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Abstract
Inflammation is believed to play a central role in many of the chronic diseases that characterize modern society. In the past decade, our understanding of how dietary fats affect our immune system and subsequently our inflammatory status has grown considerably. There are compelling data showing that high-fat meals promote endotoxin [e.g., lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] translocation into the bloodstream, stimulating innate immune cells and leading to a transient postprandial inflammatory response. The nature of this effect is influenced by the amount and type of fat consumed. The role of various dietary constituents, including fats, on gut microflora and subsequent health outcomes in the host is another exciting and novel area of inquiry. The impact of specific fatty acids on inflammation may be central to how dietary fats affect health. Three key fatty acid-inflammation interactions are briefly described. First, the evidence suggests that saturated fatty acids induce inflammation in part by mimicking the actions of LPS. Second, the often-repeated claim that dietary linoleic acid promotes inflammation was not supported in a recent systematic review of the evidence. Third, an explanation is offered for why omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids are so much less anti-inflammatory in humans than in mice. The article closes with a cautionary tale from the genomic literature that illustrates why extrapolating the results from inflammation studies in mice to humans is problematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Fritsche
- Animal Sciences Division, Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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152
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Zhang B, Liu Y, Zhang JS, Zhang XH, Chen WJ, Yin XH, Qi YF. Cortistatin protects myocardium from endoplasmic reticulum stress induced apoptosis during sepsis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 406:40-8. [PMID: 25727193 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis and septic shock are common entities encountered in intensive care units. Myocardial depression is a well-recognized manifestation of organ dysfunction in sepsis, and myocardial apoptosis is a key step for this progression, which may contribute to cardiac contractile dysfunction. Increasing evidence suggested the anti-inflammatory role of cortistatin (CST) during lethal endotoxemia. However, the direct protective effect of CST on myocardial is still not clear. Here, we aimed to study whether CST can directly protect myocardial from apoptosis. To test that, we used cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) induced sepsis rat model. CST (175 µg/kg, intraperitoneal administration) was injected every 24 h before the model induction for 3 days. Electron microscopy, TUNEL staining, caspase-3 expression, and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio were used to measure myocardial apoptosis. In addition, the protein levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) markers were overexpressed in sepsis. To further test whether CST can directly protect myocardial apoptosis from ERS, we compared dithiothreitol (DTT) induced cardiomyocyte (CM) ERS with or without CST in vitro. We found that CST strongly attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and DTT induced CM ERS. Blocking GHS-R1a, one of CST's receptors expressed by CMs, completely abrogated CST's protective effect. Finally, CST's protective effect was associated with the decrease of ERS both in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, our results for the first time showed the previously unexpected role of CST to directly protect myocardial from apoptosis through inhibiting ERS and partly through GHS-R1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jin-Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wen-Jia Chen
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xin-Hua Yin
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Yong-Fen Qi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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153
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Hu Z, Gu Z, Sun M, Zhang K, Gao P, Yang Q, Yuan Y. Ursolic acid improves survival and attenuates lung injury in septic rats induced by cecal ligation and puncture. J Surg Res 2015; 194:528-536. [PMID: 25454976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is characterized as a systemic inflammatory response syndrome during infection, which can result in multiple organ dysfunction and death. Ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpene acid, has been reported to have potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to detect the possible protective effects of UA on sepsis-evoked acute lung injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS A rat model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was used. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with UA (10 mg/kg) after CLP, and then the survival was determined twice a day for 4 d. The protective effects of UA on CLP-induced acute lung injury were assayed at 24 h after CLP. RESULTS The results revealed that UA treatment markedly improved the survival of septic rats, and attenuated CLP-induced lung injury, including reduction of lung wet/dry weight ratio, infiltration of leukocytes and proteins, myeloperoxidase activity, and malondialdehyde content. In addition, UA significantly decreased the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β, inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in the lung, which are involved in the productions of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that UA exerts protective effects on CLP-induced septic rats. UA may be a potential therapeutic agent against sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhansheng Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilong Gu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Meina Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Penghui Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinwu Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Central Hospital, Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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154
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Abdelrahman RS, El-Awady MS, Nader MA, Ammar EM. Hydrogen sulfide ameliorates cardiovascular dysfunction induced by cecal ligation and puncture in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2015; 34:953-64. [PMID: 25791320 DOI: 10.1177/0960327114564794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenously produced gaseous messenger that participates in regulation of cardiovascular functions. This study evaluates the possible protective effect of H2S in cardiovascular dysfunction induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in rats. After 24 h of induction of CLP, heart rate (HR), mortality, cardiac and inflammation biomarkers (creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) isozyme, cardiac troponin I (cTnI), C-reactive protein (CRP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)), in vitro vascular reactivity, histopathological examination, and oxidative biomarkers (malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) were determined. CLP induced elevations in HR, mortality, serum CK-MB, cTnI, CRP, and LDH, in addition to impaired aortic contraction to potassium chloride and phenylephrine and relaxation to acetylcholine without affecting sodium nitroprusside responses. Moreover, CLP increased cardiac and aortic MDA and decreased SOD, without affecting GSH and caused a marked subserosal and interstitial inflammation in endocardium. Sodium hydrosulfide, but not the irreversible inhibitor of H2S synthesis dl-propargyl glycine, protected against CLP-induced changes in HR, mortality, cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers, oxidative stress, and myocardium histopathological changes without affecting vascular dysfunction. Our results confirm that H2S can attenuate CLP-induced cardiac, but not vascular, dysfunction possibly through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Abdelrahman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - M S El-Awady
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - M A Nader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - E M Ammar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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155
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Kamisoglu K, Haimovich B, Calvano SE, Coyle SM, Corbett SA, Langley RJ, Kingsmore SF, Androulakis IP. Human metabolic response to systemic inflammation: assessment of the concordance between experimental endotoxemia and clinical cases of sepsis/SIRS. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2015; 19:71. [PMID: 25887472 PMCID: PMC4383069 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-0783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Two recent, independent, studies conducted novel metabolomics analyses relevant to human sepsis progression; one was a human model of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) challenge (experimental endotoxemia) and the other was community acquired pneumonia and sepsis outcome diagnostic study (CAPSOD). The purpose of the present study was to assess the concordance of metabolic responses to LPS and community-acquired sepsis. Methods We tested the hypothesis that the patterns of metabolic response elicited by endotoxin would agree with those in clinical sepsis. Alterations in the plasma metabolome of the subjects challenged with LPS were compared with those of sepsis patients who had been stratified into two groups: sepsis patients with confirmed infection and non-infected patients who exhibited systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria. Common metabolites between endotoxemia and both these groups were individually identified, together with their direction of change and functional classifications. Results Response to endotoxemia at the metabolome level elicited characteristics that agree well with those observed in sepsis patients despite the high degree of variability in the response of these patients. Moreover, some distinct features of SIRS have been identified. Upon stratification of sepsis patients based on 28-day survival, the direction of change in 21 of 23 metabolites was the same in endotoxemia and sepsis survival groups. Conclusions The observed concordance in plasma metabolomes of LPS-treated subjects and sepsis survivors strengthens the relevance of endotoxemia to clinical research as a physiological model of community-acquired sepsis, and gives valuable insights into the metabolic changes that constitute a homeostatic response. Furthermore, recapitulation of metabolic differences between sepsis non-survivors and survivors in LPS-treated subjects can enable further research on the development and assessment of rational clinical therapies to prevent sepsis mortality. Compared with earlier studies which focused exclusively on comparing transcriptional dynamics, the distinct metabolomic responses to systemic inflammation with or without confirmed infection, suggest that the metabolome is much better at differentiating these pathophysiologies. Finally, the metabolic changes in the recovering patients shift towards the LPS-induced response pattern strengthening the notion that the metabolic, as well as transcriptional responses, characteristic to the endotoxemia model represent necessary and “healthy” responses to infectious stimuli. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13054-015-0783-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubra Kamisoglu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Beatrice Haimovich
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Steve E Calvano
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Susette M Coyle
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Siobhan A Corbett
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Raymond J Langley
- Department of Respiratory Immunology, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA.
