151
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Veilleux JC. The relationship between distress tolerance and cigarette smoking: A systematic review and synthesis. Clin Psychol Rev 2019; 71:78-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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152
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Meagher BR. Ecologizing Social Psychology: The Physical Environment as a Necessary Constituent of Social Processes. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2019; 24:3-23. [PMID: 31142181 DOI: 10.1177/1088868319845938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent trends in social psychology point to increased interest in extending current theories by better incorporating the body (e.g., embodied cognition) and the broader interpersonal context (e.g., situations). However, despite being a critical component in early social theorizing, the physical environment remains in large part underdeveloped in most research programs. In this article, I outline an ecological framework for understanding the person-environment relationship. After introducing this perspective, I describe how this approach helps reveal the critical role played by the physical environment in a variety of social processes, including childhood development, interpersonal relationships, and social identity. Finally, I review a topic in environmental psychology that has received little attention among social psychologists: territories. I provide an ecological perspective on how the design, use, and personalization of this type of environment guide and constrain regulatory processes involving social behavior, identity expression, and emotional experience.
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153
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Trait self‐control and beliefs about the utility of emotions for initiatory and inhibitory self‐control. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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154
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Gillebaart M, De Ridder DTD. Distinguishing between self-control and perceived control over the environment to understand disadvantaged neighbourhood health and lifestyle outcomes. Psychol Health 2019; 34:1282-1293. [PMID: 30939929 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2019.1591409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The current study aimed to test whether and how self-control and perceived control play a role in health outcomes and lifestyle differences between disadvantaged and non-disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Design: Cross-sectional survey data including demographics was collected from 3758 participants. Main outcome measures: With the survey, self-control, perceived control, health status and lifestyle variables were assessed. Results: Participants in disadvantaged neighbourhoods reported poorer general health, as well as unhealthier lifestyles compared to participants in non-disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Self-control was likewise positively associated with health and lifestyle variables. However, self-control did not differ between participants from different neighbourhoods. Perceived control over the environment mediated between type of neighbourhood and health, with participants from a disadvantaged neighbourhood reporting a lower sense of perceived control, which in turn was associated with poorer self-reported general health and less healthy lifestyle choices. Conclusion: This reveals that perceived control over one's life and the environment is more important than self-control when explaining health differences between neighbourhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Gillebaart
- Social, Health, and Organisational Psychology, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Denise T D De Ridder
- Social, Health, and Organisational Psychology, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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155
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Kroese FM. Why self‐regulation success is not the opposite of failure. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Floor M. Kroese
- Utrecht University, Department of Social, Health and Organizational Psychology Utrecht The Netherlands
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156
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Nielsen KS, Gwozdz W, De Ridder D. Unraveling the Relationship Between Trait Self-Control and Subjective Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Four Self-Control Strategies. Front Psychol 2019; 10:706. [PMID: 30971998 PMCID: PMC6445882 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several studies provide evidence that trait self-control contributes to subjective well-being, the self-control strategies that promotes happiness and life satisfaction remains unknown. The present study aims to shed light on this relation by investigating the mediating role of four self-control strategies: situation selection, attentional deployment, reappraisal, and inhibition. To test the hypothesis that self-control strategies mediate trait self-control's effect on well-being, an online questionnaire on trait self-control, self-control strategies, and cognitive and affective well-being was administered to 4,036 participants from four countries (ages 18-65 and 56.4% female), whose responses were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Our analysis replicates previous studies that trait self-control positively relates to subjective well-being. Moreover, our analysis provides evidence that this relation is indeed mediated by the tendency to employ particular self-control strategies. Attentional deployment and reappraisal positively relate to subjective well-being, whereas inhibition exhibits a negative relation. Situation selection was unrelated to subjective well-being. The incorporation of self-control strategies represents the first attempt to empirically disentangle the positive relation between trait self-control and subjective well-being. The heterogeneous effects of self-control strategies suggest the importance of obtaining a better understanding of which aspects of trait self-control positively contributes to subjective well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian S. Nielsen
- Department of Management, Society and Communication, Copenhagen Business School, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Wencke Gwozdz
- Department of Management, Society and Communication, Copenhagen Business School, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Consumer Behaviour, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise De Ridder
- Department of Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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157
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Holding A, Hope N, Verner-Filion J, Koestner R. In good time: A longitudinal investigation of trait self-control in determining changes in motivation quality. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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158
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Staller MS, Müller M, Christiansen P, Zaiser B, Körner S, Cole JC. Ego depletion and the use of force: Investigating the effects of ego depletion on police officers' intention to use force. Aggress Behav 2019; 45:161-168. [PMID: 30575979 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The current study aims to investigate corresponding self-control and self-control failures that are the result of ego depletion and its impact on police officers' decision to use force. For that purpose, a total of 200 German police recruits were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group. Ego depletion was manipulated using the "e" crossing task. Participants then worked through a video-based scenario exercise, in which they encountered a provocative citizen. They were required to indicate the time that they would take to resort to using force to resolve the situation. Results showed that ego depleted officers intended to use force earlier than controls. This indicates that circumstances that produce ego depletion could lead to the inappropriate use of force by reducing self-control. This has major implications for the police use of force and how we understand police officers' decision making in response to provocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario S. Staller
