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Lorenzino M, D'Agostin F, Rigutti S, Bovenzi M, Fantoni C, Bregant L. Acoustic comfort depends on the psychological state of the individual. ERGONOMICS 2020; 63:1485-1501. [PMID: 32780646 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2020.1808249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that comfort can be influenced more by psychological processes than from the characteristics of environmental stimulation. This is relevant for different industrial sectors, where comfort is defined only as a function of the intensity of external stimuli. In the present study, we measured physiological and psychological comfort during the exposure to four levels of acoustic noise [from 45 to 55 dB(A)] corresponding to different comfort classes inside a full-scale mock-up of a cruise ship cabin. We found an increase of psychological and physiological discomfort for higher noise intensities, but not for all the intensities defining the comfort classes. Furthermore, we found that negative psychological states determine a lower physiological sensitivity to acoustic noise variations compared to positive states. Our results show that, at normal/low intensities, psychological processes have a greater role in determining acoustic comfort when compared to the stimulus intensity. Practitioner Summary: This study shows that psychological factors can be more relevant in determining acoustic comfort inside a ship cabin than the intensity of acoustic stimulus itself. This finding suggests that the cruise industry should consider not only the engineering measurements when evaluating comfort on board, but also the passenger' psychological state. Abbreviations: AIC: akaike information criterion; CCT: colour correlated temperature; cd/m2: candela/square meters; df: degrees of freedom; F-test: Fisher's test; HF: high frequency; HR: heart rate; HRV: heart rate variability; HSV: hue saturation value; K: kelvin; LF: low frequency; LF/HF: low frequency to high frequency ratio; lme: linear mixed effects; ms: milliseconds; nu: normalized unit; p: p value; pNN50: percentage of adjacent pairs of normal to normal RR intervals differing by more than 50 milliseconds; r2: coefficient of determination; rc: concordance correlation coefficient; RMSSD: square root of the mean normal to normal RR interval; SD: standard deviation; SDNN: standard deviation of normal to normal RR intervals; SEM: standard error of the mean; t-test: student's tests; χ2: chi-square test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lorenzino
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Flavia D'Agostin
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Rigutti
- Department of Life Science, Psychology Unit "Gaetano Kanizsa", University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Massimo Bovenzi
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Trieste, Italy
| | - Carlo Fantoni
- Department of Life Science, Psychology Unit "Gaetano Kanizsa", University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luigi Bregant
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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152
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Nakajima S, Manita S, Yu G, Ishimaru K, Kono K, Kitamura K, Nakao A. Activation of the reward system ameliorates passive cutaneous anaphylactic reaction in mice. Allergy 2020; 75:3275-3279. [PMID: 32533858 PMCID: PMC7754286 DOI: 10.1111/all.14442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Nakajima
- Department of Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi Yamanashi Japan
- Department of progressive DOHaD research Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine Fukushima Japan
- Department of Medical Electrophysiology Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine Fukushima Japan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine Fukushima Japan
| | - Satoshi Manita
- Department of Neurophysiology Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi Yamanashi Japan
| | - Guannan Yu
- Department of Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi Yamanashi Japan
| | - Kayoko Ishimaru
- Department of Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi Yamanashi Japan
| | - Koji Kono
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine Fukushima Japan
| | - Kazuo Kitamura
- Department of Neurophysiology Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi Yamanashi Japan
| | - Atsuhito Nakao
- Department of Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi Yamanashi Japan
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153
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Nazari N, Griffiths MD. Psychometric validation of the Persian version of the Emotional Style Questionnaire. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 41:5758-5770. [PMID: 33262561 PMCID: PMC7690336 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Emotions play a central role in scientific models of decision-making, human development, interpersonal processes, psychopathology, and well-being. The Emotional Style Questionnaire (ESQ) is a novel and multifaceted psychometric scale that assesses the dimensions of individual's emotional styles. The present study evaluated the validity and factor structure of the Persian ESQ. The original version of the ESQ was translated and back-translated into Persian, followed by a pilot study. A sample of university students and staff participated in a survey (n = 822) which included the ESQ, Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS), World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Results showed that the Persian ESQ had very good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient: 0.84; Composite reliability = 0.89) and adequate test-retest reliability after four weeks (intraclass coefficient, r = .71 with 95% CI [.63, .77]). The confirmatory factor analysis model fitted the data well (χ2/df = 2.86, CFI = .970, SRMR = .046, PCLOSE = .85 > .05, RMSEA = .048, 90% CI [.043, .053]). Also, measurement invariance indicated the ESQ had acceptable construct validity among different groups. As for criterion-related validity, the ESQ positively correlated with scores on the WHOQOL-BREF (r = .76) and PANAS-positive affect (r = .62), and negatively correlated with the scores on the OASIS (r = -.68), DERS (r = -.39), and PANAS-negative affect (r = -72). The findings provide evidence that the ESQ is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing healthy emotionality among Persian speaking individuals. The Persian ESQ can be used in psychological intervention and clinical research in Iran and other Persian-speaking countries. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-020-01205-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabi Nazari
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, United Kingdom
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154
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Geers AL, Faasse K, Guevarra DA, Clemens KS, Helfer SG, Colagiuri B. Affect and emotions in placebo and nocebo effects: What do we know so far? SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Geers
- Department of Psychology University of Toledo Toledo Ohio USA
| | - Kate Faasse
- School of Psychology University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Darwin A. Guevarra
- Department of Psychology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | | | | | - Ben Colagiuri
- School of Psychology University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
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155
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Vara MD, Mira A, Miragall M, García-Palacios A, Botella C, Gili M, Riera-Serra P, García-Campayo J, Mayoral-Cleries F, Baños RM. A Low-Intensity Internet-Based Intervention Focused on the Promotion of Positive Affect for the Treatment of Depression in Spanish Primary Care: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8094. [PMID: 33153062 PMCID: PMC7662551 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: A large number of low-intensity Internet-based interventions (IBIs) for the treatment of depression have emerged in Primary Care; most of them focused on decreasing negative emotions. However, recent studies have highlighted the importance of addressing positive affect (PA) as well. This study is a secondary analysis of a randomized control trial. We examine the role of an IBI focused on promoting PA in patients with depression in Primary Care (PC). The specific objectives were to explore the profile of the patients who benefit the most and to analyze the change mechanisms that predict a significantly greater improvement in positive functioning measures. Methods: 56 patients were included. Measures of depression, affect, well-being, health-related quality of life, and health status were administered. Results: Participants who benefited the most were those who had lower incomes and education levels and worse mental health scores and well-being at baseline (7.9%-39.5% of explained variance). Improvements in depression severity and PA were significant predictors of long-term change in well-being, F (3,55) = 17.78, p < 0.001, R2 = 47.8%. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of implementing IBIs in PC and the relevance of PA as a key target in Major Depressive Disorder treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mª Dolores Vara
- Polibienestar Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
- CIBERObn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (A.G.-P.); (C.B.)
