151
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Stockenhuber K, Hegazy AN, West NR, Ilott NE, Stockenhuber A, Bullers SJ, Thornton EE, Arnold IC, Tucci A, Waldmann H, Ogg GS, Powrie F. Foxp3 + T reg cells control psoriasiform inflammation by restraining an IFN-I-driven CD8 + T cell response. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1987-1998. [PMID: 29980582 PMCID: PMC6080913 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20172094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a complex inflammatory skin disease affecting ∼3% of the population worldwide. Although type I interferons (IFN-I) are thought to be involved in its pathogenesis, the details of this relationship remain elusive. Here we show that in a murine model of imiquimod-driven psoriatic skin inflammation, Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (T reg cells) control inflammation severity by restraining IFN-I. Depletion of T reg cells induces IFN-I and IFN-stimulated gene expression, and leads to accumulation of CD8+ T cells in lesional skin. Mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) were the source of IFN-I, and their depletion reversed the effect of T reg cell depletion. Blockade of IFN-I signaling abolished CD8+ T cell infiltration and excess inflammation in the skin of T reg cell-depleted mice. Depletion of CD8+ T cells attenuated pathology, confirming their role as critical effector cells downstream of IFN-I. Our results describe an unexpected role for T reg cells in restraint of an MNP-IFN-I-driven CD8+ T cell response during psoriasiform skin inflammation. These findings highlight a pathway with potential relevance for the treatment of early-stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Stockenhuber
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ahmed N Hegazy
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nathaniel R West
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas E Ilott
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Stockenhuber
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Samuel J Bullers
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily E Thornton
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Isabelle C Arnold
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrea Tucci
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Herman Waldmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham S Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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152
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Peripheral Tissue Chemokines: Homeostatic Control of Immune Surveillance T Cells. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:734-747. [PMID: 30001872 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular immunity is governed by a complex network of migratory cues that enable appropriate immune cell responses in a timely and spatially controlled fashion. This review focuses on the chemokines and their receptors regulating the steady-state localisation of immune cells within healthy peripheral tissues. Steady-state immune cell traffic is not well understood but is thought to involve constitutive (homeostatic) chemokines. The recent discovery of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) illustrates our need for understanding how chemokines control immune cell mobilisation and/or retention. These studies will be critical to unravel novel pathways for preserving tissue function (aging) and preventing tissue disease (vaccination).
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153
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Dominguez-Villar M, Hafler DA. Regulatory T cells in autoimmune disease. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:665-673. [PMID: 29925983 PMCID: PMC7882196 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the understanding of regulatory T cell (Treg cell) biology has expanded considerably. Key observations have challenged the traditional definition of Treg cells and have provided insight into the underlying mechanisms responsible for the development of autoimmune diseases, with new therapeutic strategies that improve disease outcome. This Review summarizes the newer concepts of Treg cell instability, Treg cell plasticity and tissue-specific Treg cells, and their relationship to autoimmunity. Those three main concepts have changed the understanding of Treg cell biology: how they interact with other immune and non-immune cells; their functions in specific tissues; and the implications of this for the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A Hafler
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CN, USA.
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CN, USA.
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154
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Taking the lead - how keratinocytes orchestrate skin T cell immunity. Immunol Lett 2018; 200:43-51. [PMID: 29969603 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The skin comprises a complex coordinated system of epithelial tissue cells and immune cells that ensure adequate immune reactions against trauma, toxins and pathogens, while maintaining tissue homeostasis. Keratinocytes form the outermost barrier of the skin, and sense changes in barrier integrity, intrusion of microbial components and stress molecules. Thus, they act as sentinels that continuously communicate the status of the organ to the cutaneous immune system. Upon damage the keratinocytes initiate a pro-inflammatory signaling cascade that leads to the activation of resident immune cells. Simultaneously, the tissue mediates and supports immune-suppressive functions to contain inflammation locally. After resolution of inflammation, the skin provides a niche for regulatory and effector memory T cells that can quickly respond to reoccurring antigens. In this review we discuss the central role of keratinocyte-derived signals in controlling cutaneous T cell immunity.
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155
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Ratajczak W, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P, Tokarz-Deptuła B, Deptuła W. Immunological memory cells. Cent Eur J Immunol 2018; 43:194-203. [PMID: 30135633 PMCID: PMC6102609 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2018.77390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews immunological memory cells, currently represented by T and B lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, which determine a rapid and effective response against a second encounter with the same antigen. Among T lymphocytes, functions of memory cells are provided by their subsets: central memory, effector memory, tissue-resident memory, regulatory memory and stem memory T cells. Memory T and B lymphocytes have an essential role in the immunity against microbial pathogens but are also involved in autoimmunity and maternal-fetal tolerance. Furthermore, the evidence of immunological memory has been established for NK cells. NK cells can respond to haptens or viruses, which results in generation of antigen-specific memory cells. T, B and NK cells, which have a role in immunological memory, have been characterized phenotypically and functionally. During the secondary immune response, these cells are involved in the reaction against foreign antigens, including pathogens, and take part in autoimmune diseases, but also are crucial to immunological tolerance and vaccine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Ratajczak
- Scientific Circle of Microbiologists, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Beata Tokarz-Deptuła
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wiesław Deptuła
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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156
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Borde A, Åstrand A. Alopecia areata and the gut-the link opens up for novel therapeutic interventions. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:503-511. [PMID: 29808708 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1481504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This review aims to raise the potential of the modern society's impact on gut integrity often leading to increased intestinal permeability, as a cause or driver of Alopecia Areata (AA) in genetically susceptible people. With the increasing rate of T cell-driven autoimmunity, we hypothesize that there is a common root cause of these diseases that originates from chronic inflammation, and that the gut is the most commonly exposed area with our modern lifestyle. Areas covered: We will discuss the complexity in the induction of AA and its potential link to increased intestinal permeability. Our main focus will be on the gut microbiome and mechanisms involved in the interplay with the immune system that may lead to local and/or peripheral inflammation and finally, tissue destruction. Expert opinion: We have seen a link between AA and a dysfunctional gastrointestinal system which raised the hypothesis that an underlying intestinal inflammation drives the priming and dysregulation of immune cells that lead to hair follicle destruction. While it is still important to resolve local inflammation and restore the IP around the hair follicles, we believe that the root cause needs to be eradicated by long-term interventions to extinguish the fire driving the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Borde
- a Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Annika Åstrand
- a Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Gothenburg , Sweden
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157
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Abdel-Gadir A, Schneider L, Casini A, Charbonnier LM, Little SV, Harrington T, Umetsu DT, Rachid R, Chatila TA. Oral immunotherapy with omalizumab reverses the Th2 cell-like programme of regulatory T cells and restores their function. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:825-836. [PMID: 29700872 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral immunotherapy (OIT) successfully desensitizes patients with food allergies, but the immune mechanisms mediating its efficacy remain obscure. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that allergen-specific regulatory T (Treg) cell function is impaired in food allergy and is restored by anti-IgE antibody (omalizumab)-supplemented OIT. METHODS Peanut-specific T effector (Teff) and Treg cell proliferative responses, activation markers and cytokine expression were analysed by flow cytometry in 13 peanut-allergic subjects before the start of omalizumab-supplemented OIT and periodically in some subjects thereafter for up to 2 years. Peripheral blood regulatory T cells (Treg cells) were analysed for their peanut-specific suppressor function before and at 1 year following OIT. This study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01290913). RESULTS Proliferation of allergen-specific Teff and Treg cells precipitously declined following the initiation of omalizumab therapy prior to OIT, followed by partial recovery after the initiation of OIT. At baseline, peanut-specific Treg cells exhibited a Th2 cell-like phenotype, characterized by increased IL-4 expression, which progressively reversed upon OIT. Peanut-specific Treg cell suppressor activity was absent at the start of omalizumab/OIT therapy but became robust following OIT. Absent peanut-specific Treg cell function could also be recovered by the acute blockade of IL-4/IL-4R receptor signalling in Treg cells, which inhibited their IL-4 production. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE OIT supplemented by omalizumab promotes allergen desensitization through an initial omalizumab-dependent step that acutely depletes allergen-reactive T cells, followed by an increase in allergen-specific Treg cell activity due to the reversal of their Th2 cell-like programme. Improved Treg cell function may be a key mechanism by which OIT ameliorates food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Abdel-Gadir
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Schneider
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Casini
- Division of Immunology, Section of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - L-M Charbonnier
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S V Little
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Harrington
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - R Rachid
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T A Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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158
