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Zhang L, Ngo JA, Wetzel MD, Marchetti D. Heparanase mediates a novel mechanism in lapatinib-resistant brain metastatic breast cancer. Neoplasia 2015; 17:101-13. [PMID: 25622903 PMCID: PMC4309682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE) is the dominant mammalian endoglycosidase and important tumorigenic, angiogenic, and pro-metastatic molecule. Highest levels of HPSE activity have been consistently detected in cells possessing highest propensities to colonize the brain, emphasizing the therapeutic potential for targeting HPSE in brain metastatic breast cancer (BMBC). Lapatinib (Tykerb) is a small-molecule and dual inhibitor of human epidermal growth factor receptor1 and 2 (EGFR and HER2, respectively) which are both high-risk predictors of BMBC. It was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer. However, its role is limited in BMBC whose response rates to lapatinib are significantly lower than those for extracranial metastasis. Because HPSE can affect EGFR phosphorylation, we examined Roneparstat, a non-anticoagulant heparin with potent anti-HPSE activity, to inhibit EGFR signaling pathways and BMBC onset using lapatinib-resistant clones generated from HER2-transfected, EGFR-expressing MDA-MB-231BR cells. Cell growth, EGFR pathways, and HPSE targets were assessed among selected clones in the absence or presence of Roneparstat and/or lapatinib. Roneparstat overcame lapatinib resistance by inhibiting pathways associated with EGFR tyrosine residues that are not targeted by lapatinib. Roneparstat inhibited the growth and BMBC abilities of lapatinib-resistant clones. A molecular mechanism was identified by which HPSE mediates an alternative survival pathway in lapatinib-resistant clones and is modulated by Roneparstat. These results demonstrate that the inhibition of HPSE-mediated signaling plays important roles in lapatinib resistance, and provide mechanistic insights to validate the use of Roneparstat for novel BMBC therapeutic strategies.
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Key Words
- anova, analysis of variance
- br, her2-transfected mda-mb-231br
- bmbc, brain metastatic breast cancer
- cox-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- dme/f-12, dulbecco’s modified eagle’s/f-12 medium
- erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- egfr, human epidermal growth factor receptor1
- facs, fluorescence activated cell sorting
- fak, focal adhesion kinase
- fbs, fetal bovine serum
- her2, human epidermal growth factor receptor2
- hpse, heparanase
- hs, heparan sulfate
- ls/lr br clones, lapatinib-sensitive/lapatinib-resistant br clones
- mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- mmp-9, matrix metalloprotease-9
- pbs, phosphate-buffered saline
- pi3k, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- str, short tandem repeat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Zhang
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jason A Ngo
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Michael D Wetzel
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Dario Marchetti
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030; Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030.
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152
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Advances in the molecular functions of syndecan-1 (SDC1/CD138) in the pathogenesis of malignancies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 94:1-17. [PMID: 25563413 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Syndecan-1 (SDC1, synd, CD138) is the most widely studied member of four structurally related cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). Although SDC1 has been implicated in a wide range of biological functions, its altered expression often produces malignant phenotypes, which arise from increased cell proliferation and cell growth, cell survival, cell invasion and metastasis, and angiogenesis. Recent studies revealed much about the underlying molecular roles of SDC1 in these processes. The changes in SDC1 expression also have a direct impact on the clinical course of cancers, as evident by its prognostic significance. Accumulating evidence suggest that SDC1 is involved in stimulation of cancer stem cells (CSC) or tumor initiating cells (TIC) and this may affect disease relapse, and resistance to therapy. This review discusses the progress on the pro-tumorigenic role(s) of SDC1 and how these roles may impact the clinical aspect of the disease. Also discussed, are the current strategies for targeting SDC1 or its related signaling.
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153
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Khawar IA, Kim JH, Kuh HJ. Improving drug delivery to solid tumors: priming the tumor microenvironment. J Control Release 2014; 201:78-89. [PMID: 25526702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Malignant transformation and growth of the tumor mass tend to induce changes in the surrounding microenvironment. Abnormality of the tumor microenvironment provides a driving force leading not only to tumor progression, including invasion and metastasis, but also to acquisition of drug resistance, including pharmacokinetic (drug delivery-related) and pharmacodynamic (sensitivity-related) resistance. Drug delivery systems exploiting the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and active targeting moieties were expected to be able to cope with delivery-related drug resistance. However, recent evidence supports a considerable barrier role of tumors via various mechanisms, which results in imperfect or inefficient EPR and/or targeting effect. The components of the tumor microenvironment such as abnormal tumor vascular system, deregulated composition of the extracellular matrix, and interstitial hypertension (elevated interstitial fluid pressure) collectively or cooperatively hinder the drug distribution, which is prerequisite to the efficacy of nanoparticles and small-molecule drugs used in cancer medicine. Hence, the abnormal tumor microenvironment has recently been suggested to be a promising target for the improvement of drug delivery to improve therapeutic efficacy. Strategies to modulate the abnormal tumor microenvironment, referred to here as "solid tumor priming" (vascular normalization and/or solid stress alleviation leading to improvement in blood perfusion and convective molecular movement), have shown promising results in the enhancement of drug delivery and anticancer efficacy. These strategies may provide a novel avenue for the development of new chemotherapeutics and combination chemotherapeutic regimens as well as reassessment of previously ineffective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar Ali Khawar
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Kuh
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical LifeScience, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea.
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154
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Ibrahim SA, Hassan H, Götte M. MicroRNA regulation of proteoglycan function in cancer. FEBS J 2014; 281:5009-22. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sherif A. Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
| | - Hebatallah Hassan
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; Münster University Hospital; Germany
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155
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Barash U, Zohar Y, Wildbaum G, Beider K, Nagler A, Karin N, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase enhances myeloma progression via CXCL10 downregulation. Leukemia 2014; 28:2178-87. [PMID: 24699306 PMCID: PMC4185261 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to explore the mechanism(s) underlying the pro-tumorigenic capacity of heparanase, we established an inducible Tet-on system. Heparanase expression was markedly increased following addition of doxycycline (Dox) to the culture medium of CAG human myeloma cells infected with the inducible heparanase gene construct, resulting in increased colony number and size in soft agar. Moreover, tumor xenografts produced by CAG-heparanase cells were markedly increased in mice supplemented with Dox in their drinking water compared with control mice maintained without Dox. Consistently, we found that heparanase induction is associated with decreased levels of CXCL10, suggesting that this chemokine exerts tumor-suppressor properties in myeloma. Indeed, recombinant CXCL10 attenuated the proliferation of CAG, U266 and RPMI-8266 myeloma cells. Similarly, CXCL10 attenuated the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, implying that CXCL10 exhibits anti-angiogenic capacity. Strikingly, development of tumor xenografts produced by CAG-heparanase cells overexpressing CXCL10 was markedly reduced compared with control cells. Moreover, tumor growth was significantly attenuated in mice inoculated with human or mouse myeloma cells and treated with CXCL10-Ig fusion protein, indicating that CXCL10 functions as a potent anti-myeloma cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Barash
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Yaniv Zohar
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Gizi Wildbaum
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Katia Beider
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Nathan Karin
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
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156