| | - Adriana Mira
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Marta Miragall
- CIBERObn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (A.G.-P.); (C.B.)
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Azucena García-Palacios
- CIBERObn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (A.G.-P.); (C.B.)
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain
| | - Cristina Botella
- CIBERObn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (A.G.-P.); (C.B.)
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain
| | - Margalida Gili
- Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut, University of Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (M.G.); (P.R.-S.)
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitaria Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Primary Care Prevention and Health Promotion Research Network, RedIAPP, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Pau Riera-Serra
- Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut, University of Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (M.G.); (P.R.-S.)
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitaria Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Javier García-Campayo
- Primary Care Prevention and Health Promotion Research Network, RedIAPP, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragón), Miguel Servet Hospital, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fermín Mayoral-Cleries
- Mental Health Unit, Hospital Regional of Malaga, Biomedicine Research Institute (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Rosa Mª Baños
- Polibienestar Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
- CIBERObn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (A.G.-P.); (C.B.)
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
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156
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Hittner EF, Stephens JE, Turiano NA, Gerstorf D, Lachman ME, Haase CM. Positive Affect Is Associated With Less Memory Decline: Evidence From a 9-Year Longitudinal Study. Psychol Sci 2020; 31:1386-1395. [PMID: 33090935 PMCID: PMC7797593 DOI: 10.1177/0956797620953883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory decline is a concern for aging populations across the globe. Positive affect plays an important role in healthy aging, but its link with memory decline has remained unclear. In the present study, we examined associations between positive affect (i.e., feeling enthusiastic, attentive, proud, active) and memory (i.e., immediate and delayed recall), drawing from a 9-year longitudinal study of a national sample of 991 middle-age and older U.S. adults. Results revealed that positive affect was associated with less memory decline across 9 years when analyses controlled for age, gender, education, depression, negative affect, and extraversion. Findings generalized across another measure that assessed additional facets of positive affect, across different (but not all) facets of positive affect and memory, and across age, gender, and education; findings did not emerge for negative affect. Reverse longitudinal associations between memory and positive affect were not significant. Possible pathways linking positive affect and memory functioning are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Claudia M. Haase
- School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University
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157
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Forster AK, Richards EA, Foli KJ, McGowan B, Hass Z, Becker M, Miller A. Influence of Affect on Physical Activity: An Integrative Review. Clin Nurs Res 2020; 30:934-949. [PMID: 33111569 DOI: 10.1177/1054773820968039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Affective states, such as feelings of anger and excitement, are linked to health outcomes and behaviors. The benefits of physical activity for individual affect is known; however, how affect influences physical activity participation is less understood. Using Whittemore and Knafl's framework, this integrative review examines the influence of affect on adult physical activity. using six databases, 19 articles published between 1997 and 2019. Themes found include support for the influence of positive affect on increased physical activity, a temporal aspect of affect, a variety of measurement tools, and varying uses of theoretical frameworks across studies. Advanced practice nurses and registered nurses may improve patient health behaviors, such as physical activity, by incorporating affect-focused assessments. Review findings support consideration of affect in physical activity counseling. Further research using theory-driven methods and consistent affect assessments is needed to test the complex relationship between affect and physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Forster
- Purdue University School of Nursing, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Center on Aging and the Life Course, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Richards
- Purdue University School of Nursing, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Center on Aging and the Life Course, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Karen J Foli
- Purdue University School of Nursing, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Bethany McGowan
- Purdue University Libraries and School of Information Studies, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zachary Hass
- Purdue University School of Nursing, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue School of Industrial Engineering, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Margaret Becker
- Purdue University Psychological Sciences, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ann Miller
- Purdue University School of Nursing, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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158
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Schneider S, Junghaenel DU, Gutsche T, Mak HW, Stone AA. Comparability of Emotion Dynamics Derived From Ecological Momentary Assessments, Daily Diaries, and the Day Reconstruction Method: Observational Study. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e19201. [PMID: 32969835 PMCID: PMC7545330 DOI: 10.2196/19201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interest in the measurement of the temporal dynamics of people’s emotional lives has risen substantially in psychological and medical research. Emotions fluctuate and change over time, and measuring the ebb and flow of people’s affective experiences promises enhanced insights into people’s health and functioning. Researchers have used a variety of intensive longitudinal assessment (ILA) methods to create measures of emotion dynamics, including ecological momentary assessments (EMAs), end-of-day (EOD) diaries, and the day reconstruction method (DRM). To date, it is unclear whether they can be used interchangeably or whether ostensibly similar emotion dynamics captured by the methods differ in meaningful ways. Objective This study aims to examine the extent to which different ILA methods yield comparable measures of intraindividual emotion dynamics. Methods Data from 90 participants aged 50 years or older were collected in a probability-based internet panel, the Understanding America Study, and analyzed. Participants provided positive and negative