151
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Sarnow P, Sagan SM. Unraveling the Mysterious Interactions Between Hepatitis C Virus RNA and Liver-Specific MicroRNA-122. Annu Rev Virol 2016; 3:309-332. [PMID: 27578438 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-042409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many viruses encode or subvert cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) to aid in their gene expression, amplification strategies, or pathogenic signatures. miRNAs typically downregulate gene expression by binding to the 3' untranslated region of their mRNA targets. As a result, target mRNAs are translationally repressed and subsequently deadenylated and degraded. Curiously, hepatitis C virus (HCV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, recruits two molecules of liver-specific microRNA-122 (miR-122) to the 5' end of its genome. In contrast to the canonical activity of miRNAs, the interactions of miR-122 with the viral genome promote viral RNA accumulation in cultured cells and in animal models of HCV infection. Sequestration of miR-122 results in loss of viral RNA both in cell culture and in the livers of chronic HCV-infected patients. This review discusses the mechanisms by which miR-122 is thought to enhance viral RNA abundance and the consequences of miR-122-HCV interactions. We also describe preliminary findings from phase II clinical trials in patients treated with miR-122 antisense oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sarnow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Selena M Sagan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada;
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152
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Liu F, Shimakami T, Murai K, Shirasaki T, Funaki M, Honda M, Murakami S, Yi M, Tang H, Kaneko S. Efficient Suppression of Hepatitis C Virus Replication by Combination Treatment with miR-122 Antagonism and Direct-acting Antivirals in Cell Culture Systems. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30939. [PMID: 27484655 PMCID: PMC4971519 DOI: 10.1038/srep30939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) against Hepatitis C virus (HCV) show effective antiviral activity with few side effects. However, the selection of DAA-resistance mutants is a growing problem that needs to be resolved. In contrast, miR-122 antagonism shows extensive antiviral effects among all HCV genotypes and a high barrier to drug resistance. In the present study, we evaluated three DAAs (simeprevir, daclatasvir, and sofosbuvir) in combination with anti-miR-122 treatment against HCV genotype 1a in cell cultures. We found that combination treatments with anti-miR-122 and a DAA had additive or synergistic antiviral effects. The EC50 values of simeprevir in simeprevir-resistant mutants were significantly decreased by combining simeprevir with anti-miR-122. A similar reduction in EC50 in daclatasvir-resistant mutants was achieved by combining daclatasvir with anti-miR-122. Combination treatment in HCV-replicating cells with DAA and anti-miR-122 sharply reduced HCV RNA amounts. Conversely, DAA single treatment with simeprevir or daclatasvir reduced HCV RNA levels initially, but the levels later rebounded. DAA-resistant mutants were less frequently observed in combination treatments than in DAA single treatments. In summary, the addition of miR-122 antagonism to DAA single treatments had additive or synergistic antiviral effects and helped to efficiently suppress HCV replication and the emergence of DAA-resistant mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanwei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shimakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Murai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Shirasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Masaya Funaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Masao Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Seishi Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Minkyung Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-0144, USA
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
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153
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Wang W, Liu WB, Huang DB, Jia W, Ji CS, Hu B. Targeting PCDH20 gene by microRNA-122 confers 5-FU resistance in hepatic carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:1681-1694. [PMID: 27648358 PMCID: PMC5004072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is one of the main hurdles for the successful treatment of hepatic carcinoma. