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Bielinska AU, O'Konek JJ, Janczak KW, Baker JR. Immunomodulation of TH2 biased immunity with mucosal administration of nanoemulsion adjuvant. Vaccine 2016; 34:4017-24. [PMID: 27317451 PMCID: PMC4962973 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
TH2-biased immune responses are associated with inadequate protection against some pathogens and with cancer, colitis, asthma and allergy. Since most currently used vaccine adjuvants induce a TH2-biased response, this has led to interest in developing adjuvants capable of activating TH1 immunity and modulating existing TH2 responses. Immunotherapies to shift immune responses from TH2 to TH1 have generally required prolonged immunization protocols and have not induced effective TH1 responses. We have demonstrated that nanoscale emulsions (NE), a novel mucosal adjuvant, induce robust IgA and IgG antibody responses and TH1/TH17 cellular immunity resulting in protection against a variety of respiratory and mucosal infections. Because intranasal (i.n.) delivery of NE adjuvant consistently induces TH1/TH17 biased responses, we hypothesized that NE could be used as a therapeutic vaccine to redirect existing TH2 polarized immunity towards a more balanced TH1/TH2 profile. To test this, a TH2 immune response was established by intramuscular immunization of mice with alum-adjuvanted hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs), followed by a single subsequent i.n. immunization with NE-HBs. These animals exhibited increased TH1 associated immune responses and IL-17, and decreased TH2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-5) and IgG1. NE immunization induced regulatory T cells and IL-10, and IL-10 was required for the suppression of TH2 immunity. These data demonstrate that NE-based vaccines can modulate existing TH2 immune responses to promote TH1/TH17 immunity and suggest the potential therapeutic use of NE vaccines for diseases associated with TH2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna U Bielinska
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Jessica J O'Konek
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Katarzyna W Janczak
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - James R Baker
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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152
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Ohnmacht C. Tolerance to the Intestinal Microbiota Mediated by ROR(γt)(+) Cells. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:477-486. [PMID: 27255270 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Harmless microbes colonizing the gut require the establishment of a well-equilibrated symbiosis between this microbiota and its host. However, the immune system is primed to recognize both conserved microbial patterns and foreign antigens, and therefore developed strong tolerance mechanisms to prevent potential fatal immune reactivity to symbiotic microbes. The transcription factor RAR-related orphan-like γt [ROR(γt); encoded by Rorc] plays a key role in the gut for lymphoid tissue organogenesis, development of innate lymphoid cells type 3 (ILC3s) and proinflammatory type 17 T helper (Th17) cells. Surprisingly, recent research has revealed a contribution of ROR(γt)-expressing cells in a variety of tolerance mechanisms in both the innate and adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar Ohnmacht
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technische Universität and Helmholtz Center Munich, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, 80802 Munich, Germany.
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153
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Galligan CL, Keystone EC, Fish EN. Fibrocyte and T cell interactions promote disease pathogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun 2016; 69:38-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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154
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Li Y, Wang H, Lu H, Hua S. Regulation of Memory T Cells by Interleukin-23. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2016; 169:157-62. [PMID: 27100864 DOI: 10.1159/000445834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-23 (IL-23), a member of the IL-12 family of cytokines, is a heterodimeric cytokine. It is composed of subunits p40 (shared with IL-12) and p19 (an IL-12 p35-related subunit) and is secreted by several types of immune cells, such as natural killer cells and dendritic cells. The IL-23 receptor is composed of the subunit IL-12Rβ1 and the IL-23-specific subunit IL-23R. The binding of IL-23 to its specific cell surface receptor regulates a number of functions, including proliferation and differentiation of cells and secretion of cell factors. Memory T cells are a subset of T cells that secrete numerous important cell factors, and they function in the immune response to infection and diseases like cancer, autoimmune disease and bronchial asthma. IL-23R is expressed on the surface of memory T cells, which suggests that it can specifically regulate memory T cell function. IL-23 has been widely used as a clinical indicator in immune-related diseases and shows potential for use in disease treatment. Here we review the current progress in the study of the role of IL-23 in the regulation of memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Li
- Division 1, Pediatric Respiratory Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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155
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Noster R, de Koning HD, Maier E, Prelog M, Lainka E, Zielinski CE. Dysregulation of proinflammatory versus anti-inflammatory human T H17 cell functionalities in the autoinflammatory Schnitzler syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:1161-1169.e6. [PMID: 27040374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TH17 cells have so far been considered to be crucial mediators of autoimmune inflammation. Two distinct types of TH17 cells have been described recently, which differed in their polarization requirement for IL-1β and in their cytokine repertoire. Whether these distinct TH17 phenotypes translate into distinct TH17 cell functions with implications for human health or disease has not been addressed yet. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized the existence of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory human TH17 cell functions based on the differential expression of IL-10, which is regulated by IL-1β. Considering the crucial role of IL-1β in the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory syndromes, we hypothesized that IL-1β mediates the loss of anti-inflammatory TH17 cell functionalities in patients with Schnitzler syndrome, an autoinflammatory disease. METHODS To assess proinflammatory versus anti-inflammatory TH17 cell functions, we performed suppression assays and tested the effects of IL-1β dependent and independent TH17 subsets on modulating proinflammatory cytokine secretion by monocytes. Patients with Schnitzler syndrome were analyzed for changes in TH17 cell functions before and during therapy with IL-1β-blocking drugs. RESULTS Both TH17 cell subsets differ in their ability to suppress T-cell proliferation and their ability to modulate proinflammatory cytokine production by antigen-presenting cells because of their differential IL-10 expression properties. In patients with Schnitzler syndrome, systemic overproduction of IL-1β translates into a profound loss of anti-inflammatory TH17 cell functionalities, which can be reversed by anti-IL-1β treatment. CONCLUSION IL-1β signaling determines the differential expression pattern of IL-10, which is necessary and sufficient to induce proinflammatory versus anti-inflammatory TH17 cell functions. Our data introduce TH17 cell subsets as novel players in autoinflammation and thus novel therapeutic targets in autoinflammatory syndromes including other IL-1β mediated diseases. This demonstrates for the first time alterations in the adaptive immune system in patients with autoinflammatory syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Noster