affect ratings using 3 ILA methods: (1) smartphone-based EMA, administered 6 times per day over 1 week, (2) web-based EOD diaries, administered daily over the same week, and (3) web-based DRM, administered once during that week. We calculated 11 measures of emotion dynamics (addressing mean levels, variability, instability, and inertia separately for positive and negative affect, as well as emotion network density, mixed emotions, and emotional dialecticism) from each ILA method. The analyses examined mean differences and correlations of scores addressing the same emotion dynamic across the ILA methods. We also compared the patterns of intercorrelations among the emotion dynamics and their relationships with health outcomes (general health, pain, and fatigue) across ILA methods. Results Emotion dynamics derived from EMAs and EOD diaries demonstrated moderate-to-high correspondence for measures of mean emotion levels (ρ≥0.95), variability (ρ≥0.68), instability (ρ≥0.51), mixed emotions (ρ=0.92), and emotional dialecticism (ρ=0.57), and low correspondence for measures of inertia (ρ≥0.17) and emotion network density (ρ=0.36). DRM-derived measures showed correlations with EMAs and EOD diaries that were high for mean emotion levels and mixed emotions (ρ≥0.74), moderate for variability (ρ=0.38-.054), and low to moderate for other measures (ρ=0.03-0.41). Intercorrelations among the emotion dynamics showed high convergence across EMAs and EOD diaries, and moderate convergence between the DRM and EMAs as well as EOD diaries. Emotion dynamics from all 3 ILA methods produced very similar patterns of relationships with health outcomes. Conclusions EMAs and EOD diaries provide corresponding information about individual differences in various emotion dynamics, whereas the DRM provides corresponding information about emotion levels and (to a lesser extent) variability, but not about more complex emotion dynamics. Our results caution researchers against viewing these ILA methods as universally interchangeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schneider
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Tania Gutsche
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hio Wa Mak
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Arthur A Stone
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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159
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Jia R, Ayling K, Chalder T, Massey A, Broadbent E, Coupland C, Vedhara K. Mental health in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional analyses from a community cohort study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e040620. [PMID: 32933965 PMCID: PMC7493070 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous pandemics have resulted in significant consequences for mental health. Here, we report the mental health sequelae of the COVID-19 pandemic in a UK cohort and examine modifiable and non-modifiable explanatory factors associated with mental health outcomes. We focus on the first wave of data collection, which examined short-term consequences for mental health, as reported during the first 4-6 weeks of social distancing measures being introduced. DESIGN Cross-sectional online survey. SETTING Community cohort study. PARTICIPANTS N=3097 adults aged ≥18 years were recruited through a mainstream and social media campaign between 3 April 2020 and 30 April 2020. The cohort was predominantly female (n=2618); mean age 44 years; 10% (n=296) from minority ethnic groups; 50% (n=1559) described themselves as key workers and 20% (n=649) identified as having clinical risk factors putting them at increased risk of COVID-19. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Depression, anxiety and stress scores. RESULTS Mean scores for depression ([Formula: see text] =7.69, SD=6.0), stress ([Formula: see text] =6.48, SD=3.3) and anxiety ([Formula: see text] = 6.48, SD=3.3) significantly exceeded population norms (all p<0.0001). Analysis of non-modifiable factors hypothesised to be associated with mental health outcomes indicated that being younger, female and in a recognised COVID-19 risk group were associated with increased stress, anxiety and depression, with the final multivariable models accounting for 7%-14% of variance. When adding modifiable factors, significant independent effects emerged for positive mood, perceived loneliness and worry about getting COVID-19 for all outcomes, with the final multivariable models accounting for 54%-57% of total variance. CONCLUSIONS Increased psychological morbidity was evident in this UK sample and found to be more common in younger people, women and in individuals who identified as being in recognised COVID-19 risk groups. Public health and mental health interventions able to ameliorate perceptions of risk of COVID-19, worry about COVID-19 loneliness and boost positive mood may be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Jia
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kieran Ayling
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Trudie Chalder
- Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Adam Massey
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Broadbent
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carol Coupland
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kavita Vedhara
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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160
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Positive and negative emotional expression measured from a single written essay about trauma predicts survival 17 years later in people living with HIV. J Psychosom Res 2020; 136:110166. [PMID: 32559504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether expression of positive and negative emotions measured within a single written trauma essay predicts survival over 17 years in people living with HIV. METHODS This is a longitudinal, observational study of a volunteer sample of HIV-seropositive individuals at the mid-range of disease (150-500 CD4-cells/mm3 with no prior AIDS-defining symptoms). Exclusion criteria included substance dependence, dementia, and/or psychosis. Baseline assessments occurred between 1997 and 1999 and survival data was collected in 2014 (17 year follow up). At baseline, participants wrote an essay about the most traumatic event in their life. Emotional expression was measured by the number of positive and negative emotional words in the essay. The primary study outcome measure was survival from baseline. Biomedical covariates included CD4 count, viral load, age, and antiretroviral medications. Sociodemographic covariates included gender, race, and education. RESULTS The sample was diverse in terms of age (M [SD] 37.60 [9.07]), sex (70.7% male), sexual orientation (55.5% gay or bisexual), and race/ethnicity (37.2% African American, 30.5% white, 28.0% Hispanic, and 4.3% other). Positive, negative, and total emotional expression predicted greater survival (ps < 0.015). Those in the top third of total emotional expression had 3.83 times the survival rate (95% CI: 1.62, 9.02) of those in the bottom third. Odds ratios were 1.85 for positive emotion expression and 2.18 for negative emotion expression. CONCLUSIONS Both positive and negative emotions expressed in a written trauma essay predict survival over 17 years in people living with HIV. Expressing emotions may have benefits for health.