| | - Stephen F Kingsmore
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA. .,Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
| | - Ioannis P Androulakis
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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156
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Goutianos G, Tzioura A, Kyparos A, Paschalis V, Margaritelis NV, Veskoukis AS, Zafeiridis A, Dipla K, Nikolaidis MG, Vrabas IS. The rat adequately reflects human responses to exercise in blood biochemical profile: a comparative study. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/2/e12293. [PMID: 25677548 PMCID: PMC4393201 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are widely used in biology and the findings of animal research are traditionally projected to humans. However, recent publications have raised concerns with regard to what extent animals and humans respond similar to physiological stimuli. Original data on direct in vivo comparison between animals and humans are scarce and no study has addressed this issue after exercise. We aimed to compare side by side in the same experimental setup rat and human responses to an acute exercise bout of matched intensity and duration. Rats and humans ran on a treadmill at 86% of maximal velocity until exhaustion. Pre and post exercise we measured 30 blood chemistry parameters, which evaluate iron status, lipid profile, glucose regulation, protein metabolism, liver, and renal function. ANOVA indicated that almost all biochemical parameters followed a similar alteration pattern post exercise in rats and humans. In fact, there were only 2/30 significant species × exercise interactions (in testosterone and globulins), indicating different responses to exercise between rats and humans. On the contrary, the main effect of exercise was significant in 15/30 parameters and marginally nonsignificant in other two parameters (copper, P = 0.060 and apolipoprotein B, P = 0.058). Our major finding is that the rat adequately mimics human responses to exercise in those basic blood biochemical parameters reported here. The physiological resemblance of rat and human blood responses after exercise to exhaustion on a treadmill indicates that the use of blood chemistry in rats for exercise physiology research is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Goutianos
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Tzioura
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece Department of Hematology - Blood Bank, General Hospital of Serres, Serres, Greece
| | - Antonios Kyparos
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, KariesTrikala, Greece
| | - Nikos V Margaritelis
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Aristidis S Veskoukis
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Andreas Zafeiridis
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Konstantina Dipla
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Vrabas
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
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157
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Knop J, Hanses F, Leist T, Archin NM, Buchholz S, Gläsner J, Gessner A, Wege AK. Staphylococcus aureus Infection in Humanized Mice: A New Model to Study Pathogenicity Associated With Human Immune Response. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:435-44. [PMID: 25657257 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen among humans worldwide, with an increasing prevalence of multidrug resistance. The understanding of virulence factors inducing pathogenicity is still incomplete, and thus far the transfer of results from animal studies into successful clinical trials has been difficult. METHODS In this study, we established an S. aureus infection model in mice engrafted with a human immune system, compared it with infected wild-type and nonhumanized mice, and investigated pathogenesis in these models. RESULTS Staphylococcus aureus infection was aggravated in humanized mice, compared with wild-type or nonengrafted mice. The humanized mice displayed a significantly reduced survival percentage, increased weight loss, and a more-rapid increase in bacterial burden. In addition, S. aureus infection induced T-cell activation, apoptosis, and Fas receptor expression in humanized but not wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the different pathogenetic mechanisms in wild-type and humanized mice and the possible benefit of including humanized mice in future studies involving S. aureus as a prior step to human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Knop
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg
| | - Frank Hanses
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg
| | - Teresa Leist
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg
| | - Nancie M Archin
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
| | - Stefan Buchholz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg
| | - Joachim Gläsner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - André Gessner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anja K Wege
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg
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158
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de Miranda ML, Pereira SJ, Santos AOMT, Villela NR, Kraemer-Aguiar LG, Bouskela E. Milrinone attenuates arteriolar vasoconstriction and capillary perfusion deficits on endotoxemic hamsters. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117004. [PMID: 25646813 PMCID: PMC4315607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Apart from its inotropic property, milrinone has vasodilator, anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic effects that could assist in the reversal of septic microcirculatory changes. This paper investigates the effects of milrinone on endotoxemia-related microcirculatory changes and compares them to those observed with the use of norepinephrine. Materials and Methods After skinfold chamber implantation procedures and endotoxemia induction by intravenous Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide administration (2 mg.kg-1), male golden Syrian hamsters were treated with two regimens of intravenous milrinone (0.25 or 0.5 μg.kg-1.min-1). Intravital microscopy of skinfold chamber preparations allowed quantitative analysis of microvascular variables. Macro-hemodynamic, biochemical, and hematological parameters and survival rate were also analyzed. Endotoxemic non-treated animals, endotoxemic animals treated with norepinephrine (0.2 μg.kg-1.min-1), and non-endotoxemic hamsters served as controls. Results Milrinone (0.5 μg.kg-1.min-1) was effective in reducing lipopolysaccharide-induced arteriolar vasoconstriction, capillary perfusion deficits, and inflammatory response, and in increasing survival. Norepinephrine treated animals showed the best mean arterial pressure levels but the worst functional capillary density values among all endotoxemic groups. Conclusion Our data suggests that milrinone yielded protective effects on endotoxemic animals’ microcirculation, showed anti-inflammatory properties, and improved survival. Norepinephrine did not recruit the microcirculation nor demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Lopes de Miranda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Sandra J. Pereira
- Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Perinatal Barra, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana O. M. T. Santos
- Institute Fernandes Figueira, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation—FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nivaldo R. Villela
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiz Guilherme Kraemer-Aguiar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eliete Bouskela
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research in Vascular Biology—BioVasc, Biomedical Center, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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159
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Otto GP, Grünwald B, Geis C, Köthe S, Hurtado-Oliveros J, Chung HY, Ekaney M, Bockmeyer CL, Sossdorf M, Busch M, Claus RA. Impact of antibiotic treatment intensity on long-term sepsis-associated kidney injury in a polymicrobial peritoneal contamination and infection model. Nephron Clin Pract 2015; 129:137-42. [PMID: 25634142 DOI: 10.1159/000368701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Long-term kidney affections after sepsis are poorly understood. Animal models for investigating kidney damage in the late phase of disease progression are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of two antibiotic regimes on persistence of kidney injury after peritonitis. METHODS Kidney damage was investigated 65 days after polymicrobial peritoneal contamination and infection (PCI) sepsis induction in C57BL/6 mice. Short-term antibiotic therapy (STA, 4 days) was compared to long-term (LTA, 10 days) treatment using plasma creatinine, plasma and urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), urine albumin/creatinine ratio and renal histology. RESULTS Sepsis resulted in mortality rates of 68.2% (STA) and 61.0% (LTA). Surviving STA animals showed the most pronounced kidney damage indicated by significantly elevated levels of creatinine and acute tubular damage (ATD), whereas NGAL was significantly increased in LTA survivors only. A creatinine level above 0.3 mg/dl was used to define kidney injury, found in 21.4% of STA animals and 7.8% of LTA animals. While animals with kidney injury demonstrated significantly higher ATD scores and persistent tubular damage, no significant differences were found for plasma or urine NGAL levels or urine albumin/creatinine ratios. CONCLUSION Prolonged antibiotic treatment reduced the rate of ongoing peritonitis-induced kidney injury in a C57BL/6 mouse model. Plasma or urine NGAL levels were not able to identify animals with or without persistent kidney injury. The kidney injury after the PCI mouse model represents prototypic clinical findings and should be used for further studies investigating disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon P Otto
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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160
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Kelley JL, Ozment TR, Li C, Schweitzer JB, Williams DL. Scavenger receptor-A (CD204): a two-edged sword in health and disease. Crit Rev Immunol 2015; 34:241-61. [PMID: 24941076 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2014010267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Scavenger receptor A (SR-A), also known as the macrophage scavenger receptor and cluster of differentiation 204 (CD204), plays roles in lipid metabolism, atherogenesis, and a number of metabolic processes. However, recent evidence points to important roles for SR-A in inflammation, innate immunity, host defense, sepsis, and ischemic injury. Herein, we review the role of SR-A in inflammation, innate immunity, host defense, sepsis, cardiac and cerebral ischemic injury, Alzheimer's disease, virus recognition and uptake, bone metabolism, and pulmonary injury. Interestingly, SR-A is reported to be host protective in some disease states, but there is also compelling evidence that SR-A plays a role in the pathophysiology of other diseases. These observations of both harmful and beneficial effects of SR-A are discussed here in the framework of inflammation, innate immunity, and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim L Kelley
- Departments of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - Tammy R Ozment
- Departments of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - Chuanfu Li
- Departments of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - John B Schweitzer
- Departments of Pathology, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - David L Williams
- Departments of Surgery, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614
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161
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Lukewich MK, Lomax AE. Mouse models of sepsis elicit spontaneous action potential discharge and enhance intracellular Ca2+ signaling in postganglionic sympathetic neurons. Neuroscience 2015; 284:668-677. [PMID: 25450963 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a severe systemic inflammatory disorder that rapidly activates the sympathetic nervous system to enhance catecholamine secretion from postganglionic sympathetic neurons and adrenal chromaffin cells. Although an increase in preganglionic drive to postganglionic sympathetic tissues has been known to contribute to this response for quite some time, only recently was it determined that sepsis also has direct effects on adrenal chromaffin cell Ca2+ signaling and epinephrine release. In the present study, we characterized the direct effects of sepsis on postganglionic sympathetic neuron function. Using the endotoxemia model of sepsis in mice, we found that almost a quarter of postganglionic neurons acquired the ability to fire spontaneous action potentials, which was absent in cells from control mice. Spontaneously firing neurons possessed significantly lower rheobases and fired a greater number of action potentials at twice the rheobase compared to neurons from control mice. Sepsis did not significantly affect voltage-gated Ca2+ currents. However, global Ca2+ signaling was enhanced in postganglionic neurons isolated from 1 to 24 h endotoxemic mice. A similar increase in the amplitude of high-K+-stimulated Ca2+ transients was observed during the cecal ligation and puncture model of sepsis. The enhanced excitability and Ca2+ signaling produced during sepsis likely amplify the effect of increased preganglionic drive on norepinephrine release from postganglionic neurons. This is important, as sympathetic neurons are integral to the anti-inflammatory autonomic reflex that is activated during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Lukewich
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - A E Lomax
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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Fatemi Faezeh, Dini Salome, Dadkhah Abolfazl, Zolfaghari Mohammad Reza. Considering the antibacterial activity of Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil treated with gamma-irradiation in vitro and in vivo systems. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cell-based therapy for acute organ injury: preclinical evidence and ongoing clinical trials using mesenchymal stem cells. Anesthesiology 2014; 121:1099-121. [PMID: 25211170 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Critically ill patients often suffer from multiple organ failures involving lung, kidney, liver, or brain. Genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic approaches highlight common injury mechanisms leading to acute organ failure. This underlines the need to focus on therapeutic strategies affecting multiple injury pathways. The use of adult stem cells such as mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSC) may represent a promising new therapeutic approach as increasing evidence shows that MSC can exert protective effects following injury through the release of promitotic, antiapoptotic, antiinflammatory, and immunomodulatory soluble factors. Furthermore, they can mitigate metabolomic and oxidative stress imbalance. In this work, the authors review the biological capabilities of MSC and the results of clinical trials using MSC as therapy in acute organ injuries. Although preliminary results are encouraging, more studies concerning safety and efficacy of MSC therapy are needed to determine their optimal clinical use. (ANESTHESIOLOGY 2014; 121:1099-121).