- Tactical Decision Making Research Group; Department of Psychological Sciences; University of Liverpool; Liverpool United Kingdom
- Law School; Ruhr University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | | | - Paul Christiansen
- Tactical Decision Making Research Group; Department of Psychological Sciences; University of Liverpool; Liverpool United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Zaiser
- Tactical Decision Making Research Group; Department of Psychological Sciences; University of Liverpool; Liverpool United Kingdom
| | - Swen Körner
- Tactical Decision Making Research Group; Department of Psychological Sciences; University of Liverpool; Liverpool United Kingdom
- Institute of Pedagogy and Philosophy; German Sports University Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Jon C. Cole
- Tactical Decision Making Research Group; Department of Psychological Sciences; University of Liverpool; Liverpool United Kingdom
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159
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Hayden BY. Why has evolution not selected for perfect self-control? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180139. [PMID: 30966922 PMCID: PMC6335460 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-control refers to the ability to deliberately reject tempting options and instead select ones that produce greater long-term benefits. Although some apparent failures of self-control are, on closer inspection, reward maximizing, at least some self-control failures are clearly disadvantageous and non-strategic. The existence of poor self-control presents an important evolutionary puzzle because there is no obvious reason why good self-control should be more costly than poor self-control. After all, a rock is infinitely patient. I propose that self-control failures result from cases in which well-learned (and thus routinized) decision-making strategies yield suboptimal choices. These mappings persist in the decision-makers' repertoire because they result from learning processes that are adaptive in the broader context, either on the timescale of learning or of evolution. Self-control, then, is a form of cognitive control and the subjective feeling of effort likely reflects the true costs of cognitive control. Poor self-control, in this view, is ultimately a result of bounded optimality. This article is part of the theme issue 'Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Y. Hayden
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Center for Neuroengineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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160
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Hagger MS, Hankonen N, Kangro EM, Lintunen T, Pagaduan J, Polet J, Ries F, Hamilton K. Trait Self-Control, Social Cognition Constructs, and Intentions: Correlational Evidence for Mediation and Moderation Effects in Diverse Health Behaviours. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2019; 11:407-437. [PMID: 30724028 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined effects of trait self-control, constructs from social cognition theories, and intentions on health behaviours. Trait self-control was expected to predict health behaviour indirectly through theory constructs and intentions. Trait self-control was also predicted to moderate the intention-behaviour relationship. METHODS Proposed effects were tested in six datasets for ten health-related behaviours from studies adopting prospective designs. Participants (N = 3,249) completed measures of constructs from social cognition theories and self-control at an initial time point and self-reported their behaviour at follow-up. RESULTS Results revealed indirect effects of self-control on behaviour through social cognition constructs and intentions for eight behaviours: eating fruit and vegetables, avoiding fast food, dietary restrictions, binge drinking, physical activity, walking, out-of-school physical activity, and pre-drinking. Self-control moderated the intention-behaviour relationship in four behaviours: dietary restriction, and alcohol-related behaviours. CONCLUSIONS Mediation effects suggest that individuals with high self-control are more likely to hold beliefs and intentions to participate in future health behaviour, and more likely to act. Moderation effects indicate that individuals with high self-control are more likely to enact healthy intentions and inhibit unhealthy intentions, but findings were restricted to few behaviours. Training self-control and managing contingencies that derail goal-directed action may be effective intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Hagger
- Curtin University, Australia.,University of Jyväskylä, Finland.,Griffith University, QLD, Australia
| | - Nelli Hankonen
- University of Helsinki, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kyra Hamilton
- Curtin University, Australia.,Griffith University, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute, QLD, Australia
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161
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Fujita K, Scholer AA, Miele DB, Nguyen T. On Metamotivation: Consumers’ Knowledge about the Role of Construal Level in Enhancing Task Performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1086/700839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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162
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Stasielowicz L. Does ego depletion impair adaptive performance? A longitudinal analysis. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2019.1640340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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163
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DeMarree KG, Naragon-Gainey K, Giancola A. Decentering constructs predict experience and tolerance of pain: evidence from a cold pressor study / Constructos relacionados con el descentramiento predicen la experiencia y la tolerancia al dolor: evidencia obtenida mediante la prueba del frío. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 34:535-562. [PMID: 32982002 DOI: 10.1080/02134748.2019.1639344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Decentering is a detached, observer perspective on one's current mental contents. Recent work has identified two potential aspects of decentering, Observer Perspective (OP) and Reduced Struggle (RS), that independently predict the effects of decentering. Specifically, both OP and RS predict reduced psychological distress in response to negative affect, with some variability in predictive utility across outcomes. In this study, we sought to extend previous work by examining OP and RS as predictors of responses to an external source of distress, a painful stimulus. Participants completed measures of decentering, followed by a cold pressor task for up to 4 minutes. We recorded time that participants were able to withstand the cold water bath and the intensity of the pain experienced. We found that both OP and RS predicted participants' pain tolerance and pain intensity, but that only RS did so uniquely. Results are discussed with respect to theory on decentering.