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heleen D de Koning
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Center for Immunodeficiency and Autoinflammation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Maier
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Prelog
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzberg, Germany
| | - Elke Lainka
- Pediatric Rheumatology, University Children's Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Christina E Zielinski
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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156
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Cao Y, Goods BA, Raddassi K, Nepom GT, Kwok WW, Love JC, Hafler DA. Functional inflammatory profiles distinguish myelin-reactive T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:287ra74. [PMID: 25972006 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa8038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myelin-reactive T cells have been identified in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy subjects with comparable frequencies, but the contribution of these autoreactive T cells to disease pathology remains unknown. A total of 13,324 T cell libraries generated from blood of 23 patients and 22 healthy controls were interrogated for reactivity to myelin antigens. Libraries derived from CCR6(+) myelin-reactive T cells from patients with MS exhibited significantly enhanced production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) compared to healthy controls. Single-cell clones isolated by major histocompatibility complex/peptide tetramers from CCR6(+) T cell libraries also secreted more proinflammatory cytokines, whereas clones isolated from controls secreted more IL-10. The transcriptomes of myelin-specific CCR6(+) T cells from patients with MS were distinct from those derived from healthy controls and, notably, were enriched in T helper cell 17 (TH17)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalitis gene signatures, and gene signatures derived from TH17 cells isolated other human autoimmune diseases. These data, although not causal, imply that functional differences between antigen-specific T cells from MS and healthy controls are fundamental to disease development and support the notion that IL-10 production from myelin-reactive T cells may act to limit disease progression or even pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Cao
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Brittany A Goods
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Khadir Raddassi
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gerald T Nepom
- Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Research Center, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Research Center, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - J Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David A Hafler
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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157
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Lin CC, Bradstreet TR, Schwarzkopf EA, Jarjour NN, Chou C, Archambault AS, Sim J, Zinselmeyer BH, Carrero JA, Wu GF, Taneja R, Artyomov MN, Russell JH, Edelson BT. IL-1-induced Bhlhe40 identifies pathogenic T helper cells in a model of autoimmune neuroinflammation. J Exp Med 2016; 213:251-71. [PMID: 26834156 PMCID: PMC4749922 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lin et al. show that Bhlhe40 expression identifies encephalitogenic CD4+ T helper cells and define a pertussis toxin–IL-1–Bhlhe40 pathway active in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. The features that define autoreactive T helper (Th) cell pathogenicity remain obscure. We have previously shown that Th cells require the transcription factor Bhlhe40 to mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Here, using Bhlhe40 reporter mice and analyzing both polyclonal and TCR transgenic Th cells, we found that Bhlhe40 expression was heterogeneous after EAE induction, with Bhlhe40-expressing cells displaying marked production of IFN-γ, IL-17A, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. In adoptive transfer EAE models, Bhlhe40-deficient Th1 and Th17 cells were both nonencephalitogenic. Pertussis toxin (PTX), a classical co-adjuvant for actively induced EAE, promoted IL-1β production by myeloid cells in the draining lymph node and served as a strong stimulus for Bhlhe40 expression in Th cells. Furthermore, PTX co-adjuvanticity was Bhlhe40 dependent. IL-1β induced Bhlhe40 expression in polarized Th17 cells, and Bhlhe40-expressing cells exhibited an encephalitogenic transcriptional signature. In vivo, IL-1R signaling was required for full Bhlhe40 expression by Th cells after immunization. Overall, we demonstrate that Bhlhe40 expression identifies encephalitogenic Th cells and defines a PTX–IL-1–Bhlhe40 pathway active in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Tara R Bradstreet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Elizabeth A Schwarzkopf
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Nicholas N Jarjour
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Chun Chou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Angela S Archambault
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Julia Sim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Javier A Carrero
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gregory F Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - John H Russell
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Brian T Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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158
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent studies indicate a role for immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, an inflammatory demyelinating and degenerative disease of the central nervous system. This review addresses the current mechanisms of immune dysregulation in the development of multiple sclerosis, including the impact of environmental risk factors on immunity in both multiple sclerosis and its animal models. RECENT FINDINGS CD4 T-helper (Th) cells have long been implicated as the main drivers of pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. However, current studies indicate that multiple sclerosis is largely a heterogeneous disease process, which involves both innate and adaptive immune-mediated inflammatory mechanisms that ultimately contribute to demyelination and neurodegeneration. Therefore, B cells, CD8 T cells, and microglia/macrophages can also play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis apart from proinflammatory CD4 Th1/Th17 cell subsets. Furthermore, increasing evidence indicates that environmental risk factors, such as Vitamin D deficiency, Epstein-Barr virus, smoking, Western diet, and the commensal microbiota, influence the development of multiple sclerosis through interactions with genetic variants of multiple sclerosis, thus leading to the dysregulation of immune responses. SUMMARY A better understanding of immune-mediated mechanisms in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and the contribution of environmental risk factors toward the development of multiple sclerosis will help further improve therapeutic approaches to prevent disease progression.