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Kotb IS, Lewis BJ, Barker RN, Ormerod AD. Differential effects of phototherapy, adalimumab and betamethasone-calcipotriol on effector and regulatory T cells in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:127-135. [PMID: 29330859 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a chronic T-cell-mediated skin disease with marked social and economic burdens. Current treatments are unsatisfactory, with unpredictable remission times and incompletely understood modes of action. Recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of psoriasis have identified the imbalance between CD4+ T effector cells, particularly the T helper (Th)17 subset, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) as key to the development of psoriatic lesions, and therefore a novel therapeutic target. OBJECTIVES To quantify in patients the effects of three commonly used psoriasis treatment modalities on the Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg subsets, and to test whether any change correlates with clinical response. METHODS Flow cytometry was used to enumerate Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg subsets in blood and skin of patients with psoriasis before and after receiving any of the following treatments: narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB), adalimumab and topical betamethasone-calcipotriol combination (Dovobet® ) RESULTS: All patients responded clinically to the treatments. NB-UVB significantly increased the numbers of circulating and skin Tregs, while, by contrast, adalimumab reduced Th17 cells in these compartments, and Dovobet had dual effects by both increasing Tregs and reducing Th17 cells. CONCLUSIONS The differential effects reported here for the above-mentioned treatment modalities could be exploited to optimize or design therapeutic strategies to overcome the inflammatory drivers more effectively and restore the Th17-Treg balance in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Kotb
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, U.K.,Department of Dermatology, Andrology and STDs, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - B J Lewis
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, U.K
| | - R N Barker
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, U.K
| | - A D Ormerod
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, U.K
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159
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Sharma A, Rudra D. Emerging Functions of Regulatory T Cells in Tissue Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:883. [PMID: 29887862 PMCID: PMC5989423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are a unique subset of helper T-cells, which regulate immune response and establish peripheral tolerance. Tregs not only maintain the tone and tenor of an immune response by dominant tolerance but, in recent years, have also been identified as key players in resolving tissue inflammation and as mediators of tissue healing. Apart from being diverse in their origin (thymic and peripheral) and location (lymphoid and tissue resident), Tregs are also phenotypically heterogeneous as per the orientation of ongoing immune response. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the field of Treg biology in general, and non-lymphoid and tissue-resident Tregs in particular. We elaborate upon well-known visceral adipose tissue, colon, skin, and tumor-infiltrating Tregs and newly identified tissue Treg populations as in lungs, skeletal muscle, placenta, and other tissues. Our attempt is to differentiate Tregs based on distinctive properties of their location, origin, ligand specificity, chemotaxis, and specific suppressive mechanisms. Despite ever expanding roles in maintaining systemic homeostasis, Tregs are employed by large varieties of tumors to dampen antitumor immunity. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of Treg biology in the context of inflammation can be instrumental in effectively managing tissue transplantation, autoimmunity, and antitumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, South Korea.,Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Dipayan Rudra
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, South Korea.,Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
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160
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Abstract
CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are suppressors of immune activation and play a crucial role in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Mutations of Foxp3 result in fatal autoimmunity in multiple organs, including the skin, in both humans and mice. Many studies have demonstrated the altered frequency and functions of Tregs, changes in cytokine and chemokine levels related to Tregs and the differences in genetic background regarding Tregs in autoimmune skin disorders. Recent studies have extended our knowledge of certain properties of Tregs, especially skin-resident Tregs. In addition, some novel therapies have been performed by modulating the number and the function of Tregs. This review focuses on the role of Tregs in some autoimmune skin disorders, including alopecia areata, vitiligo, pemphigoid and pemphigus, and systemic sclerosis, and discusses questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Ujiie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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161
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Gebhardt T, Palendira U, Tscharke DC, Bedoui S. Tissue-resident memory T cells in tissue homeostasis, persistent infection, and cancer surveillance. Immunol Rev 2018; 283:54-76. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- Centenary Institute; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - David C. Tscharke
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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162
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Mizui M, Tsokos GC. Targeting Regulatory T Cells to Treat Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:786. [PMID: 29755456 PMCID: PMC5932391 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are central in integration and maintenance of immune homeostasis. Since breakdown of self-tolerance is a major culprit in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), restoration of the immune tolerance through the manipulation of Tregs can be exploited to treat patients with SLE. New information has revealed that Tregs besides their role in suppressing the immune response are important in tissue protection and regeneration. Expansion of Tregs with low-dose IL-2 represents an approach to control the autoimmune response. Moreover, control of Treg metabolism can be exploited to restore or improve their function. Here, we summarize the function and diversity of Tregs and recent strategies to improve their function in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Mizui
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - George C Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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163
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Raeber ME, Zurbuchen Y, Impellizzieri D, Boyman O. The role of cytokines in T-cell memory in health and disease. Immunol Rev 2018; 283:176-193. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miro E. Raeber
- Department of Immunology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Yves Zurbuchen
- Department of Immunology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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164
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Owczarczyk-Saczonek A, Czerwińska J, Placek W. The role of regulatory T cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines in psoriasis. ACTA DERMATOVENEROLOGICA ALPINA PANNONICA ET ADRIATICA 2018. [DOI: 10.15570/actaapa.2018.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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165
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Tikoo S, Jain R, Kurz AR, Weninger W. The lymphoid cell network in the skin. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:485-496. [PMID: 29457268 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous immunity represents a crucial component of the mammalian immune response. The presence of a large array of commensal microorganisms along with a myriad of environmental stresses necessitates constant immuno-surveillance of the tissue. To achieve a perfect balance between immune-tolerance and immune-activation, the skin harbors strategically localized immune cell populations that modulate these responses. To maintain homeostasis, innate and adaptive immune cells assimilate microenvironmental cues and coordinate cellular and molecular functions in a spatiotemporal manner. The role of lymphoid cells in cutaneous immunity is gaining much appreciation due to their important roles in regulating skin health and pathology. In this review, we aim to highlight the recent advances in the field of cutaneous lymphoid biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Tikoo
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Rohit Jain
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | | | - Wolfgang Weninger
- The Centenary Institute, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
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166
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Li J, Tan J, Martino MM, Lui KO. Regulatory T-Cells: Potential Regulator of Tissue Repair and Regeneration. Front Immunol 2018; 9:585. [PMID: 29662491 PMCID: PMC5890151 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of stem cells and growth factors as well as the development of biomaterials hold great promise for regenerative medicine applications. However, the therapeutic efficacy of regenerative therapies can be greatly influenced by the host immune system, which plays a pivotal role during tissue repair and regeneration. Therefore, understanding how the immune system modulates tissue healing is critical to design efficient regenerative strategies. While the innate immune system is well known to be involved in the tissue healing process, the adaptive immune system has recently emerged as a key player. T-cells, in particular, regulatory T-cells (Treg), have been shown to promote repair and regeneration of various organ systems. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which Treg participate in the repair and regeneration of skeletal and heart muscle, skin, lung, bone, and the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatao Li
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jean Tan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mikaël M Martino
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathy O Lui
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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167
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Resident T Cells in Resolved Psoriasis Steer Tissue Responses that Stratify Clinical Outcome. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1754-1763. [PMID: 29510191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is driven by focal disruptions of the immune-homeostasis in human skin. Local relapse following cessation of therapy is common and unpredictable, which complicates clinical management of psoriasis. We have previously shown that pathogenic resident T cells accumulate in active and resolved psoriasis, but whether these cells drive psoriasiform tissue reactions is less clear. Here, we activated T cells within skin explants using the pan-T cell activating antibody OKT-3. To explore if T cells induced different tissue response patterns in healthy and psoriasis afflicted skin, transcriptomic analyses were performed with RNA-sequencing and Nanostring. Core tissue responses dominated by IFN-induced pathways were triggered regardless of the inflammatory status of the skin. In contrast, pathways induced by IL-17A, including Defensin beta 2 and keratinocyte differentiation markers, were activated in psoriasis samples. An integrated analysis of IL-17A and IFN-related responses revealed that IL-17 dominated tissue response correlated with early relapse following UVB treatment. Stratification of tissue responses to T cell activation in resolved lesions could potentially offer individualized prediction of disease relapse during long-term immunomodulatory treatment.