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164
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Allemand M, Job V, Mroczek DK. Self-control development in adolescence predicts love and work in adulthood. J Pers Soc Psychol 2018; 117:621-634. [PMID: 30550330 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This longitudinal study over a 23-year time span examined predictive associations between self-control development in adolescence and love and work outcomes in adulthood. Participants were 1,527 adults aged 35 years (48.3% female). The predictor variable self-control was measured yearly at the ages of 12 to 16 years. Adult outcome variables were measured at the age of 35 years. Three important results stand out. First, the measure of adolescent self-control functioned equivalently across the adolescent years. Second, adolescents showed a mean-level increase in self-control across the adolescent years and significant individual differences in level and change of self-control. Finally, individual differences in change in adolescent self-control predicted better intimate relationships in terms of higher relationship satisfaction and lower conflict; and more satisfaction and engagement in work-life in adulthood independent of the initial levels of self-control in early adolescence. These findings demonstrate that developmental self-regulatory processes reveal long-term consequences in important life domains beyond the adolescent years. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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165
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Werner KM, Milyavskaya M. Motivation and self‐regulation: The role of want‐to motivation in the processes underlying self‐regulation and self‐control. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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166
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Reynolds JJ, McCrea SM. Criminal Behavior and Self-Control: Using the Dual Component Theory of Inhibition Regulation to Advance Self-Control and Crime Research. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-017-9567-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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167
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Jones A, McGrath E, Robinson E, Houben K, Nederkoorn C, Field M. A randomized controlled trial of inhibitory control training for the reduction of alcohol consumption in problem drinkers. J Consult Clin Psychol 2018; 86:991-1004. [PMID: 30507225 PMCID: PMC6277130 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We conducted a randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of three types of Internet-delivered Inhibitory Control Training (ICT) with each other and with an active control intervention on alcohol consumption in a community sample of problem drinkers. METHOD Two hundred and 46 heavy drinkers, who were motivated to reduce their alcohol consumption (mean age 41.32, 130 female) self-monitored their alcohol consumption for 1 week before being randomized to receive 1 of 3 variants of ICT (Associative No-Go, Associative Stop Signal, General Inhibition) or an active control. Participants then completed up to 14 ICT/control sessions on the Internet over a 4-week period, while regularly recording their alcohol consumption. RESULTS There were significant reductions in alcohol consumption across all groups over the 4-week training period (main effect of time, F(2, 402) = 77.12, p < .01, ηp2 = .28, BF10 > 99), however there were no differences between ICT groups, or between ICT groups and the active control group (Group × Time interaction, F(6, 402) = 1.10, p = .36, ηp2 = .02, BF10 = 0.03). Contrary to hypotheses, there were no changes in general inhibitory control, the disinhibiting effects of alcohol cues, or alcohol affective associations after ICT. CONCLUSIONS In this study, which attempted to translate findings from proof-of-concept laboratory studies into a viable behavior change intervention, we found that multiple sessions of ICT delivered over the Internet did not help heavy drinkers to reduce their alcohol consumption beyond nonspecific effects associated with taking part in a trial. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katrijn Houben
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University
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168
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Grund A, Fries S, Rheinberg F. Know Your Preferences: Self-Regulation as Need-Congruent Goal Selection. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Theory and research on self-regulation is dominated by a social–cognitive perspective that places an emphasis on postdecisional (i.e., volitional) control processes of goal-maintenance in response to dual-motive conflict. In the current contribution, we focus on research on self-regulation that acknowledges the affective fundamentals of motivated action, and we highlight processes of goal selection as vital parts of self-regulation. From our perspective of motivational competence, affective and cognitive processes work together rather than oppose each other in self-regulation, rendering effortless rather than effortful goal pursuit as the hallmark of efficient human action. A precondition for such motive- and self-congruent goal pursuits is that individuals have insight into their basic preferences and (can) act accordingly. Therefore, we address capacities, such as mindfulness, which may take effect in predecisional (i.e., motivational) action phases, thereby determining all subsequent action processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Grund
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University