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Di Noto G, Chiarini M, Paolini L, Mazzoldi EL, Giustini V, Radeghieri A, Caimi L, Ricotta D. Immunoglobulin Free Light Chains and GAGs Mediate Multiple Myeloma Extracellular Vesicles Uptake and Secondary NfκB Nuclear Translocation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:517. [PMID: 25386176 PMCID: PMC4209816 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy caused by a microenviromentally aided persistence of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Monoclonal plasma cells often secrete high amounts of immunoglobulin free light chains (FLCs) that could induce tissue damage. Recently, we showed that FLCs are internalized in endothelial and myocardial cell lines and secreted in extracellular vesicles (EVs). MM serum derived EVs presented phenotypic differences if compared with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) serum derived EVs suggesting their involvement in MM pathogenesis or progression. To investigate the effect of circulating EVs on endothelial and myocardial cells, we purified MM and MGUS serum derived EVs with differential ultracentrifugation protocols and tested their biological activity. We found that MM and MGUS EVs induced different proliferation and internalization rates in endothelial and myocardial cells, thus we tried to find specific targets in MM EVs docking and processing. Pre-treatment of EVs with anti-FLCs antibodies or heparin blocked the MM EVs uptake, highlighting that FLCs and glycosaminoglycans are involved. Indeed, only MM EVs exposure induced a strong nuclear factor kappa B nuclear translocation that was completely abolished after anti-FLCs antibodies and heparin pre-treatment. The protein tyrosine kinase c-src is present on MM circulating EVs and redistributes to the cell plasma membrane after MM EVs exposure. The anti-FLCs antibodies and heparin pre-treatments were able to block the intracellular re-distribution of the c-src kinase and the subsequent c-src kinase containing EVs production. Our results open new insights in EVs cellular biology and in MM therapeutic and diagnostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Noto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Marco Chiarini
- CREA, Diagnostic Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Spedali Civili di Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Lucia Paolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Elena Laura Mazzoldi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Viviana Giustini
- CREA, Diagnostic Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Spedali Civili di Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Luigi Caimi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Doris Ricotta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
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157
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Dvir R, Vlodavsky I, Ilan N, Bitan M, Issacov J, Elhasid R. Heparanase expression in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:1883-5. [PMID: 24737657 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-beta D-glucuronidase capable of cleaving heparan sulfate side chains, yielding heparan sulfate fragments. Heparanase activity has been correlated with the metastatic potential of tumor-derived cells, angiogenesis, autoimmunity and inflammation. We performed a study of heparanase expression in specimens obtained from patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). Paraffin embedded slides from 25 patients were studied by immunohistochemistry for heparanase. Most patients had positive staining for heparanase (21/25). There was no positive association with severity of disease and other clinical characteristics. Further studies are required to clarify the role of heparanase in the pathogenesis of LCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Dvir
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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158
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Susceptibility of enoxaparin reducing end amino sugars to periodate oxidation. Carbohydr Res 2014; 400:33-43. [PMID: 25457608 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest on glycol-split low-molecular weight heparins (gs-LMWHs), obtained by periodate oxidation of LMWHs, optionally followed by borohydride reduction, as potential anticancer and anti-inflammatory drugs. However, their structural characterization is still a challenging task, mainly because of the high microheterogeneity of the starting material. In addition, susceptibility to oxidation of some end-groups of LMWHs induces additional heterogeneity, making analysis of gs-LMWHs more complex. In our previous study we showed that 1,6-anhydro-d-mannosamine N-sulfate was affected by periodate, while its epimer 1,6-anhydro-d-glucosamine N-sulfate was resistant. In order to understand the apparently anomalous behavior of terminal 1,6-anhydro-d-mannosamine N-sulfate residues, in the present work we have studied by NMR spectroscopy and LC/MS the behavior of the reducing end amino sugar residues of the tetrasaccharides, isolated from the LMWH enoxaparin, in the presence of periodate. Their molecular mechanics conformational characterization has been also performed. We have shown that the C(2)-C(3) bond of the 1,6-anhydro-d-mannosamine residue can be split by periodate despite the N-substitution. Moreover, we have found that both terminal d-mannosamine N-sulfate and d-glucosamine N-sulfate, lacking the 1,6-anhydro-bridge, can be also oxidized by periodate but with a significantly lower rate. The present results suggest that the cis-e-/a-position of OH and NHSO3(-) groups of N-sulfated 1,6-anhydro-d-mannosamine is not the only factor that makes these end residues susceptible to the oxidation. The 1,6-anhydro-bridge that 'blocks' the ring conformation appears another crucial factor for oxidation to occur. Moreover, we have shown that controlling the reaction time could permit to selectively split non-sulfated iduronic acids of enoxaparin chains without oxidizing terminal amino sugar residues, a finding that may be useful to obtain more structurally homogeneous gs-LMHWs.
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159
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van Golen RF, Reiniers MJ, Vrisekoop N, Zuurbier CJ, Olthof PB, van Rheenen J, van Gulik TM, Parsons BJ, Heger M. The mechanisms and physiological relevance of glycocalyx degradation in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1098-118. [PMID: 24313895 PMCID: PMC4123469 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is an inevitable side effect of major liver surgery that can culminate in liver failure. The bulk of I/R-induced liver injury results from an overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), which inflict both parenchymal and microcirculatory damage. A structure that is particularly prone to oxidative attack and modification is the glycocalyx (GCX), a meshwork of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that covers the lumenal endothelial surface and safeguards microvascular homeostasis. ROS/RNS-mediated degradation of the GCX may exacerbate I/R injury by, for example, inducing vasoconstriction, facilitating leukocyte adherence, and directly activating innate immune cells. RECENT ADVANCES Preliminary experiments revealed that hepatic sinusoids contain a functional GCX that is damaged during murine hepatic I/R and major liver surgery in patients. There are three ROS that mediate GCX degradation: hydroxyl radicals, carbonate radical anions, and hypochlorous acid (HOCl). HOCl converts GAGs in the GCX to GAG chloramides that become site-specific targets for oxidizing and reducing species and are more efficiently fragmented than the parent molecules. In addition to ROS/RNS, the GAG-degrading enzyme heparanase acts at the endothelial surface to shed the GCX. CRITICAL ISSUES The GCX seems to be degraded during major liver surgery, but the underlying cause remains ill-defined. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The relative contribution of the different ROS and RNS intermediates to GCX degradation in vivo, the immunogenic potential of the shed GCX fragments, and the role of heparanase in liver I/R injury all warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F van Golen
- 1 Department of Surgery, Surgical Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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160
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Hammond E, Khurana A, Shridhar V, Dredge K. The Role of Heparanase and Sulfatases in the Modification of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans within the Tumor Microenvironment and Opportunities for Novel Cancer Therapeutics. Front Oncol 2014; 4:195. [PMID: 25105093 PMCID: PMC4109498 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are an integral and dynamic part of normal tissue architecture at the cell surface and within the extracellular matrix. The modification of HSPGs in the tumor microenvironment is known to result not just in structural but also functional consequences, which significantly impact cancer progression. As substrates for the key enzymes sulfatases and heparanase, the modification of HSPGs is typically characterized by the degradation of heparan sulfate (HS) chains/sulfation patterns via the endo-6-O-sulfatases (Sulf1 and Sulf2) or by heparanase, an endo-glycosidase that cleaves the HS polymers releasing smaller fragments from HSPG complexes. Numerous studies have demonstrated how these enzymes actively influence cancer cell proliferation, signaling, invasion, and metastasis. The activity or expression of these enzymes has been reported to be modified in a variety of cancers. Such observations are consistent with the degradation of normal architecture and basement membranes, which are typically compromised in metastatic disease. Moreover, recent studies elucidating the requirements for these proteins in tumor initiation and progression exemplify their importance in the development and progression of cancer. Thus, as the influence of the tumor microenvironment in cancer progression becomes more apparent, the focus on targeting enzymes that degrade HSPGs highlights one approach to maintain normal tissue architecture, inhibit tumor progression, and block metastasis. This review discusses the role of these enzymes in the context of the tumor microenvironment and their promise as therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashwani Khurana