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168
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Malhotra N, Leyva-Castillo JM, Jadhav U, Barreiro O, Kam C, O'Neill NK, Meylan F, Chambon P, von Andrian UH, Siegel RM, Wang EC, Shivdasani R, Geha RS. RORα-expressing T regulatory cells restrain allergic skin inflammation. Sci Immunol 2018; 3:eaao6923. [PMID: 29500225 PMCID: PMC5912895 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aao6923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is an allergic inflammatory skin disease characterized by the production of the type 2 cytokines in the skin by type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and T helper 2 (TH2) cells, and tissue eosinophilia. Using two distinct mouse models of atopic dermatitis, we show that expression of retinoid-related orphan receptor α (RORα) in skin-resident T regulatory cells (Tregs) is important for restraining allergic skin inflammation. In both models, targeted deletion of RORα in mouse Tregs led to exaggerated eosinophilia driven by interleukin-5 (IL-5) production by ILC2s and TH2 cells. Expression of RORα in skin-resident Tregs suppressed IL-4 expression and enhanced expression of death receptor 3 (DR3), which is the receptor for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family cytokine, TNF ligand-related molecule 1 (TL1A), which promotes Treg functions. DR3 is expressed on both ILC2s and skin-resident Tregs Upon deletion of RORα in skin-resident Tregs, we found that Tregs were no longer able to sequester TL1A, resulting in enhanced ILC2 activation. We also documented higher expression of RORα in skin-resident Tregs than in peripheral blood circulating Tregs in humans, suggesting that RORα and the TL1A-DR3 circuit could be therapeutically targeted in atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Malhotra
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | - Unmesh Jadhav
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olga Barreiro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christy Kam
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas K O'Neill
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francoise Meylan
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U964), Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard M Siegel
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eddie C Wang
- Department of Microbial Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ramesh Shivdasani
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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169
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McCully ML, Ladell K, Andrews R, Jones RE, Miners KL, Roger L, Baird DM, Cameron MJ, Jessop ZM, Whitaker IS, Davies EL, Price DA, Moser B. CCR8 Expression Defines Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Human Skin. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:1639-1650. [PMID: 29427415 PMCID: PMC5818732 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human skin harbors two major T cell compartments of equal size that are distinguished by expression of the chemokine receptor CCR8. In vitro studies have demonstrated that CCR8 expression is regulated by TCR engagement and the skin tissue microenvironment. To extend these observations, we examined the relationship between CCR8+ and CCR8- skin T cells in vivo. Phenotypic, functional, and transcriptomic analyses revealed that CCR8+ skin T cells bear all the hallmarks of resident memory T cells, including homeostatic proliferation in response to IL-7 and IL-15, surface expression of tissue localization (CD103) and retention (CD69) markers, low levels of inhibitory receptors (programmed cell death protein 1, Tim-3, LAG-3), and a lack of senescence markers (CD57, killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G member 1). In contrast, CCR8- skin T cells are heterogeneous and comprise variable numbers of exhausted (programmed cell death protein 1+), senescent (CD57+, killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G member 1+), and effector (T-bethi, Eomeshi) T cells. Importantly, conventional and high-throughput sequencing of expressed TCR β-chain (TRB) gene rearrangements showed that these CCR8-defined populations are clonotypically distinct, suggesting unique ontogenies in response to separate antigenic challenges and/or stimulatory conditions. Moreover, CCR8+ and CCR8- skin T cells were phenotypically stable in vitro and displayed similar levels of telomere erosion, further supporting the likelihood of a nonlinear differentiation pathway. On the basis of these results, we propose that long-lived memory T cells in human skin can be defined by the expression of CCR8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L McCully
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Andrews
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Rhiannon E Jones
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly L Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Laureline Roger
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan M Baird
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Cameron
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Zita M Jessop
- The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA6 6NL, United Kingdom; and
| | - Iain S Whitaker
- The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA6 6NL, United Kingdom; and
| | - Eleri L Davies
- Breast Centre, University Hospital of Llandough, Llandough CF64 2XX, United Kingdom
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom;
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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170
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Silvestre MC, Sato MN, dos Reis VMS. Innate immunity and effector and regulatory mechanisms involved in allergic contact dermatitis. An Bras Dermatol 2018; 93:242-250. [PMID: 29723367 PMCID: PMC5916398 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20186340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin's innate immunity is the initial activator of immune response mechanisms, influencing the development of adaptive immunity. Some contact allergens are detected by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammasome NLR3. Keratinocytes participate in innate immunity and, in addition to functioning as an anatomical barrier, secrete cytokines, such as TNF, IL-1β, and IL-18, contributing to the development of Allergic Contact Dermatitis. Dendritic cells recognize and process antigenic peptides into T cells. Neutrophils cause pro-inflammatory reactions, mast cells induce migration/maturation of skin DCs, the natural killer cells have natural cytotoxic capacity, the γδ T cells favor contact with hapten during the sensitization phase, and the innate lymphoid cells act in the early stages by secreting cytokines, as well as act in inflammation and tissue homeostasis. The antigen-specific inflammation is mediated by T cells, and each subtype of T cells (Th1/Tc1, Th2/Tc2, and Th17/Tc17) activates resident skin cells, thus contributing to inflammation. Skin's regulatory T cells have a strong ability to inhibit the proliferation of hapten-specific T cells, acting at the end of the Allergic Contact Dermatitis response and in the control of systemic immune responses. In this review, we report how cutaneous innate immunity is the first line of defense and focus its role in the activation of the adaptive immune response, with effector response induction and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilene Chaves Silvestre
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Dematology, Dematology Service,
Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia (GO), Brazil
| | - Maria Notomi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Investigation Laboratory (LIM
56), Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de
São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Vitor Manoel Silva dos Reis
- Department of Dermatology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de
São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil
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171
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Schmidt A, Rieger CC, Venigalla RK, Éliás S, Max R, Lorenz HM, Gröne HJ, Krammer PH, Kuhn A. Analysis of FOXP3 + regulatory T cell subpopulations in peripheral blood and tissue of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunol Res 2018; 65:551-563. [PMID: 28224362 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical mediators of immune tolerance, yet their involvement in the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is incompletely understood. We analyzed CD4+ T cell subpopulations with Treg-related phenotypes and their association with disease activity in peripheral blood (PB) and tissues of patients with SLE. In detail, we quantified subpopulations regarding CD25, FOXP3, CD62L, CCR6, CD27, CD45RA, and CD45RO expression in PB from 31 patients with SLE divided into two disease activity groups and 32 healthy controls using flow cytometry. CD4+ and FOXP3+ T cells in skin and kidney biopsies of patients with SLE were quantified by immunohistochemistry. CD4+CD25+/++FOXP3+ and CD4+CD25+CD45RA-/CD45RO+ T cell frequencies were significantly higher in PB from patients with active compared to inactive SLE. The fraction of CD4+CD25++FOXP3+ Tregs and CD4+CD25+CD45RA+/CD45RO- naïve Tregs was not significantly different between these groups. CD4+CD25++ Tregs from active SLE patients comprised significantly less CD27+ cells and more CCR6+ cells compared to patients with inactive SLE. The percentage of CD4+FOXP3+ T cells among inflammatory infiltrates in skin and kidney biopsies of SLE patients was not different from other inflammatory skin/kidney diseases. In conclusion, although CD4+FOXP3+ T cell frequencies in the inflamed tissues of SLE patients were comparable to other inflammatory diseases, distinct T cell subpopulations appeared misbalanced in PB of patients with active SLE. Here, cells phenotypically resembling activated T cells, but not Tregs, were increased compared to patients with inactive SLE. Within Tregs of patients with active SLE, markers related to Treg function and homing were altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Schmidt
