151
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Réveillon M, Hüppi PS, Barisnikov K. Inhibition difficulties in preterm children: Developmental delay or persistent deficit? Child Neuropsychol 2017; 24:734-762. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2017.1294665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Réveillon
- Child Clinical Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Petra S. Hüppi
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Koviljka Barisnikov
- Child Clinical Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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152
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Duncan RJ, McClelland MM, Acock AC. Relations between executive function, behavioral regulation, and achievement: Moderation by family income. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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153
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Sallum I, da Mata FG, Cheib NF, Mathias CW, Miranda DM, Malloy-Diniz LF. Development of a version of the self-ordered pointing task: a working memory task for Brazilian preschoolers. Clin Neuropsychol 2017; 31:459-470. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2016.1275818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Sallum
- a Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gomes da Mata
- b Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Psychology and Psychiatry , Monash University , Clayton , Australia
| | - Nathália Falcone Cheib
- a Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Charles W Mathias
- c Department of Psychiatry , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio , TX , USA
| | - Débora Marques Miranda
- a Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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154
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Pope CN, Bell TR, Stavrinos D. Mechanisms behind distracted driving behavior: The role of age and executive function in the engagement of distracted driving. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2017; 98:123-129. [PMID: 27716494 PMCID: PMC5167635 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Performing secondary tasks, such as texting while driving, is associated with an increased risk of motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). While cognitive processes, such as executive function, are involved in driving, little is known about the relationship between executive control and willingness to engage in distracted driving. This study investigated the relationship between age, behavioral manifestations of executive function, and self-reported distracted driving behaviors. Executive difficulty (assessed with the BRIEF-A) as well as demographics (age and gender) was considered as possible predictors of engagement in distracted driving behaviors. Fifty-nine young, middle, and older adults self-reported executive difficulty and weekly engagement in distracted driving behaviors. Results revealed that while partially accounted for by age, global executive difficulty was uniquely related to engagement in distracted driving behaviors. Older age was associated with fewer weekly self-reported distracted driving behaviors while higher self-reported executive difficulty was associated with more frequent weekly engagement in distracted behavior. No significant differences were found between young and middle-aged adults on distracted driving behaviors. Findings conclude that distracted driving is a ubiquitous phenomenon evident in drivers of all ages. Possible mechanisms underlying distracted driving behavior could potentially be related to deficits in executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Northcutt Pope
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, UAB Department of Psychology, CH 415, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170, United States
| | - Tyler Reed Bell
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, UAB Department of Psychology, CH 415, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170, United States
| | - Despina Stavrinos
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, UAB Department of Psychology, CH 415, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170, United States.
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155
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Yarmolovsky J, Szwarc T, Schwartz M, Tirosh E, Geva R. Hot executive control and response to a stimulant in a double-blind randomized trial in children with ADHD. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 267:73-82. [PMID: 26966012 PMCID: PMC5253147 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-016-0683-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is thought to involve an executive inhibitory control (IC) deficit, yet it is not clear if this is a general deficit affecting both cold and hot EC, and if methylphenidate (MPH) affects both systems in treated children. We explored this by using a Stroop-like task in children with ADHD as compared to controls, containing different types of emotional stimuli (six levels), and we investigated the role of intervention with MPH on IC as compared to placebo. Children with ADHD and controls (N = 40; 7-13 years old) were tested with a hot and cold Stroop-like task. This was followed by a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial of the effect of MPH on these skills. Children with ADHD showed a specific difficulty inhibiting their responses, particularly to hot, angry and frustration-inducing stimuli. Further, treatment with MPH was effective in reducing errors toward frustration-inducing stimuli as compared to placebo (p < .05, η 2 = .347), particularly with repeated exposure to the stimuli. Results indicate that children with ADHD experience executive control difficulties, particularly in hot negative emotional contexts. These emotion regulation difficulties are amenable to stimulant intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Yarmolovsky
- 0000 0004 1937 0503grid.22098.31The Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel ,0000 0004 1937 0503grid.22098.31Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Tamar Szwarc
- 0000 0004 1937 0503grid.22098.31Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Miguel Schwartz
- The Hannah Khoushy Child Development Center, TheBnei Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel ,0000000121102151grid.6451.6The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Emanuel Tirosh
- The Hannah Khoushy Child Development Center, TheBnei Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel ,0000000121102151grid.6451.6The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ronny Geva
- The Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel. .,Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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156
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Executive function in the first three years of life: Precursors, predictors and patterns. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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157
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Lavigne JV, Gouze KR, Hopkins J, Bryant FB. Multi-domain Predictors of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Preschool Children: Cross-informant Differences. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2016; 47:841-856. [PMID: 26669698 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-015-0616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies indicated that agreement between parent and teacher ratings of symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children of all ages is poor, but few studies have examined the factors that may be associated with rater differences. The present study examined the contextual, parent, parenting, and child factors associated with rater differences in a community sample of 4-year-old children. Parents and teachers of 344 4-year-olds recruited from preschools and pediatric practices completed the preschool versions of the Child Symptom Inventory. Measures of socioeconomic status, family stress and conflict, caretaker depression, parental hostility, support-engagement, and scaffolding skills, and child negative affect (NA), sensory regulation (SR), effortful control (EC), inhibitory control, and attachment security were obtained either by parental report or observational measures. χ 2 difference tests indicated that child factors of EC and SR, and contextual factor of stress and conflict, contributed more to parent-ratings of ADHD-I and ADHD-HI than to teacher-ratings of those same types of symptoms. Two factors contributed more to teacher-than to parent-rated ADHD-I, NA and caretaker depression. Results indicate there are differences in factors associated with ADHD symptoms at home and school, and have implications for models of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Lavigne
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (#10), Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Karen R Gouze
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (#10), Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joyce Hopkins
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fred B Bryant
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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158
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Abstract