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159
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Li R, Rezk A, Healy LM, Muirhead G, Prat A, Gommerman JL, Bar-Or A. Cytokine-Defined B Cell Responses as Therapeutic Targets in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2016; 6:626. [PMID: 26779181 PMCID: PMC4705194 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Important antibody-independent pathogenic roles of B cells are emerging in autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). The contrasting results of different treatments targeting B cells in patients (in spite of predictions of therapeutic benefits from animal models) call for a better understanding of the multiple roles that distinct human B cell responses likely play in MS. In recent years, both murine and human B cells have been identified with distinct functional properties related to their expression of particular cytokines. These have included regulatory (Breg) B cells (secreting interleukin (IL)-10 or IL-35) and pro-inflammatory B cells (secreting tumor necrosis factor α, LTα, IL-6, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor). Better understanding of human cytokine-defined B cell responses is necessary in both health and diseases, such as MS. Investigation of their surface phenotype, distinct functions, and the mechanisms of regulation (both cell intrinsic and cell extrinsic) may help develop effective treatments that are more selective and safe. In this review, we focus on mechanisms by which cytokine-defined B cells contribute to the peripheral immune cascades that are thought to underlie MS relapses, and the impact of B cell-directed therapies on these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Ayman Rezk
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Luke M Healy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Gillian Muirhead
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Université de Montreal , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | | | - Amit Bar-Or
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Experimental Therapeutics Program, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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160
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Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a growth factor first identified as an inducer of differentiation and proliferation of granulocytes and macrophages derived from haematopoietic progenitor cells. Later studies have shown that GM-CSF is involved in a wide range of biological processes in both innate and adaptive immunity, with its production being tightly linked to the response to danger signals. Given that the functions of GM-CSF span multiple tissues and biological processes, this cytokine has shown potential as a new and important therapeutic target in several autoimmune and inflammatory disorders - particularly in rheumatoid arthritis. Indeed, GM-CSF was one of the first cytokines detected in human synovial fluid from inflamed joints. Therapies that target GM-CSF or its receptor have been tested in preclinical studies with promising results, further supporting the potential of targeting the GM-CSF pathway. In this Review, we discuss our expanding view of the biology of GM-CSF, outline what has been learnt about GM-CSF from studies of animal models and human diseases, and summarize the results of early phase clinical trials evaluating GM-CSF antagonism in inflammatory disorders.
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161
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Wingender G, Kronenberg M. OMIP-030: Characterization of human T cell subsets via surface markers. Cytometry A 2015; 87:1067-9. [PMID: 26506224 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Wingender
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, 92037
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (iBG-izmir), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, 35340, Balcova/Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, 92037
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162
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Paterka M, Siffrin V, Voss JO, Werr J, Hoppmann N, Gollan R, Belikan P, Bruttger J, Birkenstock J, Jung S, Esplugues E, Yogev N, Flavell RA, Bopp T, Zipp F. Gatekeeper role of brain antigen-presenting CD11c+ cells in neuroinflammation. EMBO J 2015; 35:89-101. [PMID: 26612827 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is the most frequent chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS. The entry and survival of pathogenic T cells in the CNS are crucial for the initiation and persistence of autoimmune neuroinflammation. In this respect, contradictory evidence exists on the role of the most potent type of antigen-presenting cells, dendritic cells. Applying intravital two-photon microscopy, we demonstrate the gatekeeper function of CNS professional antigen-presenting CD11c(+) cells, which preferentially interact with Th17 cells. IL-17 expression correlates with expression of GM-CSF by T cells and with accumulation of CNS CD11c(+) cells. These CD11c(+) cells are organized in perivascular clusters, targeted by T cells, and strongly express the inflammatory chemokines Ccl5, Cxcl9, and Cxcl10. Our findings demonstrate a fundamental role of CNS CD11c(+) cells in the attraction of pathogenic T cells into and their survival within the CNS. Depletion of CD11c(+) cells markedly reduced disease severity due to impaired enrichment of pathogenic T cells within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Paterka
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn²) University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Siffrin
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn²) University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan O Voss
- Molecular Neurology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Werr
- Molecular Neurology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicola Hoppmann
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn²) University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - René Gollan
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn²) University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrick Belikan
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn²) University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Bruttger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jérôme Birkenstock
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn²) University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Enric Esplugues
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nir Yogev
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute for Immunology, Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn²) University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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163
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Herbert F, Tchitchek N, Bansal D, Jacques J, Pathak S, Bécavin C, Fesel C, Dalko E, Cazenave PA, Preda C, Ravindran B, Sharma S, Das B, Pied S. Evidence of IL-17, IP-10, and IL-10 involvement in multiple-organ dysfunction and IL-17 pathway in acute renal failure associated to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Transl Med 2015; 13:369. [PMID: 26602091 PMCID: PMC4658812 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum malaria in India is characterized by high rates of severe disease, with multiple organ dysfunction (MOD)—mainly associated with acute renal failure (ARF)—and increased mortality. The objective of this study is to identify cytokine signatures differentiating severe malaria patients with MOD, cerebral malaria (CM), and cerebral malaria with MOD (CM-MOD) in India. We have previously shown that two cytokines clusters differentiated CM from mild malaria in Maharashtra. Hence, we also aimed to determine if these cytokines could discriminate malaria subphenotypes in Odisha. Methods P. falciparum malaria patients from the SCB Medical College Cuttack in the Odisha state in India were enrolled along with three sets of controls: healthy individuals, patients with sepsis and encephalitis (n = 222). We determined plasma concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines for all individuals using a multiplex assay. We then used an ensemble of statistical analytical methods to ascertain whether particular sets of cytokines/chemokines were predictors of severity or signatures of a disease category. Results Of the 26 cytokines/chemokines tested, 19 increased significantly during malaria and clearly distinguished malaria patients from controls, as well as sepsis and encephalitis patients. High amounts of IL-17, IP-10, and IL-10 predicted MOD, decreased IL-17 and MIP-1α segregated CM-MOD from MOD, and increased IL-12p40 differentiated CM from CM-MOD. Most severe malaria patients with ARF exhibited high levels of IL-17. Conclusion We report distinct differences in cytokine production correlating with malarial disease severity in Odisha and Maharashtra populations in India. We show that CM, CM-MOD and MOD are clearly distinct malaria-associated pathologies. High amounts of IL-17, IP-10, and IL-10 were predictors of MOD; decreased IL-17 and MIP-1α separated CM-MOD from MOD; and increased IL-12p40 differentiated CM from CM-MOD. Data also suggest that the IL-17 pathway may contribute to malaria pathogenesis via different regulatory mechanisms and may represent an interesting target to mitigate the pathological processes in malaria-associated ARF. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0731-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Herbert
- CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Team 04: Basic and Clinical Immunology of Parasitic Diseases, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Univ Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1, rue du Prof Calmette, 59019, Lille Cedex, France.