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Bilgili B, Haliloğlu M, Cinel İ. Sepsis and Acute Kidney Injury. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim 2014; 42:294-301. [PMID: 27366441 DOI: 10.5152/tjar.2014.83436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kindney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome which is generally defined as an abrupt decline in glomerular filtration rate, causing accumulation of nitrogenous products and rapid development of fluid, electrolyte and acid base disorders. In intensive care unit sepsis and septic shock are leading causes of AKI. Sepsis-induced AKI literally acts as a biologic indicator of clinical deterioration. AKI triggers variety of immune, inflammatory, metabolic and humoral patways; ultimately leading distant organ dysfunction and increases morbidity and mortality. Serial mesurements of creatinine and urine volume do not make it possible to diagnose AKI at early stages. Serum creatinine influenced by age, weight, hydration status and become apparent only when the kidneys have lost 50% of their function. For that reason we need new markers, and many biomarkers in the diagnosis of early AKI activity is assessed. Historically "Risk-Injury-Failure-Loss-Endstage" (RIFLE), "Acute Kidney Injury Netwok" (AKIN) and "The Kidney Disease/ Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) classification systems are used for diagnosing easily in clinical practice and research and grading disease. Classifications including diagnostic criteria are formed for the identification of AKI. Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), cystatin-C (Cys-C), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and also "cell cycle arrest" molecules has been concerned for clinical use. In this review the pathophysiology of AKI, with the relationship of sepsis and the importance of early diagnosis of AKI is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beliz Bilgili
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Haliloğlu
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İsmail Cinel
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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165
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Bae JS, Lee W, Son HN, Lee YM, Kim IS. Anti-transforming growth factor β-induced protein antibody ameliorates vascular barrier dysfunction and improves survival in sepsis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 212:306-15. [PMID: 25219400 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. Transforming growth factor β-induced protein (TGFBIp) is an extracellular matrix protein expressed by human endothelial cells and platelets that induces sepsis through interaction with integrin αvβ5. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of TGFBIp in vascular permeability and the underlying mechanisms using TGFBIp-neutralizing antibody. METHODS Mice were subjected to caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) with or without neutralizing anti-TGFBIp antibody (300 μg kg(-1), intravenously). Wild-type or integrin β5-null mice received TGFBIp (0.1 mg kg(-1), intravenously) or were subjected to CLP. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (100 ng mL(-1)) with or without neutralizing anti-TGFBIp antibody (50 μg mL(-1)). RESULTS Administration of neutralizing anti-TGFBIp antibody in mice attenuated CLP-induced secretion of TGFBIp, leucocyte migration and vascular permeability and reduced septic mortality. Injected TGFBIp did not enhance vascular barrier permeability or leucocyte migration in β5-null mice. Finally, neutralizing anti-TGFBIp antibody inhibited the specific interactions between TGFBIp and its receptor, integrin αvβ5. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that treatment with a TGFBIp-neutralizing antibody can ameliorate the deleterious effects of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-S. Bae
- College of Pharmacy; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Cell and Matrix Research Institute; School of Medicine; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Korea
| | - W. Lee
- College of Pharmacy; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Cell and Matrix Research Institute; School of Medicine; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Korea
| | - H.-N. Son
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Cell and Matrix Research Institute; School of Medicine; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Korea
| | - Y.-M. Lee
- College of Pharmacy; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Korea
| | - I.-S. Kim
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Cell and Matrix Research Institute; School of Medicine; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul Korea
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Kaner Z, Ochayon DE, Shahaf G, Baranovski BM, Bahar N, Mizrahi M, Lewis EC. Acute Phase Protein α1-Antitrypsin Reduces the Bacterial Burden in Mice by Selective Modulation of Innate Cell Responses. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1489-98. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Creating a prosurvival phenotype through a histone deacetylase inhibitor in a lethal two-hit model. Shock 2014; 41:104-8. [PMID: 24430491 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hemorrhagic shock (HS) can initiate an exaggerated systemic inflammatory response and multiple organ failure, especially if followed by a subsequent inflammatory insult ("second hit"). We have recently shown that histone deacetylase inhibitors can improve survival in rodent models of HS or septic shock, individually. In the present study, we examined whether valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, could prolong survival in a rodent "two-hit" model: HS followed by septic shock from cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) were subjected to sublethal HS (40% blood loss) and then randomly divided into two groups (n = 7/group): VPA and control. The VPA group was treated intraperitoneally with VPA (300 mg/kg in normal saline [NS], volume = 750 μL/kg). The control group was injected with 750 μL/kg NS. After 24 h, all rats received CLP followed immediately by injection of the same dose of VPA (VPA group) or NS (vehicle group). Survival was monitored for 10 days. In a parallel study, serum and peritoneal irrigation fluid from VPA- or vehicle-treated rats were collected 3, 6, and 24 h after CLP, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to analyze myeloperoxidase activity and determine tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 concentrations. Hematoxylin-eosin staining of lungs at 24-h time point was performed to investigate the grade of acute lung injury. RESULTS Rats treated with VPA (300 mg/kg) showed significantly higher survival rates (85.7%) compared with the control (14.3%). Moreover, VPA significantly suppressed myeloperoxidase activity (marker of neutrophil-mediated oxidative damage) and inhibited levels of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 in the serum and peritoneal cavity. Meanwhile, the severity of acute lung injury was significantly reduced in VPA-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that VPA treatment improves survival and attenuates inflammation in a rodent two-hit model.