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, MN , USA
| | - Viji Shridhar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, MN , USA
| | - Keith Dredge
- Progen Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
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161
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Andersen NF, Vogel U, Klausen TW, Gimsing P, Gregersen H, Abildgaard N, Vangsted AJ. Polymorphisms in the heparanase gene in multiple myeloma association with bone morbidity and survival. Eur J Haematol 2014; 94:60-6. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels F. Andersen
- Department of Haematology; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for Working Environment; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Tobias W. Klausen
- Department of Haematology; University Hospital of Copenhagen at Herlev; Herlev Denmark
| | - Peter Gimsing
- Department of Haematology; University Hospital of Copenhagen at Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Henrik Gregersen
- Department of Haematology; Aalborg University Hospital; Aalborg Denmark
| | - Niels Abildgaard
- Department of Haematology; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
| | - Annette J. Vangsted
- Department of Haematology; University Hospital of Copenhagen at Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
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162
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Boyango I, Barash U, Naroditsky I, Li JP, Hammond E, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase cooperates with Ras to drive breast and skin tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4504-14. [PMID: 24970482 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase has been implicated in cancer but its contribution to the early stages of cancer development is uncertain. In this study, we utilized nontransformed human MCF10A mammary epithelial cells and two genetic mouse models [Hpa-transgenic (Hpa-Tg) and knockout mice] to explore heparanase function at early stages of tumor development. Heparanase overexpression resulted in significantly enlarged asymmetrical acinar structures, indicating increased cell proliferation and decreased organization. This phenotype was enhanced by coexpression of heparanase variants with a mutant H-Ras gene, which was sufficient to enable growth of invasive carcinoma in vivo. These observations were extended in vivo by comparing the response of Hpa-Tg mice to a classical two-stage 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)/12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) protocol for skin carcinogenesis. Hpa-Tg mice overexpressing heparanase were far more sensitive than control mice to DMBA/TPA treatment, exhibiting a 10-fold increase in the number and size of tumor lesions. Conversely, DMBA/TPA-induced tumor formation was greatly attenuated in Hpa-KO mice lacking heparanase, pointing to a critical role of heparanase in skin tumorigenesis. In support of these observations, the heparanase inhibitor PG545 potently suppressed tumor progression in this model system. Taken together, our findings establish that heparanase exerts protumorigenic properties at early stages of tumor initiation, cooperating with Ras to dramatically promote malignant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilanit Boyango
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Uri Barash
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Inna Naroditsky
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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163
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Kazarin O, Ilan N, Naroditzky I, Ben-Itzhak O, Vlodavsky I, Bar-Sela G. Expression of heparanase in soft tissue sarcomas of adults. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:39. [PMID: 24887057 PMCID: PMC4026817 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-33-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Heparanase is an endo-β-D-glucuronidase that cleaves heparan sulfate chains of proteoglycans, resulting in the disassembly of the extracellular matrix. Heparanase has a central role in the development of various tumors, and its expression has been associated with increased tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis, but there is insufficient information about the function of heparanase in sarcomas. Study aims 1) To evaluate heparanase levels in adult soft tissue sarcomas (STS); 2) To examine the correlation between heparanase levels and pathological and clinical parameters and treatment outcome. Methods Pathological specimens of primary or metastatic STS were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis applying an anti-heparanase antibody. The clinical and the pathological data, together with the data of heparanase levels, were evaluated in a logistic regression model for tumor recurrence and survival. Results One hundred and one samples were examined, 55 from primary tumors and 46 from metastatic sites. A high expression of heparanase was observed in 29 (52.7%) and 22 specimens (47.8%), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between heparanase expressions in the primary vs. metastatic sites of tumors. Moreover, no correlation was observed between heparanase staining and tumor aggressiveness, tumor recurrence or patient survival in various groups of patients. Conclusion Expression of heparanase was observed in 50% of the STS, in various histological subtypes. A larger study with homogenous groups of specific sub-types of STS or stages of disease is required to validate over-expression of heparanase as a marker of disease aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gil Bar-Sela
- Division of Oncology, Rambam Health Care Campus, 8 Ha'Aliyah Street, Haifa 35254, Israel.
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164
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Poli M, Asperti M, Ruzzenenti P, Regoni M, Arosio P. Hepcidin antagonists for potential treatments of disorders with hepcidin excess. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:86. [PMID: 24808863 PMCID: PMC4009444 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of hepcidin clarified the basic mechanism of the control of systemic iron homeostasis. Hepcidin is mainly produced by the liver as a propeptide and processed by furin into the mature active peptide. Hepcidin binds ferroportin, the only cellular iron exporter, causing the internalization and degradation of both. Thus hepcidin blocks iron export from the key cells for dietary iron absorption (enterocytes), recycling of hemoglobin iron (the macrophages) and the release of storage iron from hepatocytes, resulting in the reduction of systemic iron availability. The BMP/HJV/SMAD pathway is the major regulator of hepcidin expression that responds to iron status. Also inflammation stimulates hepcidin via the IL6/STAT3 pathway with a support of an active BMP/HJV/SMAD pathway. In some pathological conditions hepcidin level is inadequately elevated and reduces iron availability in the body, resulting in anemia. These conditions occur in the genetic iron refractory iron deficiency anemia and the common anemia of chronic disease (ACD) or anemia of inflammation. Currently, there is no definite treatment for ACD. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and intravenous iron have been proposed in some cases but they are scarcely effective and may have adverse effects. Alternative approaches aimed to a pharmacological control of hepcidin expression have been attempted, targeting different regulatory steps. They include hepcidin sequestering agents (antibodies, anticalins, and aptamers), inhibitors of BMP/SMAD or of IL6/STAT3 pathway or of hepcidin transduction (siRNA/shRNA) or ferroportin stabilizers. In this review we summarized the biochemical interactions of the proteins involved in the BMP/HJV/SMAD pathway and its natural inhibitors, the murine and rat models with high hepcidin levels currently available and finally the progresses in the development of hepcidin antagonists, with particular attention to the role of heparins and heparin sulfate proteoglycans in hepcidin expression and modulation of the BMP6/SMAD pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Poli
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Brescia, Italy
| | - Michela Asperti
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Ruzzenenti
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Regoni
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Brescia, Italy
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165
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Heparan sulfate signaling in cancer. Trends Biochem Sci 2014; 39:277-88. [PMID: 24755488 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a biopolymer consisting of variably sulfated repeating disaccharide units. The anticoagulant heparin is a highly sulfated intracellular variant of HS. HS has demonstrated roles in embryonic development, homeostasis, and human disease via non-covalent interactions with numerous cellular proteins, including growth factors and their receptors. HS can function as a co-receptor by enhancing receptor-complex formation. In other contexts, HS disrupts signaling complexes or serves as a ligand sink. The effects of HS on growth factor signaling are tightly regulated by the actions of sulfyltransferases, sulfatases, and heparanases. HS has important emerging roles in oncogenesis, and heparin derivatives represent potential therapeutic strategies for human cancers. Here we review recent insights into HS signaling in tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and differentiation. A cancer-specific understanding of HS signaling could uncover potential therapeutic targets in this highly actionable signaling network.