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- CEA, DSV/iMETI, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases Research Unit, UMR1184, IDMIT Infrastructure, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Devendra Bansal
- CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Team 04: Basic and Clinical Immunology of Parasitic Diseases, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Univ Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1, rue du Prof Calmette, 59019, Lille Cedex, France.
| | - Julien Jacques
- LPP, Laboratoire Paul Painlevé, INRIA Lille, Nord Europe, MODAL, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France.
| | - Sulabha Pathak
- Department Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
| | - Christophe Bécavin
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.
| | | | - Esther Dalko
- CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Team 04: Basic and Clinical Immunology of Parasitic Diseases, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Univ Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1, rue du Prof Calmette, 59019, Lille Cedex, France.
| | - Pierre-André Cazenave
- CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Team 04: Basic and Clinical Immunology of Parasitic Diseases, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Univ Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1, rue du Prof Calmette, 59019, Lille Cedex, France. .,Immunologie, Immunopathologie, Immunothérapie, UPMC/CNRS UMR 7211, Paris, France.
| | - Cristian Preda
- LPP, Laboratoire Paul Painlevé, INRIA Lille, Nord Europe, MODAL, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France.
| | | | | | - Bidyut Das
- SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India.
| | - Sylviane Pied
- CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Team 04: Basic and Clinical Immunology of Parasitic Diseases, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Univ Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1, rue du Prof Calmette, 59019, Lille Cedex, France.
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164
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Noda S, Suárez-Fariñas M, Ungar B, Kim SJ, de Guzman Strong C, Xu H, Peng X, Estrada YD, Nakajima S, Honda T, Shin JU, Lee H, Krueger JG, Lee KH, Kabashima K, Guttman-Yassky E. The Asian atopic dermatitis phenotype combines features of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis with increased TH17 polarization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1254-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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165
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Stojić-Vukanić Z, Nacka-Aleksić M, Pilipović I, Vujnović I, Blagojević V, Kosec D, Dimitrijević M, Leposavić G. Aging diminishes the resistance of AO rats to EAE: putative role of enhanced generation of GM-CSF Expressing CD4+ T cells in aged rats. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2015; 12:16. [PMID: 26448779 PMCID: PMC4596406 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-015-0044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging influences immune response and susceptibility to EAE in a strain specific manner. The study was designed to examine influence of aging on EAE induction in Albino Oxford (AO) rats. RESULTS Differently from 3-month-old (young) rats, which were resistant to EAE induction, the majority of aged (24-26-month-old) rats developed mild chronic form of EAE. On 16(th) day post-immunization, when in aged rats the neurological deficit reached plateau, more mononuclear cells, including CD4+ T lymphocytes was retrieved from spinal cord of aged than young rats. The frequencies of IL-17+ and GM-CSF+ cells within spinal cord infiltrating CD4+ lymphocytes were greater in aged rats. To their increased frequency contributed the expansion of GM-CSF + IL-17 + IFN-γ+ cells, which are highly pathogenic in mice. The expression of the cytokines (IL-1β and IL-23/p19) driving GM-CSF + IL-17 + IFN-γ + cell differentiation in mice was also augmented in aged rat spinal cord mononuclear cells. Additionally, in aged rat spinal cord the expansion of GM-CSF + IL-17-IFN-γ- CD4+ T lymphocytes was found. Consistently, the expression of mRNAs for IL-3, the cytokine exhibiting the same expression pattern as GM-CSF, and IL-7, the cytokine driving differentiation of GM-CSF + IL-17-IFN-γ- CD4 + lymphocytes in mice, was upregulated in aged rat spinal cord mononuclear cells, and the tissue, respectively. This was in accordance with the enhanced generation of the brain antigen-specific GM-CSF+ CD4+ lymphocytes in aged rat draining lymph nodes, as suggested by (i) the higher frequency of GM-CSF+ cells (reflecting the expansion of IL-17-IFN-γ- cells) within their CD4+ lymphocytes and (ii) the upregulated GM-CSF and IL-3 mRNA expression in fresh CD4+ lymphocytes and MBP-stimulated draining lymph node cells and IL-7 mRNA in lymph node tissue from aged rats. In agreement with the upregulated GM-CSF expression in aged rats, strikingly more CD11b + CD45(int) (activated microglia) and CD45(hi) (mainly proinflammatory dendritic cells and macrophages) cells was retrieved from aged than young rat spinal cord. Besides, expression of mRNA for SOCS1, a negative regulator of proinflammatory cytokine expression in innate immunity cells, was downregulated in aged rat spinal cord mononuclear cells. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed that aging may overcome genetic resistance to EAE, and indicated the cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to this phenomenon in AO rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Stojić-Vukanić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Nacka-Aleksić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Pilipović
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Vujnović
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Veljko Blagojević
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Duško Kosec
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
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166
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Croxford AL, Spath S, Becher B. GM-CSF in Neuroinflammation: Licensing Myeloid Cells for Tissue Damage. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:651-662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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167
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Skundric DS, Cruikshank WW, Montgomery PC, Lisak RP, Tse HY. Emerging role of IL-16 in cytokine-mediated regulation of multiple sclerosis. Cytokine 2015; 75:234-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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168
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Croxford A, Lanzinger M, Hartmann F, Schreiner B, Mair F, Pelczar P, Clausen B, Jung S, Greter M, Becher B. The Cytokine GM-CSF Drives the Inflammatory Signature of CCR2+ Monocytes and Licenses Autoimmunity. Immunity 2015; 43:502-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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169
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Zielinski
- a Cellular Immunoregulation Group; Department of Dermatology and Allergology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin ; Berlin , Germany
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170
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Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Modulate Experimental Autoimmune Arthritis by Modifying Early Adaptive T Cell Responses. Stem Cells 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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171
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Grifka-Walk HM, Giles DA, Segal BM. IL-12-polarized Th1 cells produce GM-CSF and induce EAE independent of IL-23. Eur J Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26220255 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T-helper (Th) cells reactive against myelin antigens mediate the mouse model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). It is currently debated whether encephalitogenic Th cells are heterogeneous or arise from a single lineage. In the current study, we challenge the dogma that stimulation with the monokine IL-23 is universally required for the acquisition of pathogenic properties by myelin-reactive T cells. We show that IL-12-modulated Th1 cells readily produce IFN-γ and GM-CSF in the CNS of mice and induce a severe form of EAE via an IL-23-independent pathway. Th1-mediated EAE is characterized by monocyte-rich CNS infiltrates, elicits a strong proinflammatory cytokine response in the CNS, and is partially CCR2 dependent. Conversely, IL-23-modulated, stable Th17 cells induce EAE with a relatively mild course via an IL-12-independent pathway. These data provide definitive evidence that autoimmune disease can be driven by distinct CD4(+) T-helper-cell subsets and polarizing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Grifka-Walk