- Division of Immunogenetics (D030), Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Unit of Computational Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, & Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cosima C Rieger
- Division of Immunogenetics (D030), Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Roche Diabetes Care GmbH, Global Medical & Scientific Affairs, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ram Kumar Venigalla
- Internal Medicine V, Division of Rheumatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Szabolcs Éliás
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, & Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Regina Max
- Internal Medicine V, Division of Rheumatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanns-Martin Lorenz
- Internal Medicine V, Division of Rheumatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter H Krammer
- Division of Immunogenetics (D030), Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annegret Kuhn
- Division of Immunogenetics (D030), Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Trials (IZKS), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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172
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Chen Z, Zhou L, Won T, Gao Z, Wu X, Lu L. Characterization of CD45RO + memory T lymphocytes in keloid disease. Br J Dermatol 2018; 178:940-950. [PMID: 29194570 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memory T cells, a highly effective subset of T lymphocytes, have been reported to be involved in many inflammatory skin disorders. However, the potential role of memory T cells in keloid disease (KD) remains unclear. OBJECTIVES Due to their important role in regulating inflammation, we investigated the characteristics of CD45RO+ memory T cells in KD. METHODS Primary cutaneous cells were isolated from keloid scars and normal skin by enzymic digestion. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from a related blood sample, and flow cytometry was applied to identify the phenotypic and functional abnormalities of memory T cells in KD. RESULTS We observed that the majority of T lymphocytes in keloid scars had the memory phenotype, and a greater number of the CD8+ memory T cells in keloid scars produced lower levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. This abnormal cytokine production was even more distinct in Forkhead box (FOX)P3- CD8- memory T cells, with lower TNF-α production and enhanced interferon-γ production. Furthermore, FOXP3+ CD8- memory T cells in keloid scars were abnormal, including showing reduced CD25 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 expression and interleukin-10 production. In addition, a significant decrease in the number of CD4+ CD25high FOXP3+ regulatory T cells was identified in patients with multiple keloid scars. We also found that there was significantly increased infiltration of CD103+ CD8+ memory T cells in keloid scars. CONCLUSIONS Our findings preliminarily elucidate the abnormalities of CD45RO+ memory T cells in keloid scars and provide early evidence that a disrupted T-cell response contributes to the progression of KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - L Zhou
- Research Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - T Won
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Z Gao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - X Wu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - L Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
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173
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Bhaskaran N, Liu Z, Saravanamuthu SS, Yan C, Hu Y, Dong L, Zelenka P, Zheng L, Bletsos V, Harris R, Harrington B, Weinberg A, Thiele CJ, Ye F, Pandiyan P. Identification of Casz1 as a Regulatory Protein Controlling T Helper Cell Differentiation, Inflammation, and Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:184. [PMID: 29467767 PMCID: PMC5808336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While T helper (Th) cells play a crucial role in host defense, an imbalance in Th effector subsets due to dysregulation in their differentiation and expansion contribute to inflammatory disorders. Here, we show that Casz1, whose function is previously unknown in CD4+ T cells, coordinates Th differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Casz1 deficiency in CD4+ T cells lowers susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, consistent with the reduced frequency of Th17 cells, despite an increase in Th1 cells in mice. Loss of Casz1 in the context of mucosal Candida infection severely impairs Th17 and Treg responses, and lowers the ability of the mice to clear the secondary infection. Importantly, in both the models, absence of Casz1 causes a significant diminution in IFN-γ+IL-17A+ double-positive inflammatory Th17 cells (Th1* cells) in tissues in vivo. Transcriptome analyses of CD4+ T cells lacking Casz1 show a signature consistent with defective Th17 differentiation. With regards to Th17 differentiation, Casz1 limits repressive histone marks and enables acquisition of permissive histone marks at Rorc, Il17a, Ahr, and Runx1 loci. Taken together, these data identify Casz1 as a new Th plasticity regulator having important clinical implications for autoimmune inflammation and mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Bhaskaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Senthil S. Saravanamuthu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chunhua Yan
- Cell and Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ying Hu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lijin Dong
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peggy Zelenka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lixin Zheng
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Vassili Bletsos
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Rachel Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Brenna Harrington
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Aaron Weinberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Carol J. Thiele
- Cell and Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Fengchun Ye
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Pushpa Pandiyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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174
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Park YJ, Lee HK. The Role of Skin and Orogenital Microbiota in Protective Immunity and Chronic Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1955. [PMID: 29375574 PMCID: PMC5767596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin and orogenital mucosae, which constitute complex protective barriers against infection and injuries, are not only the first to come into contact with pathogens but are also colonized by a set of microorganisms that are essential to maintain a healthy physiological environment. Using 16S ribosomal RNA metagenomic sequencing, scientists recognized that the microorganism colonization has greater diversity and variability than previously assumed. These microorganisms, such as commensal bacteria, affect the host’s immune response against pathogens and modulate chronic inflammatory responses. Previously, a single pathogen was thought to cause a single disease, but current evidence suggests that dysbiosis of the tissue microbiota may underlie the disease status. Dysbiosis results in aberrant immune responses at the surface and furthermore, affects the systemic immune response. Hence, understanding the initial interaction between the barrier surface immune system and local microorganisms is important for understanding the overall systemic effects of the immune response. In this review, we describe current evidence for the basis of the interactions between pathogens, microbiota, and immune cells on surface barriers and offer explanations for how these interactions may lead to chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Joon Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea.,KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
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175
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Watt SM, Pleat JM. Stem cells, niches and scaffolds: Applications to burns and wound care. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 123:82-106. [PMID: 29106911 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The importance of skin to survival, and the devastating physical and psychological consequences of scarring following reparative healing of extensive or difficult to heal human wounds, cannot be disputed. We discuss the significant challenges faced by patients and healthcare providers alike in treating these wounds. New state of the art technologies have provided remarkable insights into the role of skin stem and progenitor cells and their niches in maintaining skin homeostasis and in reparative wound healing. Based on this knowledge, we examine different approaches to repair extensive burn injury and chronic wounds, including full and split thickness skin grafts, temporising matrices and scaffolds, and composite cultured skin products. Notable developments include next generation skin substitutes to replace split thickness skin autografts and next generation gene editing coupled with cell therapies to treat genodermatoses. Further refinements are predicted with the advent of bioprinting technologies, and newly defined biomaterials and autologous cell sources that can be engineered to more accurately replicate human skin architecture, function and cosmesis. These advances will undoubtedly improve quality of life for patients with extensive burns and difficult to heal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Watt
- Stem Cell Research, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9BQ, UK.
| | - Jonathan M Pleat
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, North Bristol NHS Trust and University of Bristol, Westbury on Trym, Bristol BS9 3TZ, UK.