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166
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Coletti A, Elli S, Macchi E, Galzerano P, Zamani L, Guerrini M, Torri G, Vismara E. Conformational changes of 1-4-glucopyranosyl residues of a sulfated C-C linked hexasaccharide. Carbohydr Res 2014; 389:134-40. [PMID: 24680506 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the structure of a fully sulfated maltotriose alpha-beta C-C linked dimer, where a central glycosidic bond was substituted by a non natural, hydrolase-resistant C-C bond. Such compound shows anti-metastatic properties being an inhibitor of the heparanase enzymatic activity and of P-selectin-mediated cell-cell interactions. NMR spectroscopy was applied to investigate the structure and conformational properties of this C-C linked hexasaccharide. The presence of sulfate substituents and the internal C-C bond drives the two internal rings in an unusual (1)C(4) chair conformation, while the external rings linked by glycosidic bonds retain the typical (4)C(1) conformation. The NMR results were confirmed by molecular mechanics calculations using structure corresponding di- and tetrasaccharides as models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Coletti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'G. Natta', Politecnico di Milano, via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Elli
- 'G. Ronzoni' Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Macchi
- 'G. Ronzoni' Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Galzerano
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'G. Natta', Politecnico di Milano, via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Leila Zamani
- Department of Chemistry, Yazd University, PO Box 89195-741, Yazd, Iran
| | - Marco Guerrini
- 'G. Ronzoni' Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giangiacomo Torri
- 'G. Ronzoni' Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Vismara
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'G. Natta', Politecnico di Milano, via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
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167
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Pisano C, Vlodavsky I, Ilan N, Zunino F. The potential of heparanase as a therapeutic target in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 89:12-9. [PMID: 24565907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase has generated substantial interest as therapeutic target for antitumor therapy, because its activity is implicated in malignant behavior of cancer cells and in tumor progression. Increased heparanase expression was found in numerous tumor types and correlates with poor prognosis. Heparanase, an endoglucuronidase responsible for heparan sulfate cleavage, regulates the structure and function of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, leading to disassembly of the extracellular matrix. The action of heparanase is involved in multiple regulatory events related, among other effects, to augmented bioavailability of growth factors and cytokines. Inhibitors of heparanase suppress tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis by modulating growth factor-mediated signaling, ECM barrier function and cell interactions in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, targeting heparanase has potential implications for anti-tumor, anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory therapies. Current approaches for heparanase inhibition include development of chemically modified heparins, small molecule inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies. The available evidence supports the emerging utility of heparanase inhibition as a promising antitumor strategy, specifically in rational combination with other agents. The recent studies with compounds designed to block heparanase (e.g., modified heparins) provide a rational basis for their therapeutic application and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center Rappaport, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center Rappaport, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Franco Zunino
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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168
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Barbouri D, Afratis N, Gialeli C, Vynios DH, Theocharis AD, Karamanos NK. Syndecans as modulators and potential pharmacological targets in cancer progression. Front Oncol 2014; 4:4. [PMID: 24551591 PMCID: PMC3910246 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) components form a dynamic network of key importance for cell function and properties. Key macromolecules in this interplay are syndecans (SDCs), a family of transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Specifically, heparan sulfate (HS) chains with their different sulfation pattern have the ability to interact with growth factors and their receptors in tumor microenvironment, promoting the activation of different signaling cascades that regulate tumor cell behavior. The affinity of HS chains with ligands is altered during malignant conditions because of the modification of chain sequence/sulfation pattern. Furthermore, matrix degradation enzymes derived from the tumor itself or the tumor microenvironment, like heparanase and matrix metalloproteinases, ADAM as well as ADAMTS are involved in the cleavage of SDCs ectodomain at the HS and protein core level, respectively. Such released soluble SDCs "shed SDCs" in the ECM interact in an autocrine or paracrine manner with the tumor or/and stromal cells. Shed SDCs, upon binding to several matrix effectors, such as growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines, have the ability to act as competitive inhibitors for membrane proteoglycans, and modulate the inflammatory microenvironment of cancer cells. It is notable that SDCs and their soluble counterparts may affect either the behavior of cancer cells and/or their microenvironment during cancer progression. The importance of these molecules has been highlighted since HSPGs have been proposed as prognostic markers of solid tumors and hematopoietic malignancies. Going a step further down the line, the multi-actions of SDCs in many levels make them appealing as potential pharmacological targets, either by targeting directly the tumor or indirectly the adjacent stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Barbouri
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece
| | - Nikolaos Afratis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece
| | - Chrisostomi Gialeli
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece
| | - Demitrios H Vynios
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece
| | - Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece
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169
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Microvesicles secreted from human multiple myeloma cells promote angiogenesis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:230-8. [PMID: 24374814 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether human multiple myeloma (MM) cells secrete microvesicles (MVs) and whether the MVs secreted from MM cells (MM-MVs) promote angiogenesis. METHODS RPMI8226 human MM cells and EA.hy926 human umbilical vein cells were used. MVs isolated from RPMI8226 cells were characterized under laser confocal microscopy, electron microscopy and with flow cytometry. The fusion of MM-MVs and EA.hy926 cells was studied under confocal microscopy, and the transfer of CD138 to EA.hy926 cells was demonstrated with flow cytometry. The proliferation, invasion and tube formation of EA.hy926 cells in vitro were evaluated using MTT, transwell migration and tube formation assays, respectively. The vasculization of EA.hy926 cells in vivo was studied using Matrigel plug assay. The expression of IL-6 and VEGF was analyzed with PCR and ELISA. RESULTS MM-MVs from the RPMI 8226 cells had the characteristic cup-shape with diameter of 100-1000 nm. Most of the MM-MVs expressed phosphatidylserine and the myeloma cell marker CD138, confirming that they were derived from myeloma cells. After added to EA.hy926 cells, the MM-MVs transferred CD138 to the endothelial cells and significantly stimulated the endothelial cells to proliferate, invade, secrete IL-6 and VEGF, two key angiogenic factors of myeloma, and form tubes in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Our results confirm the presence of MVs in MM cells and support the idea that MM-MVs are newfound mediators for myeloma angiogenesis and may serve as a therapeutic target to treat MM.
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170
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Glycol-split nonanticoagulant heparins are inhibitors of hepcidin expression in vitro and in vivo. Blood 2014; 123:1564-73. [PMID: 24398330 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-07-515221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin controls systemic iron availability, and its excess contributes to the anemia of chronic diseases, the most prevalent anemia in hospitalized patients. We previously reported that heparins are efficient hepcidin inhibitors both in vitro and in vivo, but their anticoagulant activity limits therapeutic use. We studied nonanticoagulant heparins produced by N-acetylation and oxidation/reduction (glycol-split) that lost antithrombin-binding affinity. Four nonanticoagulant heparins inhibited hepcidin expression in hepatic HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes. The 2 most potent ones used in mice suppressed liver hepcidin expression and serum hepcidin in 6 hours, with a significant decrease of spleen iron. This occurred also in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated animals that mimic inflammation, as well as after chronic 1-week treatments, without evident adverse effects on coagulation. Heparin injections increased iron mobilization and facilitated the recovery from the anemia induced by heat-killed Brucella abortus, a model of inflammatory anemia. The heparins were used also in Bmp6(-/-) mice. A single dose of heparin reduced the already low level of hepcidin of these mice and prevented its induction by LPS. These nonanticoagulant compounds impair bone morphogenetic protein /sons of mothers against decapentaplegic signaling with no evident adverse effect in vivo, even when administered chronically. They may offer a strategy for the treatment of diseases with high hepcidin levels.
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171
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van Wijk XMR, van Kuppevelt TH. Heparan sulfate in angiogenesis: a target for therapy. Angiogenesis 2013; 17:443-62. [PMID: 24146040 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS), a long linear polysaccharide of alternating disaccharide residues, interacts with a wide variety of proteins, including many angiogenic factors. The involvement of HS in signaling of pro-angiogenic factors (e.g. vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 2), as well as interaction with anti-angiogenic factors (e.g. endostatin), warrants its role as an important modifier of (tumor) angiogenesis. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of HS in angiogenic growth factor signaling, and discusses therapeutic strategies to target HS and modulate angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xander M R van Wijk
- Department of Biochemistry (280), Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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172
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Hammond E, Handley P, Dredge K, Bytheway I. Mechanisms of heparanase inhibition by the heparan sulfate mimetic PG545 and three structural analogues. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:346-51. [PMID: 24251094 PMCID: PMC3821029 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The tetrasaccharide heparan sulfate (HS) mimetic PG545, a clinical anti-cancer candidate, is an inhibitor of the HS-degrading enzyme heparanase. The kinetics of heparanase inhibition by PG545 and three structural analogues were investigated to understand their modes of inhibition. The cholestanol aglycon of PG545 significantly increased affinity for heparanase and also modified the inhibition mode. For the tetrasaccharides, competitive inhibition was modified to parabolic competition by the addition of the cholestanol aglycon. For the trisaccharides, partial competitive inhibition was modified to parabolic competition. A schematic model to explain these findings is presented.