Executive function (EF) refers to the set of cognitive processes involved in the self-regulation of emotion and goal-directed behavior. These skills and the brain systems that support them develop throughout childhood and are frequently compromised in preterm children, even in those with broadly average global cognitive ability. Risks for deficits in EF in preterm children and attendant problems in learning and psychosocial functioning are higher in those with more extreme prematurity, neonatal complications, and related brain abnormalities. Associations of higher levels of EF with more supportive home and school environments suggest a potential for attenuating these risks, especially with early identification. Further research is needed to understand how deficits in EF evolve in preterm children, refine assessment methods, and develop interventions that either promote the development of EF in this population or help children to compensate for these weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Gerry Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University and Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Caron A.C. Clark
- Department of Education, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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159
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Aïte A, Cassotti M, Linzarini A, Osmont A, Houdé O, Borst G. Adolescents' inhibitory control: keep it cool or lose control. Dev Sci 2016; 21. [PMID: 27882631 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory control (i.e., the ability to resist automatisms, temptations, distractions, or interference and to adapt to conflicting situations) is a determinant of cognitive and socio-emotional development. In light of the discrepancies of previous findings on the development of inhibitory control in affectively charged contexts, two important issues need to be addressed. We need to determine (a) whether cool inhibitory control (in affectively neutral contexts) and hot inhibitory control (in affectively charged contexts) follow the same developmental pattern and (b) the degree of specificity of these two types of inhibitory control at different ages. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the developmental patterns of cool and hot inhibitory control and the degree of specificity of these abilities in children, adolescents and adults. Typically developing children, adolescents, and adults performed two Stroop-like tasks: an affectively neutral one (Cool Stroop task) and an affectively charged one (Hot Stroop task). In the Cool Stroop task, the participants were asked to identify the ink color of the words independent of color that the words named; in the Hot Stroop task, the participants were asked to identify the emotional expression of a face independent of the emotion named by a simultaneously displayed written word. We found that cool inhibitory control abilities develop linearly with age, whereas hot inhibitory control abilities follow a quadratic developmental pattern, with adolescents displaying worse hot inhibitory control abilities than children and adults. In addition, cool and hot inhibitory control abilities were correlated in children but not in adolescents and adults. The present study suggests (a) that cool and hot inhibitory control abilities develop differently from childhood to adulthood - i.e., that cool inhibition follows a linear developmental pattern and hot inhibition follows an adolescent-specific pattern - and (b) that they become progressively more domain-specific with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Aïte
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France
| | - Mathieu Cassotti
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Adriano Linzarini
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France
| | - Anaïs Osmont
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France
| | - Olivier Houdé
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Borst
- Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, CNRS Unit 8240, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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160
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Neuenschwander R, Blair C. Zooming in on children's behavior during delay of gratification: Disentangling impulsigenic and volitional processes underlying self-regulation. J Exp Child Psychol 2016; 154:46-63. [PMID: 27835753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
When delaying gratification, both motivational and regulatory processes are likely to be at play; however, the relative contributions of motivational and regulatory influences on delay behavior are unclear. By examining behavioral responses during a delay task, this study sought to examine the motivational (anticipatory behavior) and regulatory mechanisms (executive function and self-control strategies) underlying children's self-regulation. The participants, 65 5- to 9-year-old children (Mage=7.19years, SD=0.89), were video-recorded during a delay procedure and later coded for anticipatory behaviors (e.g., gazing intensely at the tablet) and self-control strategies. Children also completed two executive function (EF) tasks. We found that anticipatory behavior was curvilinearly related to delay time. Children showing either very low or very high levels of anticipatory behavior were not able to wait the entire time. Furthermore, our results indicated that anticipatory behavior interacted with EF to predict delay time. Specifically, anticipatory behavior was negatively related to delay time only if EF abilities were low. Finally, self-control strategies also interacted with EF to predict children's ability to delay. Spontaneous engagement in self-control strategies such as fidgeting and engagement in alternative activities were beneficial for children with low EF but were unrelated to delay time for children with high EF. Results indicate the value of examining motivational and regulatory influences on delay behavior. Lapses in self-regulation may be due to the combination of powerful impulsigenic (i.e., anticipatory behavior) and weak volitional processes (i.e., EF, self-control strategies).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clancy Blair
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
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161
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Hao J, Yang Y, Wang Z. Face-to-Face Sharing with Strangers and Altruistic Punishment of Acquaintances for Strangers: Young Adolescents Exhibit Greater Altruism than Adults. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1512. [PMID: 27752246 PMCID: PMC5045925 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Young adolescents are generally considered to be self-absorbed. Studies indicate that they lack relevant general cognitive abilities, such as impulse control, that mature in early adulthood. However, their idealism may cause them to be more intolerant of unfair treatment to others and thus result in their engaging in more altruistic behavior. The present study aimed to clarify whether young adolescents are more altruistic than adults and thus indicate whether altruistic competence is domain-specific. One hundred 22 young adolescents and adults participated in a face-to-face, two-round, third-party punishment experiment. In each interaction group, a participant served as an allocator who could share money units with a stranger; another participant who knew the allocator could punish the acquaintance for the stranger. Participants reported their emotions after the first round, and at the end of the experiment, the participants justified their behavior in each round. The results indicated that the young adolescents both shared more and punished more than did the adults. Sharing was associated with a reference to fairness in the justifications, but altruistic punishment was associated with subsequent positive emotion. In sum, greater altruism in young adolescents compared to adults with mature cognitive abilities provides evidence of domain-specificity of altruistic competence. Moreover, sharing and altruistic punishment are related to specific cognitive and emotional mechanisms, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, College of Education, Capital Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, College of Education, Capital Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- School of Nursing, Peking University Beijing, China
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162
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Schumacher AM, Miller AL, Watamura SE, Kurth S, Lassonde JM, LeBourgeois MK. Sleep Moderates the Association Between Response Inhibition and Self-Regulation in Early Childhood. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 46:222-235. [PMID: 27652491 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1204921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Early childhood is a time of rapid developmental changes in sleep, cognitive control processes, and the regulation of emotion and behavior. This experimental study examined sleep-dependent effects on response inhibition and self-regulation, as well as whether acute sleep restriction moderated the association between these processes. Preschool children (N = 19; 45.6 ± 2.2 months; 11 female) followed a strict sleep schedule for at least 3 days before each of 2 morning behavior assessments: baseline (habitual nap/night sleep) and sleep restriction (missed nap/delayed bedtime). Response inhibition was evaluated via a go/no-go task. Twelve self-regulation strategies were coded from videotapes of children while attempting an unsolvable puzzle. We then created composite variables representing adaptive and maladaptive self-regulation strategies. Although we found no sleep-dependent effects on response inhibition or self-regulation measures, linear mixed-effects regression showed that acute sleep restriction moderated the relationship between these processes. At baseline, children with better response inhibition were more likely to use adaptive self-regulation strategies (e.g., self-talk, alternate strategies), and those with poorer response inhibition showed increased use of maladaptive self-regulation strategies (e.g., perseveration, fidgeting); however, response inhibition was not related to self-regulation strategies following sleep restriction. Our results showing a sleep-dependent effect on the associations between response inhibition and self-regulation strategies indicate that adequate sleep facilitates synergy between processes supporting optimal social-emotional functioning in early childhood. Although replication studies are needed, findings suggest that sleep may alter connections between maturing emotional and cognitive systems, which have important implications for understanding risk for or resilience to developmental psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison L Miller