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169
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Brevers D, Foucart J, Turel O, Bertrand A, Alaerts M, Verbanck P, Kornreich C, Bechara A. The impact of self-control cues on subsequent monetary risk-taking. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:1044-1055. [PMID: 30311770 PMCID: PMC6376380 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The "process-model" of self-control proposes that the ego-depletion effect is better explained by a switch between interest in "have-to" labor and cognitive "want-to" leisure, rather than being mainly due to a decrease in cognitive resources, as advanced by the "strength-model" of self-control. However, it is currently difficult to disentangle the "process-model" from the "strength-model" of self-control. Here, we employed a stepwise approach, featuring three studies, for testing the process model of self-control. METHODS In Study 1, we created a list of 30 self-control events for characterizing "have-to" conducts in the daily life. In Study 2, mental visualization of effortful self-control events ("have-to") and monetary risk-taking ("want-to") were employed for testing the strength-model of self-control. In Study 3, to test the process-model of self-control, participants were simply required to read self-control (or neutral) sentences. RESULTS Study 1 provided evidence regarding external validly for the list of self-control events. Study 2 showed that mental visualization of effortful self-control events increases subsequent monetary risk-taking. Study 3 highlighted that the brief apparition of a self-control-related sentence was sufficient for increasing risk-taking. These patterns were evidenced in the trial with the less advantageous gain/loss ratio. DISCUSSION Altogether these findings support the process-model of self-control in showing that triggering the semantic content of a "have-to" conduct, without its actual execution, is sufficient for modulating subsequent "want-to" activity. CONCLUSION These findings could contribute to advancing current knowledge on how the high availability of ready-to-consume rewards in modern environments is redefining humans' self-control ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Brevers
- Laboratory of Psychological Medicine and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, CHU-Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium,Research in Psychology Applied to Motor Learning, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium,Corresponding author: Damien Brevers, PhD; Chargé de Recherche, FNRS, Laboratory of Psychological Medicine and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, CHU-Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Place Van Gehuchten, 4, 1020, Brussels, Belgium; Phone: +32 2 473 130; Fax: +32 2 477 21 62; E-mail:
| | - Jennifer Foucart
- Research in Psychology Applied to Motor Learning, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ofir Turel
- College of Business and Economics, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA,Department of Psychology, and Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anais Bertrand
- Laboratory of Psychological Medicine and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, CHU-Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mikael Alaerts
- Laboratory of Psychological Medicine and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, CHU-Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul Verbanck
- Laboratory of Psychological Medicine and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, CHU-Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium,Research in Psychology Applied to Motor Learning, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Kornreich
- Laboratory of Psychological Medicine and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, CHU-Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antoine Bechara
- Department of Psychology, and Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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170
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Core TJ, Price MM, Alquist JL, Baumeister RF, Tice DM. Life is uncertain, eat dessert first: Uncertainty causes controlled and unemotional eaters to consume more sweets. Appetite 2018; 131:68-72. [PMID: 30195822 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sometimes even dieters with the best self-control overindulge. Uncertain situations may undermine the self-control of even well-controlled eaters. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that uncertainty increases unhealthy snacking. Participants were either told that they would be giving a speech, that they would be listening to a speech, or that they would find out later whether they were to give a speech or not. Among participants who typically reported good control over their eating or scored low on emotional eating, participants who were uncertain about whether they would be giving a speech ate more candy than participants who expected to not have to give a speech and even those who expected to have to give a speech. Participants who reported poor control over their eating or scored high on emotional eating did not eat significantly more when uncertain. These findings suggest that, for people who are typically able to control their eating, uncertainty increases snacking more than certainty of a negative outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy J Core
- Texas Tech University, Department of Psychological Sciences, 1800 18th St, Lubbock, TX, 79409, United States
| | - Mindi M Price
- Texas Tech University, Department of Psychological Sciences, 1800 18th St, Lubbock, TX, 79409, United States.