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161
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Moskowitz JT, Cheung EO, Freedman M, Fernando C, Zhang MW, Huffman JC, Addington EL. Measuring Positive Emotion Outcomes in Positive Psychology Interventions: A Literature Review. EMOTION REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073920950811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence for the unique social, behavioral, and physical health benefits of positive emotion and related well-being constructs has led to the development and testing of positive psychological interventions (PPIs) to increase emotional well-being and enhance health promotion and disease prevention. PPIs are specifically aimed at improving emotional well-being and consist of practices such as gratitude, savoring, and acts of kindness. The purpose of this narrative review was to examine the literature on PPIs with a particular focus on positive emotion outcomes. We evaluated the evidence on the effects of PPIs on positive emotion specifically, and discussed the range of evidence regarding the relative responsiveness of emotion measures to PPIs in order to gain a better understanding of the specific emotional pathways through which PPIs influence psychological and physical well-being. We conclude with recommendations for best evaluating effects of PPIs on positive emotion outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christa Fernando
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, USA
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162
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Wilson TE, Massiah C, Radigan R, DeHovitz J, Govindarajulu US, Holman S, Melendez M, Yusuff J, Taylor T. The positive affect, promoting Positive Engagement, and Adherence for Life (APPEAL) feasibility trial: Design and rationale. Health Psychol 2020; 39:767-775. [PMID: 32833478 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe development of the Positive Affect, Promoting Positive Engagement, and Adherence for Life (APPEAL) program. METHOD APPEAL is intended to increase HIV medication adherence through promotion of positive affect, and was developed through an iterative process involving 6 focus groups (N = 34) that elicited feedback on intervention content, followed by an individually administered prepilot of the entire intervention (N = 7). RESULTS Participants provided feedback on important potential moderator variables, including depression, on mode of intervention administration, and on anticipated barriers and benefits to participation. Insights gained were used to finalize study procedures in preparation for a feasibility trial. For the feasibility trial, a total of 80 participants who, in the past 6 months have had at least one plasma HIV RNA >200 copies/mL, will be randomized to receive APPEAL or standard of care (N = 40 per group). Intervention group participants will receive 3 monthly, individually administered sessions, and all participants will have their medication adherence monitored and complete structured interviews at baseline and at 3 and 6 months. CONCLUSION The APPEAL program is innovative in that it focuses on promoting self-regulation of positive emotions, an understudied approach to promoting chronic disease self-management behaviors such as HIV medication adherence. Findings from the feasibility trial will gauge suitability of the APPEAL intervention and evaluation methods for subsequent testing in a confirmatory trial and will examine changes in positive affect, the primary mechanism of change targeted in the intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey E Wilson
- Department of Community Health Sciences and Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University
| | - Chanée Massiah
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University
| | - Rachel Radigan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University
| | - Jack DeHovitz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University
| | - Usha S Govindarajulu
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Susan Holman
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University
| | - Michelle Melendez
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University
| | - Jameela Yusuff
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University
| | - Tonya Taylor
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University
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Zander-Schellenberg T, Collins IM, Miché M, Guttmann C, Lieb R, Wahl K. Does laughing have a stress-buffering effect in daily life? An intensive longitudinal study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235851. [PMID: 32645063 PMCID: PMC7347187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive affect is associated with alleviating mental and physiological stress responses. As laughter is a common physiological operationalization of positive affect, we investigated whether the effects of experiencing a stressful event on stress symptoms is lessened by frequency and intensity of daily laughter. Using an intensive longitudinal design, we ambulatory assessed the self-reported experience of stressful events, stress symptoms and the frequency as well as the intensity of laughter in university students' daily lives. Our hierarchical ecological momentary assessment data were analyzed with multilevel models. The results support the stress-buffering model of positive affect: We found that the frequency of laughter attenuated the association between stressful events and subsequent stress symptoms. The level of intensity of laughter, however, was found to have no significant effect. Future studies should use additional psychophysiological indicators of stress and straighten out the differential contributions of frequency and intensity of daily laughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Zander-Schellenberg
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabella Mutschler Collins
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Miché
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Camille Guttmann
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roselind Lieb
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karina Wahl
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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164
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State, but not trait gratitude is associated with cardiovascular responses to acute psychological stress. Physiol Behav 2020; 221:112896. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Boehm JK, Chen Y, Qureshi F, Soo J, Umukoro P, Hernandez R, Lloyd-Jones D, Kubzansky LD. Positive emotions and favorable cardiovascular health: A 20-year longitudinal study. Prev Med 2020; 136:106103. [PMID: 32348855 PMCID: PMC7246158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
No studies have examined whether positive emotions lead to favorable cardiovascular health (CVH) early in the lifespan, before cardiovascular disease is diagnosed. Moreover, the direction of the association has not been thoroughly investigated. Among younger adults, we investigated whether baseline positive emotions were associated with better CVH over 20 years. We also considered whether baseline CVH was associated with subsequent positive emotions during the same period. Participants included 4196 Black and White men and women from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Positive emotions and cardiovascular-related parameters were each assessed in 1990 (this study's baseline), with repeated assessment through 2010. CVH was defined by blood pressure, lipids, body mass index, diabetes, and smoking status. Primary analyses used linear mixed effects models adjusting for potential confounders; secondary analyses stratified by race and sex. Controlling for sociodemographic factors, greater baseline positive emotions were associated with better CVH across time (β = 0.03, 95% confidence interval = 0.007-0.06). However, positive emotions were unrelated to rate of change in CVH across time. Baseline CVH was also associated with greater average positive emotions across time (β = 0.09, 95% confidence interval = 0.02-0.15), but not rate of change. Positive emotions' association with CVH was stronger for women than men, but race did not modify associations. Positive emotions in early to middle adulthood were associated with better CVH across several decades. Baseline CVH was also associated with greater positive emotions during follow-up. Future research may be able to disentangle these relationships by assessing positive emotions and CVH earlier in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Boehm
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, 1 University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA.