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173
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Ferro V. Heparan sulfate inhibitors and their therapeutic implications in inflammatory illnesses. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:965-75. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.811491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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174
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Cassinelli G, Lanzi C, Tortoreto M, Cominetti D, Petrangolini G, Favini E, Zaffaroni N, Pisano C, Penco S, Vlodavsky I, Zunino F. Antitumor efficacy of the heparanase inhibitor SST0001 alone and in combination with antiangiogenic agents in the treatment of human pediatric sarcoma models. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1424-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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175
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Meirovitz A, Goldberg R, Binder A, Rubinstein AM, Hermano E, Elkin M. Heparanase in inflammation and inflammation-associated cancer. FEBS J 2013; 280:2307-19. [PMID: 23398975 PMCID: PMC3651782 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a growing body of evidence that enzymatic remodeling of heparan sulfate proteoglycans profoundly affects a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation, neovascularization, and tumor development. Heparanase is the sole mammalian endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate. Extensively studied in cancer progression and aggressiveness, heparanase was recently implicated in several inflammatory disorders as well. Although the precise mode of heparanase action in inflammatory reactions is still not completely understood, the fact that heparanase activity is mechanistically important both in malignancy and in inflammation argues that this enzyme is a candidate molecule linking inflammation and tumorigenesis in inflammation-associated cancers. Elucidation of the specific effects of heparanase in cancer development, particularly when inflammation is a causal factor, will accelerate the development of novel therapeutic/chemopreventive interventions and help to better define target patient populations in which heparanase-targeting therapies could be particularly beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amichay Meirovitz
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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176
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Syndecan-1 and heparanase: potential markers for activity evaluation and differential diagnosis of Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19:1025-33. [PMID: 23511033 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0b013e318280298f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syndecan-1 (SDC1) and its endo-beta-D-glucuronidase heparanase (HPA) are implicated in the maintenance of intestinal barrier function, but their detailed functions in Crohn's disease (CD) are not fully investigated. The aim of this study was to determine alteration patterns of SDC1 and HPA and their potential roles in evaluating disease activity and differentiating CD from intestinal tuberculosis (ITB). METHODS Tissue and serum specimens were obtained from 89 patients, including 15 patients with functional bowel disorders, 18 active patients with ITB, and 56 patients with CD (remission = 19, active = 37). Basic clinical data were collected and routine blood tests were analyzed. SDC1 and HPA were measured by immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and western blot. Colonic epithelial cells were incubated with recombinant HPA, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrate protein to detect the alterations of SDC1 and HPA. RESULTS In the CD group, SDC1 was significantly decreased in mucosa and increased in serum, whereas HPA level in both were elevated. Such alterations were associated with clinicopathological features representing disease activity and injury severity and were not available in functional bowel disorder and ITB groups. Recombinant HPA incubation increased soluble SDC1 in culture supernatants (P = 2 × 10(-4)), and low-dose TNF-α effectively enhanced HPA's activity (P = 3 × 10(-6)). Exogenous TNF-α destroyed cellular SDC1 and raised HPA expressions dose dependently, whereas mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrate protein showed no effects. CONCLUSIONS Unique alterations of SDC1 and HPA are shown in both patients with CD and in vitro model. The results indicate SDC1 and HPA are potential markers for CD in evaluating its disease activity and differentiating it from ITB.
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177
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Vlodavsky I, Blich M, Li JP, Sanderson RD, Ilan N. Involvement of heparanase in atherosclerosis and other vessel wall pathologies. Matrix Biol 2013; 32:241-51. [PMID: 23499530 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase, the sole mammalian endoglycosidase degrading heparan sulfate, is causally involved in cancer metastasis, angiogenesis, inflammation and kidney dysfunction. Despite the wide occurrence and impact of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in vascular biology, the significance of heparanase in vessel wall disorders is underestimated. Blood vessels are highly active structures whose morphology rapidly adapts to maintain vascular function under altered systemic and local conditions. In some pathologies (restenosis, thrombosis, atherosclerosis) this normally beneficial adaptation may be detrimental to overall function. Enzymatic dependent and independent effects of heparanase on arterial structure mechanics and repair closely regulate arterial compliance and neointimal proliferation following endovascular stenting. Additionally, heparanase promotes thrombosis after vascular injury and contributes to a pro-coagulant state in human carotid atherosclerosis. Importantly, heparanase is closely associated with development and progression of atherosclerotic plaques, including stable to unstable plaque transition. Consequently, heparanase levels are markedly increased in the plasma of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Noteworthy, heparanase activates macrophages, resulting in marked induction of cytokine expression associated with plaque progression towards vulnerability. Together, heparanase emerges as a regulator of vulnerable lesion development and potential target for therapeutic intervention in atherosclerosis and related vessel wall complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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178
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Goldberg R, Meirovitz A, Hirshoren N, Bulvik R, Binder A, Rubinstein AM, Elkin M. Versatile role of heparanase in inflammation. Matrix Biol 2013; 32:234-240. [PMID: 23499528 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is the only known mammalian endoglycosidase capable of degrading heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan, both in extracellular space and within the cells. It is tightly implicated in cancer progression and over the past few decades significant progress has been made in elucidating the multiple functions of heparanase in malignant tumor development, neovascularization and aggressive behavior. Notably, current data show that in addition to its well characterized role in cancer, heparanase activity may represent an important determinant in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory disorders, such as inflammatory lung injury, rheumatoid arthritis and chronic colitis. Nevertheless, the precise mode of heparanase action in inflammatory reactions remains largely unclear and recent observations suggest that heparanase can either facilitate or limit inflammatory responses, when tissue/cell-specific contextual cues may dictate an outcome of heparanase action in inflammation. In this review the involvement of heparanase in modulation of inflammatory reactions is discussed through a few illustrative examples, including neuroinflammation, sepsis-associated lung injury and inflammatory bowel disease. We also discuss possible action of the enzyme in coupling inflammation and tumorigenesis in the setting of inflammation-triggered cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Goldberg
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Amichay Meirovitz
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Nir Hirshoren
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Raanan Bulvik
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Adi Binder
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Ariel M Rubinstein
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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179
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Vlodavsky I, Iozzo RV, Sanderson RD. Heparanase: multiple functions in inflammation, diabetes and atherosclerosis. Matrix Biol 2013; 32:220-2. [PMID: 23499526 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and, Research Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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180
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Ramani VC, Purushothaman A, Stewart MD, Thompson CA, Vlodavsky I, Au JLS, Sanderson RD. The heparanase/syndecan-1 axis in cancer: mechanisms and therapies. FEBS J 2013; 280:2294-306. [PMID: 23374281 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is an endoglucuronidase that cleaves heparan sulfate chains of proteoglycans. In many malignancies, high heparanase expression and activity correlate with an aggressive tumour phenotype. A major consequence of heparanase action in cancer is a robust up-regulation of growth factor expression and increased shedding of syndecan-1 (a transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan). Substantial evidence indicates that heparanase and syndecan-1 work together to drive growth factor signalling and regulate cell behaviours that enhance tumour growth, dissemination, angiogenesis and osteolysis. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that therapies targeting the heparanase/syndecan-1 axis hold promise for blocking the aggressive behaviour of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu C Ramani
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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181