- b Department of Health Behavior and Health Education , The University of Michigan School of Public Health
| | | | - Salome Kurth
- a Department of Integrative Physiology , University of Colorado Boulder
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163
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Theory of mind and executive function during middle childhood across cultures. J Exp Child Psychol 2016; 149:6-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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164
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Whedon M, Perry NB, Calkins SD, Bell MA. Changes in frontal EEG coherence across infancy predict cognitive abilities at age 3: The mediating role of attentional control. Dev Psychol 2016; 52:1341-52. [PMID: 27441486 PMCID: PMC5003730 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical perspectives of cognitive development have maintained that functional integration of the prefrontal cortex across infancy underlies the emergence of attentional control and higher cognitive abilities in early childhood. To investigate these proposed relations, we tested whether functional integration of prefrontal regions across the second half of the first year predicted observed cognitive performance in early childhood 1 year prior indirectly through observed attentional control (N = 300). Results indicated that greater change in left-but not right-frontal EEG coherence between 5 and 10 months was positively associated with attentional control, cognitive flexibility, receptive language, and behavioral inhibitory control. Specifically, a larger increase in coherence between left frontal regions was positively associated with accuracy on a visual search task at Age 2, and visual search accuracy was positively associated with receptive vocabulary, performance on a set-shifting task (DCCS), and delay of gratification at Age 3. Finally, the indirect effects from the change in left frontal EEG coherence to 3-year cognitive flexibility, receptive language, and behavioral inhibitory control were significant, suggesting that internally controlled attention is a mechanism through which early neural maturation influences children's cognitive development. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Whedon
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Nicole B. Perry
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Susan D. Calkins
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
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165
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Kuhn LJ, Willoughby MT, Vernon-Feagans L, Blair CB. The contribution of children's time-specific and longitudinal expressive language skills on developmental trajectories of executive function. J Exp Child Psychol 2016; 148:20-34. [PMID: 27101154 PMCID: PMC9154006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether children's early language skills support the development of executive functions (EFs), the current study used an epidemiological sample (N=1121) to determine whether two key language indicators, vocabulary and language complexity, were predictive of EF abilities over the preschool years. We examined vocabulary and language complexity both as time-varying covariates that predicted time-specific indicators of EF at 36 and 60 months of age and as time-invariant covariates that predicted children's EF at 60 months and change in EF from 36 to 60 months. We found that the rate of change in children's vocabulary between 15 and 36 months was associated with both the trajectory of EF from 36 to 60 months and the resulting abilities at 60 months. In contrast, children's language complexity had a time-specific association with EF only at 60 months. These findings suggest that children's early gains in vocabulary may be particularly relevant for emerging EF abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Kuhn
- FPG Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Michael T Willoughby
- Education and Workforce Development, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Lynne Vernon-Feagans
- FPG Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Clancy B Blair
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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166
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Razza RA, Martin A, Brooks-Gunn J. Links between motor control and classroom behaviors: Moderation by low birth weight. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2016; 25:2423-2434. [PMID: 27594776 PMCID: PMC5008452 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-016-0410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear from past research on effortful control whether one of its components, motor control, independently contributes to adaptive classroom behaviors. The goal of this study was to identify associations between early motor control, measured by the walk-a-line task at age 3, and teacher-reported learning-related behaviors (approaches to learning and attention problems) and behavior problems in kindergarten classrooms. Models tested whether children who were vulnerable to poorer learning behaviors and more behavior problems due to having been born low birth weight benefited more, less, or the same as other children from better motor control. Data were drawn from the national Fragile Families and Child-Wellbeing Study (n = 751). Regression models indicated that motor control was significantly associated with better approaches to learning and fewer behavior problems. Children who were low birth weight benefitted more than normal birth weight children from better motor control with respect to their approaches to learning, but equally with respect to behavior problems. Additionally, for low but not normal birth weight children, better motor control predicted fewer attention problems. These findings suggest that motor control follows a compensatory model of development for low birth weight children and classroom behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Razza
- Department of Child and Family Studies, Syracuse University, 144D White Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244,
| | - Anne Martin
- National Center for Children and Families, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 West 120 Street, Box 39, New York, NY 10027
| | - Jeanne Brooks-Gunn
- National Center for Children and Families, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 West 120 Street, Box 39, New York, NY 10027
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167
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Yu J, Kam CM, Lee TMC. Better Working Memory and Motor Inhibition in Children Who Delayed Gratification. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1098. [PMID: 27493638 PMCID: PMC4955289 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite the extensive research on delayed gratification over the past few decades, the neurocognitive processes that subserve delayed gratification remains unclear. As an exploratory step in studying these processes, the present study aims to describe the executive function profiles of children who were successful at delaying gratification and those who were not. Methods: A total of 138 kindergarten students (65 males, 73 females; Mage = 44 months, SD = 3.5; age range = 37–53 months) were administered a delayed gratification task, a 1-back test, a Day/night Stroop test and a Go/no-go test. The outcome measures of these tests were then analyzed between groups using a Multivariate Analysis of Variance, and subsequently a Multivariate Analysis of Covariance incorporating age as a covariate. Results: Children who were successful in delaying gratification were significantly older and had significantly better outcomes in the 1-back test and go/no-go test. With the exception of the number of hits in the go/no-go test, all other group differences remained significant after controlling for age. Conclusion: Children who were successful in delaying gratification showed better working memory and motor inhibition relative to those who failed the delayed gratification task. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Yu
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China; Department of Psychology, Institute of Clinical Neuropsychology, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Ming Kam
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Tatia M C Lee
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China; Department of Psychology, Institute of Clinical Neuropsychology, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China; The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