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176
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White KD, Abe R, Ardern-Jones M, Beachkofsky T, Bouchard C, Carleton B, Chodosh J, Cibotti R, Davis R, Denny JC, Dodiuk-Gad RP, Ergen EN, Goldman JL, Holmes JH, Hung SI, Lacouture ME, Lehloenya RJ, Mallal S, Manolio TA, Micheletti RG, Mitchell CM, Mockenhaupt M, Ostrov DA, Pavlos R, Pirmohamed M, Pope E, Redwood A, Rosenbach M, Rosenblum MD, Roujeau JC, Saavedra AP, Saeed HN, Struewing JP, Sueki H, Sukasem C, Sung C, Trubiano JA, Weintraub J, Wheatley LM, Williams KB, Worley B, Chung WH, Shear NH, Phillips EJ. SJS/TEN 2017: Building Multidisciplinary Networks to Drive Science and Translation. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2018; 6:38-69. [PMID: 29310768 PMCID: PMC5857362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) is a life-threatening, immunologically mediated, and usually drug-induced disease with a high burden to individuals, their families, and society with an annual incidence of 1 to 5 per 1,000,000. To effect significant reduction in short- and long-term morbidity and mortality, and advance clinical care and research, coordination of multiple medical, surgical, behavioral, and basic scientific disciplines is required. On March 2, 2017, an investigator-driven meeting was held immediately before the American Academy of Dermatology Annual meeting for the central purpose of assembling, for the first time in the United States, clinicians and scientists from multiple disciplines involved in SJS/TEN clinical care and basic science research. As a product of this meeting, this article summarizes the current state of knowledge and expert opinion related to SJS/TEN covering a broad spectrum of topics including epidemiology and pharmacogenomic networks; clinical management and complications; special populations such as pediatrics, the elderly, and pregnant women; regulatory issues and the electronic health record; new agents that cause SJS/TEN; pharmacogenomics and immunopathogenesis; and the patient perspective. Goals include the maintenance of a durable and productive multidisciplinary network that will significantly further scientific progress and translation into prevention, early diagnosis, and management of SJS/TEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie D White
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Riichiro Abe
- Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Thomas Beachkofsky
- Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Bruce Carleton
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; B.C. Children's Hospital, British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James Chodosh
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Ricardo Cibotti
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Robert Davis
- University of Tennessee Health Sciences, Memphis, Tenn
| | | | - Roni P Dodiuk-Gad
- Emek Medical Center, Technion-Institute of Technology, Afula, Israel; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - James H Holmes
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC; Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | | | | | - Simon Mallal
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Teri A Manolio
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md; F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md
| | | | | | - Maja Mockenhaupt
- Medical Center and Medical Faculty-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Rebecca Pavlos
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Elena Pope
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alec Redwood
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Hajirah N Saeed
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Jeffery P Struewing
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | | | | | - Cynthia Sung
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Health Sciences Authority, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason A Trubiano
- Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Lisa M Wheatley
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | | | | | | | - Neil H Shear
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Elizabeth J Phillips
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.
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177
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Kitashima DY, Kobayashi T, Woodring T, Idouchi K, Doebel T, Voisin B, Adachi T, Ouchi T, Takahashi H, Nishifuji K, Kaplan DH, Clausen BE, Amagai M, Nagao K. Langerhans Cells Prevent Autoimmunity via Expansion of Keratinocyte Antigen-Specific Regulatory T Cells. EBioMedicine 2017; 27:293-303. [PMID: 29307572 PMCID: PMC5828466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are antigen-presenting cells in the epidermis whose roles in antigen-specific immune regulation remain incompletely understood. Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) is a keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion molecule critical for epidermal integrity and an autoantigen in the autoimmune blistering disease pemphigus. Although antibody-mediated disease mechanisms in pemphigus are extensively characterized, the T cell aspect of this autoimmune disease still remains poorly understood. Herein, we utilized a mouse model of CD4+ T cell-mediated autoimmunity against Dsg3 to show that acquisition of Dsg3 and subsequent presentation to T cells by LCs depended on the C-type lectin langerin. The lack of LCs led to enhanced autoimmunity with impaired Dsg3-specific regulatory T cell expansion. LCs expressed the IL-2 receptor complex and the disruption of IL-2 signaling in LCs attenuated LC-mediated regulatory T cell expansion in vitro, demonstrating that direct IL-2 signaling shapes LC function. These data establish that LCs mediate peripheral tolerance against an epidermal autoantigen and point to langerin and IL-2 signaling pathways as attractive targets for achieving tolerogenic responses particularly in autoimmune blistering diseases such as pemphigus. Langerhans cells take up a keratinocyte-expressed autoantigen, desmoglein 3, via langerin. Langerhans cells suppress autoimmunity by expanding regulatory T cells. IL-2 receptor signaling occurs in Langerhans cells, conditioning them to mediate peripheral tolerance.
Lymphocytes are critical for combating pathogens, but they can cause autoimmune diseases when misdirected against autoantigens. While past experimental models have provided detailed mechanisms utilizing neo-antigens, immune regulation against naturally-expressed autoantigen(s) remains largely unexplored. Herein, we studied immune responses against desmoglein 3, a bona fide autoantigen in pemphigus, and demonstrated that epidermal Langerhans cells (antigen-presenting cells) take up the autoantigen from surrounding keratinocytes via a C-type lectin receptor to induce regulatory T cells, which are critical for immune suppression. IL-2 signaling in Langerhans cells was required to preferentially expand regulatory T cells, providing new insights into mechanisms that regulate autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Therese Woodring
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kacey Idouchi
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Doebel
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin Voisin
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Takeya Adachi
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ouchi
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayato Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Nishifuji
- Division of Animal Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Departments of Dermatology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Björn E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagao
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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178
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Jin Q, Gui L, Niu F, Yu B, Lauda N, Liu J, Mao X, Chen Y. Macrophages in keloid are potent at promoting the differentiation and function of regulatory T cells. Exp Cell Res 2017; 362:472-476. [PMID: 29253537 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic details of keloid formation are still not understood. Given that the immune system is engaged in skin lesion repair, we examined the CD14+ macrophages and CD3+ T cells in keloid tissues and in the normal skin. Compared to the normal skin, keloid tissues presented significantly elevated infiltration by CD14+ macrophages. Moreover, the transcription and protein expression of iNOS, IL-12, IL-10, and TGF-β were significantly higher in keloid macrophages than in normal skin macrophages, in which the expression of M2-associated genes were further elevated compared to M1-associated genes in keloid. We also observed that keloid tissues presented higher infiltration by CD3+ T cells, of which the majority was CD4+ T cells. Notably, the frequency of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in keloid tissues was significantly higher compared to that in the peripheral blood. Furthermore, macrophages from keloid tissues possessed potent capacity to induce Foxp3 expression in circulating CD3+ T cells. Together, this study suggested that macrophages in keloid tissues presented high activation status and were polarized toward the M2 subtype; moreover, these macrophages could promote Treg differentiation by upregulating Foxp3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jin
- The First Center of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lai Gui
- The First Center of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Niu
- The First Center of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Yu
- The First Center of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nicole Lauda
- Department of Immunotherapies, Dicat Biomedical Computation Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- The First Center of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Mao
- The First Center of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Chen
- The First Center of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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179
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Lai K, Harwood CA, Purdie KJ, Proby CM, Leigh IM, Ravi N, Mully TW, Brooks L, Sandoval PM, Rosenblum MD, Arron ST. Genomic analysis of atypical fibroxanthoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188272. [PMID: 29141020 PMCID: PMC5687749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX), is a rare type of skin cancer affecting older individuals with sun damaged skin. Since there is limited genomic information about AFX, our study seeks to improve the understanding of AFX through whole-exome and RNA sequencing of 8 matched tumor-normal samples. AFX is a highly mutated malignancy with recurrent mutations in a number of genes, including COL11A1, ERBB4, CSMD3, and FAT1. The majority of mutations identified were UV signature (C>T in dipyrimidines). We observed deletion of chromosomal segments on chr9p and chr13q, including tumor suppressor genes such as KANK1 and CDKN2A, but no gene fusions were found. Gene expression profiling revealed several biological pathways that are upregulated in AFX, including tumor associated macrophage response, GPCR signaling, and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). To further investigate the presence of EMT in AFX, we conducted a gene expression meta-analysis that incorporated RNA-seq data from dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Ours is the first study to employ high throughput sequencing for molecular profiling of AFX. These data provide valuable insights to inform models of carcinogenesis and additional research towards tumor-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lai
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Harwood
- Center for Cutaneous Research and Cell Biology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karin J. Purdie
- Center for Cutaneous Research and Cell Biology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte M. Proby
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Irene M. Leigh
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Namita Ravi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Thaddeus W. Mully