| | - Jessica L Alquist
- Texas Tech University, Department of Psychological Sciences, 1800 18th St, Lubbock, TX, 79409, United States
| | - Roy F Baumeister
- University of Queensland, School of Psychology, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Dianne M Tice
- Brigham Young University, Department of Psychology, 1001 SWKT, Provo, UT, 84602, United States
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171
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Jędrzejczyk J, Zajenkowski M. Who Believes in Nonlimited Willpower? In Search of Correlates of Implicit Theories of Self-Control. Psychol Rep 2018; 123:281-299. [PMID: 30398408 DOI: 10.1177/0033294118809936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the most prominent model of self-control, the strength model, was criticized, and other explanations of self-control have been proposed. One of them is a concept of lay, implicit, willpower theories, that is, believing either that willpower is limited (as in the strength model) or nonlimited. Research shows that holding a nonlimited-resource belief prevents individuals from suffering ego depletion and is related to successful self-regulation. The current study explored how personality, time perspective, and intelligence predict willpower theories. Additionally, two aspects of willpower theories, strenuous mental activity and resistance to temptations, were measured separately. The results indicated that the two aspects of willpower theories were not correlated with each other. This supports hypothesis that willpower theories may be domain specific and also suggests that these two aspects should not be aggregated into one, homogenous scale as was done in some previous research. Both aspects of holding a nonlimited-resource theory were related positively to emotional stability and negatively to past negative time perspective. Strenuous mental activity was positively associated with intellect and negatively with present fatalism, whereas resistance to temptations was correlated positively with conscientiousness and future time perspective. There were no relations between willpower theories and intelligence, which posits that similar life outcomes related with these two attributes are based on distinct mechanisms. Regression analyses revealed that only personality traits (emotional stability and conscientiousness) remained significant predictors of willpower beliefs.
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172
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Scholer AA, Miele DB, Murayama K, Fujita K. New Directions in Self-Regulation: The Role of Metamotivational Beliefs. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721418790549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research on self-regulation has primarily focused on how people exert control over their thoughts, emotions, and behavior. Less attention has been paid to the ways in which people manage their motivational states in the service of achieving valued goals. In this article, we explore an emerging line of research that focuses on people’s beliefs about their own motivation (i.e., their metamotivational knowledge), as well as the influence these beliefs have on their selection of regulatory strategies. In particular, we review evidence showing that people are often quite sensitive to the fact that distinct motivational states (e.g., eagerness vs. vigilance) are adaptive for different kinds of tasks. We also discuss how other metamotivational beliefs are inaccurate on average (e.g., beliefs about how rewards affect intrinsic motivation). Finally, we consider the implications of metamotivation research for the field of self-regulation and discuss future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David B. Miele
- Department of Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology, Boston College
| | - Kou Murayama
- Department of Psychology, University of Reading
- Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology
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173
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“Are you in full possession of your capacity?”. A mechanistic self-control approach at trait and state levels to predict different health behaviors. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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174
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Managing intensity in knowledge work: Self-leadership practices among Danish management consultants. JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & ORGANIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/jmo.2018.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis paper examines the sources of knowledge workers’ work intensity and the self-leading strategies they apply to deal with it. The paper is based on focus group interviews with management consultants in a Danish management consultancy firm. Work intensity was identified as resulting from a combination of: (1) a results-only focus, (2) vagueness, (3) boundaryless work, and (4) low control of the quantitative load. A framework for self-leading strategies is developed based on the dimensions of reactive/proactive and self-focused/externally focused strategies in different combinations. The results indicate that while consultants expressed a belief in internal self-discipline strategies of a more reactive nature, in fact, external and proactive strategies were the most effective in practice. In conclusion, the paper contributes to an extension of self-leadership theory to better account for current research on self-control.
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175
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Competing Motivations: Proactive Response Inhibition Toward Addiction-Related Stimuli in Quitting-Motivated Individuals. J Gambl Stud 2018; 34:785-806. [PMID: 29067545 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-017-9722-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether addiction-related cues impact proactive inhibition (the restraint of actions in preparation for stopping) in individuals who are motivated to quit gambling or cannabis use. In Study 1, treatment-seeking individuals with cannabis use disorder and matched controls performed a stop-signal task that required them to inhibit categorizing cannabis or neutral pictures, and within varying levels of stop-signal probability. In Study 2, two groups of individuals, who applied to a voluntary self-exclusion program toward gambling, performed the stop-task following relaxation or gambling craving induction, with results compared to non-gamblers. Study 1 showed that despite being less efficient in proactive inhibition, individuals with cannabis use disorder exhibited heightened proactive inhibition toward cannabis cues. In Study 2, proactive inhibition toward gambling cues was heightened in gamblers after craving, but the degree of proactive adjustment decreased as a function of induced changes in gambling-related motivation. Present findings demonstrate that exposure to addiction-related cues can modulate proactive inhibition in individuals who are motivated to restrict their addictive behaviors.