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying resistance remain largely unknown and therapeutic approaches are limited. In the present study, we show that miR-122 confers resistance to 5-fluorouracil induced hepatocellular carcinoma cell apoptosis in vitro and reduces the potency of 5-fluorouracil in the inhibition of tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model in vivo. Further studies indicate that miR-122 modulates drug resistance through down-regulation of expression of PCDH20, which belongs to the protocadherin gene family and negatively regulates Akt activation. Knockdown of PCDH20 expression increases Akt phosphorylation, which leads to elevated mTOR activity and enhanced 5-fluorouracil resistance; whereas rescue of PCDH20 expression in miR-122-expressing cells decreases Akt and mTOR phosphorylation, re-sensitizing hepatocellular carcinoma cell to 5-fluorouracil induced apoptosis. Moreover, a specific and potent Akt inhibitor reverses miR-122-conferred 5-fluorouracil resistance. These findings indicate that the miR-122/PCDH20/Akt/mTOR signaling axis has an important role in mediating response to chemotherapy in human hepatocellular carcinoma. A major implication of our study is that inhibition of miR-122 or restoration of PCDH20 expression may have significant therapeutic potential to overcome drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma and that the combined use of an Akt inhibitor with 5-fluorouracil may increase efficacy in liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230001, PR China
| | - Wen Bin Liu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230001, PR China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary SurgeryHefei 230001, PR China
| | - Da Bing Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230001, PR China
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230001, PR China
| | - Chu Shu Ji
- Department of Medical Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230001, PR China
| | - Bing Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230001, PR China
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154
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Patil KM, Chen G. Recognition of RNA Sequence and Structure by Duplex and Triplex Formation: Targeting miRNA and Pre-miRNA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-34175-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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155
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Sully EK, Geller BL. Antisense antimicrobial therapeutics. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 33:47-55. [PMID: 27375107 PMCID: PMC5069135 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Antisense antimicrobial therapeutics are synthetic oligomers that silence expression of specific genes. This specificity confers an advantage over broad-spectrum antibiotics by avoiding unintended effects on commensal bacteria. The sequence-specificity and short length of antisense antimicrobials also pose little risk to human gene expression. Because antisense antimicrobials are a platform technology, they can be rapidly designed and synthesized to target almost any microbe. This reduces drug discovery time, and provides flexibility and a rational approach to drug development. Recent work has shown that antisense technology has the potential to address the antibiotic-resistance crisis, since resistance mechanisms for standard antibiotics apparently have no effect on antisense antimicrobials. Here, we describe current reports of antisense antimicrobials targeted against viruses, parasites, and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Sully
- Department of Microbiology, 226 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3804, USA
| | - Bruce L Geller
- Department of Microbiology, 226 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3804, USA.
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156
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Mouse Systems to Model Hepatitis C Virus Treatment and Associated Resistance. Viruses 2016; 8:v8060176. [PMID: 27338446 PMCID: PMC4926196 DOI: 10.3390/v8060176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While addition of the first-approved protease inhibitors (PIs), telaprevir and boceprevir, to pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) combination therapy significantly increased sustained virologic response (SVR) rates, PI-based triple therapy for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was prone to the emergence of resistant viral variants. Meanwhile, multiple direct acting antiviral agents (DAAs) targeting either the HCV NS3/4A protease, NS5A or NS5B polymerase have been approved and these have varying potencies and distinct propensities to provoke resistance. The pre-clinical in vivo assessment of drug efficacy and resistant variant emergence underwent a great evolution over the last decade. This field had long been hampered by the lack of suitable small animal models that robustly support the entire HCV life cycle. In particular, chimeric mice with humanized livers (humanized mice) and chimpanzees have been instrumental for studying HCV inhibitors and the evolution of drug resistance. In this review, we present the different in vivo HCV infection models and discuss their applicability to assess HCV therapy response and emergence of resistant variants.