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Schmidt F, Kny M, Zhu X, Wollersheim T, Persicke K, Langhans C, Lodka D, Kleber C, Weber-Carstens S, Fielitz J. The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM62 and inflammation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2014; 18:545. [PMID: 25263070 PMCID: PMC4231194 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-014-0545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Introduction ICU-acquired weakness (ICUAW) complicates the disease course of critically ill patients. Inflammation and acute-phase response occur directly within myocytes and contribute to ICUAW. We observed that tripartite motif–containing 62 (TRIM62), an E3 ubiquitin ligase and modifier of inflammation, is increased in the skeletal muscle of ICUAW patients. We investigated the regulation and function of muscular TRIM62 in critical illness. Methods Twenty-six critically ill patients with Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores ≥8 underwent two skeletal muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis at median days 5 and 15 in the ICU. Four patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery served as controls. TRIM62 expression and protein content were analyzed in these biopsies. The kinetics of Trim62, Atrogin1 and MuRF1 expression were determined in the gastrocnemius/plantaris and tibialis anterior muscles from mouse models of inflammation-, denervation- and starvation-induced muscle atrophy to differentiate between these contributors to ICUAW. Cultured myocytes were used for mechanistic analyses. Results TRIM62 expression and protein content were increased early and remained elevated in muscles from critically ill patients. In all three animal models, muscular Trim62 expression was early and continuously increased. Trim62 was expressed in myocytes, and its overexpression activated the atrophy-inducing activator protein 1 signal transduction pathway. Knockdown of Trim62 by small interfering RNA inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin 6 expression. Conclusions TRIM62 is activated in the muscles of critically ill patients. It could play a role in the pathogenesis of ICUAW by activating and maintaining inflammation in myocytes. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ID: ISRCTN77569430 (registered 13 February 2008) Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13054-014-0545-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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McCurdy TR, Patrick AL, Eltringham-Smith LJ, Bhakta V, Sheffield WP, Fox-Robichaud AE. Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein reduces hepatic leukocyte recruitment in murine models of either early endotoxemia or early sepsis. Microcirculation 2014; 21:74-83. [PMID: 23941548 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the effect of systemically administered AGP on early leukocyte recruitment in the livers of endotoxemic or septic mice and to determine whether this is influenced by LPS sequestration. METHODS Endotoxemia was induced in C57Bl/6 mice via intraperitoneal injection of LPS. Sepsis was induced in mice by cecal ligation and perforation. AGP (165 mg/kg) or saline (20 mL/kg) or HAS (200 mg/kg) was administered immediately after surgery or LPS injection and the hepatic microcirculation was examined by intravital microscopy at four hour. RESULTS Leukocyte adhesion in the PSV was reduced by treatment with AGP in mice subjected to either LPS or CLP protocols compared to either saline or HAS treatment. AGP-treated mice also had significantly higher sinusoidal flow in both models. Pre-incubation of LPS with AGP reduced the ability of LPS to recruit leukocytes to the liver microcirculation. CONCLUSIONS AGP was more effective in limiting hepatic inflammation and maintaining perfusion than saline or HAS, in both endotoxemic and septic mice. AGP sequestration of LPS may contribute to its anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R McCurdy
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Blood Services Research and Development, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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170
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Anti-RAGE antibody ameliorates severe thermal injury in rats through regulating cellular immune function. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1167-76. [PMID: 25152026 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) participates in a variety of pathophysiological processes and inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of an anti-RAGE neutralizing antibody for severe thermal injury in rats, and to determine whether the treatment worked via modulating cellular immune function. METHODS Full-thickness scald injury was induced in Wistar rats, which were treated with the anti-RAGE antibody (1 mg/kg, iv) at 6 h and 24 h after the injury. The rats were sacrificed on d 1, 3, 5, and 7. Blood and spleen samples were harvested to monitor organ function and to analyze dendritic cell (DC) and T cell cytokine profiles. The survival rate was analyzed up to d 7 after the injury. RESULTS Administration of the antibody significantly increased the 7 d survival rate in thermally injured rats (6.67% in the model group; 33.33% in anti-RAGE group). Treatment with the antibody also attenuated the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) following the thermal injury, as shown by significant decreases in the organ dysfunction markers, including serum ALT, AST, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and CK-MB. Moreover, treatment with the antibody significantly promoted DC maturation and T cell activation in the spleens of thermally injured rats. CONCLUSION Blockade of the RAGE axis by the antibody effectively ameliorated MODS and improved the survival rate in thermally injured rats, which may be due to modulation of cellular immune function.
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171
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Villela NR, dos Santos AOMT, de Miranda ML, Bouskela E. Fluid resuscitation therapy in endotoxemic hamsters improves survival and attenuates capillary perfusion deficits and inflammatory responses by a mechanism related to nitric oxide. J Transl Med 2014; 12:232. [PMID: 25151363 PMCID: PMC4158098 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Relative hypovolemia is frequently found in early stages of severe sepsis and septic shock and prompt and aggressive fluid therapy has become standard of care improving tissue perfusion and patient outcome. This paper investigates the role of the nitric oxide pathway on beneficial microcirculatory effects of fluid resuscitation. Methods After skinfold chamber implantation procedures and endotoxemia induction by intravenous Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide administration (2 mg.kg−1), male golden Syrian hamsters were fluid resuscitated and then sequentially treated with L-Nω-Nitroarginine and L-Arginine hydrochloride (LPS/FR/LNNA group). Intravital microscopy of skinfold chamber preparations allowed quantitative analysis of microvascular variables including venular leukocyte rolling and adhesion. Macro-hemodynamic, biochemical and hematological parameters as well as survival rate were also evaluated. Endotoxemic hamsters treated with fluid therapy alone (LPS/FR group) and non-treated animals (LPS group) served as controls. Results Fluid resuscitation was effective in reducing lipopolysaccharide-induced microcirculatory changes. After 3 hours of lipopolysaccharide administration, non-fluid resuscitated animals (LPS group) had the lowest functional capillary density (1% from baseline for LPS group vs. 19% for LPS/FR one; p <0.05). At the same time point, arteriolar mean internal diameter was significantly wider in LPS/FR group than in LPS one (100% vs. 50% from baseline). Fluid resuscitation also reduced leukocyte-endothelium interactions and sequestration (p <0.05 for LPS vs. LPS/FR group) and increased survival (median survival time: 2 and 5.5 days for LPS and LPS/FR groups, respectively; p <0.05). Nitric oxide synthase inhibition prevented these protective effects, while L-Arginine administration markedly restored many of them. Conclusion Our results suggest that the underlying mechanism of fluid therapy is the restoration of nitric oxide bioavailability, because inhibition of NOS prevented many of its beneficial effects. Nevertheless, further investigations are required in experimental models closer to conditions of human sepsis to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivaldo Ribeiro Villela
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Boulevard 28 de Setembro, Rio de Janeiro, 77 - Vila Isabel, 20,551-030, RJ, Brazil.
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Witzenrath M. Endothelial progenitor cells for acute respiratory distress syndrome treatment: support your local sheriff! Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:1452-5. [PMID: 24930525 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201405-0827ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Witzenrath
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
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Arias M, Jiménez de Bagües M, Aguiló N, Menao S, Hervás-Stubbs S, de Martino A, Alcaraz A, Simon M, Froelich C, Pardo J. Elucidating Sources and Roles of Granzymes A and B during Bacterial Infection and Sepsis. Cell Rep 2014; 8:420-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Nauseef WM. Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1146-55. [PMID: 24844117 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human neutrophils represent the predominant leucocyte in circulation and the first responder to infection. Concurrent with ingestion of microorganisms, neutrophils activate and assemble the NADPH oxidase at the phagosome, thereby generating superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. Concomitantly, granules release their contents into the phagosome, where the antimicrobial proteins and enzymes synergize with oxidants to create an environment toxic to the captured microbe. The most rapid and complete antimicrobial action by human neutrophils against many organisms relies on the combined efforts of the azurophilic granule protein myeloperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide from the NADPH oxidase to oxidize chloride, thereby generating hypochlorous acid and a host of downstream reaction products. Although individual components of the neutrophil antimicrobial response exhibit specific activities in isolation, the situation in the environment of the phagosome is far more complicated, a consequence of multiple and complex interactions among oxidants, proteins and their by-products. In most cases, the cooperative interactions among the phagosomal contents, both from the host and the microbe, culminate in loss of viability of the ingested organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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175
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de Andrade JAA, Gayer CRM, Nogueira NPDA, Paes MC, Bastos VLFC, Neto JDCB, Alves SC, Coelho RM, da Cunha MGAT, Gomes RN, Águila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Bozza PT, da Cunha S. The effect of thiamine deficiency on inflammation, oxidative stress and cellular migration in an experimental model of sepsis. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2014; 11:11. [PMID: 24826081 PMCID: PMC4018973 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-11-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Sepsis is a prevalent condition in critically ill patients and may be associated with thiamine deficiency (TD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of TD on inflammation, oxidative stress and cellular recruitment in a sepsis model. Methods The experimental sepsis model, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), was utilized on mice in comparison with a sham procedure. The following four groups were compared against each other: SHAM with AIN93G complete chow, SHAM with thiamine deficient (TD) chow, CLP with AIN93G complete chow, and CLP with TD chow. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) blood concentrations were determined, and blood and peritoneal fluid were evaluated for differences in TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6, KC and MCP-1/CCL2 levels. In addition, the levels of 4-HNE adducts in liver proteins were evaluated by Western Blot. Results The mean TPP blood concentration from the mice fed with the complete chow was 303.3 ± 42.6 nmol/L, and TD occurred within 10 days. TNF-α and MCP-1 concentrations in the peritoneal fluid were significantly greater in the CLP with TD chow group when compared with the other groups. The blood IL-1β level, however, was lower in the CLP with TD chow group. Liver 4-HNE levels were highest in the TD chow groups. Blood mononuclear cell numbers, as well as peritoneal total leukocyte, mononuclear cell and neutrophil numbers were greater in the CLP with TD chow group. Peritoneal bacterial colony forming units (CFU) were significantly lower in the CLP with TD chow group. Conclusion TD was associated with greater bacterial clearance, oxidative stress and inflammatory response changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antenor Araújo de Andrade