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168
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Reichenbach K, Bastian L, Rohrbach S, Gross M, Sarrar L. Cognitive functions in preschool children with specific language impairment. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 86:22-6. [PMID: 27260574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A growing body of research has focused on executive functions in children with specific language impairment (SLI). However, results show limited convergence, particularly in preschool age. The current neuropsychological study compared performance of cognitive functions focused on executive components and working memory in preschool children with SLI to typically developing controls. METHOD Performance on the measures cognitive flexibility, inhibition, processing speed and phonological short-term memory was assessed. The monolingual, Caucasian study sample consisted of 30 children with SLI (Mage = 63.3 months, SD = 4.3 months) and 30 healthy controls (Mage = 62.2 months, SD = 3.7 months). Groups were matched for age and nonverbal IQ. Socioeconomic status of the participating families was included. RESULTS Children with SLI had significantly poorer abilities of phonological short-term memory than matched controls. A tendency of poorer abilities in the SLI group was found for inhibition and processing speed. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed phonological short-term memory to be a reliable marker of SLI in preschoolers. Our results do not give definite support for impaired executive function in SLI, possibly owing to limited sensitivity of test instruments in this age group. We argue for a standardization of executive function tests for research use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Reichenbach
- Department of Audiology and Phoniatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
| | - Laura Bastian
- Department of Audiology and Phoniatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Saskia Rohrbach
- Department of Audiology and Phoniatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred Gross
- Department of Audiology and Phoniatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Lea Sarrar
- Department of Audiology and Phoniatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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169
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Halle TG, Darling-Churchill KE. Review of measures of social and emotional development. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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170
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171
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172
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Schneider-Hassloff H, Zwönitzer A, Künster AK, Mayer C, Ziegenhain U, Kiefer M. Emotional Availability Modulates Electrophysiological Correlates of Executive Functions in Preschool Children. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:299. [PMID: 27445744 PMCID: PMC4917527 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) – a set of cognitive control abilities – mediate resilience to stress and are associated with academic achievement and health throughout life. They are crucially linked to prefrontal cortex function as well as to other cortical and subcortical brain functions, which are maturing throughout childhood at different rates. Recent behavioral research suggested that children’s EFs were related to parenting quality and child attachment security, but the neural correlates of these associations are unknown. With this study we tested in 4- to 6-year-old healthy children (N = 27) how emotional availability (EA) of the mother-child-interaction was associated with behavioral and electrophysiological correlates of response inhibition (a core EF) in a Go/Nogo task, using event-related potential recordings (ERPs), and with behavioral performance in a Delay of Gratification (DoG) and a Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task (HTKS). Our data showed that the Go/Nogo task modulated children’s ERP components resembling adult electrophysiological indices of response inhibition - the N2 and P3/LPC ERPs-, but the children’s N2 and P3/LPC ERPs showed longer latencies. Higher maternal autonomy-fostering behavior and greater child responsiveness were significantly associated with smaller children’s N2 Go/Nogo effects at fronto-central and parietal sites and with greater Go/Nogo effects in the N2 time window at occipital sites, over and above children’s age and intelligence. Additionally, greater maternal sensitivity and a higher dyadic EA quality of the mother-child-interaction went along with greater occipital Go/Nogo effects in the N2 time window, but this effect clearly diminished when we controlled for children’s age and intelligence. Higher maternal autonomy-support was also positively associated with better HTKS performance, and higher dyadic EA quality went along with higher HTKS and DoG scores. However, no significant associations were found between EA variables and the behavioral response inhibition measures of the Go/Nogo task. Our results suggest that parenting qualities modulate the functionality of neural circuits involved in response inhibition, an important component of EFs. This finding, thus, indicates that parent–child interactions shape the neurocognitive development underlying EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annabel Zwönitzer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm Ulm, Germany
| | - Anne K Künster
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm Ulm, Germany
| | - Carmen Mayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | - Ute Ziegenhain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Kiefer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
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173
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Dileo JF, Brewer W, Northam E, Yucel M, Anderson V. Investigating the neurodevelopmental mediators of aggression in children with a history of child maltreatment:An exploratory field study. Child Neuropsychol 2016; 23:655-677. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2016.1186159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Dileo
- Clinical Sciences Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - W. Brewer
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E. Northam
- Cell Biology, MCRI and School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M. Yucel
- Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - V. Anderson
- Clinical Sciences Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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174
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Prenatal tobacco exposure and self-regulation in early childhood: Implications for developmental psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 27:397-409. [PMID: 25997761 PMCID: PMC10112534 DOI: 10.1017/s095457941500005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) has a well-documented association with disruptive behavior in childhood, but the neurocognitive effects of exposure that underlie this link are not sufficiently understood. The present study was designed to address this gap, through longitudinal follow-up in early childhood of a prospectively enrolled cohort with well-characterized prenatal exposure. Three-year-old children (n = 151) were assessed using a developmentally sensitive battery capturing both cognitive and motivational aspects of self-regulation. PTE was related to motivational self-regulation, where children had to delay approach to attractive rewards, but not cognitive self-regulation, where children had to hold information in mind and inhibit prepotent motor responses. Furthermore, PTE predicted motivational self-regulation more strongly in boys than in girls, and when propensity scores were covaried to control for confounding risk factors, the effect of PTE on motivational self-regulation was significant only in boys. These findings suggest that PTE's impact on neurodevelopment may be greater in boys than in girls, perhaps reflecting vulnerability in neural circuits that subserve reward sensitivity and emotion regulation, and may also help to explain why PTE is more consistently related to disruptive behavior disorders than attention problems.
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175
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Moran L, Lengua LJ, Zalewski M, Ruberry E, Klien M, Thompson S, Kiff C. Variable- and Person-Centered Approaches to Examining Temperament Vulnerability and Resilience to the Effects of Contextual Risk. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2016; 67:61-74. [PMID: 28408769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using both variable- and person-centered approaches, this study examined the role of temperament in relation to children's vulnerable or resilient responses to cumulative risk. Observed reactivity and regulation dimensions of temperament were tested as mediating and moderating the relation between family cumulative risk and teacher-reported adjustment problems in a sample of 259 preschool-age children. Further, latent profile analyses were used to examine whether profiles of temperament, accounting for multiple characteristics simultaneously, provided additional information about the role of temperament in children's responses to risk. Results support a diathesis-stress model in which high frustration, low fear, and low delay ability confer particular vulnerability for children in high-risk contexts. Benefits of multiple approaches are highlighted.