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157
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Sridharan K, Gogtay NJ. Therapeutic nucleic acids: current clinical status. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 82:659-72. [PMID: 27111518 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are simple linear polymers that have been the subject of considerable research in the last two decades and have now moved into the realm of being stand-alone therapeutic agents. Much of this has stemmed from the appreciation that they carry out myriad functions that go beyond mere storage of genetic information and protein synthesis. Therapy with nucleic acids either uses unmodified DNA or RNA or closely related compounds. From both a development and regulatory perspective, they fall somewhere between small molecules and biologics. Several of these compounds are in clinical development and many have received regulatory approval for human use. This review addresses therapeutic uses of DNA based on antisense oligonucleotides, DNA aptamers and gene therapy; and therapeutic uses of RNA including micro RNAs, short interfering RNAs, ribozymes, RNA decoys and circular RNAs. With their specificity, functional diversity and limited toxicity, therapeutic nucleic acids hold enormous promise. However, challenges that need to be addressed include targeted delivery, mass production at low cost, sustaining efficacy and minimizing off-target toxicity. Technological developments will hold the key to this and help accelerate drug approvals in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Sridharan
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji
| | - Nithya Jaideep Gogtay
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
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158
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Hackfort BT, Mishra PK. Emerging role of hydrogen sulfide-microRNA crosstalk in cardiovascular diseases. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H802-12. [PMID: 26801305 PMCID: PMC4867357 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00660.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite an obnoxious smell and toxicity at a high dose, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is emerging as a cardioprotective gasotransmitter. H2S mitigates pathological cardiac remodeling by regulating several cellular processes including fibrosis, hypertrophy, apoptosis, and inflammation. These encouraging findings in rodents led to initiation of a clinical trial using a H2S donor in heart failure patients. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which H2S mitigates cardiac remodeling are not completely understood. Empirical evidence suggest that H2S may regulate signaling pathways either by directly influencing a gene in the cascade or interacting with nitric oxide (another cardioprotective gasotransmitter) or both. Recent studies revealed that H2S may ameliorate cardiac dysfunction by up- or downregulating specific microRNAs. MicroRNAs are noncoding, conserved, regulatory RNAs that modulate gene expression mostly by translational inhibition and are emerging as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Few microRNAs also regulate H2S biosynthesis. The inter-regulation of microRNAs and H2S opens a new avenue for exploring the H2S-microRNA crosstalk in CVD. This review embodies regulatory mechanisms that maintain the physiological level of H2S, exogenous H2S donors used for increasing the tissue levels of H2S, H2S-mediated regulation of CVD, H2S-microRNAs crosstalk in relation to the pathophysiology of heart disease, clinical trials on H2S, and future perspectives for H2S as a therapeutic agent for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan T Hackfort
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; and
| | - Paras K Mishra
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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159
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Li YP, Van Pham L, Uzcategui N, Bukh J. Functional analysis of microRNA-122 binding sequences of hepatitis C virus and identification of variants with high resistance against a specific antagomir. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1381-1394. [PMID: 26935756 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA 122 (miR-122) stimulates the replication and translation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA by binding to two adjacent sites, S1 and S2, within the HCV 5'UTR. We demonstrated previously that the miR-122 antagomir miravirsen (SPC3649) suppresses the infection of HCV strain JFH1-based recombinants with HCV genotypes 1-6 5'UTR-NS2 in human hepatoma Huh7.5 cells. However, specific S1 mutations were permitted and conferred virus resistance to miravirsen treatment. Here, using the J6 (genotype 2a) 5'UTR-NS2 JFH1-based recombinant, we performed reverse-genetics analysis of S1 (ACACUCCG, corresponding to miR-122 seed nucleotide positions 8-1), S2 (CACUCC, positions 7-2), and ACCC (positions 1-4) at the 5' end of the HCV genome (5'E); the CC at positions 2-3 of 5'E is involved in miR-122 binding. We demonstrated that the 5'E required four nucleotides for optimal function, and that G or A at position 3 or combined GA at positions 2-3 of 5'E was permitted. In S1 and S2, several single mutations were allowed at specific positions. A UCC → CGA change at positions 4-3-2 of S1, S2, or both S1 and S2 (S1/S2), as well as a C → G change at position 2 of S1/S2 were permitted. We found that 5'E mutations did not confer virus resistance to miravirsen treatment. However, mutations in S1 and S2 induced virus resistance, and combined S1 and/or S2 mutations conferred higher resistance than single mutations. Identification of miR-122 antagomir resistance-associated mutations will facilitate the study of additional functions of miR-122 in the HCV life cycle and the mechanism of virus escape to host-targeting antiviral approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Li
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Research Centre, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Institute of Human Virology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Long Van Pham
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Research Centre, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Nathalie Uzcategui
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Research Centre, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jens Bukh
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Research Centre, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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160
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Tay J, Tiao J, Hughes Q, Gilmore G, Baker R. Therapeutic Potential of miR-494 in Thrombosis and Other Diseases: A Review. Aust J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/ch16020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Functional nucleic acids, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), have been implicated in the pathophysiology of many diseases. The miRNA expression profiles of various cancers including haematological malignancies are well defined, but the role of miRNAs in haemostasis and the regulation of coagulation is poorly understood. We identified that miR-494 is oestrogen responsive and directly targets the anticoagulant protein, Protein S, as a mechanism for acquiring Protein S deficiency under high oestrogenic conditions such as during pregnancy and oral contraceptive use. Furthermore, previous studies have also characterised miR-494 to be involved in many biological processes. This paper reviews the current knowledge in the role of miRNAs in regulating haemostatic proteins and the known biological functions of miR-494, highlighting miR-494 as an emerging therapeutic target, with an overview of the strategy we have employed in identifying functional nucleic acids such as miRNAs that target haemostatic factors and the therapeutic potential of miR-494-directed therapy for the treatment of thrombotic disorders.
