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Kutlar A. Sickle cell disease: a multigenic perspective of a single gene disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 10 Suppl 1:92-9. [PMID: 16188647 DOI: 10.1080/10245330512331390069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Kutlar
- Medical College of Georgia, Sickle Cell Center, Augusta, GA, USA
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152
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Chon H, Verhaar MC, Koomans HA, Joles JA, Braam B. Role of Circulating Karyocytes in the Initiation and Progression of Atherosclerosis. Hypertension 2006; 47:803-10. [PMID: 16520401 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000210554.61293.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is still hard to predict in an individual. The main focus in cardiovascular research has been on endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells of the vessel wall and their interactions with the blood flow. Alterations in the properties of the blood have received a lot of attention in biochemical terms. Interestingly, alterations in the properties of circulating cells have received less attention. We propose that presence of 1 or more risk factors together with normal physiological stimuli induce redox-dependent changes in leukocyte gene transcription with pathophysiological responses. Thus, risk factors render leukocytes hypersensitive to normal stimuli. Risk factors can be subdivided into physical and chemical factors. Superimposed on physiological regulators of leukocyte function, these risk factors promote a cellular pro-oxidative state. Redox-sensitive transcription factors are activated, leading to responses involving inflammation, adhesion, migration, and additional reactive oxygen species generation. As a consequence, monitoring of individual gene expression signatures of these cells could well increase our understanding of the mechanisms by which leukocytes and, in particular, monocytes function. Furthermore, transcriptomes of these cells could be used to investigate the aggressiveness of the atherosclerotic process or to guide treatment in the patient with risk factors for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Chon
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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153
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Abstract
Transcriptional profiling of peripheral blood shows considerable promise, with the number of clinical studies increasing rapidly over the past 2–3 years. Peripheral blood is in contact with almost every tissue of the body, is the most readily accessible source of RNA in the clinical setting, and allows for repeated measurements. Studies have already been performed across multiple clinical disciplines and before and after therapeutic intervention. However, blood transcriptional profiling is not yet ready to be applied in clinical practice. A number of methodological issues and hurdles need to be overcome, with issues of standardizing blood sample collection and processing of paramount importance. The specificity of gene expression signatures for individual disease states also needs to be established. Large-scale, well-planned and integrated approaches across multiple medical disciplines could accelerate the pace of research, by resolving these methodological issues and by determining the clinical applications of blood transcriptional profiling, particularly in relation to clinical trials.
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154
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Belcher JD, Mahaseth H, Welch TE, Otterbein LE, Hebbel RP, Vercellotti GM. Heme oxygenase-1 is a modulator of inflammation and vaso-occlusion in transgenic sickle mice. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:808-16. [PMID: 16485041 PMCID: PMC1366501 DOI: 10.1172/jci26857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic sickle mice expressing betaS hemoglobin have activated vascular endothelium that exhibits enhanced expression of NF-kappaB and adhesion molecules that promote vascular stasis in sickle, but not in normal, mice in response to hypoxia/reoxygenation. Sickle mice hemolyze rbcs in vivo as demonstrated by increased reticulocyte counts, plasma hemoglobin and bilirubin, and reduced plasma haptoglobin. The heme content is elevated in sickle organs, which promotes vascular inflammation and heme oxygenase-1 expression. Treatment of sickle mice with hemin further increases heme oxygenase-1 expression and inhibits hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced stasis, leukocyte-endothelium interactions, and NF-kappaB, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 expression. Heme oxygenase inhibition by tin protoporphyrin exacerbates stasis in sickle mice. Furthermore, treatment of sickle mice with the heme oxygenase enzymatic product carbon monoxide or biliverdin inhibits stasis and NF-kappaB, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 expression. Local administration of heme oxygenase-1 adenovirus to subcutaneous skin increases heme oxygenase-1 and inhibits hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced stasis in the skin of sickle mice. Heme oxygenase-1 plays a vital role in the inhibition of vaso-occlusion in transgenic sickle mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Belcher
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine and Vascular Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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155