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Farah Qureshi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jackie Soo
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Peter Umukoro
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Rosalba Hernandez
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1010 W. Nevada Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Donald Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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166
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE There is increasing recognition that positive affective states have a protective association for all-cause mortality. However, positive states of happiness and excitement vary over time, and little is known about the association of fluctuations in positive affect with survival. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of positive affect instability, conceptualized as fluctuations in momentary positive affect, with mortality in a population-based sample of older adults in England. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This survey study used data from a longitudinal survey collected in wave 2 (2004) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, a nationally representative sample of older men and women living in England, with follow-up continuing until March 2018. Participants included people aged 50 years or older at recruitment. Data were analyzed from September 2019 to April 2020. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was all-cause mortality. Positive and negative affect were measured at 4 time points over the course of 1 day: soon after waking, 30 minutes after waking, at 7:00 pm, and at bedtime. RESULTS Data were analyzed from 3834 participants (mean [SD] age at baseline, 64.0 [7.4] years; 2082 [54.3%] women) with a mean (SD) follow-up of 12.25 (2.60) years. Adjusting for demographic characteristics, baseline illness, health behaviors, and mean level and instability in negative affect, Cox proportional hazards regression showed that high positive affect instability was associated with greater mortality, with a hazard ratio of 1.25 (95% CI, 1.04-1.49; P = .02). Associations did not differ by age, suggesting that the increased mortality risk associated with high positive affect instability was not restricted to older ages. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that temporal fluctuations in positive affect were associated with mortality risk in older adults. These findings illustrate the value of incorporating dynamic assessments of positive affect in distal health outcomes such as mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Ong
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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167
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Colombo D, Fernández-Álvarez J, Suso-Ribera C, Cipresso P, García-Palacios A, Riva G, Botella C. Biased Affective Forecasting: A Potential Mechanism That Enhances Resilience and Well-Being. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1333. [PMID: 32595578 PMCID: PMC7304283 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
According to a growing body of studies, people's ability to forecast future emotional experiences is generally biased. Nonetheless, the existing literature has mainly explored affective forecasting in relation to specific events, whereas little is still known about the ability to make general estimations of future emotional states. Based on existing evidence suggesting future-oriented disposition as a key factor for mental health, the aims of the current study were (1) to investigate the relationship between negative (NA) and positive (PA) affective forecasting biases and perceived psychological well-being, and (2) to explore whether positively biased predictions are associated with resilience and foster one's skills to cope with stressful events. To do so, we asked 85 undergraduate students to forecast PA and NA over 2 weeks, as well as to report their daily affect through a web-based Ecological Momentary Assessment. According to the results, positively biased PA forecasting (i.e., overestimating positive emotional states) was associated with greater perceived psychological well-being and higher resilience. When high levels of stress were experienced, participants holding an optimistic, yet biased, estimation of future PA were more likely to successfully manage stressors, thus maintaining lower levels of NA and higher levels of positive emotions. We suggest that positively biased PA forecasting is an adaptive cognitive distortion that boosts people's resilience and mental health, thus opening new avenues for the promotion of psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desirée Colombo
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Suso-Ribera
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Pietro Cipresso
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Azucena García-Palacios
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Botella
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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168
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Abstract
Abstract
Background
According to a growing body of literature, people are quite inaccurate in recalling past affective experiences. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying this recall bias (i.e., the tendency to overestimate and/or underestimate positive or negative past emotional experiences) remains unclear, and its association with mental health has not been studied yet.
Methods
We adopted a smartphone-based Ecological Momentary Assessment to monitor daily affect (n = 92) and investigate the association between affect recall bias, mental health and resilience.
Results
While the tendency to overestimate negative affective experiences was observed in participants reporting mild depressive symptoms, positive affect (PA) overestimation as compared to PA underestimation was associated with better mental health (i.e. higher psychological well-being and lower depressive and anxiety symptoms) through the enhancement of resilience. Furthermore, positively biased participants (i.e. PA over estimators) benefited from greater well-being, even when compared to accurate individuals.
Conclusions
While people appear to use retrospective PA overestimation as a strategy to enhance well-being and resilience, they are not likely to underestimate past negative experiences to feel better. Accordingly, owning an optimistic vision of the past may represent an adaptive “distortion” of reality that fosters people’s mental health. The clinical implications of cultivating PA and learning strategies to regulate both negative and positive emotions are discussed.
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169
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Ong AD, Thoemmes F, Ratner K, Ghezzi-Kopel K, Reid MC. Positive affect and chronic pain: a preregistered systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain 2020; 161:1140-1149. [PMID: 32049895 PMCID: PMC7230030 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) is a significant health burden among adults. Standard behavioral therapies typically focus on targeting negative affect (NA) and yield only modest treatment effects. The aims of this study were to systematically review and investigate the association between positive affect (PA) and pain severity among adults with CNCP. Databases that were searched included MEDLINE (PubMed), PsycINFO, CINAHL, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, OLASTER, Open Grey, and PsyArXiv (inception to July 23, 2019). We analyzed studies that: (1) used observational, experimental, or intervention study designs; (2) enrolled individuals with CNCP (pain ≥ 12 weeks); and (3) reported full quantitative results on outcomes. Two researchers independently screened articles, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. The main meta-analysis was followed by subgroup analyses. All analyses were performed using random-effects models. Formal tests for heterogeneity (Q-statistic; I) and publication bias (p-curve and p-uniform*) were performed. We meta-analyzed 29 studies with 3521 participants. Results demonstrated that PA inversely impacts pain severity in people with CNCP (r = -0.23). Subgroup analyses showed a significant effect for gender and marginally significant effects for age in studies that adjusted for NA. On average, effect sizes for observational studies were larger in studies with a higher proportion of female respondents and in studies that did not adjust for NA. Finally, larger effect sizes were found in intervention studies with older compared with younger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Ong
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Felix Thoemmes
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Kaylin Ratner
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | | | - M Carrington Reid
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, NY, United States
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170