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David A Giles
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin M Segal
- Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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172
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SUMOylation-disrupting WAS mutation converts WASp from a transcriptional activator to a repressor of NF-κB response genes in T cells. Blood 2015; 126:1670-82. [PMID: 26261240 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-05-646182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), immunodeficiency and autoimmunity often comanifest, yet how WAS mutations misregulate chromatin-signaling in Thelper (TH) cells favoring development of auto-inflammation over protective immunity is unclear. Previously, we identified an essential promoter-specific, coactivator role of nuclear-WASp in TH1 gene transcription. Here we identify small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)ylation as a novel posttranslational modification of WASp, impairment of which converts nuclear-WASp from a transcriptional coactivator to a corepressor of nuclear factor (NF)-κB response genes in human (TH)1-differentiating cells. V75M, one of many disease-causing mutations occurring in SUMO*motif (72-ψψψψKDxxxxSY-83) of WASp, compromises WASp-SUMOylation, associates with COMMD1 to attenuate NF-κB signaling, and recruits histone deacetylases-6 (HDAC6) to p300-marked promoters of NF-κB response genes that pattern immunity but not inflammation. Consequently, proteins mediating adaptive immunity (IFNG, STAT1, TLR1) are deficient, whereas those mediating auto-inflammation (GM-CSF, TNFAIP2, IL-1β) are paradoxically increased in TH1 cells expressing SUMOylation-deficient WASp. Moreover, SUMOylation-deficient WASp favors ectopic development of the TH17-like phenotype (↑IL17A, IL21, IL22, IL23R, RORC, and CSF2) under TH1-skewing conditions, suggesting a role for WASp in modulating TH1/TH17 plasticity. Notably, pan-histone deacetylase inhibitors lift promoter-specific repression imposed by SUMOylation-deficient WASp and restore misregulated gene expression. Our findings uncovering a SUMOylation-based mechanism controlling WASp's dichotomous roles in transcription may have implications for personalized therapy for patients carrying mutations that perturb WASp-SUMOylation.
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173
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Dendrou CA, Fugger L, Friese MA. Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:545-58. [PMID: 26250739 DOI: 10.1038/nri3871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1460] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two decades of clinical experience with immunomodulatory treatments for multiple sclerosis point to distinct immunological pathways that drive disease relapses and progression. In light of this, we discuss our current understanding of multiple sclerosis immunopathology, evaluate long-standing hypotheses regarding the role of the immune system in the disease and delineate key questions that are still unanswered. Recent and anticipated advances in the field of immunology, and the increasing recognition of inflammation as an important component of neurodegeneration, are shaping our conceptualization of disease pathophysiology, and we explore the potential implications for improved healthcare provision to patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calliope A Dendrou
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology and MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Lars Fugger
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology and MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.,Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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174
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Abstract
The last twelve years have witnessed the development of new therapies for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis that demonstrate increased efficacy relative to previous therapies. Many of these new drugs target the inflammatory phase of disease by manipulating different aspects of the immune system. While these new treatments are promising, the development of therapies for patients with progressive multiple sclerosis remains a significant challenge. We discuss the distinct mechanisms that may contribute to these two types of multiple sclerosis and the implications of these differences in the development of new therapeutic targets for this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona A Wagner
- Department of Immunology, University of Washigton, Seattle, WA, 98109-8509, USA
| | - Joan M Goverman
- Department of Immunology, University of Washigton, Seattle, WA, 98109-8509, USA
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175
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Zielinski CE. Microbe driven T-helper cell differentiation: lessons from Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. Exp Dermatol 2015; 23:795-8. [PMID: 25040443 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T-helper cells integrate signals from their T-cell receptor, co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine receptors to polarize into effector T-helper subsets with specialized functions in antigen clearance or tolerance. To this end, antigen presenting cells and the local microenvironment tailor effector T-helper cells to respond appropriately to microbial challenges. These challenges comprise protection from pathogens on the one hand and tolerance for the commensal microbiota on the other hand. To accomplish these complex tasks, the host immune system needs to be highly specialized and stringently regulated. In this viewpoint article, we will concentrate on how microbes shape human T-helper cell responses and how this could relate to the emergence of chronic inflammatory diseases. Understanding the intricate communication between adaptive immunity and microbes will be important for the rational design of novel immunomodulatory therapies and also for anticipating infectious complications upon therapeutic intervention with cytokine depleting therapies, such as biologicals in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Zielinski
- Cellular Immunoregulation Group, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg-Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
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176
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Paulissen SM, van Hamburg JP, Dankers W, Lubberts E. The role and modulation of CCR6+ Th17 cell populations in rheumatoid arthritis. Cytokine 2015; 74:43-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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177
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STAT4 controls GM-CSF production by both Th1 and Th17 cells during EAE. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:128. [PMID: 26123499 PMCID: PMC4491892 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0351-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, mice genetically deficient in the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) are resistant to disease. In contrast, deletion or inhibition of the Th1-associated cytokines IL-12 or IFNγ which act upstream and downstream of STAT4, respectively, does not ameliorate disease. These discordant findings imply that STAT4 may act in a non-canonical role during EAE. Recently, STAT4 has been shown to regulate GM-CSF production by CD4 T cells and this cytokine is necessary for the induction of EAE. However, it is not known if STAT4 controls GM-CSF production by both Th1 and Th17 effector CD4 T cells. METHODS This study utilized the MOG(35-55) peptide immunization model of EAE. Intracellular cytokine staining and novel mixed bone marrow chimeric mice were used to study the CD4 T cell-intrinsic role of STAT4 during disease. STAT4 chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP-PCR) experiments were performed to show STAT4 directly interacts with the Csf2 gene loci. RESULTS Herein, we demonstrate that STAT4 controls CD4 T cell-intrinsic GM-CSF production by both Th1 and Th17 CD4 T cells during EAE as well as in vitro. Importantly, we show that STAT4 interacts with the Csf2 locus in MOG(35-55)-activated effector CD4 T cells demonstrating direct modulation of GM-CSF. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these studies illustrate a previously unrecognized role of STAT4 to regulate GM-CSF production by not only Th1 cells, but also Th17 effector CD4 T cell subsets during EAE pathogenesis. Critically, these data highlight for the first time that STAT4 is able to modulate the effector profile of Th17 CD4 T cell subsets, which redefines our current understanding of STAT4 as a Th1-centric factor.