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176
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Bulley A, Henry J, Suddendorf T. Prospection and the Present Moment: The Role of Episodic Foresight in Intertemporal Choices between Immediate and Delayed Rewards. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Humans are capable of imagining future rewards and the contexts in which they may be obtained. Functionally, intertemporal choices between smaller but immediate and larger but delayed rewards may be made without such episodic foresight. However, we propose that explicit simulations of this sort enable more flexible and adaptive intertemporal decision-making. Emotions triggered through the simulation of future situations can motivate people to forego immediate pleasures in the pursuit of long-term rewards. However, we stress that the most adaptive option need not always be a larger later reward. When the future is anticipated to be uncertain, for instance, it may make sense for preferences to shift toward more immediate rewards, instead. Imagining potential future scenarios and assessment of their likelihood and affective consequences allows humans to determine when it is more adaptive to delay gratification in pursuit of a larger later reward, and when the better strategy is to indulge in a present temptation. We discuss clinical studies that highlight when and how the effect of episodic foresight on intertemporal decision-making can be altered, and consider the relevance of this perspective to understanding the nature of self-control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bulley
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland
| | - Julie Henry
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland
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177
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Qu L, Ong JY. Impact of Reminders on Children's Cognitive Flexibility, Intrinsic Motivation, and Mood Depends on Who Provides the Reminders. Front Psychol 2016; 6:1904. [PMID: 26779058 PMCID: PMC4700142 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reminding children to think about alternatives is a strategy adults often use to promote children's cognitive flexibility, as well as children's engagement in and enjoyment of the task. The current study investigated whether the impacts of reminders on kindergarten children's cognitive flexibility, intrinsic motivation, and mood are moderated by who provides the reminders. Eighty-three healthy 5-year-old kindergarten children were randomly assigned to 2 (Reminder: no reminders vs. Reminders) × 2 (Agent: Tester vs. Partner) conditions. Children's cognitive flexibility was measured via the Block Sorting Task (Garton and Pratt, 2001; Fawcett and Garton, 2005). Children reported their motivation and mood before Block Sorting, after practicing for Block Sorting, and after the actual Block Sorting. Children's intrinsic motivation was measured by evaluating children's choices during a period of free play after Block Sorting. The results revealed that, depending on who provides the reminders, reminding children of alternatives can influence kindergarten children's performance on Block Sorting, children's intrinsic motivation, and children's self-reported mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qu
- Division of Psychology, Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore, Singapore
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178
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) are one of the leading causes of injury and death for adolescents. Driving is a complex activity that is highly reliant on executive function (EF) to safely navigate through the environment. Little research has examined the efficacy of using self-reported EF measures for assessing adolescent driving risk. This study examined the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) questionnaire and performance-based EF tasks as potential predictors of problematic driving outcomes in adolescents. METHODS Forty-six adolescent drivers completed the (1) BRIEF, (2) Trail Making Test, (3) Backwards Digit Span, and (4) self-report on 3 problematic driving outcomes: the number of times of having been pulled over by a police officer, the number of tickets issued, and the number of MVCs. RESULTS Greater self-reported difficulty with planning and organization was associated with greater odds of having a MVC, whereas inhibition difficulties were associated with greater odds of receiving a ticket. Greater self-reported difficulty across multiple BRIEF subscales was associated with greater odds of being pulled over. CONCLUSION Overall findings indicated that the BRIEF, an ecological measure of EF, showed significant association with self-reported problematic driving outcomes in adolescents. No relationship was found between performance-based EF measures and self-reported driving outcomes. The BRIEF could offer unique and quick insight into problematic driving behavior and potentially be an indicator of driving risk in adolescent drivers during clinical evaluations.
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179
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Abstract
Over the past 60 years, a large number of selective neurotoxins were discovered and developed, making it possible to animal-model a broad range of human neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. In this paper, we highlight those neurotoxins that are most commonly used as neuroteratologic agents, to either produce lifelong destruction of neurons of a particular phenotype, or a group of neurons linked by a specific class of transporter proteins (i.e., dopamine transporter) or body of receptors for a specific neurotransmitter (i.e., NMDA class of glutamate receptors). Actions of a range of neurotoxins are described: 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 6-hydroxydopa, DSP-4, MPTP, methamphetamine, IgG-saporin, domoate, NMDA receptor antagonists, and valproate. Their neuroteratologic features are outlined, as well as those of nerve growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and that of stress. The value of each of these neurotoxins in animal modeling of human neurologic, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders is discussed in terms of the respective value as well as limitations of the derived animal model. Neuroteratologic agents have proven to be of immense importance for understanding how associated neural systems in human neural disorders may be better targeted by new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Archer
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Box 500, 430 50, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Richard M Kostrzewa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, PO Box 70577, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
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180
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Zelazo PD. Executive function: Reflection, iterative reprocessing, complexity, and the developing brain. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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181
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Doebel S, Zelazo PD. A meta-analysis of the Dimensional Change Card Sort: Implications for developmental theories and the measurement of executive function in children. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2015; 38:241-268. [PMID: 26955206 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) is a widely used measure of executive function in children. In the standard version, children are shown cards depicting objects that vary on two dimensions (e.g., colored shapes such as red rabbits and blue boats), and are told to sort them first by one set of rules (e.g., shape) and then by another (e.g., color). Most 3-year-olds persist in sorting by the pre-switch rules, whereas 5-year-olds switch flexibly. We conducted a meta-analysis of standard and experimental versions of the task (N = 69 reports, 426 conditions) to examine the influence of diverse task variations on performance. Age, how the test stimuli were labeled for the child, emphasis on conflict in the verbal introduction of the post-switch rules, and the number of pre-switch trials each independently predicted switching on the standard DCCS, whereas pre-switch feedback, practice, and task modality did not. Increasing the relative salience of the post-switch dimension was associated with higher rates of switching, and, conversely, decreasing post-switch salience was associated with lower rates of switching, and under both kinds of manipulation performance continued to be associated with age. Spatially separating the dimensional values was associated with higher rates of switching, and it was confirmed that the degree of spatial separation matters, with children benefiting most when the dimensional values are fully spatially segregated. Switch rates tended to be higher in versions on which children were prompted to label the stimuli compared to when the experimenter provided labels, and lower when reversal instructions were used in conjunction with the standard task stimuli. Theoretical and practical implications for the study and measurement of executive function in early childhood are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Doebel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Philip David Zelazo
