exposure (phytotoxic ozone dose, POD) on carbon (C) sequestration by European forest ecosystems for the period 1900-2050. Tree C sequestration was assessed by using empirical response functions, while soil C sequestration was simulated with the process-based model VSD, combined with the RothC model. We evaluated two empirical growth responses to N deposition (linear and non-linear) and two O3 exposure relationships (linear function with total biomass or net annual increment). We further investigated an 'interactive model' with interactions between drivers and a 'multiplicative model', in which the combined effect is the product of individual drivers. A single deposition and climate scenario was used for the period 1900-2050. Contrary to expectations, growth observations at European level for the period 1950-2010 compared better with predictions by the multiplicative model than with the interactive model. This coincides with the fact that carbon responses in kgCha-1yr-1 per unit change in drivers, i.e. per °C, ppm CO2, kgNha-1yr-1 and mmolm-2yr-1 POD, are more in line with literature data when using the multiplicative model. Compared to 1900, the estimated European average total C sequestration in both forests and forest soils between 1950 and 2000 increased by 21% in the interactive model and by 41% in the multiplicative model, but observed changes were even higher. This growth increase is expected to decline between 2000 and 2050. The simulated changes between 1950 and 2000 were mainly due to the increase in both N deposition and CO2, while the predicted increases between 2000 and 2050 were mainly caused by the increase in CO2 and temperature, and to lesser extent a decrease in POD, counteracted by reduced N deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wim de Vries
- Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Research (Alterra), PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Systems Analysis Group, PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Maximilian Posch
- Coordination Centre for Effects (CCE), RIVM, PO Box 1, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - David Simpson
- EMEP/MSC-W, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, PO Box 43-Blindern, N-0313 Oslo, Norway; Dept. Space, Earth & Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gert Jan Reinds
- Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Research (Alterra), PO Box 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Lin G, Guo D, Li L, Ma C, Zeng DH. Contrasting effects of ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal tropical tree species on soil nitrogen cycling: the potential mechanisms and corresponding adaptive strategies. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guigang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Inst. of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; CN-110016 Shenyang PR China
- Daqinggou Ecological Station, Inst. of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenyang PR China
| | - Dali Guo
- Center of Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Ecological Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Inst. of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing PR China
| | - Liang Li
- Center of Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Ecological Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Inst. of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing PR China
| | - Chengen Ma
- Center of Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Ecological Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Inst. of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing PR China
| | - De-Hui Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Inst. of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; CN-110016 Shenyang PR China
- Daqinggou Ecological Station, Inst. of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenyang PR China
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Verzeaux J, Hirel B, Dubois F, Lea PJ, Tétu T. Agricultural practices to improve nitrogen use efficiency through the use of arbuscular mycorrhizae: Basic and agronomic aspects. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 264:48-56. [PMID: 28969802 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen cycling in agroecosystems is heavily dependent upon arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) present in the soil microbiome. These fungi develop obligate symbioses with various host plant species, thus increasing their ability to acquire nutrients. However, AMF are particularly sensitive to physical, chemical and biological disturbances caused by human actions that limit their establishment. For a more sustainable agriculture, it will be necessary to further investigate which agricultural practices could be favorable to maximize the benefits of AMF to improve crop nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), thus reducing nitrogen (N) fertilizer usage. Direct seeding, mulch-based cropping systems prevent soil mycelium disruption and increase AMF propagule abundance. Such cropping systems lead to more efficient root colonization by AMF and thus a better establishment of the plant/fungal symbiosis. In addition, the use of continuous cover cropping systems can also enhance the formation of more efficient interconnected hyphal networks between mycorrhizae colonized plants. Taking into account both fundamental and agronomic aspects of mineral nutrition by plant/AMF symbioses, we have critically described, how improving fungal colonization through the reduction of soil perturbation and maintenance of an ecological balance could be helpful for increasing crop NUE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Verzeaux
- Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés (EDYSAN, FRE 3498 CNRS UPJV), Laboratoire d'Agroécologie, Ecophysiologie et Biologie intégrative, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Bertrand Hirel
- Intitut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 INRA-Agro-ParisTech, Equipe de Recherche Labellisée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 3559, RD10, F-78026 Versailles Cedex, France.
| | - Frédéric Dubois
- Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés (EDYSAN, FRE 3498 CNRS UPJV), Laboratoire d'Agroécologie, Ecophysiologie et Biologie intégrative, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Peter J Lea
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Thierry Tétu
- Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés (EDYSAN, FRE 3498 CNRS UPJV), Laboratoire d'Agroécologie, Ecophysiologie et Biologie intégrative, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Causes of variation among rice models in yield response to CO 2 examined with Free-Air CO 2 Enrichment and growth chamber experiments. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14858. [PMID: 29093514 PMCID: PMC5666007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13582-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The CO2 fertilization effect is a major source of uncertainty in crop models for future yield forecasts, but coordinated efforts to determine the mechanisms of this uncertainty have been lacking. Here, we studied causes of uncertainty among 16 crop models in predicting rice yield in response to elevated [CO2] (E-[CO2]) by comparison to free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) and chamber experiments. The model ensemble reproduced the experimental results well. However, yield prediction in response to E-[CO2] varied significantly among the rice models. The variation was not random: models that overestimated at one experiment simulated greater yield enhancements at the others. The variation was not associated with model structure or magnitude of photosynthetic response to E-[CO2] but was significantly associated with the predictions of leaf area. This suggests that modelled secondary effects of E-[CO2] on morphological development, primarily leaf area, are the sources of model uncertainty. Rice morphological development is conservative to carbon acquisition. Uncertainty will be reduced by incorporating this conservative nature of the morphological response to E-[CO2] into the models. Nitrogen levels, particularly under limited situations, make the prediction more uncertain. Improving models to account for [CO2] × N interactions is necessary to better evaluate management practices under climate change.
Collapse
|