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Hamm JM, Heckhausen J, Shane J, Lachman ME. Risk of cognitive declines with retirement: Who declines and why? Psychol Aging 2020; 35:449-457. [PMID: 32175753 PMCID: PMC7165065 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Retiring is associated with increased risk of cognitive decline (e.g., Bonsang, Adam, & Perelman, 2012; Wickrama, O'Neal, Kwag, & Lee, 2013). However, little is known about the moderating role of motivational and demographic factors that are implicated in adaptive development and the retirement transition process. We used data from the Midlife in the United States Study (n = 732, Mage = 57, SD = 5.76, 50% female) to examine whether the association between retirement and cognitive decline depended on a key motivation factor (goal disengagement) in propensity score matched samples of older retirees and employees. We explored whether these effects were further moderated by gender. Results showed that those who retired (vs. remained employed) experienced steeper 9-year declines in episodic memory (b = -.41, p = .001) only if they were high in goal disengagement and female. Findings are consistent with theories of lifespan development and cognitive aging and provide initial evidence that retirement may be associated with increased cognitive declines for only certain individuals prone to disengage from highly challenging activities and goal pursuits. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Hamm
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University
| | - Jutta Heckhausen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - Jacob Shane
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York
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171
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Goldmann E, Jacoby R, Finfer E, Appleton N, Parikh NS, Roberts ET, Boden-Albala B. Positive Health Beliefs and Blood Pressure Reduction in the DESERVE Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e014782. [PMID: 32340524 PMCID: PMC7428591 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background There is growing recognition that positive health beliefs may promote blood pressure (BP) reduction, which is critical to stroke prevention but remains a persistent challenge. Yet, studies that examine the association between positive health beliefs and BP among stroke survivors are lacking. Methods and Results Data came from the DESERVE (Discharge Educational Strategies for Reduction of Vascular Events) study, a randomized controlled trial of a skills-based behavioral intervention to reduce vascular risk in a multiethnic cohort of 552 transient ischemic attack and mild/moderate stroke patients in New York City. The exposure was perception that people can protect themselves from having a stroke (ie, prevention self-efficacy) at baseline. The association between systolic BP (SBP) reduction at 12-month follow-up and self-efficacy was examined using linear regression adjusted for key confounders, overall and stratified by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and intervention trial arm. Approximately three quarters endorsed self-efficacy. These participants had, on average, 5.6 mm Hg greater SBP reduction compared with those who did not endorse it (95% CI, 0.5-10.7 mm Hg; P=0.032). Self-efficacy was significantly associated with greater SBP reduction, particularly among female versus male, younger versus older, and Hispanic versus non-Hispanic white patients. Sensitivity analysis adjusting for baseline SBP instead of elevated BP yielded no association between self-efficacy and SBP reduction, but showed sex differences in this association (women: β=5.3; 95% CI, -0.2 to 10.8; P=0.057; men: β=-3.3; 95% CI, -9.4 to 2.9; P=0.300; interaction P=0.064). Conclusions Self-efficacy was linked with greater SBP reduction among female stroke survivors. Targeted strategies to improve health beliefs after stroke may be important for risk factor management. REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01836354.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Goldmann
- Department of Epidemiology School of Global Public Health New York University New York NY
| | - Rachelle Jacoby
- Department of Epidemiology School of Global Public Health New York University New York NY
| | - Erica Finfer
- Department of Epidemiology School of Global Public Health New York University New York NY
| | - Noa Appleton
- Department of Population Health New York University Langone Health New York NY
| | - Nina S Parikh
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences School of Global Public Health New York University New York NY
| | - Eric T Roberts
- Department of Epidemiology School of Global Public Health New York University New York NY
| | - Bernadette Boden-Albala
- Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences University of California, Irvine CA
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172
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Trudel-Fitzgerald C, Millstein RA, von Hippel C, Howe CJ, Tomasso LP, Wagner GR, VanderWeele TJ. Psychological well-being as part of the public health debate? Insight into dimensions, interventions, and policy. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1712. [PMID: 31856772 PMCID: PMC6923969 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-8029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that psychological well-being (PWB) is associated with lower disease and mortality risk, and may be enhanced with relatively low-cost interventions. Yet, dissemination of these interventions remains limited, in part because insufficient attention has been paid to distinct PWB dimensions, which may impact physical health outcomes differently. METHODS This essay first reviews the empirical evidence regarding differential relationships between all-cause mortality and multiple dimensions of PWB (e.g., life purpose, mastery, positive affect, life satisfaction, optimism). Then, individual-level positive psychology interventions aimed at increasing PWB and tested in randomized-controlled trials are reviewed as these allow for easy implementation and potentially broad outreach to improve population well-being, in concert with efforts targeting other established social determinants of health. RESULTS Several PWB dimensions relate to mortality, with varying strength of evidence. Many of positive psychology trials indicate small-to-moderate improvements in PWB; rigorous institution-level interventions are comparatively few, but preliminary results suggest benefits as well. Examples of existing health policies geared towards the improvement of population well-being are also presented. Future avenues of well-being epidemiological and intervention research, as well as policy implications, are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Although research in the fields of behavioral and psychosomatic medicine, as well as health psychology have substantially contributed to the science of PWB, this body of work has been somewhat overlooked by the public health community. Yet, the growing interest in documenting well-being, in addition to examining its determinants and consequences at a population level may provoke a shift in perspective. To cultivate optimal well-being-mental, physical, social, and spiritual-consideration of a broader set of well-being measures, rigorous studies, and interventions that can be disseminated is critically needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Trudel-Fitzgerald
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H, Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Rachel A Millstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christiana von Hippel
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Wallace Center for Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Health, Berkeley School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Chanelle J Howe
- Department of Epidemiology, Centers for Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Linda Powers Tomasso
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory R Wagner
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler J VanderWeele
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Human Flourishing Program, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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173
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Qin Y, Lü W, Hughes BM, Kaczmarek LD. Trait and state approach-motivated positive affects interactively influence stress cardiovascular recovery. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 146:261-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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174
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Laferton JAC, Fischer S, Ebert DD, Stenzel NM, Zimmermann J. The Effects of Stress Beliefs on Daily Affective Stress Responses. Ann Behav Med 2019; 54:258-267. [DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Negative beliefs about the effects of stress have been associated with poorer health and increased mortality. However, evidence on the psychological mechanisms linking stress beliefs to health is scarce, especially regarding real-life stress.
Purpose
The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of stress beliefs on affect in the daily stress process in a population prone to health-impairing effects of stress: university students.
Methods
Using daily diaries, 98 university students reported on daily perceived social and work-related stressors as well as positive and negative affect for 10 consecutive days. Stress beliefs, depressive and anxiety symptoms, neuroticism, and demographic variables were assessed prior to the daily diary phase.