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Talwar S, Munson PJ, Barb J, Fiuza C, Cintron AP, Logun C, Tropea M, Khan S, Reda D, Shelhamer JH, Danner RL, Suffredini AF. Gene expression profiles of peripheral blood leukocytes after endotoxin challenge in humans. Physiol Genomics 2006; 25:203-15. [PMID: 16403844 PMCID: PMC5560445 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00192.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To define gene expression profiles that occur during the initial activation of human innate immunity, we administered intravenous endotoxin (n = 8) or saline (n = 4) to healthy subjects and hybridized RNA from blood mononuclear cells (0, 0.5, 6, 24, 168 h) or whole blood (0, 3, 6, 24, 168 h) to oligonucleotide probe arrays. The greatest change in mononuclear cell gene expression occurred at 6 h (439 induced and 428 repressed genes, 1% false discovery rate, and 50% fold change) including increased expression of genes associated with pathogen recognition molecules and signaling cascades linked to receptors associated with cell mobility and activation. Induced defense response genes included cytokines, chemokines, and their respective receptors, acute-phase transcription factors, proteases, arachidonate metabolites, and oxidases. Repressed defense response genes included those associated with co-stimulatory molecules, T and cytotoxic lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and protein synthesis. Gene expression profiles of whole blood had similar biological themes. Over 100 genes not typically associated with acute inflammation were differentially regulated after endotoxin. By 24 h, gene expression had returned to baseline values. Thus the inflammatory response of circulating leukocytes to endotoxin in humans is characterized by a rapid amplification and subsidence of gene expression. These results indicate that a single intravascular exposure to endotoxin produces a large but temporally short perturbation of the blood transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Talwar
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1662, USA
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156
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Cui X, Zhang J, Ma P, Myers DE, Goldberg IG, Sittler KJ, Barb JJ, Munson PJ, Cintron ADP, McCoy JP, Wang S, Danner RL. cGMP-independent nitric oxide signaling and regulation of the cell cycle. BMC Genomics 2005; 6:151. [PMID: 16269079 PMCID: PMC1312313 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-6-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory functions of nitric oxide (NO*) that bypass the second messenger cGMP are incompletely understood. Here, cGMP-independent effects of NO* on gene expression were globally examined in U937 cells, a human monoblastoid line that constitutively lacks soluble guanylate cyclase. Differentiated U937 cells (>80% in G0/G1) were exposed to S-nitrosoglutathione, a NO* donor, or glutathione alone (control) for 6 h without or with dibutyryl-cAMP (Bt2cAMP), and then harvested to extract total RNA for microarray analysis. Bt2cAMP was used to block signaling attributable to NO*-induced decreases in cAMP. RESULTS NO* regulated 110 transcripts that annotated disproportionately to the cell cycle and cell proliferation (47/110, 43%) and more frequently than expected contained AU-rich, post-transcriptional regulatory elements (ARE). Bt2cAMP regulated 106 genes; cell cycle gene enrichment did not reach significance. Like NO*, Bt2cAMP was associated with ARE-containing transcripts. A comparison of NO* and Bt2cAMP effects showed that NO* regulation of cell cycle genes was independent of its ability to interfere with cAMP signaling. Cell cycle genes induced by NO* annotated to G1/S (7/8) and included E2F1 and p21/Waf1/Cip1; 6 of these 7 were E2F target genes involved in G1/S transition. Repressed genes were G2/M associated (24/27); 8 of 27 were known targets of p21. E2F1 mRNA and protein were increased by NO*, as was E2F1 binding to E2F promoter elements. NO* activated p38 MAPK, stabilizing p21 mRNA (an ARE-containing transcript) and increasing p21 protein; this increased protein binding to CDE/CHR promoter sites of p21 target genes, repressing key G2/M phase genes, and increasing the proportion of cells in G2/M. CONCLUSION NO* coordinates a highly integrated program of cell cycle arrest that regulates a large number of genes, but does not require signaling through cGMP. In humans, antiproliferative effects of NO* may rely substantially on cGMP-independent mechanisms. Stress kinase signaling and alterations in mRNA stability appear to be major pathways by which NO* regulates the transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Cui
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Penglin Ma
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Intensive Care Unit of the Military 309th Hospital, Haidian District of Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Daniela E Myers
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ilana G Goldberg
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly J Sittler
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer J Barb
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter J Munson
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ana del Pilar Cintron
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - J Philip McCoy
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuibang Wang
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert L Danner
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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157
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Shou J, Dotson C, Qian HR, Tao W, Lin C, Lawrence F, N'Cho M, Kulkarni NH, Bull CM, Gelbert LM, Onyia JE. Optimized blood cell profiling method for genomic biomarker discovery using high-density microarray. Biomarkers 2005; 10:310-20. [PMID: 16191486 DOI: 10.1080/13547500500218583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