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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182
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Poland SE, Monks CP, Tsermentseli S. Cool and hot executive function as predictors of aggression in early childhood: Differentiating between the function and form of aggression. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 34:181-97. [PMID: 26615980 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Executive function (EF) has been implicated in childhood aggression. Understanding of the role of EF in aggression has been hindered, however, by the lack of research taking into account the function and form of aggression and the almost exclusive focus on cool EF. This study examined the role of cool and hot EF in teacher reported aggression, differentiating between reactive and proactive as well as physical and relational aggression. Children (N = 106) completed laboratory tasks measuring cool (inhibition, planning, working memory) and hot EF (affective decision-making, delay of gratification). Cool, but not hot, EF significantly contributed to understanding of childhood aggression. Inhibition was a central predictor of childhood aggression. Planning and working memory, in contrast, were significant independent predictors of proactive relational aggression only. Added to this, prosocial behaviour moderated the relationship between working memory and reactive relational aggression. This study therefore suggests that cool EF, particularly inhibition, is associated with childhood aggression across the different functions and forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Poland
- Department of Psychology, Social Work and Counselling, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Claire P Monks
- Department of Psychology, Social Work and Counselling, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Stella Tsermentseli
- Department of Psychology, Social Work and Counselling, University of Greenwich, London, UK
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183
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De Cat C. The cognitive underpinnings of referential abilities. THE ACQUISITION OF REFERENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1075/tilar.15.11dec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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184
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Serdarevic F, van Batenburg-Eddes T, Mous SE, White T, Hofman A, Jaddoe VWV, Verhulst FC, Ghassabian A, Tiemeier H. Relation of infant motor development with nonverbal intelligence, language comprehension and neuropsychological functioning in childhood: a population-based study. Dev Sci 2015; 19:790-802. [PMID: 26549804 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Within a population-based study of 3356 children, we investigated whether infant neuromotor development was associated with cognition in early childhood. Neuromotor development was examined with an adapted version of Touwen's Neurodevelopmental Examination between 9 and 20 weeks. Parents rated their children's executive functioning at 4 years. At age 6 years, children performed intelligence and language comprehension tests, using Dutch test batteries. At age 6-9 years, neuropsychological functioning was assessed in 486 children using the validated NEPSY-II-NL test battery. We showed that less optimal neurodevelopment in infancy may predict poor mental rotation, immediate memory, shifting, and planning; but not nonverbal intelligence or language comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadila Serdarevic
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara van Batenburg-Eddes
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Educational Neuroscience, VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine E Mous
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank C Verhulst
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Akhgar Ghassabian
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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185
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Groppe K, Elsner B. Executive function and weight status in children: A one-year longitudinal perspective. Child Neuropsychol 2015; 23:129-147. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2015.1089981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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186
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Hocking DR, Reeve J, Porter MA. Characterising the Profile of Everyday Executive Functioning and Relation to IQ in Adults with Williams Syndrome: Is the BRIEF Adult Version a Valid Rating Scale? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137628. [PMID: 26355600 PMCID: PMC4565670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is evidence of a distinct profile of executive dysfunction in Williams syndrome (WS), a rare genetically based neurodevelopmental disorder, the utility of informant reports of everyday executive function (EF) impairments and their relation to intelligence is not yet clear. Here we aimed to evaluate the functional impact of executive dysfunction in adults with WS and to establish the validity of child and adult versions of the most commonly used rating scale for EF assessment, the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). We were also interested in whether distinct components of everyday EF relate to intelligence in WS. Parent report child (BRIEF-C) and adult (BRIEF-A) ratings were collected on 20 adults with WS (aged 18.5 to 53 years), with a mean IQ of 60.95 (SD = 17.67). Neuropsychological measures of EF included: The Shape School Test (Espy, 2007); select subdomains of EF from the Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Cognitive Abilities, Australian Adaptation (WJ III COG); and select subdomains from the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales, Second Edition—Parent Survey (Vineland-II). Results showed that the BRIEF-A, but not the BRIEF-C, was the most highly correlated with neuropsychological measures of EF, suggesting that it was a valid measure of the profile of EF impairments in adults with WS. The profile of everyday EF dysfunction revealed relative impairments in monitoring, working memory, planning and organisation in WS. In addition, both neuropsychological and rating scale measures showed an association between the shifting component of EF and intelligence. These findings indicate that the BRIEF-A is a valid measure of the multidimensional nature of real-world impairments in EF, and highlight its utility as a less labor intensive and low-cost screening tool for measuring specific EF impairments that could become the focus of targeted intervention in adults with WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren R. Hocking
- Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica Reeve
- Psychology Department, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melanie A. Porter
- Psychology Department, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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187
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Antonini TN, Becker SP, Tamm L, Epstein JN. Hot and Cool Executive Functions in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2015; 21:584-95. [PMID: 26416095 PMCID: PMC4589250 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617715000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