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176
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Shields DL, Funk CD, Bredemeier BL. Can contesting orientations predict grittier, more self-controlled athletes? THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1350738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Light Shields
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Saint Louis Community College-Meramec, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christopher D. Funk
- Department of Educator Preparation, Innovation and Research, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brenda Light Bredemeier
- Department of Educator Preparation, Innovation and Research, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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177
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Jones A, Robinson E, Duckworth J, Kersbergen I, Clarke N, Field M. The effects of exposure to appetitive cues on inhibitory control: A meta-analytic investigation. Appetite 2018; 128:271-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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178
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Effortful experiences of self-control foster lay theories that self-control is limited. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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179
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Nielsen KS, Bauer JM. The Merits of Goal Support as a Self-Control Strategy. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550618780729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Steensen Nielsen
- Department of Management, Society and Communication, Copenhagen Business School, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jan Michael Bauer
- Department of Management, Society and Communication, Copenhagen Business School, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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180
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Grund A, Carstens CA. Self-control motivationally reconsidered: “Acting” self-controlled is different to “being good” at self-control. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-018-9721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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181
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Walters KJ, Simons JS, Simons RM. Self-control demands and alcohol-related problems: Within- and between-person associations. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2018; 32:573-582. [PMID: 30070539 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study tested a multilevel structural model of associations between two aspects of self-control (effortful control and reactivity), self-control demands, alcohol consumption, and alcohol problems and related risk behaviors using daily diary data from 196 young adults (4,177 person-days). Self-control demands were hypothesized to be positively associated with alcohol consumption and alcohol problems and related risk behaviors both within- and between-persons. At the between-person level, self-control demands were hypothesized to mediate the association between trait self-control and alcohol problems and related risk behaviors. At the within-person level, self-control demands had a direct positive effect on alcohol problems and related risk behaviors, over and above alcohol consumption. However, contrary to expectation, self-control demands were inversely associated with alcohol consumption. In contrast, self-control demands were positively associated with alcohol consumption at the between-person level and partially mediated the positive effects of reactivity on consumption and alcohol problems and related risk behaviors. That is, reactivity was associated with higher perceived self-control demands, which in turn predicted higher rates of consumption and alcohol problems and related risk behaviors. Effortful control was not significantly associated with alcohol consumption or self-control demands. The pattern of self-control demand effects at the within-person level suggest that young adults are less likely to drink when struggling to manage their day-to-day behavior, yet if they do drink they are more susceptible to negative consequences. Trait effects suggest that individual differences in self-control may be associated with alcohol use patterns in part attributable to development of, and response to, structured daily routines. (PsycINFO Database Record
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182
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Hofmann W, Meindl P, Mooijman M, Graham J. Morality and Self-Control: How They Are Intertwined and Where They Differ. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721418759317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite sharing conceptual overlap, morality and self-control research have led largely separate lives. In this article, we highlight neglected connections between these major areas of psychology. To this end, we first note their conceptual similarities and differences. We then show how morality research, typically emphasizing aspects of moral cognition and emotion, may benefit from incorporating motivational concepts from self-control research. Similarly, self-control research may benefit from a better understanding of the moral nature of many self-control domains. We place special focus on various components of self-control and on the ways in which self-control goals may come to be seen as moral issues (i.e., moralized).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Meindl
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
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183
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Gillebaart M. The 'Operational' Definition of Self-Control. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1231. [PMID: 30072939 PMCID: PMC6058080 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-control is a hot topic across disciplines. As such, consensus on defining self-control is critical for advancing both scientific progress as well as societal impact of research findings. Specifically, the emergence of initiation as a self-control component, and the notion of effortless and strategic self-control, give rise to the question whether and how to distinguish self-control from self-regulation. In this paper, I propose an operational definition of self-control, based on converging definitions from the literature as well as on the emergence of new perspectives on self-control. The TOTE-model (Test-Operate-Test-Exit) of self-regulation will serve as a basis for this definition as it gives clear guidance for the inclusion of self-control as a component of, but not synonymous to self-regulation. Ultimately, an ‘operational’ definition is proposed in which self-regulation entails scaffolding for goal pursuit, including setting standards, and monitoring discrepancies, whereas self-control entails everything that one does in the ‘operate’ phase. This perspective allows for inclusion of traditional as well as contemporary research on self-control, and can provide direction for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Gillebaart