- Intensive Care Unit, Pedro Ernesto University Hospital, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de Setembro 87, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Machado Gayer
- Biochemistry Department, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Cristina Paes
- Biochemistry Department, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Freire Cunha Bastos
- Biochemistry Department, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jayme da Cunha Bastos Neto
- Biochemistry Department, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rachel Novaes Gomes
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcia Barbosa Águila
- Morphometry, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Laboratory; Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Morphometry, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Laboratory; Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Sérgio da Cunha
- Intensive Care Unit, Pedro Ernesto University Hospital, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de Setembro 87, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 20551-030, Brazil
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Starr ME, Saito H. Sepsis in old age: review of human and animal studies. Aging Dis 2014; 5:126-36. [PMID: 24729938 PMCID: PMC3966671 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0500126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a serious problem among the geriatric population as its incidence and mortality rates dramatically increase with advanced age. Despite a large number of ongoing clinical and basic research studies, there is currently no effective therapeutic strategy that rescues elderly patients with severe sepsis. Recognition of this problem is relatively low as compared to other age-associated diseases. The disparity between clinical and basic studies is a problem, and this is likely due, in part, to the fact that most laboratory animals used for sepsis research are not old while the majority of sepsis cases occur in the geriatric population. The objective of this article is to review recent epidemiological studies and clinical observations, and compare these with findings from basic laboratory studies which have used aged animals in experimental sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene E Starr
- Department of Surgery, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Hiroshi Saito
- Department of Surgery, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Physiology, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Suto B, Szitter I, Bagoly T, Pinter E, Szolcsányi J, Loibl C, Nemeth T, Tanczos K, Molnar T, Leiner T, Varnai B, Bardonicsek Z, Helyes Z. Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity increases in the plasma of septic patients and rats with systemic inflammatory reaction: experimental evidence for its sensory origin and protective role. Peptides 2014; 54:49-57. [PMID: 24457113 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alterations of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SST-LI) in the plasma of 11 systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) patients were investigated in correlation with cytokines, adhesion molecules and coagulation markers repeatedly during 4 days. The origin and role of SST were studied in the cecum ligation and puncture (CLP) rat SIRS model. Capsaicin-sensitive peptidergic sensory nerves were defunctionalized by resiniferatoxin (RTX) pretreatment 2 weeks earlier, in a separate group animals were treated with the somatostatin receptor antagonist cyclo-somatostatin (C-SOM). Plasma SST-LI significantly elevated in septic patients compared to healthy volunteers during the whole 4-day period. Significantly decreased Horowitz score showed severe lung injury, increased plasma C-reactive protein and procalcitonin confirmed SIRS. Soluble P-selectin, tissue plasminogen activator and the interleukin 8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 significantly increased, interleukin 6 and soluble CD40 ligand did not change, and soluble Vascular Adhesion Molecule-1 decreased. SST-LI significantly increased in rats both in the plasma and the lung 6h after CLP compared to sham-operation. After RTX pretreatment SST-LI was not altered in intact animals, but the SIRS-induced elevation was absent. Lung MPO activity significantly increased 6h following CLP compared to sham operation, which was significantly higher both after RTX-desensitization and C-SOM-treatment. Most non-pretreated operated rats survived the 6h, but 60% of the RTX-pretreated ones died showing a significantly worse survival. This is the first comprehensive study in humans and animal experiments providing evidence that SST is released from the activated peptidergic sensory nerves. It gets into the bloodstream and mediates a potent endogenous protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balazs Suto
- Department of Accident and Emergency, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Rákóczi út 2., H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Istvan Szitter
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 20., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Terez Bagoly
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erika Pinter
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 20., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; PharmInVivo Ltd., Szondi Gy. u. 10., H-7629 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Janos Szolcsányi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 20., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; PharmInVivo Ltd., Szondi Gy. u. 10., H-7629 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Csaba Loibl
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Rákóczi út 2., H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Timea Nemeth
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Krisztian Tanczos
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Rákóczi út 2., H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tihamer Molnar
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Rákóczi út 2., H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Leiner
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Rákóczi út 2., H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bianka Varnai
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Rákóczi út 2., H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsofia Bardonicsek
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Rákóczi út 2., H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 20., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; PharmInVivo Ltd., Szondi Gy. u. 10., H-7629 Pécs, Hungary.
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178
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Oral supplementations with free and dipeptide forms of l-glutamine in endotoxemic mice: effects on muscle glutamine-glutathione axis and heat shock proteins. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:345-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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179
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Contribution of protein Z and protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor in generalized Shwartzman reaction. Crit Care Med 2014; 41:e447-56. [PMID: 23963134 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e318298a562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sepsis, a leading cause of mortality in critically ill patients, is closely linked to the excessive activation of coagulation and inflammation. Protein Z, a cofactor for the protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor, enhances the inhibition of coagulation factor Xa, and protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor inhibits factor XIa in a protein Z-independent fashion. The functions of protein Z and protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor in the inflammatory and coagulant responses to septic illness have not been evaluated. DESIGN For induction of generalized Shwartzman reaction, dorsal skinfold chamber-equipped mice were challenged twice with lipopolysaccharide (0.05 mg/kg on day -1 and 5 mg/kg body weight 24 hr later). Time-matched control animals received equal volumes of saline. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS, INTERVENTIONS, AND MEASUREMENTS Using intravital fluorescence microscopy in protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor deficient (ZPI) and protein Z deficient (PZ) mice, as well as their wild-type littermates (ZPI, PZ), kinetics of light/dye-induced thrombus formation and microhemodynamics were assessed in randomly chosen venules. Plasma concentrations of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 were measured. Liver and lung were harvested for quantitative analysis of leukocytic tissue infiltration and thrombus formation. MAIN RESULTS After induction of generalized Shwartzman reaction, all mice showed significant impairment of microhemodynamics, including blood flow velocity, volumetric blood flow, and functional capillary density, as well as leukocytopenia and thrombocytopenia. Thrombus formation time was markedly prolonged after induction of generalized Shwartzman reaction in all mice, except of ZPI mice, which also had a significantly higher fraction of occluded vessels in liver sections. PZ mice developed the highest concentrations of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 in response to generalized Shwartzman reaction and showed greater leukocytic tissue infiltration than their wild-type littermates. CONCLUSIONS In this murine model of generalized Shwartzman reaction, protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor deficiency enhanced the thrombotic response to vascular injury, whereas protein Z deficiency increased inflammatory response.
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180
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Systemic inflammatory responses and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome following skin burn wound and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in mice. Shock 2014; 40:152-9. [PMID: 23707977 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31829aef41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Burn wound-related sepsis is associated with the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). This study is aimed at investigating the development and progression of SIS and MODS in a mouse model of skin burn sepsis. C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into the sham, burn, Pseudomonas, and burn/Pseudomonas groups. The back skin of the sham, burn, and burn/Pseudomonas groups was burned about 10% of total area with using 37°C or 98°C water for 8 s, respectively, followed by inoculating with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The Pseudomonas group was infected with P. aeruginosa without burn injury. Their body weights, mortality, organ histology, and function as well as systemic inflammation were measured longitudinally. The burn/Pseudomonas mice lost more body weights than did mice from the other groups and had a significantly higher mortality rate (P < 0.05). The burn/Pseudomonas mice exhibited significantly higher levels of bacterial loads in different organs and serum endotoxin, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor α, and C-reactive protein than those in mice from the other groups (P < 0.05). The burn/Pseudomonas mice also displayed more severe liver, lung, and kidney tissue damage and impaired organ functions, particularly at 72 h after inoculation than did the burn and Pseudomonas groups of mice. Our data indicate that burn and P. aeruginosa infection induced severe sepsis and rapidly progressed into systemic inflammatory response syndrome and MODS in mice.