While neuropsychological deficits in both "hot" and "cool" executive functions (EFs) have been documented among individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), these EF deficits are not universal across all individuals with this diagnosis. One potential moderator of executive dysfunction may be the presence of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). This study examined the association between "hot" and "cool" EFs and comorbid ODD in children with ADHD. Thirty-three children with ADHD and comorbid ODD (ADHD+ODD), 67 with ADHD without ODD (ADHD-ODD), and 30 typically developing controls participated. Children were 7-12 years of age. "Cool" EFs were assessed with a spatial span task and a card sorting test. "Hot" EFs were assessed using a delay discounting task and a gambling task. ADHD-ODD and ADHD+ODD groups performed more poorly on "cool" EF tasks than controls, but did not differ from each other. Furthermore, the number of ADHD symptoms, but not ODD symptoms, was associated with "cool" EF scores. The three groups did not differ on "hot" EF tasks and the number of ADHD or ODD symptoms was unrelated to "hot" EF scores. In sum, children with ADHD presented with "cool" EF deficits which appear to be unrelated to ODD comorbidity. However, "hot" EF deficits were not present among children with ADHD, irrespective of comorbid ODD status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leanne Tamm
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center,Cincinnati,Ohio
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188
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Lee WSC, Carlson SM. Knowing When to Be “Rational”: Flexible Economic Decision Making and Executive Function in Preschool Children. Child Dev 2015; 86:1434-48. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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189
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Gonzalez-Gadea ML, Scheres A, Tobon CA, Damm J, Baez S, Huepe D, Marino J, Marder S, Manes F, Abrevaya S, Ibanez A. Stop Saying That It Is Wrong! Psychophysiological, Cognitive, and Metacognitive Markers of Children's Sensitivity to Punishment. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26218584 PMCID: PMC4517808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental evidence suggests that children’s main decision-making strategy is to avoid options likely to induce punishment. However, the cognitive and affective factors contributing to children’s avoidance to high punishment frequency remain unknown. The present study explored psychophysiological, cognitive, and metacognitive processes associated with sensitivity to punishment frequency. We evaluated 54 participants (between 8 and 15 years old) with a modified Iowa Gambling Task for children (IGT-C) which included options with varying long-term profit and punishment frequencies. Skin conductance responses (SCRs) were recorded during this task. Additionally, we assessed IGT-C metacognitive knowledge, fluid intelligence, and executive functions. Participants exhibited behavioral avoidance and high anticipatory SCRs to options with high frequency of punishment. Moreover, age, IGT-C metacognitive knowledge, and inhibitory control were associated with individual differences in sensitivity to punishment frequency. Our results suggest that children’s preference for infrequently punished decisions is partially explained by psychophysiological signals as well as task complexity and development of cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luz Gonzalez-Gadea
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anouk Scheres
- Behavioural Science Institute, Developmental Psychology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Andres Tobon
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Grupo de Neuropsicología y Conducta, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Sandra Baez
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Huepe
- UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neurosciences, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julian Marino
- Laboratorio de Neuroimágenes, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Sandra Marder
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires y Facultad de Psicología (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Facundo Manes
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
- Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council (ACR), Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sofia Abrevaya
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustin Ibanez
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
- Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council (ACR), Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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190
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Bellaj T, Salhi I, Le Gall D, Roy A. Development of executive functioning in school-age Tunisian children. Child Neuropsychol 2015; 22:919-54. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2015.1058349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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191
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Nordling JK, Boldt LJ, O'Bleness J, Kochanska G. Effortful control mediates relations between children's attachment security and their regard for rules of conduct. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2015; 25:268-284. [PMID: 27158193 DOI: 10.1111/sode.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although attachment security has been associated with children's rule-compatible conduct, the mechanism through which attachment influences early regard for rules is not well established. We hypothesized that effortful control would mediate the link between security and indicators of children's emerging regard for rules (discomfort following rule violations, internalization of parents' and experimenter's rules, few externalizing behaviors). In a longitudinal study, the Attachment Q-Set was completed by parents, effortful control was observed, and Regard for Rules was observed and rated by parents. The proposed model fit the data well: Children's security to mothers predicted their effortful control, which in turn had a direct link to a greater Regard for Rules. Children's security with fathers did not predict effortful control. The mother-child relationship appears particularly important for positive developmental cascades of self-regulation and socialization.
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192
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Rahimi-Golkhandan S, Steenbergen B, Piek J, Wilson P. Reprint of "Deficits of hot executive function in developmental coordination disorder: Sensitivity to positive social cues". Hum Mov Sci 2015; 42:352-67. [PMID: 26091734 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent research shows that children with motor coordination problems (or developmental coordination disorder--DCD) show deficits in not only cool executive function (EF), but also hot EF. We aimed to determine whether this deficit of hot EF is due to heightened sensitivity to rewarding stimuli, specifically, or to a general deficit of cognitive control, like inhibition. Using two versions of a go/no-go task, one with neutral facial expressions and the other with happy and fearful faces, we compared 12 children with DCD with 28 typically-developing children, aged 7-12 years. Like earlier studies, children responded faster to happy faces. Both groups showed comparable accuracy in response to go targets, and also had similar commission errors, except when the no-go stimulus was a happy face. Importantly, the DCD group made significantly more commission errors to happy faces failing to suppress their response on more than half of the no-go trials. These results suggest a heightened sensitivity to emotionally significant distractors in DCD; this type of impulsivity may undermine self-regulation in DCD, with possible implications for adaptive function and emotional well-being. We argue that the interaction of cognitive control and emotion processing networks may be disrupted in DCD or delayed in development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bert Steenbergen
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Piek
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter Wilson
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.