- Social, Health, and Organizational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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184
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Jia L, Hirt ER, Koh AHQ. How to Have Your Cake and Eat It Too: Strategic Indulgence in Big-Time Collegiate Sports Among Academically Successful Students. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550618789403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Past research on academic success emphasizes the need to avoid pleasurable nonacademic activities. In the context of enjoying big-time collegiate sports, we examined the notion that students, especially academically successful ones, may strategically indulge in sports games to resolve the conflict with academic pursuit. After confirming that high- (vs. low-) grade point average (GPA) students indeed found game-related activities less disruptive ( Npilot = 325), we proceeded to study whether strategic indulgence or single-minded avoidance was their preferred means to resolve the game–study conflict. High- (vs. low-) GPA students exhibited three features of strategic indulgence. They were more sensitive to the goodness of the opportunity to partake in collegiate sports ( NStudy1 = 216), engaged in compensatory planning to study on nongame days ( NSudy2 = 409), and actively engaged and enjoyed the game-related activities ( Nstudy3 = 530). These results suggest that understanding strategic indulgence in tempting activities would enrich our knowledge of long-term goal pursuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lile Jia
- National University of Singapore, Singapore
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185
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Goto T, Ishibashi Y, Kajimura S, Oka R, Kusumi T. Belief in free will indirectly contributes to the strategic transition through sympathetic arousal. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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186
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Silver linings in the face of temptations: how mixed emotions promote self-control efforts in response to goal conflict. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-018-9707-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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187
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Stillman PE, Shen X, Ferguson MJ. How Mouse-tracking Can Advance Social Cognitive Theory. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:531-543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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188
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Dunbar D, Proeve M, Roberts R. Problematic Internet Usage self-control dilemmas: The opposite effects of commitment and progress framing cues on perceived value of internet, academic and social behaviors. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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189
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Veilleux JC, Hill MA, Skinner KD, Pollert GA, Spero KD, Baker DE. Self-control failure scenarios in daily life: Developing a taxonomy of goals and temptations. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-018-9695-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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190
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Personal Conflict Impairs Performance on an Unrelated Self-Control Task: Lingering Costs of Uncertainty and Conflict. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 74:157-160. [PMID: 29662250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
People have the ability to make important choices in their lives, but deliberating about these choices can have costs. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that writing about conflicted personal goals and values (conflict condition) would impair self-control on an unrelated subsequent task as compared to writing about clear personal goals and values (clarity condition). Personal conflict activates the behavioral inhibition system (BIS; Hirsh, Mar, & Peterson, 2012), which may make it harder for participants to successfully execute self-control. In this large (N=337), pre-registered study participants in the conflict condition performed worse on anagrams than participants in the clarity condition, and the effect of condition on anagram performance was mediated by a subjective uncertainty measure of BIS activation. This suggests that BIS activation leads to poor self-control. Moreover, given that conflict is inherent in the exercise of self-control, results point to BIS activation as a mechanism for why initial acts of self-control impair self-control on subsequent, unrelated tasks.
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191
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Wilkowski BM, Ferguson EL, Williamson LZ, Lappi SK. (How) Does Initial Self-Control Undermine Later Self-Control in Daily Life? PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2018; 44:1315-1329. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167218766857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Past research suggests that self-control lapses occur more frequently following demanding experiences in daily life. However, the reason for these effects is debated. Three studies were therefore conducted to better understand self-control lapses. Exploratory analyses were conducted in Study 1 to identify possible effects. Studies 2 and 3 evaluated these effects’ reliability. Two patterns were identified. First, initial desire–goal conflict predicted later increases in subjective fatigue. This was in turn related to less effective self-control attempts. Second, initial self-control attempts also led participants to enact desires more frequently. This latter effect occurred even when (and perhaps especially when) those later desires were not resisted. In contrast, the strength model of self-control did not receive support, as initial self-control attempts did not affect the success of subsequent self-control attempts. These studies therefore suggest initial self-control does play an important role in producing later self-control lapses—just a different role than predicted by the strength model.