Results
Hierarchical linear models revealed a significant cross-level interaction between negative stress beliefs and the association of daily social stressors with negative affect (B = 0.24; 99% confidence interval [CI] = 0.08–0.41, p < .001). When experiencing social stress, participants who held high negative stress beliefs had higher daily negative affect (simple slope = 4.09; p < .001); however, for participants who held low negative stress beliefs the association between daily social stress and daily negative affect was considerably smaller (simple slope = 2.12; p < .001). Moreover, individuals believing stress to be controllable showed higher positive affect throughout the 10-day daily diary phase.
Conclusions
Negative stress beliefs were found to moderate the affective response to daily real-life stressors. Given the established relationship between affect and health, this study provides initial evidence of psychological mechanisms linking stress beliefs to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A C Laferton
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Fischer
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David D Ebert
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Clinical, Neuro- & Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nikola M Stenzel
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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175
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Duque L, Brown L, Celano CM, Healy B, Huffman JC. Is it better to cultivate positive affect or optimism? Predicting improvements in medical adherence following a positive psychology intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2019; 61:125-129. [PMID: 31280918 PMCID: PMC6861647 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adherence to health behaviors following an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is strongly associated with superior prognosis. Both optimism and positive affect may play important roles in such adherence. However, the relationship between changes in these constructs in the context of positive psychology interventions (PPIs) and adherence to health behaviors is not fully understood. Accordingly, we aimed to examine these relationships among a cohort of post-ACS patients receiving a PPI. METHOD Post-ACS participants who received a PPI during a factorial trial (N = 128) completed self-report measures of positive affect and optimism, along with the Medical Outcomes Study Specific Adherence Scale items for diet, physical activity, and medication adherence, over 16 weeks. The baseline and longitudinal effects of positive affect and optimism-representing changes in those constructs-on adherence were analyzed using mixed effects regression models. RESULTS Positive affect, but not optimism, was longitudinally associated with greater overall adherence to health behaviors (positive affect: β = 0.057, p = .006; optimism: β = 0.032, p = .36), with the effect driven by physical activity adherence (positive affect: β = 0.040, p = .004; optimism: β = 0.005, p = .83). CONCLUSION Changes in positive affect may be more strongly associated with post-ACS adherence than optimism; this could have important implications for the development of PPIs to promote adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Duque
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lydia Brown
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher M Celano
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Healy
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeff C Huffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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176
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Moskowitz JT, Addington EL, Cheung EO. Positive psychology and health: Well-being interventions in the context of illness. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2019; 61:136-138. [PMID: 31757566 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith T Moskowitz
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States of America.
| | - Elizabeth L Addington
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Elaine O Cheung
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States of America
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Benevene P, De Stasio S, Fiorilli C, Buonomo I, Ragni B, Briegas JJM, Barni D. Effect of Teachers' Happiness on Teachers' Health. The Mediating Role of Happiness at Work. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2449. [PMID: 31736838 PMCID: PMC6834691 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to expand the understanding of the effects of dispositional happiness and self-esteem, as dispositional traits, on the health of teachers, as well as to understand the role played by the working environment in generating positive affection, thus mediating between the dispositional traits and teachers' health. Two hundred and eighty-two full-time in-service teachers (93.6% female) from Rome (Italy) took part in this study. Their ages ranged from 26 to 55 (M = 40.49 years, SD = 5.93). Participants' teaching experience ranged from 1 to 31 years (M = 9.95 years, SD = 5.65). 30.6% of participants taught in kindergarten (for children aged 0-5 years), 42.6% in primary schools (for children aged 6-11 years), 15.8% in middle schools and 10.9% in high schools. A questionnaire was administered, containing: the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS); the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES); The adapted version for teachers of the School Children Happiness Inventory (Ivens, 2007); the Physical and Mental Health Scales (SF12). The data were analyzed using the MPLUS software, version 8. Our results showed that teacher happiness at work partially mediates the relationship between dispositional happiness and teacher health, and fully mediates the relationship between self-esteem and teacher health. To the best of our knowledge, the mediational role of teacher happiness has not been addressed before, concerning these dimensions. At the same time, our findings confirmed the role of self-esteem in endorsing health-related behaviors, thus promoting physical and mental health. Moreover, according to our study findings, when teachers acknowledge their workplace as a context in which they feel happy, the impact of dispositional happiness and self-esteem on health conditions is higher. Effective measures to promote teachers' well-being are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Benevene
- Department of Human Studies, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona De Stasio
- Department of Human Studies, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Fiorilli
- Department of Human Studies, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Buonomo
- Department of Human Studies, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Ragni
- Department of Human Studies, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Barni
- Department of Human Studies, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta, Rome, Italy
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178
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Kim ES, Delaney SW, Kubzansky LD. Sense of Purpose in Life and Cardiovascular Disease: Underlying Mechanisms and Future Directions. Curr Cardiol Rep 2019; 21:135. [PMID: 31673815 PMCID: PMC10683927 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-019-1222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we synthesize recent research that has reported associations of a higher sense of purpose in life with reduced risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), and then explore mechanisms that might underlie these associations. RECENT FINDINGS Accumulating observational and experimental evidence suggests that having a higher sense of purpose might influence CVD risk through three pathways: (1) enhancement of other psychological and social resources that buffer against the cardiotoxic effects of overwhelming stress; (2) indirect effects through health behaviors; and (3) direct effects on biological pathways. A sense of purpose in life is emerging as an independent risk factor for incident CVD. A key remaining question is whether purpose causally effects CVD risk; in the "Future Research Directions" section, we focus on work needed to establish causality and provide suggestions for next steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Kim
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Human Flourishing Program, Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Scott W Delaney
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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179
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Emotion, Social Relationships, and Physical Health: Concepts, Methods, and Evidence for an Integrative Perspective. Psychosom Med 2019; 81:681-693. [PMID: 31415000 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Emotional characteristics and processes are robust predictors of the development and course of major medical illnesses and premature mortality, as are a variety of indicators of the presence and quality of personal relationships. Despite clear evidence of close interconnection between these two domains of risk and protection, affective characteristics and relationships have largely been studied separately as influences on health. After a recent conference on integrative perspectives on emotions, relationships and health co-sponsored by the American Psychosomatic Society and the Society for Affective Science, the present review builds on prior calls for integration, related theory, and current research to outline what is known about the interconnection of these domains as it specifically relates to their overlapping influences on health. Areas of interest include the following: their interconnected roles over the course of development, which may inform current efforts to understand the influence of early life events on adult health; the parallel positive and negative factors in both domains that could have distinct influences on health; the role of emotion regulation in relationship contexts; and measurement, design, and analysis approaches to capture the dyadic and dynamic aspects of these interconnected influences on health. We conclude with a discussion of an emerging research agenda that includes the following: common biological foundations of affective and relationship processes, the cultural embeddedness of affective and relationship processes, the potential contribution of affective-relational processes to health disparities, and implications for intervention research.