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178
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Reynolds G, Haniffa M. Human and Mouse Mononuclear Phagocyte Networks: A Tale of Two Species? Front Immunol 2015; 6:330. [PMID: 26124761 PMCID: PMC4479794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and macrophages are a heterogeneous population of mononuclear phagocytes that are involved in antigen processing and presentation to initiate and regulate immune responses to pathogens, vaccines, tumor, and tolerance to self. In addition to their afferent sentinel function, DCs and macrophages are also critical as effectors and coordinators of inflammation and homeostasis in peripheral tissues. Harnessing DCs and macrophages for therapeutic purposes has major implications for infectious disease, vaccination, transplantation, tolerance induction, inflammation, and cancer immunotherapy. There has been a paradigm shift in our understanding of the developmental origin and function of the cellular constituents of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Significant progress has been made in tandem in both human and mouse mononuclear phagocyte biology. This progress has been accelerated by comparative biology analysis between mouse and human, which has proved to be an exceptionally fruitful strategy to harmonize findings across species. Such analyses have provided unexpected insights and facilitated productive reciprocal and iterative processes to inform our understanding of human and mouse mononuclear phagocytes. In this review, we discuss the strategies, power, and utility of comparative biology approaches to integrate recent advances in human and mouse mononuclear phagocyte biology and its potential to drive forward clinical translation of this knowledge. We also present a functional framework on the parallel organization of human and mouse mononuclear phagocyte networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Reynolds
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK ; Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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179
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Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Th17 Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:205156. [PMID: 26101460 PMCID: PMC4460252 DOI: 10.1155/2015/205156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells provide protective immunity to infections by fungi and extracellular bacteria as well as cancer but are also involved in chronic inflammation. The cells were first identified by their ability to produce interleukin 17A (IL-17A) and, subsequently, associated with chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. Th17 cells have some gene profile similarity with stem cells and can remain dormant in mucosal tissues for long periods. Indeed, recent studies suggest that functionally distinct subsets of pro- and anti-inflammatory Th17 cells can interchange phenotype and functions. For development, Th17 cells require activation of the transcription factors STAT3 and RORγt while RUNX1, c-Maf, and Aiolos are involved in changes of phenotype/functions. Attempts to harness Th17 cells against pathogens and cancer using vaccination strategies are being explored. The cells gain protective abilities when induced to produce interferon γ (IFNγ). In addition, treatment with antibodies to IL-17 is effective in treating patients with psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and refectory rheumatoid arthritis. Moreover, since RORγt is a nuclear receptor, it is likely to be a potential future drug target for modulating Th17 functions. This review explores pathways through which Th17 subsets are induced, the molecular basis of their plasticity, and potential therapeutic strategies for their modulation in diseases.
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180
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Reynolds G, Gibbon JR, Pratt AG, Wood MJ, Coady D, Raftery G, Lorenzi AR, Gray A, Filer A, Buckley CD, Haniffa MA, Isaacs JD, Hilkens CMU. Synovial CD4+ T-cell-derived GM-CSF supports the differentiation of an inflammatory dendritic cell population in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 75:899-907. [PMID: 25923217 PMCID: PMC4853576 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A population of synovial inflammatory dendritic cells (infDCs) has recently been identified in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is thought to be monocyte-derived. Here, we investigated the role and source of granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the differentiation of synovial infDC in RA. METHODS Production of GM-CSF by peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) CD4+ T cells was assessed by ELISA and flow cytometry. In vitro CD4+ T-cell polarisation experiments were performed with T-cell activating CD2/CD3/CD28-coated beads in the absence or presence of pro-Th1 or pro-Th17 cytokines. CD1c+ DC and CD16+ macrophage subsets were flow-sorted and analysed morphologically and functionally (T-cell stimulatory/polarising capacity). RESULTS RA-SF CD4+ T cells produced abundant GM-CSF upon stimulation and significantly more than RA-SF mononuclear cells depleted of CD4+ T cells. GM-CSF-producing T cells were significantly increased in RA-SF compared with non-RA inflammatory arthritis SF, active RA PB and healthy donor PB. GM-CSF-producing CD4+ T cells were expanded by Th1-promoting but not Th17-promoting conditions. Following coculture with RA-SF CD4+ T cells, but not healthy donor PB CD4+ T cells, a subpopulation of monocytes differentiated into CD1c+ infDC; a process dependent on GM-CSF. These infDC displayed potent alloproliferative capacity and enhanced GM-CSF, interleukin-17 and interferon-γ production by CD4+ T cells. InfDC with an identical phenotype to in vitro generated cells were significantly enriched in RA-SF compared with non-RA-SF/tissue/PB. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a therapeutically tractable feedback loop of GM-CSF secreted by RA synovial CD4+ T cells promoting the differentiation of infDC with potent capacity to induce GM-CSF-producing CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Reynolds
- Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence Musculoskeletal Research Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - J R Gibbon
- Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence Musculoskeletal Research Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - A G Pratt
- Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence Musculoskeletal Research Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - M J Wood
- Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence Musculoskeletal Research Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - D Coady
- Sunderland Royal Hospital, Sunderland, UK
| | - G Raftery
- Sunderland Royal Hospital, Sunderland, UK
| | - A R Lorenzi
- Department of Rheumatology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - A Gray
- Department of Rheumatology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - A Filer
- Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence Rheumatology Research Group, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - C D Buckley
- Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence Rheumatology Research Group, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M A Haniffa
- Haematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - J D Isaacs
- Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence Musculoskeletal Research Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - C M U Hilkens
- Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence Musculoskeletal Research Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
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181