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Reijmers RM, Spaargaren M, Pals ST. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the control of B cell development and the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma. FEBS J 2013; 280:2180-93. [PMID: 23419151 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) have essential functions during embryonic development and throughout postnatal life. To exert these functions, they undergo a series of processing reactions by heparan-sulfate-modifying enzymes (HSMEs), which endows them with highly modified heparan sulfate (HS) domains that provide specific docking sites for a large number of bioactive molecules. The development and antigen-dependent differentiation of normal B lymphocytes, as well as the growth and progression of B-lineage malignancies, are orchestrated by an array of growth factors, cytokines and chemokines many of which display HS binding. As discussed in this review, tightly regulated HSPG expression is a requirement for normal B cell maturation, differentiation and function. In addition, the HSPG syndecan-1 functions as a versatile co-receptor for signals from the bone marrow microenvironment, essential for the survival of long-lived plasma cells and multiple myeloma (MM) plasma cells. Targeting of HSMEs or HS chains on MM cells increases their sensitivity to drugs currently used in MM treatment, including bortezomib, lenalidomide or dexamethasone. Taken together, these findings render the HS biosynthetic machinery a promising target for MM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier M Reijmers
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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182
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Choi S, Kang DH, Oh ES. Targeting syndecans: a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:695-705. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.773313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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183
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Hammond E, Brandt R, Dredge K. PG545, a heparan sulfate mimetic, reduces heparanase expression in vivo, blocks spontaneous metastases and enhances overall survival in the 4T1 breast carcinoma model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52175. [PMID: 23300607 PMCID: PMC3530599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PG545 is a clinically relevant heparan sulfate (HS) mimetic which, in addition to possessing anti-angiogenic properties, also acts as a heparanase inhibitor which may differentiate its mechanism(s) of action from approved angiogenesis inhibitors. The degradation of HS by heparanase has been strongly implicated in cell dissemination and the metastatic process. Thus, the anti-metastatic activity of PG545 has been linked to the enzymatic function of heparanase - the only endoglycosidase known to cleave HS, an important component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) which represents a potential avenue for therapeutic intervention for certain metastatic cancer indications. Recent concerns raised about the paucity of overall survival as an endpoint in mouse models of clinically relevant metastasis led us to examine the effect of PG545 on the progression of both primary tumor growth and the spontaneously metastasizing disease in the 4T1 syngeneic breast carcinoma model in a non-surgical and surgical (mastectomy) setting. PG545 significantly inhibited primary tumor growth but importantly also inhibited lung metastasis in treated mice, an effect not observed with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib. Importantly, PG545 significantly enhanced overall survival compared to vehicle control and the sorafenib group, suggesting PG545's inhibitory effect on heparanase is indeed a critical attribute to induce anti-metastatic activity. In addition to blocking a common angiogenic signalling pathway in tumor cells, the expression of heparanase in the primary tumor and lung was also significantly reduced by PG545 treatment. These results support the ongoing development of PG545 and highlight the potential utility in metastatic disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Hammond
- Research and Development, Progen Pharmaceuticals, Darra, Queensland, Australia.
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184
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Alekseeva A, Casu B, Torri G, Pierro S, Naggi A. Profiling glycol-split heparins by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of their heparinase-generated oligosaccharides. Anal Biochem 2012. [PMID: 23201389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycol-split (gs) heparins, obtained by periodate oxidation/borohydride reduction of heparin currently used as an anticoagulant and antithrombotic drug, are arousing increasing interest in anticancer and anti-inflammation therapies. These new medical uses are favored by the loss of anticoagulant activity associated with glycol-splitting-induced inactivation of the antithrombin III (AT) binding site. The structure of gs heparins has not been studied yet in detail. In this work, ion pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (IPRP-HPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) widely used for unmodified heparin has been adapted to the analysis of oligosaccharides generated by digestion with heparinases of gs heparins usually prepared from porcine mucosal heparin. The method was also found to be very effective in analyzing gs derivatives obtained from heparins of different animal and tissue origins. Besides the major 2-O-sulfated disaccharides, heparinase digests of gs heparins contain mainly tetra- and hexasaccharides incorporating one or two gs residues, with distribution patterns typical for individual gs heparins. A heptasulfated, mono-N-acetylated hexasaccharide with two gs residues was shown to be a marker of the gs-modified AT binding site within heparin chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alekseeva
- Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, 20133 Milan, Italy
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185
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Christianson HC, van Kuppevelt TH, Belting M. ScFv anti-heparan sulfate antibodies unexpectedly activate endothelial and cancer cells through p38 MAPK: implications for antibody-based targeting of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49092. [PMID: 23152853 PMCID: PMC3494658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor development requires angiogenesis and anti-angiogenic therapies have been introduced in the treatment of cancer. In this context, heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) emerge as interesting targets, owing to their function as co-receptors of major, pro-angiogenic factors. Accordingly, previous studies have suggested anti-tumor effects of heparin, i.e. over-sulfated HS, and various heparin mimetics; however, a significant drawback is their unspecific mechanism of action and potentially serious side-effects related to their anticoagulant properties. Here, we have explored the use of human ScFv anti-HS antibodies (αHS) as a more rational approach to target HSPG function in endothelial cells (ECs). αHS were initially selected for their recognition of HS epitopes localized preferentially to the vasculature of patient glioblastoma tumors, i.e. highly angiogenic brain tumors. Unexpectedly, we found that these αHS exhibited potent pro-angiogenic effects in primary human ECs. αHS were shown to stimulate EC differentiation, which was associated with increased EC tube formation and proliferation. Moreover, αHS supported EC survival under hypoxia and starvation, i.e. conditions typical of the tumor microenvironment. Importantly, αHS-mediated proliferation was efficiently counter-acted by heparin and was absent in HSPG-deficient mutant cells, confirming HS-specific effects. On a mechanistic level, binding of αHS to HSPGs of ECs as well as glioblastoma cells was found to trigger p38 MAPK-dependent signaling resulting in increased proliferation. We conclude that several αHS that recognize HS epitopes abundant in the tumor vasculature may elicit a pro-angiogenic response, which has implications for the development of antibody-based targeting of HSPGs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena C. Christianson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Toin H. van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mattias Belting
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Skåne University Hospital and Oncology Clinic, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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186
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Purushothaman A, Babitz SK, Sanderson RD. Heparanase enhances the insulin receptor signaling pathway to activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase in multiple myeloma. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41288-96. [PMID: 23048032 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.391417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
ERK signaling regulates proliferation, survival, drug resistance, and angiogenesis in cancer. Although the mechanisms regulating ERK activation are not fully understood, we previously demonstrated that ERK phosphorylation is elevated by heparanase, an enzyme associated with aggressive behavior of many cancers. In the present study, myeloma cell lines expressing either high or low levels of heparanase were utilized to determine how heparanase stimulates ERK signaling. We discovered that the insulin receptor was abundant on cells expressing either high or low levels of heparanase, but the receptor was highly phosphorylated in heparanase-high cells compared with heparanase-low cells. In addition, protein kinase C activity was elevated in heparanase-high cells, and this enhanced expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), the principle intracellular substrate for phosphorylation by the insulin receptor. Blocking insulin receptor function with antibody or a small molecule inhibitor or knockdown of IRS-1 expression using shRNA diminished heparanase-mediated ERK activation in the tumor cells. In addition, up-regulation of the insulin signaling pathway by heparanase and the resulting ERK activation were dependent on heparanase retaining its enzyme activity. These results reveal a novel mechanism whereby heparanase enhances activation of the insulin receptor signaling pathway leading to ERK activation and modulation of myeloma behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Purushothaman
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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187