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192
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The effect of self-control on drinking outcomes is mediated by automatic appetitive responses to alcohol. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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193
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Nurra C, Oyserman D. From future self to current action: An identity-based motivation perspective. SELF AND IDENTITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2017.1375003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Nurra
- Laboratoire de recherche des apprentissages en contexte, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Daphna Oyserman
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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194
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Uziel L. The Intricacies of the Pursuit of Higher Self-Control. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721417744322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liad Uziel
- Psychology Department, Bar-Ilan University
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195
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Steinberg M, Diekman AB. Considering “why” to engage in STEM activities elevates communal content of STEM affordances. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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196
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Cassé JFH, Finkenauer C, Oosterman M, van der Geest VR, Schuengel C. Family Conflict and Resilience in Parenting Self-Efficacy Among High-Risk Mothers. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2018; 33:1008-1029. [PMID: 26581751 DOI: 10.1177/0886260515614280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mothers with a history of institutional care in adolescence are often involved in high-conflict partner relationships, which may undermine relationships with children and confidence in oneself as a parent. Not all mothers think of themselves as bad parents under these circumstances. We turned to psychological resources as an explanation, focusing on mothers' trait self-control. The negative association between family conflict and parenting self-efficacy was tested for moderation by self-control among 104 mothers with a history of institutionalization for behavioral problems and delinquency during adolescence. We found a negative association between current family conflict and parenting self-efficacy among mothers with low self-control, and no significant association among mothers with high self-control. This study draws attention to the needs of high-risk mothers in their parenting role and demonstrates that self-control is a potential resource for mothers to balance the load presented by conflict in their families. The findings suggest new avenues for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Victor R van der Geest
- 1 VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- 2 Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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197
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Alquist JL, Price MM, Hancock D, Talley AE, Cukrowicz K. Exposure to negative stereotypes impairs older adults’ self-control. SELF AND IDENTITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2018.1437069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mindi M. Price
- Psychological Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - David Hancock
- Psychological Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Kelly Cukrowicz
- Psychological Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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198
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Soutschek A, Ugazio G, Crockett MJ, Ruff CC, Kalenscher T, Tobler PN. Binding oneself to the mast: stimulating frontopolar cortex enhances precommitment. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 12:635-642. [PMID: 28170049 PMCID: PMC5390697 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans often give in to temptations that are in conflict with valuable long-term goals like health or saving for the future. Such willpower failures represent a prevalent problem in everyday life and in many psychiatric disorders. Strategies that increase resistance to temptations could therefore improve overall societal well-being. One important strategy is to voluntarily precommit, i.e. to restrict one’s future action space by removing the tempting short-term option from the choice set, thereby leaving only the long-term option for implementation. The neural mechanisms necessary to implement precommitment have remained unknown. Here, we test whether anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the frontopolar cortex (FPC) can improve precommitment. Participants performed a self-control task in which they could precommit to obtain a delayed larger reward by removing an immediately available smaller reward from the future choice options. We found that anodal stimulation over FPC selectively increased the propensity to precommit. In contrast, tDCS had no effects on non-binding decisions, impulse control or reward preference. Our data establish a causal role for the FPC in the implementation of precommitment, revealing a novel route to improving resistance against temptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Soutschek
- Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich - 8006, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Ugazio
- Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich - 8006, Switzerland
| | - Molly J Crockett
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian C Ruff
- Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich - 8006, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Kalenscher
- Comparative Psychology, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Philippe N Tobler
- Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich - 8006, Switzerland
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199
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Abstract
Nettle et al. provide a useful but incomplete analysis of the drivers of obesity. In this commentary, we argue that a dual-motives conceptualization of self-control, together with insights from the psychology of (perceived and actual) scarcity, might help advance a more fine-grained mechanistic understanding of the observed association between food insecurity and obesity.
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200
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Stautz K, Zupan Z, Field M, Marteau TM. Does self-control modify the impact of interventions to change alcohol, tobacco, and food consumption? A systematic review. Health Psychol Rev 2018; 12:157-178. [PMID: 29291664 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2017.1421477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Low self-control is associated with increased consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and unhealthy food. This systematic review aimed to assess whether individual differences in self-control modify the effectiveness of interventions to reduce consumption of these products, and hence their potential to reduce consumption amongst those whose consumption is generally greater. Searches of six databases were supplemented with snowball searches and forward citation tracking. Narrative synthesis summarised findings by: consumption behaviour (alcohol, tobacco, food); psychological processes targeted by the intervention (reflective, non-reflective, or both); and study design (experiment, cohort, or cross-sectional). Of 54 eligible studies, 22 reported no evidence of modification, 18 reported interventions to be less effective in those with low self-control, and 14 reported interventions to be more effective in those with low self-control. This pattern did not differ from chance. Whilst self-control often influenced intervention outcomes, there was no consistent pattern of effects, even when stratifying studies by consumption behaviour, intervention type, or study design. There was a notable absence of evidence regarding interventions that restructure physical or economic environments. In summary, a heterogeneous, low-quality evidence base suggests an inconsistent moderating effect of low self-control on the effectiveness of interventions to change consumption behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidy Stautz
- a Behaviour and Health Research Unit , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Zorana Zupan
- a Behaviour and Health Research Unit , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Matt Field
- b Department of Psychological Sciences , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Theresa M Marteau
- a Behaviour and Health Research Unit , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
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