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lionel Brooks
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Priscilla M. Sandoval
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah T. Arron
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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180
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Salgado G, Ng YZ, Koh LF, Goh CS, Common JE. Human reconstructed skin xenografts on mice to model skin physiology. Differentiation 2017; 98:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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181
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Yang JH, Eun SC. Therapeutic application of T regulatory cells in composite tissue allotransplantation. J Transl Med 2017; 15:218. [PMID: 29073905 PMCID: PMC5658973 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With growing number of cases in recent years, composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA) has been improving the quality of life of patient who seeks reconstruction and repair of damaged tissues. Composite tissue allografts are heterogeneous. They are composed of a variety of tissue types, including skin, muscle, vessel, bone, bone marrow, lymph nodes, nerve, and tendon. As a primary target of CTA, skin has high antigenicity with a rich repertoire of resident cells that play pivotal roles in immune surveillance. In this regard, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in immune rejection in the skin would be essential to achieve successful CTA. Although scientific evidence has proved the necessity of immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection of allotransplanted tissues, there remains a lingering dilemma due to the lack of specificity of targeted immunosuppression and risks of side effects. A cumulative body of evidence has demonstrated T regulatory (Treg) cells have critical roles in induction of immune tolerance and immune homeostasis in preclinical and clinical studies. Presently, controlling immune susceptible characteristics of CTA with adoptive transfer of Treg cells is being considered promising and it has drawn great interests. This updated review will focus on a dominant form of Treg cells expressing CD4+CD25+ surface molecules and a forkhead box P3 transcription factor with immune tolerant and immune homeostasis activities. For future application of Treg cells as therapeutics in CTA, molecular and cellular characteristics of CTA and immune rejection, Treg cell development and phenotypes, Treg cell plasticity and stability, immune tolerant functions of Treg cells in CTA in preclinical studies, and protocols for therapeutic application of Treg cells in clinical settings are addressed in this review. Collectively, Treg cell therapy in CTA seems feasible with promising perspectives. However, the extreme high immunogenicity of CTA warrants caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hee Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Composite Tissue Allotransplantation Immunology Laboratory, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Seok-Chan Eun
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Composite Tissue Allotransplantation Immunology Laboratory, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
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182
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Jung MK, Kwak JE, Shin EC. IL-17A-Producing Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells and Human Diseases. Immune Netw 2017; 17:276-286. [PMID: 29093649 PMCID: PMC5662777 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.5.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells play major roles in immune homeostasis. While CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells act to suppress other immune effector cells, there is growing evidence that they also produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17A, in inflammatory conditions. The pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu, toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, and specific transcription factors are important for the production of IL-17A by CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells. In particular, IL-17A-producing CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells express RORγt, the T helper (Th) 17-specific transcription factor, in addition to Foxp3. IL-17A-producing CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells are also involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Here we review the mechanisms underlying the induction of IL-17A-producing CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells and the roles of these cells in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Jung
- Laboratory of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Kwak
- BioMedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- BioMedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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183
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Role of the microbiota in skin immunity and atopic dermatitis. Allergol Int 2017; 66:539-544. [PMID: 28882556 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects 15-20% of children and 2-5% of adults in industrialized countries. The pathogen Staphylococcus aureus selectively colonizes the lesional skin of AD patients while this bacterium is absent in the skin of the majority of healthy individuals. However, the role of S. aureus in the pathogenesis of AD remains poorly understood. In addition to S. aureus, recent studies show a contribution of the skin microbiota to the regulation of immune responses in the skin as well as to the development of inflammatory skin disease. This review summarizes current knowledge about the role of the microbiota in skin immune responses and the role of S. aureus virulent factors in the pathogenesis of AD.
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184
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Milward KF, Wood KJ, Hester J. Enhancing human regulatory T cells in vitro for cell therapy applications. Immunol Lett 2017; 190:139-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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185
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In Vivo Costimulation Blockade-Induced Regulatory T Cells Demonstrate Dominant and Specific Tolerance to Porcine Islet Xenografts. Transplantation 2017; 101:1587-1599. [PMID: 27653300 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although islet xenotransplantation is a promising therapy for type 1 diabetes, its clinical application has been hampered by cellular rejection and the requirement for high levels of immunosuppression. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Foxp3 regulatory T (Treg) cells in costimulation blockade-induced dominant tolerance to porcine neonatal islet cell cluster (NICC) xenografts in mice. METHODS Porcine-NICC were transplanted under the renal capsule of BALB/c or C57BL/6 recipients and given a single dose of CTLA4-Fc at the time of transplant and 4doses of anti-CD154 mAb to day 6. Depletion of Foxp3Treg cell was performed in DEpletion of REGulatory T cells mice at day 80 posttransplantation. Foxp3Treg cell from spleens of treated BALB/c mice (tolerant Treg cell), and splenocytes were cotransferred into islet transplanted nonobese diabetic background with severe combined immunodeficiency mice to assess suppressive function. RESULTS In treated mice, increased numbers of Foxp3Treg cell were identified in the porcine-NICC xenografts, draining lymph node, and spleen. Porcine-NICC xenografts from treated mice expressed elevated levels of TGF-β, IL-10 and IFN-γ. Porcine-NICC xenograft tolerance was abrogated after depletion of Foxp3Treg cell. Tolerant Treg cell produced high levels of IL-10 and had diverse T cell receptor Vβ repertoires with an oligoclonal expansion in CDR3 of T cell receptor Vβ14. These tolerant Treg cells had the capacity to transfer dominant tolerance and specifically exhibited more potent regulatory function to porcine-NICC xenografts that naive Treg cell. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that short-term costimulation blockade-induced dominant tolerance and that Foxp3Treg cell played an essential role in its maintenance. Foxp3Treg cells were activated and had more potent regulatory function in vivo than naive Treg cells.
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186
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Ward-Hartstonge KA, Kemp RA. Regulatory T-cell heterogeneity and the cancer immune response. Clin Transl Immunology 2017; 6:e154. [PMID: 28983402 PMCID: PMC5628269 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2017.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequency of circulating or tumour-infiltrating regulatory T cells (Tregs) has been associated with poor patient survival in many cancers including breast, melanoma and lung. It has been hypothesised that Tregs impact the anti-tumour function of effector T cells, resulting in worse outcomes for patients. However, high infiltrates of Tregs have been associated with a positive outcome of patients in a minority of cancers including colorectal, bladder and oesophageal. In addition, many studies have shown no impact of Tregs in patient outcome. Traditionally, research has identified Tregs as forkhead box P3 (FOXP3+) T cells in order to make such associations. Recently, it has become evident that regulatory populations are very heterogeneous, and this heterogeneity is essential for Treg function. Treg heterogeneity likely affects predictions of patient outcome, and different Treg populations may have different influences on tumours. The study of Tregs in cancer must include a better definition of the cells analysed. This review will focus primarily on colorectal cancer in humans, due to mixed data on the impact of Tregs on patient outcome in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roslyn A Kemp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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187
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Cordoro KM, Hitraya-Low M, Taravati K, Sandoval PM, Kim E, Sugarman J, Pauli ML, Liao W, Rosenblum MD. Skin-infiltrating, interleukin-22-producing T cells differentiate pediatric psoriasis from adult psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 77:417-424. [PMID: 28624119 PMCID: PMC9206409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from adult psoriasis studies implicates an imbalance between regulatory and effector T cells, particularly TH-17-producing T cells, in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Little is known about the immunopathology of psoriasis in children. OBJECTIVE We sought to functionally characterize the inflammatory cell profiles of psoriatic plaques from pediatric patients and compare them with healthy, age-matched controls and adult psoriasis patients. METHODS Skin samples from pediatric psoriasis patients and healthy controls were analyzed by multiparameter flow cytometry to determine the dominant immune cell subsets present and cytokines produced. RESULTS Lesional tissue from pediatric psoriasis patients had significantly increased interleukin (IL) 22 derived from CD4+ and CD8+ cells compared with the tissues from healthy pediatric controls and adult psoriasis patients. Tissue from pediatric psoriasis patients had significantly less elevation of IL-17 derived from CD4+ and CD8+ cells compared with the tissue from adult psoriasis patients. In contrast with the lesions from adult patients, lesional skin in pediatric patients with psoriasis did not have increases in regulatory T cells. LIMITATIONS This is a pilot study, thus the sample size is small. CONCLUSION Significant differences in IL-17 and IL-22 expression were observed in the pediatric psoriasis patients compared with pediatric healthy controls and adult psoriasis patients. IL-22 might be relevant in the pathogenesis of pediatric psoriasis and represents a potential treatment target unique to pediatric psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Cordoro
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California.