High-quality biomarkers for disease progression, drug efficacy and toxicity liability are essential for improving the efficiency of drug discovery and development. The identification of drug-activity biomarkers is often limited by access to and the quantity of target tissue. Peripheral blood has increasingly become an attractive alternative to tissue samples from organs as source for biomarker discovery, especially during early clinical studies. However, given the heterogeneous blood cell population, possible artifacts from ex vivo activations, and technical difficulties associated with overall performance of the assay, it is challenging to profile peripheral blood cells directly for biomarker discovery. In the present study, Applied BioSystems' blood collection system was evaluated for its ability to isolate RNA suitable for use on the Affymetrix microarray platform. Blood was collected in a TEMPUS tube and RNA extracted using an ABI-6100 semi-automated workstation. Using human and rat whole blood samples, it was demonstrated that the RNA isolated using this approach was stable, of high quality and was suitable for Affymetrix microarray applications. The microarray data were statistically analysed and compared with other blood protocols. Minimal haemoglobin interference with RNA labelling efficiency and chip hybridization was found using the TEMPUS tube and extraction method. The RNA quality, stability and ease of handling requirement make the TEMPUS tube protocol an attractive approach for expression profiling of whole blood to support target and biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shou
- Integrative Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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158
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159
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Li J, Grigoryev DN, Ye SQ, Thorne L, Schwartz AR, Smith PL, O'Donnell CP, Polotsky VY. Chronic intermittent hypoxia upregulates genes of lipid biosynthesis in obese mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 99:1643-8. [PMID: 16037401 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00522.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a condition tightly linked to obesity, leads to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) during sleep. There is emerging evidence that OSA is independently associated with insulin resistance and fatty liver disease, suggesting that OSA may affect hepatic lipid metabolism. To test this hypothesis, leptin-deficient obese (ob/ob) mice were exposed to CIH during the light phase (9 AM-9 PM) for 12 wk. Liver lipid content and gene expression profile in the liver (Affymetrix 430 GeneChip with real-time PCR validation) were determined on completion of the exposure. CIH caused a 30% increase in triglyceride and phospholipid liver content (P < 0.05), whereas liver cholesterol content was unchanged. Gene expression analysis showed that CIH upregulated multiple genes controlling 1) cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis [malic enzyme and acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase], 2) predominantly fatty acid biosynthesis (acetyl-CoA carboxylase and stearoyl-CoA desaturases 1 and 2), and 3) triglyceride and phospholipid biosynthesis (mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase). A majority of overexpressed genes were transcriptionally regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) 1, a master regulator of lipogenesis. A 2.8-fold increase in SREBP-1 gene expression in CIH was confirmed by real-time PCR (P = 0.001). Expression of major genes of cholesterol biosynthesis, SREBP-2 and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, was unchanged. In conclusion, we have shown that CIH may exacerbate preexisting fatty liver of obesity via upregulation of the pathways of lipid biosynthesis in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Li
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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160
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Mahaseth H, Vercellotti GM, Welch TE, Bowlin PR, Sonbol KM, Hsia CJC, Li M, Bischof JC, Hebbel RP, Belcher JD. Polynitroxyl albumin inhibits inflammation and vasoocclusion in transgenic sickle mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 145:204-11. [PMID: 15962839 DOI: 10.1016/j.lab.2005.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with sickle-cell disease (SCD) and transgenic sickle mice expressing human betaS globin exhibit enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, vascular inflammation, and episodic vasoocclusion. We hypothesize that reduction of ROS will reduce endothelial-cell activation and adhesion-molecule expression, thereby inhibiting vasoocclusion. To test this hypothesis, we measured endothelial-cell activation, adhesion-molecule expression, and vasoocclusion in sickle mice after administering i.v. polynitroxyl albumin (PNA), a superoxide dismutase and catalase mimetic. Untreated sickle mice, compared with normal mice, showed increased activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), an oxidant-sensitive transcription factor, in their lungs, livers, and skin. NF-kappaB activation was increased further in the livers and skin of sickle but not normal mice after hypoxia-reoxygenation. IV administration of PNA inhibited NF-kappaB activation by 60% (P < .01) in the lungs and by 33% (P < .05) in the livers of sickle mice after hypoxia-reoxygenation. PNA also reduced the expression of vascular cell-adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) by 57% in lung (P < .05) and by 33% in liver (P < .05) and reduced the expression of intercellular-adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) by 40% in lung (P < .05) and by 53% in liver (P < .05). PNA inhibited a hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced increase in leukocyte rolling (P < .01) and adhesion (P < .05) in venules of the dorsal skin. Most importantly, PNA completely inhibited hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced vasoocclusion (P < .001). Control albumin had no effect on NF-kappaB, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, rolling, adhesion, or vasoocclusion. We speculate that therapies to reduce oxidative stress will inhibit inflammation and vasoocclusion in SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemchandra Mahaseth