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181
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Zhao X, Liu D, Gong W, Zhao G, Liu L, Yang L, Hou Y. The toll-like receptor 3 ligand, poly(I:C), improves immunosuppressive function and therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cells on sepsis via inhibiting MiR-143. Stem Cells 2014; 32:521-33. [PMID: 24105952 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are attractive candidates for clinical therapeutic applications. Recent studies indicate MSCs express active Toll-like receptors (TLRs), but their effect on MSCs and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we found that, after treating human umbilical cord MSCs with various TLR ligands, only TLR3 ligand, poly(I:C), could significantly increase the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Furthermore, poly(I:C) could enhance MSCs' anti-inflammatory effect on macrophages. Next, we focused on the regulatory roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the process of poly(I:C) activating MSCs. Our experiments indicated that miR-143 expression was significantly decreased in MSCs with poly(I:C) treatment, and the expression level of miR-143 could regulate the effect of poly(I:C) on MSCs' immunosuppressive function. Subsequent results showed that the reporter genes with putative miR-143 binding sites from the transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1) and COX-2 3' untranslated regions were downregulated in the presence of miR-143. In addition, mRNA and protein expression of TAK1 and COX-2 in MSCs was also downregulated with miR-143 overexpression, suggesting that TAK1 and COX-2 are target genes of miR-143 in MSCs. Consistent with miR-143 overexpression, TAK1 interference also attenuated MSCs' immunosuppressive function enhanced by poly(I:C). Additionally, it was shown that TLR3-activated MSCs could improve survival in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis, while miR-143 overexpression reduced the effectiveness of this therapy. These results proved that poly(I:C) improved the immunosuppressive abilities of MSCs, revealed the regulatory role of miRNAs in the process, and may provide an opportunity for potential novel therapies for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis remains a leading cause of death in intensive care units. There is growing evidence that volatile anesthetics have beneficial immunomodulatory effects on complex inflammation-mediated conditions. The authors investigated the effect of volatile anesthetics on the overall survival of mice in a sepsis model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). METHODS Mice (N = 12 per treatment group) were exposed to anesthetic concentrations of desflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane either during induction of sepsis or when the mice showed pronounced symptoms of inflammation. Overall survival, as well as organ function and inflammation was compared with the CLP group without intervention. RESULTS With desflurane and sevoflurane conditioning (1.2 minimal alveolar concentration for 2 h immediately after induction of CLP) overall survival was improved to 58% and 83%, respectively, compared with 17% in the untreated CLP group. Isoflurane did not significantly affect outcome. Application of sevoflurane 24 h after sepsis induction significantly improved overall survival to 66%. CONCLUSIONS Administration of the volatile anesthetics desflurane and sevoflurane reduced CLP-induced mortality. Anesthesia may be a critical confounder when comparing study data where different anesthesia protocols were used.
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183
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Adembri C, Selmi V, Vitali L, Nosi D, Tani A, Thyrion GDZ, Santoro G, Bonaccini L, Avveduto G, Caldini AL, Sgambati E. Expression and characterization of anionic components in the tubulointerstitial compartment of rat kidney during polymicrobial sepsis. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:94-105. [PMID: 23810033 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate sialic acids and hyaluronan expression, anionic components important for the structure and function of the renal tubulointerstitial compartment, in the early stages of sepsis. Two groups of rats were used: (1) sham-operated controls; (2) cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) (polymicrobial sepsis model). A search for microbial growth was made in the peritoneal fluid to document infection. Tubular function was evaluated by means of urinary protein loss, urinary Na(+) and urea excretion. Kidney samples were processed to analyze histology, sialic acids (lectin histochemistry) and hyaluronan (immunohistochemistry) expression. Results showed increased urinary protein loss and fractional excretion of Na(+) and urea reduction in the CLP group. Histological changes, particularly in the cortex and in proximal tubules of the CLP group, were observed. In septic rats, compared to controls, sialic acids decreased in amount and their acetylation increased in the tubules, although to a lesser extent in the proximal portion. Hyaluronan was expressed in the medullary interstitium and in a few areas of cortex in controls. In septic rats it increased in the cortical interstitium and appeared in proximal tubules. These results suggest correlation between expression changes of anionic components and tubulointerstitium morphofunctional alterations during sepsis. A role of these molecules in protection/defense and repair processes may be suggested.
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184
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Hurley JC. Towards clinical applications of anti-endotoxin antibodies; a re-appraisal of the disconnect. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:2589-620. [PMID: 24351718 PMCID: PMC3873702 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5122589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin is a potent mediator of a broad range of patho-physiological effects in humans. It is present in all Gram negative (GN) bacteria. It would be expected that anti-endotoxin therapies, whether antibody based or not, would have an important adjuvant therapeutic role along with antibiotics and other supportive therapies for GN infections. Indeed there is an extensive literature relating to both pre-clinical and clinical studies of anti-endotoxin antibodies. However, the extent of disconnect between the generally successful pre-clinical studies versus the failures of the numerous large clinical trials of antibody based and other anti-endotoxin therapies is under-appreciated and unexplained. Seeking a reconciliation of this disconnect is not an abstract academic question as clinical trials of interventions to reduce levels of endotoxemia levels are ongoing. The aim of this review is to examine new insights into the complex relationship between endotoxemia and sepsis in an attempt to bridge this disconnect. Several new factors to consider in this reappraisal include the frequency and types of GN bacteremia and the underlying mortality risk in the various study populations. For a range of reasons, endotoxemia can no longer be considered as a single entity. There are old clinical trials which warrant a re-appraisal in light of these recent advances in the understanding of the structure-function relationship of endotoxin. Fundamentally however, the disconnect not only remains, it has enlarged.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Hurley
- Rural Health Academic Center, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.
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185
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Profiling circulating microRNA expression in experimental sepsis using cecal ligation and puncture. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77936. [PMID: 24205035 PMCID: PMC3813489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in mice with experimental sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) were determined using whole blood samples obtained from C57BL/6 mice at 4, 8, and 24 h after CLP; miRNA expression analysis was performed in these samples using an miRNA array. Microarray analysis revealed upregulation of 10 miRNA targets (miR-16, miR-17, miR-20a, miR-20b, miR-26a, miR-26b, miR-106a, miR-106b, miR-195, and miR-451). The expression of these miRNA targets in the whole blood, serum, and white blood cells (WBCs) of CLP mice was quantified using quantitative real-time PCR; these values were compared to those in sham-operated C57BL/6 mice, and the results indicated that these miRNA targets were significantly up-regulated in the whole blood and serum but not in the WBCs. In addition, the levels of these 10 miRNA targets in the serum of Tlr2-/-, Tlr4-/-, and NF-κB-/- mice at 8 h after CLP did not decrease significantly., which indicated that the transcription of these miRNAs was not directly mediated by the TLR2/NF-κB or TLR4/NF-κB pathway, and pathways induced by exposure to the gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria. Immunoprecipitation with the Argonaute 2 ribonucleoprotein complex revealed significantly increased expression of the 10 miRNA targets in the serum of mice after CLP, and the levels of 6 (miR-16, miR-17, miR-20a, miR-20b, miR-26a, and miR-26b) of these 10 miRNA targets increased significantly in exosomes isolated using ExoQuick precipitation solution. In this study, we identified circulating miRNAs that were up-regulated after CLP and determined the increase in the levels of these miRNAs, and our results suggest that circulating Ago2 complexes and exosomes may be responsible for the stability of miRNAs in the serum.