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180
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Bower JE, Kuhlman KR, Haydon MD, Boyle CC, Radin A. Cultivating a healthy neuro‐immune network: A health psychology approach. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2019; 13. [PMID: 37008404 PMCID: PMC10062207 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The field of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) examines interactions among psychological and behavioral states, the brain, and the immune system. Research in PNI has elegantly documented effects of stress at multiple levels of the neuro-immune network, with profound implications for both physical and mental health. In this review, we consider how the neuro-immune network might be influenced by "positive" psychological and behavioral states, focusing on positive affect, eudaimonic well-being, physical activity, and sleep. There is compelling evidence that these positive states and behaviors are associated with changes in immune activity in the body, including reductions in peripheral inflammatory processes relevant for physical health. Growing evidence from animal models also suggests effects of positive states on immune cells in the brain and the blood-brain barrier, which then impact critical aspects of mood, cognition, and behavior. Tremendous advances are being made in our understanding of neuro-immune dynamics; one of the central goals of this review is to highlight recent preclinical research in this area and consider how we can leverage these findings to investigate and cultivate a healthy neuro-immune network in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate R. Kuhlman
- University of California Los Angeles
- University of California Irvine
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181
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Kushlev K, Drummond DM, Diener E. Subjective Well‐Being and Health Behaviors in 2.5 Million Americans. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2019; 12:166-187. [DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ed Diener
- University of Utah USA
- University of Virginia USA
- Gallup Organization USA
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182
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Mira A, Díaz-García A, Castilla D, Campos D, Romero S, Bretón-López J, García-Palacios A, Baños R, Botella C. Protocol for a randomized controlled dismantling study of an internet-based intervention for depressive symptoms: exploring the contribution of behavioral activation and positive psychotherapy strategies. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:133. [PMID: 31053067 PMCID: PMC6500058 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are evidence-based interventions for depression that include different components. However, the efficacy of their therapeutic components is unknown. Another important issue related to depression interventions is that, up to now, their therapeutic components have only focused on reducing negative symptoms rather than on improving positive affect and well-being. Because the low levels of positive affect are more strongly linked to depression than to other emotional disorders, it is important to include this variable as an important treatment target. Positive psychotherapeutic strategies (PPs) could help in this issue. The results obtained so far are consistent and promising, showing that Internet-based interventions are effective in treating depression. However, most of them are also multi-component, and it is important to make progress in investigating what each component contributes to the intervention. METHODS The current study will be a three-armed, simple-blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial with a dismantling design. 192 participants will be randomly assigned to: a) an Internet-based Global Protocol condition, which includes traditional therapeutic components of evidence-based treatments for depression (Motivation for change, Psychoeducation, Cognitive Therapy, Behavioral Activation (BA), Relapse Prevention) and PPs component, offering strategies to enhance positive mood and promote psychological strengths; b) an Internet-based BA Protocol condition (without the PPs component), and c) an Internet-based PPs Protocol condition (without the BA component). Primary outcome measures will be the BDI-II and PANAS. Secondary outcomes will include other variables such as depression, anxiety and stress, quality of life, resilience, and wellbeing related measures. Treatment acceptance and usability will also be measured. Participants will be assessed at pre-, post-treatment, 3-, 6- and 12- month follow- ups. The data will be analyzed based on the Intention-to-treat principle. Per protocol analyses will also be performed. DISCUSSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first randomized dismantling intervention study for depression with the aim of exploring the contribution of a PPs component and the BA component in an Internet-based intervention. The three protocols are online interventions, helping to reach many people who need psychological treatments and otherwise would not have access to them. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicalstrials.gov as NCT03159715 . Registered 19 May 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Mira
- Universidad de Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
- Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | | | - Diana Castilla
- Universidad de Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Juana Bretón-López
- Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Azucena García-Palacios
- Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Baños
- Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Botella
- Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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183
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Kaczmarek LD, Behnke M, Kosakowski M, Enko J, Dziekan M, Piskorski J, Hughes BM, Guzik P. High-approach and low-approach positive affect influence physiological responses to threat and anger. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 138:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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184
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Abstract
The Journal of Health Psychology publishes here Dr Anthony Pelosi's analysis of questionable science by one of the world's best-known psychologists, the late Professor Hans J Eysenck. The provenance of a huge body of data produced by Eysenck and Ronald Grossarth-Maticek is highly controversial. In Open letters to King's College London and the British Psychological Society, this editor is requesting a thorough investigation of the facts together with retraction or correction of 61 publications. Academic institutions have a conflict of interest concerning allegations of misconduct, which is why I believe that the only way forward is to have a National Research Integrity Ombudsperson to investigate allegations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Marks
- Editor, Journal of Health Psychology and Health Psychology Open
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185
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Kaczmarek LD, Behnke M, Enko J, Kosakowski M, Hughes BM, Piskorski J, Guzik P. Effects of emotions on heart rate asymmetry. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13318. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz D. Kaczmarek
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology; Adam Mickiewicz University; Poznan Poland
| | - Maciej Behnke
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology; Adam Mickiewicz University; Poznan Poland
| | - Jolanta Enko
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology; Adam Mickiewicz University; Poznan Poland
| | - Michał Kosakowski
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology; Adam Mickiewicz University; Poznan Poland
| | - Brian M. Hughes
- School of Psychology; National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
| | | | - Przemysław Guzik
- Department of Cardiology Intensive Care Therapy and Internal Medicine; Poznan University of Medical Science; Poznan Poland
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