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Chung SW, Lee M, Bae SM, Park J, Jeon OC, Lee HS, Choe H, Kim HS, Lee BS, Park RW, Kim SY, Byun Y. Potentiation of anti-angiogenic activity of heparin by blocking the ATIII-interacting pentasaccharide unit and increasing net anionic charge. Biomaterials 2012; 33:9070-9. [PMID: 23010574 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heparin, a potent anticoagulant used for the prevention of venous thromboembolism, has been recognized as a tumor angiogenesis inhibitor. Its limitation in clinical application for cancer therapy, however, arises from its strong anticoagulant activity, which causes associated adverse effects. In this study, we show the structural correlation of LHT7, a previously developed heparin-based angiogenesis inhibitor, with its influence on VEGF blockade and its decreased anticoagulant activity. LHT7 was characterized as having average seven molecules of sodium taurocholates conjugated to one molecule of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). This study showed that the conjugation of sodium taurocholates selectively blocked interaction with antithrombin III (ATIII) while enhancing the binding with VEGF. This resulted in LHT7 to have negligible anticoagulant activity but potent anti-angiogenic activity. Following up on this finding, we showed that the bidirectional effect of sodium taurocholate conjugation was due to its unique structure, that is, the sterane core hindering the ATIII-binding pentasaccharide unit of LMWH with its bulky and rigid structural characteristics while the terminal sulfate group interacts with VEGF to produce stronger binding. In addition, we showed that LHT7 was localized in the tumor, especially on the endothelial cells. One explanation for this might be that LHT7 was delivered to the tumor via platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Woo Chung
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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188
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189
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Ozen E, Gozukizil A, Erdal E, Uren A, Bottaro DP, Atabey N. Heparin inhibits Hepatocyte Growth Factor induced motility and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through early growth response protein 1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42717. [PMID: 22912725 PMCID: PMC3418296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF)/c-Met signaling pathway regulates hepatocyte proliferation, and pathway aberrations are implicated in the invasive and metastatic behaviors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In addition to c-Met, heparin acts as a co-receptor to modulate pathway activity. Recently, anti-metastatic and anti-cancer effects of heparin have been reported. However, the role of heparin in the regulation of HGF signaling remains controversial and the effects of heparin on HGF-induced biological responses during hepatocarcinogenesis is not yet defined. In this study we determined the effects of heparin on HGF-induced activities of HCC cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, we report for the first time that heparin inhibits HGF-induced adhesion, motility and invasion of HCC cells. In addition, heparin reduced HGF-induced activation of c-Met and MAPK in a dose-dependent manner, as well as decreased transcriptional activation and expression of Early growth response factor 1 (Egr1). HGF-induced MMP-2 and MMP-9 activation, and MT1-MMP expression, also were inhibited by heparin. Stable knockdown of Egr1 caused a significant decrease in HGF-induced invasion, as well as the activation and expression of MMPs. Parallel to these findings, the overexpression of Egr1 increased the invasiveness of HCC cells. Our results suggest that Egr1 activates HGF-induced cell invasion through the regulation of MMPs in HCC cells and heparin inhibits HGF-induced cellular invasion via the downregulation of Egr1. Therefore, heparin treatment might be a therapeutic approach to inhibit invasion and metastasis of HCC, especially for patients with active HGF/c-Met signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evin Ozen
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aysim Gozukizil
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Esra Erdal
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aykut Uren
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Donald P. Bottaro
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National, Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nese Atabey
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
- * E-mail:
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190
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Vlodavsky I, Beckhove P, Lerner I, Pisano C, Meirovitz A, Ilan N, Elkin M. Significance of heparanase in cancer and inflammation. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2012; 5:115-32. [PMID: 21811836 PMCID: PMC3399068 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-011-0082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are primary components at the interface between virtually every eukaryotic cell and its extracellular matrix. HSPGs not only provide a storage depot for heparin-binding molecules in the cell microenvironment, but also decisively regulate their accessibility, function and mode of action. As such, they are intimately involved in modulating cell invasion and signaling loops that are critical for tumor growth, inflammation and kidney function. In a series of studies performed since the cloning of the human heparanase gene, we and others have demonstrated that heparanase, the sole heparan sulfate degrading endoglycosidase, is causally involved in cancer progression, inflammation and diabetic nephropathy and hence is a valid target for drug development. Heparanase is causally involved in inflammation and accelerates colon tumorigenesis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Notably, heparanase stimulates macrophage activation, while macrophages induce production and activation of latent heparanase contributed by the colon epithelium, together generating a vicious cycle that powers colitis and the associated tumorigenesis. Heparanase also plays a decisive role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, degrading heparan sulfate in the glomerular basement membrane and ultimately leading to proteinuria and kidney dysfunction. Notably, clinically relevant doses of ionizing radiation (IR) upregulate heparanase expression and thereby augment the metastatic potential of pancreatic carcinoma. Thus, combining radiotherapy with heparanase inhibition is an effective strategy to prevent tumor resistance and dissemination in IR-treated pancreatic cancer patients. Also, accumulating evidence indicate that peptides derived from human heparanase elicit a potent anti-tumor immune response, suggesting that heparanase represents a promising target antigen for immunotherapeutic approaches against a broad variety of tumours. Oligosaccharide-based compounds that inhibit heparanase enzymatic activity were developed, aiming primarily at halting tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis. Some of these compounds are being evaluated in clinical trials, targeting both the tumor and tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, P. O. Box 9649, Haifa, 31096, Israel,
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191
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Ridgway LD, Wetzel MD, Ngo JA, Erdreich-Epstein A, Marchetti D. Heparanase-induced GEF-H1 signaling regulates the cytoskeletal dynamics of brain metastatic breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:689-702. [PMID: 22513363 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is the only mammalian endoglycosidase which has been widely implicated in cancer because of its capability to degrade heparan sulfate chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). Specifically, the cell surface HSPG syndecan-1 and -4 (SDC1 and SDC4) are modulators of growth factor action, and SDC4 is implicated in cell adhesion as a key member of focal adhesion complexes. We hypothesized that extracellular heparanase modulates brain metastatic breast cancer (BMBC) cell invasiveness by affecting cytoskeletal dynamics, SDC4 carboxy-terminal-associated proteins, and downstream targets. We used two independently derived human BMBC cell systems (MB-231BR and MB-231BR3), which possess distinct cellular morphologies and properties. Highly aggressive spindle-shaped 231BR3 cells changed to a round cell morphology associated with expression of the small GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factor-H1 (GEF-H1). We showed that GEF-H1 is a new component of the SDC4 signaling complex in BMBC cells. Treatment with heparanase resulted in regulation of the SDC4/protein kinase C α axis while maintaining a constitutive GEF-H1 level. Third, GEF-H1 knockdown followed by cell exposure to heparanase caused a significant regulation of activities of Rac1 and RhoA, which are GEF-H1 targets and fundamental effectors in cell plasticity control. Fourth, L-heparanase augmented expression of β1 integrin in BMBC cells and of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1; the major β1 integrin receptor) in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Finally, using a newly developed blood-brain barrier in vitro model, we show that BMBC cell transmigration was significantly reduced in GEF-H1 knockdown cells. These findings implicate heparanase in mechanisms of cytoskeletal dynamics and in the cross-talk between tumor cells and vascular brain endothelium. They are of relevance because they elucidate molecular events in the initial steps leading to BMBC onset and capturing distinct roles of latent and active heparanase in the brain microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lon D Ridgway
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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192
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Afratis N, Gialeli C, Nikitovic D, Tsegenidis T, Karousou E, Theocharis AD, Pavão MS, Tzanakakis GN, Karamanos NK. Glycosaminoglycans: key players in cancer cell biology and treatment. FEBS J 2012; 279:1177-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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193