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Rasouli J, Ciric B, Imitola J, Gonnella P, Hwang D, Mahajan K, Mari ER, Safavi F, Leist TP, Zhang GX, Rostami A. Expression of GM-CSF in T Cells Is Increased in Multiple Sclerosis and Suppressed by IFN-β Therapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5085-93. [PMID: 25917097 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the CNS. Studies in animal models of MS have shown that GM-CSF produced by T cells is necessary for the development of autoimmune CNS inflammation. This suggests that GM-CSF may have a pathogenic role in MS as well, and a clinical trial testing its blockade is ongoing. However, there have been few reports on GM-CSF production by T cells in MS. The objective of this study was to characterize GM-CSF production by T cells of MS patients and to determine the effect of IFN-β therapy on its production. GM-CSF production by peripheral blood (PB) T cells and the effects of IFN-β were characterized in samples of untreated and IFN-β-treated MS patients versus healthy subjects. GM-CSF production by T cells in MS brain lesions was analyzed by immunofluorescence. Untreated MS patients had significantly greater numbers of GM-CSF(+)CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in PB compared with healthy controls and IFN-β-treated MS patients. IFN-β significantly suppressed GM-CSF production by T cells in vitro. A number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in MS brain lesions expressed GM-CSF. Elevated GM-CSF production by PB T cells in MS is indicative of aberrant hyperactivation of the immune system. Given its essential role in animal models, abundant GM-CSF production at the sites of CNS inflammation suggests that GM-CSF contributes to MS pathogenesis. Our findings also reveal a potential mechanism of IFN-β therapy, namely suppression of GM-CSF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Rasouli
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Bogoljub Ciric
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Jaime Imitola
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Patricia Gonnella
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Daniel Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Kedar Mahajan
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Elisabeth R Mari
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Farinaz Safavi
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Thomas P Leist
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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182
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Pivotal roles of GM-CSF in autoimmunity and inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:568543. [PMID: 25838639 PMCID: PMC4370199 DOI: 10.1155/2015/568543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor, which stimulates the proliferation of granulocytes and macrophages from bone marrow precursor cells. In autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, Th17 cells have been considered as strong inducers of tissue inflammation. However, recent evidence indicates that GM-CSF has prominent proinflammatory functions and that this growth factor (not IL-17) is critical for the pathogenicity of CD4+ T cells. Therefore, the mechanism of GM-CSF-producing CD4+ T cell differentiation and the role of GM-CSF in the development of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases are gaining increasing attention. This review summarizes the latest knowledge of GM-CSF and its relationship with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The potential therapies targeting GM-CSF as well as their possible side effects have also been addressed in this review.
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183
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Hamilton JA. GM-CSF as a target in inflammatory/autoimmune disease: current evidence and future therapeutic potential. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:457-65. [PMID: 25748625 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1024110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can be viewed as a pro-inflammatory cytokine rather than as a key regulator of steady state and systemic myelopoiesis. Key aspects of GM-CSF biology need to be clarified such as pro-survival vs activation/differentiation function, its cellular sources, its responsive cell populations, its downstream mediators/pathways, and when GM-CSF is relevant. Striking effects of GM-CSF depletion/deletion in some pre-clinical autoimmune/inflammation models have been reported. Systemic effects of administered GM-CSF are not necessarily informative about its local blockade in disease. Recent clinical RA trials, particularly Phase II trials with mavrilimumab (anti-GM-CSFRα Ab), show rapid and impressive efficacy with no significant adverse effects. Larger and longer trials targeting GM-CSF are needed and with careful monitoring of unwanted side effects. This review summarizes the most recent information on these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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184
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GM-CSF production by CD4+ T cells in MS patients: Regulation by regulatory T cells and vitamin D. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 280:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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185
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Hoppmann N, Graetz C, Paterka M, Poisa-Beiro L, Larochelle C, Hasan M, Lill CM, Zipp F, Siffrin V. New candidates for CD4 T cell pathogenicity in experimental neuroinflammation and multiple sclerosis. Brain 2015; 138:902-17. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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186
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Geginat J, Paroni M, Maglie S, Alfen JS, Kastirr I, Gruarin P, De Simone M, Pagani M, Abrignani S. Plasticity of human CD4 T cell subsets. Front Immunol 2014; 5:630. [PMID: 25566245 PMCID: PMC4267263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human beings are exposed to a variety of different pathogens, which induce tailored immune responses and consequently generate highly diverse populations of pathogen-specific T cells. CD4(+) T cells have a central role in adaptive immunity, since they provide essential help for both cytotoxic T cell- and antibody-mediated responses. In addition, CD4(+) regulatory T cells are required to maintain self-tolerance and to inhibit immune responses that could damage the host. Initially, two subsets of CD4(+) helper T cells were identified that secrete characteristic effector cytokines and mediate responses against different types of pathogens, i.e., IFN-γ secreting Th1 cells that fight intracellular pathogens, and IL-4 producing Th2 cells that target extracellular parasites. It is now well established that this dichotomy is insufficient to describe the complexity of CD4(+) T cell differentiation, and in particular the human CD4 compartment contains a myriad of T cell subsets with characteristic capacities to produce cytokines and to home to involved tissues. Moreover, it has become increasingly clear that these T cell subsets are not all terminally differentiated cells, but that the majority is plastic and that in particular central memory T cells can acquire different properties and functions in secondary immune responses. In addition, there is compelling evidence that helper T cells can acquire regulatory functions upon chronic stimulation in inflamed tissues. The plasticity of antigen-experienced human T cell subsets is highly relevant for translational medicine, since it opens new perspectives for immune-modulatory therapies for chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Geginat
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" INGM , Milan , Italy
| | - Moira Paroni
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" INGM , Milan , Italy
| | - Stefano Maglie
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" INGM , Milan , Italy
| | - Johanna Sophie Alfen
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" INGM , Milan , Italy
| | - Ilko Kastirr