| | - Maria Hitraya-Low
- San Francisco School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Keyon Taravati
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Esther Kim
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey Sugarman
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Mariela L Pauli
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Wilson Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California
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188
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Padovan E. Modulation of CD4+ T Helper Cell Memory Responses in the Human Skin. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2017; 173:121-137. [PMID: 28787717 DOI: 10.1159/000477728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory is defined as the capacity to mount faster and more effective immune responses against antigenic challenges that have been previously encountered by the host. CD4+ T helper (Th) cells play central roles in the establishment of immunological memory as they assist the functions of other leukocytes. Th cells express polarized cytokine profiles and distinct migratory and seeding capacities, but also retain a certain functional plasticity that allows them to modulate their proliferation, activity, and homing behaviour upon need. Thus, in healthy individuals, T cell immunomodulation fulfils the task of eliciting protective immune responses where they are needed. At times, however, Th plasticity can lead to collateral tissue damage and progression to autoimmune diseases or, conversely, incapacity to reject malignant tissues and clear chronic infections. Furthermore, common immune players and molecular pathways of diseases can lead to different outcomes in different individuals. A mechanistic understanding of those pathways is therefore crucial for developing precise and curative medical interventions. Here, I focus on the skin microenvironment and comprehensively describe some of the cellular and molecular determinants of CD4+ T cell memory responses in homeostatic and pathological conditions. In discussing the cellular network orchestrating cutaneous immunity, I comprehensively describe the bidirectional interaction of skin antigen-presenting cells and mononuclear phagocytes with Th17 lymphocytes, and examine how the outcome of this interaction is influenced by endogenous skin molecules, including sodium salts and neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Padovan
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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189
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Ali N, Rosenblum MD. Regulatory T cells in skin. Immunology 2017; 152:372-381. [PMID: 28699278 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are a subset of immune cells that function to regulate tissue inflammation. Skin is one of the largest organs and is home to a large proportion of the body's Treg cells. However, relative to other tissues (such as the spleen and gastrointestinal tract) the function of Treg cells in skin is less well defined. Here, we review our understanding of how Treg cells migrate to skin and the cellular and molecular pathways required for their maintenance in this tissue. In addition, we outline what is known about the specialized functions of Treg cells in skin. Namely, the orchestration of stem cell-mediated hair follicle regeneration, augmentation of wound healing, and promoting adaptive immune tolerance to skin commensal microbes. A comprehensive understanding of the biology of skin Treg cells may lead to novel therapeutic approaches that preferentially target these cells to treat cutaneous autoimmunity, skin cancers and disorders of skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niwa Ali
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cutaneous Medicine Unit, St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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190
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He X, Koenen HJ, Slaats JH, Joosten I. Stabilizing human regulatory T cells for tolerance inducing immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2017; 9:735-751. [PMID: 28771099 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Many autoimmune diseases develop as a consequence of an altered balance between autoreactive immune cells and suppressive FOXP3+ Treg. Restoring this balance through amplification of Treg represents a promising strategy to treat disease. However, FOXP3+ Treg might become unstable especially under certain inflammatory conditions, and might transform into proinflammatory cytokine-producing cells. The issue of heterogeneity and instability of Treg has caused considerable debate in the field and has important implications for Treg-based immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss how Treg stability is defined and what the molecular mechanisms underlying the maintenance of FOXP3 expression and the regulation of Treg stability are. Also, we elaborate on current strategies used to stabilize human Treg for clinical purposes. This review focuses on human Treg, but considering that cell-intrinsic mechanisms to regulate Treg stability in mice and in humans might be similar, data derived from mice studies are also discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui He
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,College of Computer Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Hans Jpm Koenen
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Hr Slaats
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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191
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Loo K, Tsai KK, Mahuron K, Liu J, Pauli ML, Sandoval PM, Nosrati A, Lee J, Chen L, Hwang J, Levine LS, Krummel MF, Algazi AP, Pampaloni M, Alvarado MD, Rosenblum MD, Daud AI. Partially exhausted tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes predict response to combination immunotherapy. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93433. [PMID: 28724802 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibition activates partially exhausted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (peCTLs) and induces tumor regression. We previously showed that the peCTL fraction predicts response to anti-PD-1 monotherapy. Here, we sought to correlate peCTL and regulatory T lymphocyte (Treg) levels with response to combination immunotherapy, and with demographic/disease characteristics, in metastatic melanoma patients. METHODS Pretreatment melanoma samples underwent multiparameter flow cytometric analysis. Patients were treated with anti-PD-1 monotherapy or combination therapy, and responses determined by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 (RECIST v1.1) criteria. peCTL and Treg levels across demographic/disease variables were compared. Low versus high peCTL (≤20% vs. >20%) were defined from a previous study. RESULTS One hundred and two melanoma patients were identified. The peCTL fraction was higher in responders than nonresponders. Low peCTL correlated with female sex and liver metastasis, but not with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), tumor stage, or age. While overall response rates (ORRs) to anti-PD-1 monotherapy and combination therapy were similar in high-peCTL patients, low-peCTL patients given combination therapy demonstrated higher ORRs than those who received monotherapy. Treg levels were not associated with these factors nor with response. CONCLUSION In melanoma, pretreatment peCTL fraction is reduced in women and in patients with liver metastasis. In low-peCTL patients, anti-PD-1 combination therapy is associated with significantly higher ORR than anti-PD-1 monotherapy. Fewer tumor-infiltrating peCTLs may be required to achieve response to combination immunotherapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION UCSF IRB Protocol 138510FUNDING. NIH DP2-AR068130, K08-AR062064, AR066821, and Burroughs Wellcome CAMS-1010934 (M.D.R.). Amoroso and Cook Fund, and the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (A.I.D.).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kelly Mahuron
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jimmy Hwang
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael D Alvarado
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Adil I Daud
- Department of Medicine and.,Department of Dermatology
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192
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Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an indispensable role in controlling tolerance and immunity against self- and foreign antigens. The failure of Tregs to properly function is the direct cause of systemic and chronic inflammation as well as immune suppression. It is now evident that Tregs are highly heterogeneous populations depending on the surface phenotypes, cytokine profiles, and anatomical locations. Yet, our understanding of the cellular and molecular pathways underlying such heterogeneity is very limited. Furthermore, some Tregs lose the phenotype (and suppressive functions) and instead acquire pathogenicity. Since utilizing Tregs as a tool for immunotherapy is being implemented in many clinical settings, it is of utmost importance to understand the precise mechanisms by which the loss of Treg phenotype (and function) is prevented. In this review, both cellular and molecular factors involved in Treg heterogeneity and stability are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Booki Min
- Department of Immunology/NB30, Lerner Research Institute , Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
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193
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Moran B, Sweeney CM, Hughes R, Malara A, Kirthi S, Tobin AM, Kirby B, Fletcher JM. Hidradenitis Suppurativa Is Characterized by Dysregulation of the Th17:Treg Cell Axis, Which Is Corrected by Anti-TNF Therapy. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:2389-2395. [PMID: 28652108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory, and debilitating disease of hair follicles with 1-4% prevalence and high morbidity. There is a dearth of information on the pathogenesis and immune dysregulation underlying HS; therefore, we carried out a detailed analysis of skin-infiltrating T cells. Cells isolated from skin biopsy samples and blood from HS patients and healthy control subjects were analyzed by 16-parameter flow cytometry to provide detailed profiles of CD4 T-cell subsets. We observed substantial infiltration of inflammatory T cells with a striking T helper (Th) type 17-skewed cytokine profile in HS skin; these cells expressed the Th17 lineage marker CD161 and IL-17, as well as proinflammatory cytokines GM-CSF, IL-22, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor. Regulatory T cells were also enriched in HS lesional skin; however, the ratio of Th17 to regulatory T cells was nonetheless highly dysregulated in favor of Th17 cells. In contrast, lesional skin from anti-tumor necrosis factor-treated HS patients who showed substantial clinical improvement exhibited a significant reduction in the frequency of Th17 cells and normalization of the Th17 to regulatory T cell ratio. These data suggest that inhibition of pathogenic IL-17 via tumor necrosis factor blockade is associated with improvement in immune dysregulation in HS and may provide a rationale for targeting IL-17 in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Moran