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161
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van der Ree MH, van der Meer AJ, van Nuenen AC, de Bruijne J, Ottosen S, Janssen HL, Kootstra NA, Reesink HW. Miravirsen dosing in chronic hepatitis C patients results in decreased microRNA-122 levels without affecting other microRNAs in plasma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 43:102-13. [PMID: 26503793 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNA-122 (miR-122) is an important host factor for hepatitis C virus replication. Administration of miravirsen, an anti-miR-122 oligonucleotide, resulted in a dose dependent and prolonged decrease in HCV RNA levels in chronic hepatitis C patients. AIM To assess the plasma level of various miRNAs in patients dosed with miravirsen. METHODS We included 16 of 36 chronic hepatitis C patients who received five injections of either 3 mg/kg (n = 4), 5 mg/kg (n = 4), 7 mg/kg (n = 4) miravirsen or placebo (n = 4) over a 4-week period in a double-blind, randomised phase 2a study. Plasma levels of 179 miRNAs were determined by qPCR and compared between patients dosed with miravirsen or placebo. RESULTS Median plasma miR-122 level at baseline in patients receiving miravirsen was 3.9 × 10(3) compared to 1.3 × 10(4) copies/4 μL in placebo-dosed patients (P = 0.68). At week 1, 4, 6 and 10/12, patients dosed with miravirsen had respectively a median 72-fold, 174-fold, 1109-fold and 552-fold lower expression of miR-122 than at baseline (P = 0.001, as compared to patients receiving placebo). At week 4 of dosing, miRNA-profiling demonstrated a significant lower expression of miR-210 and miR-532-5p compared to baseline (3.0 and 4.7-fold lower respectively). However, subsequent longitudinal analysis showed no significant differences in miR-210 and miR-532-5p plasma levels throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated a substantial and prolonged decrease in plasma miR-122 levels in patients dosed with miravirsen. Plasma levels of other miRNAs were not significantly affected by antagonising miR-122.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H van der Ree
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A J van der Meer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A C van Nuenen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J de Bruijne
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Ottosen
- Santaris Pharma A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - H L Janssen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Liver Clinic, Toronto Western & General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - N A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H W Reesink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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162
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Tenogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and noncoding RNA: From bench to bedside. Exp Cell Res 2015; 341:237-42. [PMID: 26724570 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tendon is a critical unit of musculoskeletal system that connects muscle to bone to control bone movement. More population participate in physical activities, tendon injuries, such as acute tendon rupture and tendinopathy due to overuse, are common causing unbearable pain and disability. However, the process of tendon development and the pathogenesis of tendinopathy are not well defined, limiting the development of clinical therapy for tendon injuries. Studying the tendon differentiation control pathways may help to develop novel therapeutic strategies. This review summarized the novel molecular and cellular events in tendon development and highlighted the clinical application potential of non-coding RNAs and tendon-derived stem cells in gene and cell therapy for tendon injuries, which may bring insights into research and new therapy for tendon disorders.