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 554455, USA
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161
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Morris CR, Kato GJ, Poljakovic M, Wang X, Blackwelder WC, Sachdev V, Hazen SL, Vichinsky EP, Morris SM, Gladwin MT. Dysregulated arginine metabolism, hemolysis-associated pulmonary hypertension, and mortality in sickle cell disease. JAMA 2005; 294:81-90. [PMID: 15998894 PMCID: PMC2065861 DOI: 10.1001/jama.294.1.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sickle cell disease is characterized by a state of nitric oxide resistance and limited bioavailability of l-arginine, the substrate for nitric oxide synthesis. We hypothesized that increased arginase activity and dysregulated arginine metabolism contribute to endothelial dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, and patient outcomes. OBJECTIVE To explore the role of arginase in sickle cell disease pathogenesis, pulmonary hypertension, and mortality. DESIGN Plasma amino acid levels, plasma and erythrocyte arginase activities, and pulmonary hypertension status as measured by Doppler echocardiogram were prospectively obtained in outpatients with sickle cell disease. Patients were followed up for survival up to 49 months. SETTING Urban tertiary care center and community clinics in the United States between February 2001 and March 2005. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred twenty-eight patients with sickle cell disease, aged 18 to 74 years, and 36 control participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Plasma amino acid levels, plasma and erythrocyte arginase activities, diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension, and mortality. RESULTS Plasma arginase activity was significantly elevated in patients with sickle cell disease, with highest activity found in patients with secondary pulmonary hypertension. Arginase activity correlated with the arginine-ornithine ratio, and lower ratios were associated with greater severity of pulmonary hypertension and with mortality in this population (risk ratio, 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-5.2; P = .006). Global arginine bioavailability, characterized by the ratio of arginine to ornithine plus citrulline, was also strongly associated with mortality (risk ratio, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.5-8.3; P<.001). Increased plasma arginase activity was correlated with increased intravascular hemolytic rate and, to a lesser extent, with markers of inflammation and soluble adhesion molecule levels. CONCLUSIONS These data support a novel mechanism of disease in which hemolysis contributes to reduced nitric oxide bioavailability and endothelial dysfunction via release of erythrocyte arginase, which limits arginine bioavailability, and release of erythrocyte hemoglobin, which scavenges nitric oxide. The ratios of arginine to ornithine and arginine to ornithine plus citrulline are independently associated with pulmonary hypertension and increased mortality in patients with sickle cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia R Morris
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital and Research Center at Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
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162
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Jacobson JR, Barnard JW, Grigoryev DN, Ma SF, Tuder RM, Garcia JGN. Simvastatin attenuates vascular leak and inflammation in murine inflammatory lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 288:L1026-32. [PMID: 15665042 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00354.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies to limit the life-threatening vascular leak observed in patients with acute lung injury (ALI) are currently lacking. We explored the effect of simvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase inhibitor that mediates endothelial cell barrier protection in vitro, in a murine inflammatory model of ALI. C57BL/6J mice were treated with simvastatin (5 or 20 mg/kg body wt via intraperitoneal injection) 24 h before and again concomitantly with intratracheally administered LPS (2 μg/g body wt). Inflammatory indexes [bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) myeloperoxidase activity and total neutrophil counts assessed at 24 h with histological confirmation] were markedly increased after LPS alone but significantly reduced in mice that also received simvastatin (20 mg/kg; ∼35–60% reduction). Simvastatin also decreased BAL albumin (∼50% reduction) and Evans blue albumin dye extravasation into lung tissue (100%) consistent with barrier protection. Finally, the sustained nature of simvastatin-mediated lung protection was assessed by analysis of simvastatin-induced gene expression (Affymetrix platform). LPS-mediated lung gene expression was significantly modulated by simvastatin within a number of gene ontologies (e.g., inflammation and immune response, NF-κB regulation) and with respect to individual genes implicated in the development or severity of ALI (e.g., IL-6, Toll-like receptor 4). Together, these findings confirm significant protection by simvastatin on LPS-induced lung vascular leak and inflammation and implicate a potential role for statins in the management of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Jacobson