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" INGM , Milan , Italy
| | - Paola Gruarin
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" INGM , Milan , Italy
| | - Marco De Simone
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" INGM , Milan , Italy
| | - Massimiliano Pagani
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" INGM , Milan , Italy
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" INGM , Milan , Italy
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187
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STAT5 programs a distinct subset of GM-CSF-producing T helper cells that is essential for autoimmune neuroinflammation. Cell Res 2014; 24:1387-402. [PMID: 25412660 PMCID: PMC4260352 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper (TH)-cell subsets, such as TH1 and TH17, mediate inflammation in both peripheral tissues and central nervous system. Here we show that STAT5 is required for T helper-cell pathogenicity in autoimmune neuroinflammation but not in experimental colitis. Although STAT5 promotes regulatory T cell generation and immune suppression, loss of STAT5 in CD4+ T cells resulted in diminished development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Our results showed that loss of encephalitogenic activity of STAT5-deficient autoreactive CD4+ T cells was independent of IFN-γ or interleukin 17 (IL-17) production, but was due to the impaired expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a crucial mediator of T-cell pathogenicity. We further showed that IL-7-activated STAT5 promotes the generation of GM-CSF-producing CD4+ T cells, which were preferentially able to induce more severe EAE than TH17 or TH1 cells. Consistent with GM-CSF-producing cells being a distinct subset of TH cells, the differentiation program of these cells was distinct from that of TH17 or TH1 cells. We further found that IL-3 was secreted in a similar pattern as GM-CSF in this subset of TH cells. In conclusion, the IL-7-STAT5 axis promotes the generation of GM-CSF/IL-3-producing TH cells. These cells display a distinct transcriptional profile and may represent a novel subset of T helper cells which we designate as TH-GM.
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188
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Abstract
GM-CSF-producing helper T cells have previously been identified to serve a nonredundant function in the initiation of autoimmune inflammation. An article by Sheng et al. recently published by Cell Research now suggests that the differentiation program of GM-CSF-producing cells from naïve CD4 T cells is distinct from that of Th1 and Th17 cells, and is regulated by the IL-7-STAT5 axis.
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189
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Eyerich S, Zielinski CE. Defining Th-cell subsets in a classical and tissue-specific manner: Examples from the skin. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3475-83. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Eyerich
- ZAUM - Center of Allergy and Environment; Technische Universität and Helmholtz Center Munich; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
| | - Christina E. Zielinski
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg-Center for Regenerative Therapies; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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190
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Raphael I, Nalawade S, Eagar TN, Forsthuber TG. T cell subsets and their signature cytokines in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Cytokine 2014; 74:5-17. [PMID: 25458968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 706] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells are critical for proper immune cell homeostasis and host defense, but are also major contributors to pathology of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Since the discovery of the Th1/Th2 dichotomy, many additional Th subsets were discovered, each with a unique cytokine profile, functional properties, and presumed role in autoimmune tissue pathology. This includes Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22, Th9, and Treg cells which are characterized by specific cytokine profiles. Cytokines produced by these Th subsets play a critical role in immune cell differentiation, effector subset commitment, and in directing the effector response. Cytokines are often categorized into proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and linked to Th subsets expressing them. This article reviews the different Th subsets in terms of cytokine profiles, how these cytokines influence and shape the immune response, and their relative roles in promoting pathology in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we will discuss whether Th cell pathogenicity can be defined solely based on their cytokine profiles and whether rigid definition of a Th cell subset by its cytokine profile is helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Raphael
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Saisha Nalawade
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Todd N Eagar
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, TX 77030, United States
| | - Thomas G Forsthuber
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States.
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191
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Hartmann FJ, Khademi M, Aram J, Ammann S, Kockum I, Constantinescu C, Gran B, Piehl F, Olsson T, Codarri L, Becher B. Multiple sclerosis-associated IL2RA polymorphism controls GM-CSF production in human TH cells. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5056. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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192
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Taleb S, Tedgui A, Mallat Z. IL-17 and Th17 cells in atherosclerosis: subtle and contextual roles. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 35:258-64. [PMID: 25234818 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory arterial disease driven by both innate and adaptive immune responses to modified lipoproteins and components of the injured vascular wall. Specific T lymphocyte responses driven by T helper-1 or T regulatory cells play distinct and opposing roles in atherosclerosis. More recently, T helper-17 cells, which produce the prototype cytokine interleukin-17, have been characterized and shown to be critical in mucosal host defense against microbial and fungal pathogens. Sustained production of interleukin-17 in an inflammatory context has been linked to the pathology of several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, regulatory and protective roles have also been reported in selective disease settings. Studies in atherosclerosis led to conflicting results on the roles of interleukin-17 and T helper-17 cells in disease development and plaque stability. The present review provides a summary of the available evidence and putative mechanisms linking this pathway to atherosclerosis, as well as a perspective on the risks and benefits of interleukin-17-targeted cytokine therapy in patients at high cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Taleb
- From the Cardiology Department, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, and Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France (S.T., A.T., Z.M.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Z.M.)
| | - Alain Tedgui
- From the Cardiology Department, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, and Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France (S.T., A.T., Z.M.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Z.M.)
| | - Ziad Mallat
- From the Cardiology Department, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, and Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France (S.T., A.T., Z.M.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Z.M.).
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