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163
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Song HM, Luo Y, Li DF, Wei CK, Hua KY, Song JL, Xu H, Maskey N, Fang L. MicroRNA-96 plays an oncogenic role by targeting FOXO1 and regulating AKT/FOXO1/Bim pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:9889-9900. [PMID: 26617698 PMCID: PMC4637783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are kind of small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression at post-transcription level, and those non-coding RNAs appear to play a key role in tumorigenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the biological role of miR-96 in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cell lines. We identified miR-96 to be up-regulated in PTC specimens in comparison to matched normal tissues by microRNA microarray and RT-qPCR analysis (P < 0.05). Next, to explore the potential function of miR-96, PTC cell lines K1 and TPC1 were transiently transfected with miR-96 mimics and inhibitor. Successful transfection being confirmed by RT-qPCR. Ectopic expression of miR-96 promoted proliferation and colony formation ability, and inhibited apoptosis of K1 and TPC1 cells, whereas down-regulated expression of miR-96 suppressed those functions when compared with the control cells. According to a computational prediction, FOXO1 maybe a potential target of miR-96. Luciferase assays revealed that miR-96 is directly targeted to both binding sites of FOXO1 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) and suppressed the FOXO1 expression, and subsequently inhibited the expression of Bim protein in PTC cells. Moreover, the expression of FOXO1 had an inverse correlation with expression of miR-96 in PTC specimens by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. The data from the present study demonstrated that miR-96 can promote proliferation, and inhibit apoptosis in PTC cell lines K1 and TPC1, thus miR-96 may play an oncogenic role in PTC by inhibiting the FOXO1 and regulating AKT/FOXO1/Bim pathway, and it may serve as a novel therapeutic target for miRNA-based PTC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ming Song
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghai 200072, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tongren HospitalShanghai 200336, China
| | - Deng-Feng Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghai 200072, China
| | - Chuan-Kui Wei
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghai 200072, China
| | - Kai-Yao Hua
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghai 200072, China
| | - Jia-Lu Song
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghai 200072, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghai 200072, China
| | - Niraj Maskey
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghai 200072, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghai 200072, China
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164
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McClorey G, Wood MJ. An overview of the clinical application of antisense oligonucleotides for RNA-targeting therapies. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 24:52-8. [PMID: 26277332 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the discovery more than two decades ago that antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) could be used to modulate protein expression, there have been only two antisense drugs approved for clinical use till date. Despite this low success rate, the antisense field is undergoing resurgence due to the development of more potent and nuclease resistant chemistries, as well as nanoparticle delivery systems that enhance delivery to target tissues. In this review, we introduce the predominant therapeutic strategies in the antisense field whilst highlighting recent clinical findings that demonstrate the significant potential of these approaches for development of novel therapies in several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham McClorey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QX Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew J Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QX Oxford, UK.
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165
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The yin and yang of hepatitis C: synthesis and decay of hepatitis C virus RNA. Nat Rev Microbiol 2015; 13:544-58. [PMID: 26256788 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an unusual RNA virus that has a striking capacity to persist for the remaining life of the host in the majority of infected individuals. In order to persist, HCV must balance viral RNA synthesis and decay in infected cells. In this Review, we focus on interactions between the positive-sense RNA genome of HCV and the host RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs, and describe how these interactions influence the competing processes of viral RNA synthesis and decay to achieve stable, long-term persistence of the viral genome. Furthermore, we discuss how these processes affect hepatitis C pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies against HCV.