- Center for Translational Respiratory Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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163
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Abstract
As aspects of basic science come to play an increasingly prominent role in clinical medicine, heme oxygenase-1 is one of several molecules emerging as a central player in diseases of the lung and intensive care unit. Although the apparent raison d'être of this enzyme is to dispose of heme, its activity results in cytoprotection against oxidative injury and cellular stresses. As the lung interfaces directly with an oxidizing environment, it is expected that heme oxygenase-1 would be involved in many aspects of lung health and disease. The protective effects of heme oxygenase-1 and products of its enzymatic activity, including carbon monoxide, biliverdin and bilirubin, and ferritin, have opened the door to potential therapeutic and disease-monitoring possibilities that one day may be applicable to pulmonary medicine. This article introduces readers to the history of heme oxygenase research, the role of this enzyme in the lung, and related new developments to look forward to in the fields of pulmonary and critical care medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Morse
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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164
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Moore DF, Li H, Jeffries N, Wright V, Cooper RA, Elkahloun A, Gelderman MP, Zudaire E, Blevins G, Yu H, Goldin E, Baird AE. Using peripheral blood mononuclear cells to determine a gene expression profile of acute ischemic stroke: a pilot investigation. Circulation 2005; 111:212-21. [PMID: 15630028 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000152105.79665.c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct brain biopsy is rarely indicated during acute stroke. This study uses peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to determine whether a systemic gene expression profile could be demonstrated in patients with acute ischemic stroke. METHODS AND RESULTS Using oligonucleotide microarrays, we compared the gene expression profile of an index cohort of 20 patients with confirmed ischemic stroke on neuroimaging studies with that of 20 referent subjects. Validation studies used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to measure the levels of 9 upregulated genes in the index cohort, and an independent cohort of 9 patients and 10 referent subjects was prospectively studied to determine the accuracy of the Prediction Analysis for Microarrays list to classify stroke. After correction for multiple comparisons with the Bonferroni technique, 190 genes were significantly different between the stroke and referent groups. Broad classes of genes included white blood cell activation and differentiation (approximately 60%), genes associated with hypoxia and vascular repair, and genes potentially associated with an altered cerebral microenvironment. Real-time polymerase chain reaction confirmed increased mRNA expression in 9 of 9 upregulated stroke-associated genes in the index cohort. A panel of 22 genes derived from the Prediction Analysis for Microarrays algorithm in the index cohort classified stroke in the validation cohort with a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 80%. Control for the Framingham stroke risk score revealed only a partial dependence of the stroke gene expression profile in PBMCs on vascular risk. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated an altered gene expression profile in PBMCs during acute ischemic stroke. Some genes with altered expression were consistent with an adaptive response to central nervous system ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Moore
- Section of Neurology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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165
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Grigoryev DN, Finigan JH, Hassoun P, Garcia JGN. Science review: searching for gene candidates in acute lung injury. Crit Care 2004; 8:440-7. [PMID: 15566614 PMCID: PMC1065043 DOI: 10.1186/cc2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a complex and devastating illness, often occurring within the setting of sepsis, and carries an annual mortality rate of 30-50%. Although the genetic basis of ALI has not been fully established, an increasing body of evidence suggests that genetic predisposition contributes to disease susceptibility and severity. Significant difficulty exists, however, in defining the exact nature of these genetic factors, including large phenotypic variance, incomplete penetrance, complex gene-environment interactions, and strong potential for locus heterogeneity. We utilized the candidate gene approach and an ortholog gene database to provide relevant gene ontologies and insights into the genetic basis of ALI. We employed a Medline search of selected basic and clinical studies in the English literature and studies sponsored by the HopGene National Institutes of Health sponsored Program in Genomic Applications. Extensive gene expression profiling studies in animal models of ALI (rat, murine, canine), as well as in humans, were performed to identify potential candidate genes http://www.hopkins-genomics.org/. We identified a number of candidate genes for ALI, with blood coagulation and inflammation gene ontologies being the most highly represented. The candidate gene approach coupled with extensive gene profiling and novel bioinformatics approaches is a valuable way to identify genes that are involved in ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry N Grigoryev