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186
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Iskander KN, Osuchowski MF, Stearns-Kurosawa DJ, Kurosawa S, Stepien D, Valentine C, Remick DG. Sepsis: multiple abnormalities, heterogeneous responses, and evolving understanding. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1247-88. [PMID: 23899564 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00037.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis represents the host's systemic inflammatory response to a severe infection. It causes substantial human morbidity resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths each year. Despite decades of intense research, the basic mechanisms still remain elusive. In either experimental animal models of sepsis or human patients, there are substantial physiological changes, many of which may result in subsequent organ injury. Variations in age, gender, and medical comorbidities including diabetes and renal failure create additional complexity that influence the outcomes in septic patients. Specific system-based alterations, such as the coagulopathy observed in sepsis, offer both potential insight and possible therapeutic targets. Intracellular stress induces changes in the endoplasmic reticulum yielding misfolded proteins that contribute to the underlying pathophysiological changes. With these multiple changes it is difficult to precisely classify an individual's response in sepsis as proinflammatory or immunosuppressed. This heterogeneity also may explain why most therapeutic interventions have not improved survival. Given the complexity of sepsis, biomarkers and mathematical models offer potential guidance once they have been carefully validated. This review discusses each of these important factors to provide a framework for understanding the complex and current challenges of managing the septic patient. Clinical trial failures and the therapeutic interventions that have proven successful are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra N Iskander
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Chen F, Fan XH, Wu YP, Zhu JL, Wang F, Bo LL, Li JB, Bao R, Deng XM. Resolvin D1 improves survival in experimental sepsis through reducing bacterial load and preventing excessive activation of inflammatory response. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 33:457-64. [PMID: 24072678 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1978-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is characterized as an uncontrolled inflammatory response. Spite et al. (Nature 461(7268):1287-1291, 2009) had demonstrated that resolvin D2, which is derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), improves survival in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-initiated sepsis and enhances bacterial clearance without immune suppression. Resolvin D1, which is also derived from DHA and homologous with resolvin D2, is an endogenous anti-inflammatory and proresolving lipid molecule. We sought to investigate the effects of resolvin D1 on sepsis and to explore the mechanism of action. Six-to-eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups: the sham group underwent the sham operation followed by tail vein injection of vehicle (0.1 % ethanol); the CLP group received vehicle (0.1 % ethanol) after CLP; the resolvin D1 group received resolvin D1 (100 ng) after CLP. Blood, peritoneal lavage fluid, and organs of mice were harvested 24 h after treatment for cytokine analysis, cell counts, bacterial cultures, histopathological studies, and apoptosis quantification. Compared with the vehicle control group, the survival rate and bacterial clearance of mice with sepsis induced by CLP were improved after resolvin D1 treatment, but the numbers of neutrophils in peritoneal lavage fluid, the inflammatory cytokines, the phosphorylation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) (P65) pathway, and the apoptosis rate of CD3(+) T lymphocytes of the thymus were suppressed. Resolvin D1 treatment improved survival in mice with sepsis induced by CLP, enhanced organism bacterial clearance, suppressed the increase of the numbers of neutrophils in peritoneal lavage fluid, reduced the release of inflammatory cytokines, and decreased the apoptosis rate of CD3(+) T lymphocytes of the thymus. These results suggest that resolvin D1 may attenuate the degree of inflammatory reaction in sepsis caused by CLP, without harming the host defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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188
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Theobaldo MC, Llimona F, Petroni RC, Rios ECS, Velasco IT, Soriano FG. Hypertonic saline solution drives neutrophil from bystander organ to infectious site in polymicrobial sepsis: a cecal ligation and puncture model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74369. [PMID: 24069301 PMCID: PMC3775765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of hypertonic saline solution (HSS) have been shown in several animal models of ischemia and shock. Literature has shown potential benefits of HSS modulating inflammatory response after sepsis in an animal model. We studied the HSS effects in sepsis through cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in Balb-C mice. Groups studied: 1- CLP without treatment (CLP-C); 2- CLP treated with normal saline solution NaCl 0.9% – 34 ml/Kg (CLP-S); 3- CLP treated with HSS NaCl 7.5% – 4 ml/Kg (CLP-H); and 4- group (Basal) without no CLP or treatment. Volume infusion was always applied 30 min after CLP. Lung and peritoneal lavage were harvested after 6h and 24h of CLP to analyze cytokines amount, oxide nitric, lipid peroxidation and neutrophil infiltration. Neutrophil infiltration, ICAM-1, CXCR-2, and CXCL-1 in lung were reduced by HSS (CLP-H) compared to CLP-C or CLP-S. Neutrophil in peritoneal lavage was increased in 24h with HSS (CLP-H) compared to CLP and CLP-S. Peritoneal CXCR-2 was increased in CLP-C and CLP-S but presented a lower increase with HSS (CLP-H) after 6 hours. GRK-2 presented difference among the groups at 24 h, showing a profile similar to neutrophil infiltration. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) were reduced by HSS treatment; CLP-S increased TNF-α. IL-10 was increased in lung tissue by the HSS treatment. The oxidative stress (TBARS and nitric oxide biochemistry markers) was reduced with HSS. Animal survival was 33.3% in CLP-C group, 46.6% in CLP-S group and 60% in the CLP-H group after the sixth day. The HSS protects the animal against sepsis. Our results suggest that the volume replacement modulate pro and anti-inflammatory mediators of an inflammatory response, but HSS presented a more effective and potent effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia Llimona
- Emergency of Medicine Division-Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Costa Petroni
- Emergency of Medicine Division-Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Irineu Tadeu Velasco
- Emergency of Medicine Division-Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Garcia Soriano
- Emergency of Medicine Division-Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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189
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New Hope for Prevention of Preterm Delivery. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:330-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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190
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Possible biomarkers of early mortality in peritonitis-induced sepsis rats. J Surg Res 2013; 183:362-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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191
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Ariffin JK, Sweet MJ. Differences in the repertoire, regulation and function of Toll-like Receptors and inflammasome-forming Nod-like Receptors between human and mouse. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:303-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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192
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Abstract
Models of sepsis have been instructive in understanding the sequence of events in animals and, to an extent, in humans with sepsis. Events developing early in sepsis suggest that a hyperinflammatory state exists, accompanied by a buildup of oxidants in tissues reflective of a redox imbalance. Development of immunosuppression and degraded innate and adaptive immune responses are well-established complications of sepsis. In addition, there is robust activation of the complement system, which contributes to the harmful effects of sepsis. These events appear to be associated with development of multiorgan failure. The relevance of animal models of sepsis to human sepsis and the failure of human clinical trials are discussed, together with suggestions as to how clinical trial design might be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Ward
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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193
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Hurley JC, Opal SM. Prognostic value of endotoxemia in patients with Gram-negative bacteremia is bacterial species dependent. J Innate Immun 2013; 5:555-64. [PMID: 23594418 DOI: 10.1159/000347172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognostic impact of endotoxemia detection in sepsis is unclear. Endotoxemia is detectable in <70% of patients with Gram-negative (GN) bacteremias. Mortality proportion data were available from 27 published studies of patients with GN bacteremia in various settings. Among ten studies restricted to specific types of GN bacteremia, endotoxemia was associated with significantly increased mortality risk for Neisseria meningitidis (4 studies; 138 bacteremias; OR 26.0; 95% CI, 1.6-321) but not for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (3 studies; 36 bacteremias; OR 0.89; 95% CI, 0.01-74.1). For 17 unrestricted studies (319 GN bacteremic patients), endotoxemia was associated with an increased mortality risk with non-Escherichia coli Enterobacteriaceae such as Klebsiella and Enterobacter species (97 bacteremias; OR 3.7; 95% CI, 1.3-10.3). By contrast, E. coli (144 bacteremias; OR 0.78; 95% CI, 0.36-1.7), and non-Enterobacteriaceae species such as Pseudomonas species (78 bacteremias; OR 1.7; 95% CI, 0.7-4.6) had no increased mortality risk. That endotoxemia detection is predictive of mortality among patients bacteremic with non-E. coli Enterobacteriaceae but not E. coli is surprising given the presumed commonality of the hexa-acyl lipid A structure among Enterobacteriaceae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Hurley
- Rural Health Academic Center, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Ballarat, Vic., Australia
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194
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Candida albicans-Staphylococcus aureus polymicrobial peritonitis modulates host innate immunity. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2178-89. [PMID: 23545303 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00265-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in medical device fabrication and antimicrobial treatment therapies, fungal-bacterial polymicrobial peritonitis remains a serious complication for surgery patients, those on peritoneal dialysis, and the critically ill. Using a murine model of peritonitis, we have demonstrated that monomicrobial infection with Candida albicans or Staphylococcus aureus is nonlethal. However, coinfection with these same doses leads to a 40% mortality rate and increased microbial burden in the spleen and kidney by day 1 postinfection. Using a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we have also identified a unique subset of innate proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, keratinocyte chemoattractant, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α) that are significantly increased during polymicrobial versus monomicrobial peritonitis, leading to increased inflammatory infiltrate into the peritoneum and target organs. Treatment of coinfected mice with the cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor indomethacin reduces the infectious burden, proinflammatory cytokine production, and inflammatory infiltrate while simultaneously preventing any mortality. Further experiments demonstrated that the immunomodulatory eicosanoid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is synergistically increased during coinfection compared to monomicrobial infection; indomethacin treatment also decreased elevated PGE2 levels. Furthermore, addition of exogenous PGE2 into the peritoneal cavity during infection overrode the protection provided by indomethacin and restored the increased mortality and microbial burden. Importantly, these studies highlight the ability of fungal-bacterial coinfection to modulate innate inflammatory events with devastating consequences to the host.