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cheryl M Sweeney
- Dermatology Research, Education and Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Rosalind Hughes
- Department of Dermatology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Anna Malara
- Department of Dermatology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Anne-Marie Tobin
- Department of Dermatology, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - Brian Kirby
- Department of Dermatology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jean M Fletcher
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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194
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Belkaid Y, Harrison OJ. Homeostatic Immunity and the Microbiota. Immunity 2017; 46:562-576. [PMID: 28423337 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 712] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota plays a fundamental role in the induction, education, and function of the host immune system. In return, the host immune system has evolved multiple means by which to maintain its symbiotic relationship with the microbiota. The maintenance of this dialogue allows the induction of protective responses to pathogens and the utilization of regulatory pathways involved in the sustained tolerance to innocuous antigens. The ability of microbes to set the immunological tone of tissues, both locally and systemically, requires tonic sensing of microbes and complex feedback loops between innate and adaptive components of the immune system. Here we review the dominant cellular mediators of these interactions and discuss emerging themes associated with our current understanding of the homeostatic immunological dialogue between the host and its microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Microbiome Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Oliver J Harrison
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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195
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Pereira LMS, Gomes STM, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. Regulatory T Cell and Forkhead Box Protein 3 as Modulators of Immune Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:605. [PMID: 28603524 PMCID: PMC5445144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) is an essential molecular marker of regulatory T cell (Treg) development in different microenvironments. Tregs are cells specialized in the suppression of inadequate immune responses and the maintenance of homeostatic tolerance. Studies have addressed and elucidated the role played by FOXP3 and Treg in countless autoimmune and infectious diseases as well as in more specific cases, such as cancer. Within this context, the present article reviews aspects of the immunoregulatory profile of FOXP3 and Treg in the management of immune homeostasis, including issues relating to pathology as well as immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonn Mendes Soares Pereira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Samara Tatielle Monteiro Gomes
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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196
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Regulatory T Cells in Skin Facilitate Epithelial Stem Cell Differentiation. Cell 2017; 169:1119-1129.e11. [PMID: 28552347 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of tissue homeostasis is critically dependent on the function of tissue-resident immune cells and the differentiation capacity of tissue-resident stem cells (SCs). How immune cells influence the function of SCs is largely unknown. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) in skin preferentially localize to hair follicles (HFs), which house a major subset of skin SCs (HFSCs). Here, we mechanistically dissect the role of Tregs in HF and HFSC biology. Lineage-specific cell depletion revealed that Tregs promote HF regeneration by augmenting HFSC proliferation and differentiation. Transcriptional and phenotypic profiling of Tregs and HFSCs revealed that skin-resident Tregs preferentially express high levels of the Notch ligand family member, Jagged 1 (Jag1). Expression of Jag1 on Tregs facilitated HFSC function and efficient HF regeneration. Taken together, our work demonstrates that Tregs in skin play a major role in HF biology by promoting the function of HFSCs.
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197
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Abstract
This review aims to address the mechanisms of compromised immune tolerance contributing to the development and maintenance of Alopecia Areata (AA). Our goal is to also highlight future treatment opportunities and therapeutics that will safely and efficiently restore hair growth and maintain patients in remission. AA is a presumptive autoimmune disorder that coincides and genetically clusters to several other autoimmune diseases. In this review, we pay attention to the learnings from the mechanistic research and drug development in these other autoimmune conditions. Interestingly, most of these diseases have been linked to compromised central and peripheral tolerance, and increased intestinal inflammation with enhanced gut permeability. Break of tolerance and priming of the autoreactive T-cells to attack antigenic epitopes in the hair follicle most likely requires several steps which include escape from negative selection and compromised peripheral tolerance. Local skin-related changes are also of importance due to the patchy manifestation of the skin areas with loss of hair, particularly in the early disease. Here, we discuss the defective mechanisms of tolerance, both central and peripheral, and hypothesize that the disease is driven by areas of tolerance break, and that these could be targeted for successful therapeutic interventions.
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198
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Abstract
Commensal bacteria live intimately and in constant dialogue with skin immune cells. Regulating our immune response to these bacteria is critical for skin homeostasis. Using a new murine model to track Staphylococcus epidermidis-specific T cells, we found that colonization during neonatal but not adult life led to S.epidermidis-specific immune tolerance. This tolerance protected against skin inflammation and was mediated by a wave of regulatory T cells entering neonatal skin. These findings provide new insight into how we establish a healthy symbiosis with commensal microbes and highlight avenues for future research to identify novel therapies for inflammatory skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 1701 Divisadero Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
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199
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Laurent P, Jolivel V, Manicki P, Chiu L, Contin-Bordes C, Truchetet ME, Pradeu T. Immune-Mediated Repair: A Matter of Plasticity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:454. [PMID: 28484454 PMCID: PMC5403426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Though the immune system is generally defined as a system of defense, it is increasingly recognized that the immune system also plays a crucial role in tissue repair and its potential dysregulations. In this review, we explore how distinct immune cell types are involved in tissue repair and how they interact in a process that is tightly regulated both spatially and temporally. We insist on the concept of immune cell plasticity which, in recent years, has proved fundamental for the success/understanding of the repair process. Overall, the perspective presented here suggests that the immune system plays a central role in the physiological robustness of the organism, and that cell plasticity contributes to the realization of this robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paôline Laurent
- ImmunoConcept, UMR5164, Immunology, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Valérie Jolivel
- ImmunoConcept, UMR5164, Immunology, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Lynn Chiu
- ImmunoConcept, UMR5164, Immunology, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Contin-Bordes
- ImmunoConcept, UMR5164, Immunology, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Immunology, CHU Bordeaux Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Elise Truchetet
- ImmunoConcept, UMR5164, Immunology, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Rheumatology, CHU Bordeaux Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas Pradeu
- ImmunoConcept, UMR5164, Immunology, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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200
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Scharschmidt TC, Vasquez KS, Pauli ML, Leitner EG, Chu K, Truong HA, Lowe MM, Sanchez Rodriguez R, Ali N, Laszik ZG, Sonnenburg JL, Millar SE, Rosenblum MD. Commensal Microbes and Hair Follicle Morphogenesis Coordinately Drive Treg Migration into Neonatal Skin. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:467-477.e5. [PMID: 28343820 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are required to establish immune tolerance to commensal microbes. Tregs accumulate abruptly in the skin during a defined window of postnatal tissue development. However, the mechanisms mediating Treg migration to neonatal skin are unknown. Here we show that hair follicle (HF) development facilitates the accumulation of Tregs in neonatal skin and that upon skin entry these cells localize to HFs, a primary reservoir for skin commensals. Further, germ-free neonates had reduced skin Tregs indicating that commensal microbes augment Treg accumulation. We identified Ccl20 as a HF-derived, microbiota-dependent chemokine and found its receptor, Ccr6, to be preferentially expressed by Tregs in neonatal skin. The Ccl20-Ccr6 pathway mediated Treg migration in vitro and in vivo. Thus, HF morphogenesis, commensal microbe colonization, and local chemokine production work in concert to recruit Tregs into neonatal skin, thereby establishing this tissue Treg niche early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Kimberly S Vasquez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Mariela L Pauli
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Leitner
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Kevin Chu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Hong-An Truong
- Immuno-Oncology Group, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Margaret M Lowe
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Robert Sanchez Rodriguez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Niwa Ali
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Zoltan G Laszik
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Justin L Sonnenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sarah E Millar
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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