- Fellow, Center for Translational Respiratory Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James H Finigan
- Fellow, Center for Translational Respiratory Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul Hassoun
- Associate Professor, Center for Translational Respiratory Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joe GN Garcia
- Director, Center for Translational Respiratory Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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166
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Kaul DK, Liu XD, Chang HY, Nagel RL, Fabry ME. Effect of fetal hemoglobin on microvascular regulation in sickle transgenic-knockout mice. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:1136-45. [PMID: 15489961 PMCID: PMC522244 DOI: 10.1172/jci21633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In sickle cell disease, intravascular sickling and attendant flow abnormalities underlie the chronic inflammation and vascular endothelial abnormalities. However, the relationship between sickling and vascular tone is not well understood. We hypothesized that sickling-induced vaso-occlusive events and attendant oxidative stress will affect microvascular regulatory mechanisms. In the present studies, we have examined whether microvascular abnormalities expressed in sickle transgenic-knockout Berkeley (BERK) mice (which express exclusively human alpha- and beta(S)-globins with <1% gamma-globin levels) are amenable to correction with increased levels of antisickling fetal hemoglobin (HbF). In BERK mice, sickling, increased oxidative stress, and hemolytic anemia are accompanied by vasodilation, compensatory increases in eNOS and COX-2, and attenuated vascular responses to NO-mediated vasoactive stimuli and norepinephrine. The hypotension and vasodilation (required for adequate oxygen delivery in the face of chronic anemia) are mediated by non-NO vasodilators (i.e., prostacyclin) as evidenced by induction of COX-2. In BERK mice, the resistance to NO-mediated vasodilators is associated with increased oxidative stress and hemolytic rate, and in BERK + gamma mice (expressing 20% HbF), an improved response to these stimuli is associated with reduced oxidative stress and hemolytic rate. Furthermore, BERK + gamma mice show normalization of vessel diameters, and eNOS and COX-2 expression. These results demonstrate a strong relationship between sickling and microvascular function in sickle cell disease.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/pharmacology
- Anemia, Sickle Cell/genetics
- Anemia, Sickle Cell/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Adhesion/physiology
- Cyclooxygenase 2
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Female
- Fetal Hemoglobin/metabolism
- Hemodynamics
- Hemoglobin, Sickle/genetics
- Hemoglobin, Sickle/metabolism
- Hemolysis/physiology
- Humans
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microcirculation/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
- Nitroprusside/pharmacology
- Oxidative Stress
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/metabolism
- Tyrosine/analogs & derivatives
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- Vasodilation/physiology
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay K Kaul
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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Kaul DK, Liu XD, Chang HY, Nagel RL, Fabry ME. Effect of fetal hemoglobin on microvascular regulation in sickle transgenic-knockout mice. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200421633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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168
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Bull TM, Coldren CD, Moore M, Sotto-Santiago SM, Pham DV, Nana-Sinkam SP, Voelkel NF, Geraci MW. Gene microarray analysis of peripheral blood cells in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170:911-9. [PMID: 15215156 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200312-1686oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of genetic predisposition, inflammation, and autoimmune mechanisms in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is becoming increasingly clear. We hypothesized that the analysis of gene expression profiles from peripheral blood mononuclear cells would distinguish patients with PAH from normal volunteers. We also hypothesized that a subset of genes would discriminate between patients with idiopathic PAH and pulmonary hypertension related to secondary causes. Mononuclear cells were isolated from 15 patients diagnosed with PAH and 6 normal control subjects. Microarray expression was performed, and the expression profiles were analyzed for consistent and predictive differences in gene expression. We identified a signature set of 106 genes that discriminated with high certainty (p < or = 0.002) between patients with PAH and normal individuals. The results of the microarray analysis were retrospectively and prospectively confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for 2 of the 106 genes. Supervised clustering analysis generated a list of differentially expressed genes between patients with idiopathic and secondary causes of pulmonary hypertension. Microarray expression profiling of peripheral blood cells can discriminate between patients with PAH and normal volunteers. These findings may have important implications toward diagnosis, screening, and pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Bull
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, 4200 East 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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