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195
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Belkina AC, Nikolajczyk BS, Denis GV. BET protein function is required for inflammation: Brd2 genetic disruption and BET inhibitor JQ1 impair mouse macrophage inflammatory responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 190:3670-8. [PMID: 23420887 PMCID: PMC3608815 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Histone acetylation regulates activation and repression of multiple inflammatory genes known to play critical roles in chronic inflammatory diseases. However, proteins responsible for translating the histone acetylation code into an orchestrated proinflammatory cytokine response remain poorly characterized. Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins are "readers" of histone acetylation marks, with demonstrated roles in gene transcription, but the ability of BET proteins to coordinate the response of inflammatory cytokine genes through translation of histone marks is unknown. We hypothesize that members of the BET family of dual bromodomain-containing transcriptional regulators directly control inflammatory genes. We examined the genetic model of brd2 lo mice, a BET protein hypomorph, to show that Brd2 is essential for proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. Studies that use small interfering RNA knockdown and a small-molecule inhibitor of BET protein binding, JQ1, independently demonstrate BET proteins are critical for macrophage inflammatory responses. Furthermore, we show that Brd2 and Brd4 physically associate with the promoters of inflammatory cytokine genes in macrophages. This association is absent in the presence of BET inhibition by JQ1. Finally, we demonstrate that JQ1 ablates cytokine production in vitro and blunts the "cytokine storm" in endotoxemic mice by reducing levels of IL-6 and TNF-α while rescuing mice from LPS-induced death. We propose that targeting BET proteins with small-molecule inhibitors will benefit hyperinflammatory conditions associated with high levels of cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Belkina
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barbara S. Nikolajczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gerald V. Denis
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Liu Z, Li Y, Liu B, Deperalta DK, Zhao T, Chong W, Duan X, Zhou P, Velmahos GC, Alam HB. Synergistic effects of hypertonic saline and valproic acid in a lethal rat two-hit model. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013; 74:991-7; discussion 997-8. [PMID: 23511136 PMCID: PMC4824955 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31828583e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemorrhagic shock (HS) followed by an infection ("second hit") can lead to severe systemic inflammatory response and multiple-organ failure. Studies have shown that resuscitation with hypertonic saline (HTS) can blunt the inflammatory response. We demonstrated that large doses of valproic acid (VPA, 300 mg/kg), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, improves survival in a rodent two-hit model (HS followed by cecal ligation and puncture [CLP]). In the present study, we examined whether combination of HTS with VPA would allow us to achieve survival advantage at a lower dose of VPA (200 mg/kg). METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to HS (50% blood loss) and randomized into five groups (n = 7-8 per group) as follows: (1) isotonic sodium chloride solution (ISCS), (2) 7.5% saline, (3) VPA, (4) ISCS + VPA, and (5) HTS + VPA. After 24 hours, they underwent CLP, followed by the same doses of ISCS, HTS, and/or VPA and were monitored for 10 days. In a parallel experiment, blood, peritoneal irrigation fluid and lung homogenate were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 3 hours and 24 hours after CLP to measure myeloperoxidase activity and proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β levels. Western blotting was performed to investigate the expression of pentraxin 3 protein in the lung homogenate at 24 hours after CLP. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of lungs at the 24 hours were performed to quantify the degree of acute lung injury. RESULTS HTS + VPA treatment significantly improved survival (87.5%), compared with the other groups (14.3%; p < 0.05), while attenuating peritoneal myeloperoxidase levels and proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β levels in the serum, peritoneal cavity, and lung. The degree of acute lung injury and expression of pentraxin 3 in the lung were significantly reduced in the HTS + VPA group. CONCLUSION This is the first study to show that VPA and HTS can work synergistically to attenuate inflammation and improve survival in a lethal two-hit model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengcai Liu
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Leist M, Hartung T. Inflammatory findings on species extrapolations: humans are definitely no 70-kg mice. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:563-7. [PMID: 23503654 PMCID: PMC3604596 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Modern toxicology has embraced in vitro methods, and major hopes are based on the Omics technologies and systems biology approaches they bring along (Hartung and McBride in ALTEX 28(2):83-93, 2011; Hartung et al. in ALTEX 29(2):119-28, 2012). A culture of stringent validation has been developed for such approaches (Leist et al. in ALTEX 27(4):309-317, 2010; ALTEX 29(4):373-88, 2012a; Toxicol Res 1:8-22, 2012b), while the quality and usefulness of animal experiments have been little scrutinized. A new study (Seok et al. 2013) now shows the low predictivity of animal responses in the field of inflammation. These findings corroborate earlier findings from comparisons in the fields of neurodegeneration, stroke and sepsis. The low predictivity of animal experiments in research areas allowing direct comparisons of mouse versus human data puts strong doubt on the usefulness of animal data as key technology to predict human safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Leist
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for Evidence-Based Medicine, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns-Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
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Ostrowski SR, Berg RMG, Windeløv NA, Meyer MAS, Plovsing RR, Møller K, Johansson PI. Discrepant fibrinolytic response in plasma and whole blood during experimental endotoxemia in healthy volunteers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59368. [PMID: 23555024 PMCID: PMC3598702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis induces early activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis followed by late fibrinolytic shutdown and progressive endothelial damage. The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare the functional hemostatic response in whole blood and plasma during experimental human endotoxemia by the platelet function analyzer, Multiplate and by standard and modified thrombelastography (TEG). Methods Prospective physiologic study of nine healthy male volunteers undergoing endotoxemia by means of a 4-hour infusion of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5 ng/kg/hour), with blood sampled at baseline and at 4 h and 6 h. Physiological and standard biochemical data and coagulation tests, TEG (whole blood: TEG, heparinase-TEG, Functional Fibrinogen; plasma: TEG±tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)) and Multiplate (TRAPtest, ADPtest, ASPItest, COLtest) were recorded. Mixed models with Tukey post hoc tests and correlations were applied. Results Endotoxemia induced acute SIRS with increased HR, temperature, WBC, CRP and procalcitonin and decreased blood pressure. It also induced a hemostatic response with platelet consumption and reduced APTT while INR increased (all p<0.05). Platelet aggregation decreased (all tests, p<0.05), whereas TEG whole blood clot firmness increased (G, p = 0.05). Furthermore, during endotoxemia (4 h), whole blood fibrinolysis increased (clot lysis time (CLT), p<0.001) and Functional Fibrinogen clot strength decreased (p = 0.049). After endotoxemia (6 h), whole blood fibrinolysis was reduced (CLT, p<0.05). In contrast to findings in whole blood, the plasma fibrin clot became progressively more resistant towards tPA-induced fibrinolysis at both 4 h and 6 h (p<0.001). Conclusions Endotoxemia induced a hemostatic response with reduced primary but enhanced secondary hemostasis, enhanced early fibrinolysis and fibrinogen consumption followed by downregulation of fibrinolysis, with a discrepant fibrinolytic response in plasma and whole blood. The finding that blood cells are critically involved in the vasculo-fibrinolytic response to acute inflammation is important given that disturbances in the vascular system contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisse R Ostrowski
- Section for Transfusion Medicine, Capital Region Blood Bank, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cause of death in murine models of sepsis remains unclear. The primary purpose of this study was to determine if significant lung injury develops in mice predicted to die after cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis compared with those predicted to live. DESIGN Prospective, laboratory controlled experiments. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS Adult, female, outbred Institute of Cancer Research mice. INTERVENTIONS Mice underwent cecal ligation and puncture to induce sepsis. Two groups of mice were euthanized at 24 and 48 hrs postcecal ligation and puncture and samples were collected. These mice were further stratified into groups predicted to die (Die-P) and predicted to live (Live-P) based on plasma interleukin-6 levels obtained 24 hrs postcecal ligation and puncture. Multiple measures of lung inflammation and lung injury were quantified in these two groups. Results from a group of mice receiving intratracheal normal saline without surgical intervention were also included as a negative control. As a positive control, bacterial pneumonia was induced with Pseudomonas aeruginosa to cause definitive lung injury. Separate mice were followed for survival until Day 28 postcecal ligation and puncture. These mice were used to verify the interleukin-6 cutoffs for survival prediction. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS After sepsis, both the Die-P and Live-P mice had significantly suppressed measures of respiratory physiology but maintained normal levels of arterial oxygen saturation. Bronchoalveolar lavage levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were not elevated in the Die-P mice compared with the Live-P. In addition, there was no increase in the recruitment of neutrophils to the lung, pulmonary vascular permeability, or histological evidence of damage. In contrast, all of these pulmonary injury and inflammatory parameters were increased in mice with Pseudomonas pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that mice predicted to die during sepsis have no significant lung injury. In murine intra-abdominal sepsis, pulmonary injury cannot be considered the etiology of death in the acute phase.
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Scheiermann P, Pischke SE. Lipid peroxidation in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative sepsis: translating science to the septic patient? Crit Care 2013; 17:120. [PMID: 23448534 PMCID: PMC3672486 DOI: 10.1186/cc12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative induced sepsis poses an increasing threat to the vulnerable intensive care patient. The study by Toufekoula and colleagues reports the serum and tissue concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), the toxic end product of lipid peroxidation, during the course of experimental and human Gram-negative sepsis. The complementary results from this dual experimental and clinical approach argue for highly compartmentalized lipid peroxidation during sepsis. Establishing a correlation between MDA concentration and survival provides valuable insights into the pathophysiology of Gram-negative sepsis. Yet, further studies are needed to understand and establish MDA as a biomarker during sepsis aggravated by organ failure.
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