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Abstract
Preclinical Research Bone is a rigid and dynamic organ that undergoes continuous turnover. Bone homeostasis is maintained by osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-mediated bone formation. The interruption of this balance can cause various diseases, including osteoporosis a public health issue due to the rate of hip fracture, the most serious outcome of osteoporosis. The bone loss in osteoporosis results from an increase in bone resorption versus bone formation. Thus, regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast activity is a main focus in the treatment of osteoporosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of single stranded noncoding RNAs consisting of 18-22 nucleotides that have an important role in cell differentiation, cell fate, apoptosis, and pathogenesis in various disease states. The potential therapeutic and biomarker function of miRNAs in treating bone disorders is receiving more attention. The current review summarizes the role of miRNAs in bone function at a cellular level in the context of their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Chen
- Department of Pathology, 324 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Qiu
- Department of Pathology, 324 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Chongqing, China
| | - Ce Dou
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiwu Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Alleviation of off-target effects from vector-encoded shRNAs via codelivered RNA decoys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E4007-16. [PMID: 26170322 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1510476112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exogenous RNAi triggers such as shRNAs ideally exert their activities exclusively via the antisense strand that binds and silences designated target mRNAs. However, in principle, the sense strand also possesses silencing capacity that may contribute to adverse RNAi side effects including off-target gene regulation. Here, we address this concern with a novel strategy that reduces sense strand activity of vector-encoded shRNAs via codelivery of inhibitory tough decoy (TuD) RNAs. Using various shRNAs for proof of concept, we validate that coexpression of TuDs can sequester and inactivate shRNA sense strands in human cells selectively without affecting desired antisense activities from the same shRNAs. Moreover, we show how coexpressed TuDs can alleviate shRNA-mediated perturbation of global gene expression by specifically de-repressing off-target transcripts carrying seed matches to the shRNA sense strand. Our combination of shRNA and TuD in a single bicistronic gene transfer vector derived from Adeno-associated virus (AAV) enables a wide range of applications, including gene therapies. To this end, we engineered our constructs in a modular fashion and identified simple hairpin design rules permitting adaptation to preexisting or new shRNAs. Finally, we demonstrate the power of our vectors for combinatorial RNAi strategies by showing robust suppression of hepatitis C virus (HCV) with an AAV expressing a bifunctional TuD against an anti-HCV shRNA sense strand and an HCV-related cellular miRNA. The data and tools reported here represent an important step toward the next generation of RNAi triggers with increased specificity and thus ultimately safety in humans.
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Mutso M, Nikonov A, Pihlak A, Žusinaite E, Viru L, Selyutina A, Reintamm T, Kelve M, Saarma M, Karelson M, Merits A. RNA Interference-Guided Targeting of Hepatitis C Virus Replication with Antisense Locked Nucleic Acid-Based Oligonucleotides Containing 8-oxo-dG Modifications. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128686. [PMID: 26039055 PMCID: PMC4454572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory potency of an antisense oligonucleotide depends critically on its design and the accessibility of its target site. Here, we used an RNA interference-guided approach to select antisense oligonucleotide target sites in the coding region of the highly structured hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA genome. We modified the conventional design of an antisense oligonucleotide containing locked nucleic acid (LNA) residues at its termini (LNA/DNA gapmer) by inserting 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) residues into the central DNA region. Obtained compounds, designed with the aim to analyze the effects of 8-oxo-dG modifications on the antisense oligonucleotides, displayed a unique set of properties. Compared to conventional LNA/DNA gapmers, the melting temperatures of the duplexes formed by modified LNA/DNA gapmers and DNA or RNA targets were reduced by approximately 1.6-3.3°C per modification. Comparative transfection studies showed that small interfering RNA was the most potent HCV RNA replication inhibitor (effective concentration 50 (EC50): 0.13 nM), whereas isosequential standard and modified LNA/DNA gapmers were approximately 50-fold less efficient (EC50: 5.5 and 7.1 nM, respectively). However, the presence of 8-oxo-dG residues led to a more complete suppression of HCV replication in transfected cells. These modifications did not affect the efficiency of RNase H cleavage of antisense oligonucleotide:RNA duplexes but did alter specificity, triggering the appearance of multiple cleavage products. Moreover, the incorporation of 8-oxo-dG residues increased the stability of antisense oligonucleotides of different configurations in human serum.
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MESH Headings
- 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine
- Base Pairing
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Deoxyguanosine/analogs & derivatives
- Deoxyguanosine/chemistry
- Genome, Viral
- Hepacivirus/genetics
- Hepacivirus/growth & development
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/virology
- Humans
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Oligonucleotides/chemistry
- Oligonucleotides/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/chemical synthesis
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/metabolism
- RNA Cleavage
- RNA Interference
- RNA Stability
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Mutso
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- GeneCode, Ltd., Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Andrei Nikonov
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- GeneCode, Ltd., Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Eva Žusinaite
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- GeneCode, Ltd., Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Liane Viru
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- GeneCode, Ltd., Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Tõnu Reintamm
- GeneCode, Ltd., Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Merike Kelve
- GeneCode, Ltd., Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mati Karelson
- GeneCode, Ltd., Tallinn, Estonia
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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