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Wang Z, Collighan RJ, Pytel K, Rathbone DL, Li X, Griffin M. Characterization of heparin-binding site of tissue transglutaminase: its importance in cell surface targeting, matrix deposition, and cell signaling. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:13063-83. [PMID: 22298777 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.294819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a multifunctional Ca(2+)-activated protein cross-linking enzyme secreted into the extracellular matrix (ECM), where it is involved in wound healing and scarring, tissue fibrosis, celiac disease, and metastatic cancer. Extracellular TG2 can also facilitate cell adhesion important in wound healing through a nontransamidating mechanism via its association with fibronectin, heparan sulfates (HS), and integrins. Regulating the mechanism how TG2 is translocated into the ECM therefore provides a strategy for modulating these physiological and pathological functions of the enzyme. Here, through molecular modeling and mutagenesis, we have identified the HS-binding site of TG2 (202)KFLKNAGRDCSRRSSPVYVGR(222). We demonstrate the requirement of this binding site for translocation of TG2 into the ECM through a mechanism involving cell surface shedding of HS. By synthesizing a peptide NPKFLKNAGRDCSRRSS corresponding to the HS-binding site within TG2, we also demonstrate how this mimicking peptide can in isolation compensate for the RGD-induced loss of cell adhesion on fibronectin via binding to syndecan-4, leading to activation of PKCα, pFAK-397, and ERK1/2 and the subsequent formation of focal adhesions and actin cytoskeleton organization. A novel regulatory mechanism for TG2 translocation into the extracellular compartment that depends upon TG2 conformation and the binding of HS is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, United Kingdom
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194
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Gil N, Goldberg R, Neuman T, Garsen M, Zcharia E, Rubinstein AM, van Kuppevelt T, Meirovitz A, Pisano C, Li JP, van der Vlag J, Vlodavsky I, Elkin M. Heparanase is essential for the development of diabetic nephropathy in mice. Diabetes 2012; 61:208-16. [PMID: 22106160 PMCID: PMC3237641 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the major life-threatening complication of diabetes. Abnormal permselectivity of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) plays an important role in DN pathogenesis. Heparanase is the predominant enzyme that degrades heparan sulfate (HS), the main polysaccharide of the GBM. Loss of GBM HS in diabetic kidney was associated with increased glomerular expression of heparanase; however, the causal involvement of heparanase in the pathogenesis of DN has not been demonstrated. We report for the first time the essential involvement of heparanase in DN. With the use of Hpse-KO mice, we found that deletion of the heparanase gene protects diabetic mice from DN. Furthermore, by investigating the molecular mechanism underlying induction of the enzyme in DN, we found that transcription factor early growth response 1 (Egr1) is responsible for activation of heparanase promoter under diabetic conditions. The specific heparanase inhibitor SST0001 markedly decreased the extent of albuminuria and renal damage in mouse models of DN. Our results collectively underscore the crucial role of heparanase in the pathogenesis of DN and its potential as a highly relevant target for therapeutic interventions in patients with DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natali Gil
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Goldberg
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tzahi Neuman
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marjolein Garsen
- Nephrology Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eyal Zcharia
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ariel M. Rubinstein
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Toin van Kuppevelt
- Department of Matrix Biochemistry, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Amichay Meirovitz
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Claudio Pisano
- Oncology Area Research and Development, Sigma-Tau S.p.A., Rome, Italy
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Nephrology Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- Corresponding author: Michael Elkin, , or Israel Vlodavsky,
| | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Corresponding author: Michael Elkin, , or Israel Vlodavsky,
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195
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Purushothaman A, Hurst DR, Pisano C, Mizumoto S, Sugahara K, Sanderson RD. Heparanase-mediated loss of nuclear syndecan-1 enhances histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity to promote expression of genes that drive an aggressive tumor phenotype. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30377-30383. [PMID: 21757697 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.254789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase acts as a master regulator of the aggressive tumor phenotype in part by enhancing expression of proteins known to drive tumor progression (e.g. VEGF, MMP-9, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and RANKL). However, the mechanism whereby this enzyme regulates gene expression remains unknown. We previously reported that elevation of heparanase levels in myeloma cells causes a dramatic reduction in the amount of syndecan-1 in the nucleus. Because syndecan-1 has heparan sulfate chains and because exogenous heparan sulfate has been shown to inhibit the activity of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) enzymes in vitro, we hypothesized that the reduction in nuclear syndecan-1 in cells expressing high levels of heparanase would result in increased HAT activity leading to stimulation of protein transcription. We found that myeloma cells or tumors expressing high levels of heparanase and low levels of nuclear syndecan-1 had significantly higher levels of HAT activity when compared with cells or tumors expressing low levels of heparanase. High levels of HAT activity in heparanase-high cells were blocked by SST0001, an inhibitor of heparanase. Restoration of high syndecan-1 levels in heparanase-high cells diminished nuclear HAT activity, establishing syndecan-1 as a potent inhibitor of HAT. Exposure of heparanase-high cells to anacardic acid, an inhibitor of HAT activity, significantly suppressed their expression of VEGF and MMP-9, two genes known to be up-regulated following elevation of heparanase. These results reveal a novel mechanistic pathway driven by heparanase expression, which leads to decreased nuclear syndecan-1, increased HAT activity, and up-regulation of transcription of multiple genes that drive an aggressive tumor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Purushothaman
- Department of Pathology, Center for Metabolic Bone Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Douglas R Hurst
- Department of Pathology, Center for Metabolic Bone Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Claudio Pisano
- sigma-tau Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.p.A., Pomezia 00040, Italy
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-genomic Science and Technology, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-genomic Science and Technology, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Ralph D Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, Center for Metabolic Bone Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294.
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Zhou H, Roy S, Cochran E, Zouaoui R, Chu CL, Duffner J, Zhao G, Smith S, Galcheva-Gargova Z, Karlgren J, Dussault N, Kwan RYQ, Moy E, Barnes M, Long A, Honan C, Qi YW, Shriver Z, Ganguly T, Schultes B, Venkataraman G, Kishimoto TK. M402, a novel heparan sulfate mimetic, targets multiple pathways implicated in tumor progression and metastasis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21106. [PMID: 21698156 PMCID: PMC3116871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) play a key role in shaping the tumor microenvironment by presenting growth factors, cytokines, and other soluble factors that are critical for host cell recruitment and activation, as well as promoting tumor progression, metastasis, and survival. M402 is a rationally engineered, non-cytotoxic heparan sulfate (HS) mimetic, designed to inhibit multiple factors implicated in tumor-host cell interactions, including VEGF, FGF2, SDF-1α, P-selectin, and heparanase. A single s.c. dose of M402 effectively inhibited seeding of B16F10 murine melanoma cells to the lung in an experimental metastasis model. Fluorescent-labeled M402 demonstrated selective accumulation in the primary tumor. Immunohistological analyses of the primary tumor revealed a decrease in microvessel density in M402 treated animals, suggesting anti-angiogenesis to be one of the mechanisms involved in-vivo. M402 treatment also normalized circulating levels of myeloid derived suppressor cells in tumor bearing mice. Chronic administration of M402, alone or in combination with cisplatin or docetaxel, inhibited spontaneous metastasis and prolonged survival in an orthotopic 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma model. These data demonstrate that modulating HSPG biology represents a novel approach to target multiple factors involved in tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhou
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sucharita Roy
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Edward Cochran
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Radouane Zouaoui
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chia Lin Chu
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jay Duffner
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ganlin Zhao
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sean Smith
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Juliane Karlgren
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nancy Dussault
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rain Y. Q. Kwan
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erick Moy
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marishka Barnes
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alison Long
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chris Honan
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yi Wei Qi
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zachary Shriver
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tanmoy Ganguly
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Birgit Schultes
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ganesh Venkataraman
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Takashi Kei Kishimoto
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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