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193
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Fagundo AB, Jiménez-Murcia S, Giner-Bartolomé C, Islam MA, de la Torre R, Pastor A, Casanueva FF, Crujeiras AB, Granero R, Baños R, Botella C, Fernández-Real JM, Frühbeck G, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Menchón JM, Tinahones FJ, Fernández-Aranda F. Modulation of Higher-Order Olfaction Components on Executive Functions in Humans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130319. [PMID: 26083418 PMCID: PMC4471115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal (PFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) appear to be associated with both executive functions and olfaction. However, there is little data relating olfactory processing and executive functions in humans. The present study aimed at exploring the role of olfaction on executive functioning, making a distinction between primary and more cognitive aspects of olfaction. Three executive tasks of similar difficulty were used. One was used to assess hot executive functions (Iowa Gambling Task-IGT), and two as a measure of cold executive functioning (Stroop Colour and Word Test-SCWT and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-WCST). Sixty two healthy participants were included: 31 with normosmia and 31 with hyposmia. Olfactory abilities were assessed using the ‘‘Sniffin’ Sticks’’ test and the olfactory threshold, odour discrimination and odour identification measures were obtained. All participants were female, aged between 18 and 60. Results showed that participants with hyposmia displayed worse performance in decision making (IGT; Cohen’s-d = 0.91) and cognitive flexibility (WCST; Cohen’s-d between 0.54 and 0.68) compared to those with normosmia. Multiple regression adjusted by the covariates participants’ age and education level showed a positive association between odour identification and the cognitive inhibition response (SCWT-interference; Beta = 0.29; p = .034). The odour discrimination capacity was not a predictor of the cognitive executive performance. Our results suggest that both hot and cold executive functions seem to be associated with higher-order olfactory functioning in humans. These results robustly support the hypothesis that olfaction and executive measures have a common neural substrate in PFC and OFC, and suggest that olfaction might be a reliable cognitive marker in psychiatric and neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B. Fagundo
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Giner-Bartolomé
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mohammed Anisul Islam
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Pastor
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe F. Casanueva
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Endocrine Division, Complejo Hospitalario U. de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela University, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana B. Crujeiras
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Endocrine Division, Complejo Hospitalario U. de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela University, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Baños
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment of the University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Botella
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology of the University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Jose M. Fernández-Real
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi) Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José M. Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERsam), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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194
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Han G, Helm J, Iucha C, Zahn-Waxler C, Hastings PD, Klimes-Dougan B. Are Executive Functioning Deficits Concurrently and Predictively Associated with Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Adolescents? JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 45:44-58. [PMID: 26042358 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1041592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The central objective of the current study was to evaluate how executive functions (EF), and specifically cognitive flexibility, were concurrently and predictively associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Adolescents (N = 220) and their parents participated in this longitudinal investigation. Adolescents' EF was assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) during the initial assessment, and symptoms of depressive and anxiety disorders were reported by mothers and youths concurrently and 2 years later. Correlational analyses suggested that youths who made more total errors (TE), including both perseverative errors (PE) and nonperseverative errors (NPE), concurrently exhibited significantly more depressive symptoms. Adolescents who made more TE and those who made more NPE tended to have more anxiety symptoms 2 years later. Structural equation modeling analyses accounting for key explanatory variables (e.g., IQ, disruptive behavior disorders, and attention deficit hyperactive disorder) showed that TE was concurrently associated with parent reports of adolescent depressive symptoms. The results suggest internalizing psychopathology is associated with global (TE) and nonspecific (NPE) EF difficulties but not robustly associated with cognitive inflexibility (PE). Future research with the WCST should consider different sources of errors that are posited to reflect divergent underlying neural mechanisms, conferring differential vulnerability for emerging mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Han
- a Department of Psychology and Center for Mind and Brain , University of California, Davis
| | - Jonathan Helm
- a Department of Psychology and Center for Mind and Brain , University of California, Davis
| | - Cornelia Iucha
- b Department of Psychology , University of Minnesota Twin Cities
| | | | - Paul D Hastings
- a Department of Psychology and Center for Mind and Brain , University of California, Davis
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195
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Hughes SO, Power TG, O'Connor TM, Orlet Fisher J. Executive functioning, emotion regulation, eating self-regulation, and weight status in low-income preschool children: how do they relate? Appetite 2015; 89:1-9. [PMID: 25596501 PMCID: PMC5012640 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine relationships between child eating self-regulation, child non-eating self-regulation, and child BMIz in a low-income sample of Hispanic families with preschoolers. The eating in the absence of hunger task as well as parent-report of child satiety responsiveness and food responsiveness were used to assess child eating self-regulation. Two laboratory tasks assessing executive functioning, a parent questionnaire assessing child effortful control (a temperament dimension related to executive functioning), and the delay of gratification and gift delay tasks assessing child emotion regulation were used to assess child non-eating self-regulation. Bivariate correlations were run among all variables in the study. Hierarchical linear regression analyses assessed: (1) child eating self-regulation associations with the demographic, executive functioning, effortful control, and emotion regulation measures; and (2) child BMI z-score associations with executive functioning, effortful control, emotion regulation measures, and eating self-regulation measures. Within child eating self-regulation, only the two parent-report measures were related. Low to moderate positive correlations were found between measures of executive functioning, effortful control, and emotion regulation. Only three relationships were found between child eating self-regulation and other forms of child self-regulation: eating in the absence of hunger was positively associated with delay of gratification, and poor regulation on the gift delay task was associated positively with maternal reports of food responsiveness and negatively with parent-reports of satiety responsiveness. Regression analyses showed that child eating self-regulation was associated with child BMIz but other forms of child self-regulation were not. Implications for understanding the role of self-regulation in the development of child obesity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl O Hughes
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Ave, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Thomas G Power
- Washington State University, 501A Johnson Tower, P.O. Box 644852, Pullman, WA 99164-4852, USA
| | - Teresia M O'Connor
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Ave, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer Orlet Fisher
- Temple University, Center for Obesity Research and Education, 3223 N. Broad Street, Ste 175, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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196
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Abstract
We review the relationships between language, inner speech, and cognitive control in children and young adults, focusing on the domain of cognitive flexibility. We address the role that inner speech plays in flexibly shifting between tasks, addressing whether it is used to represent task rules, provide a reminder of task order, or aid in task retrieval. We also consider whether the development of inner speech in childhood serves to drive the development of cognitive flexibility. We conclude that there is a close association between inner speech and cognitive flexibility in both adults and children. Experimental work has begun to specify in detail the role that inner speech might play in adult performance, suggesting that language plays a facilitative but not essential role in representing and activating the relevant task set, processes that occur on both switch and nonswitch trials. While developmental studies suggest an increase in the spontaneous use of verbal strategies with age, implying an increase in top-down control during shifting, experimental work is needed to specify more precisely the nature and precise role that inner speech plays in the development of cognitive control through childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Cragg
- School of Psychology, University of NottinghamDepartment of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford
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197
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Gastó C, Guarch J, Navarro V. Dominios cognitivos en la depresión unipolar. Teorías multimodales y nuevas perspectivas terapéuticas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psiq.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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198
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Nozadi SS, Spinrad TL, Eisenberg N, Eggum-Wilkens ND. Associations of Anger and Fear to Later Self-Regulation and Problem Behavior Symptoms. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 38:60-69. [PMID: 26089582 PMCID: PMC4467833 DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The mediating and moderating roles of self-regulation in the associations of dispositional anger and fear to later conduct and anxiety symptoms were tested. Mothers and teachers rated children's anger and fear at 54 months (N = 191), and mothers reported on children's symptoms of anxiety and conduct disorders at 72 and 84 months (Ns = 169 and 144). Children's self-regulatory ability was assessed using the Tower of Hanoi task at 72 months. Children's self-regulation mediated the association between early dispositional fear and 84-month mother-reported anxiety disorder symptoms above and beyond the effects of earlier generalized anxiety symptoms. Children's anger directly predicted relatively high mother-reported conduct and anxiety disorder symptoms. Findings are discussed in terms of the importance of considering self-regulation as potential mechanism relating early childhood dispositional reactivity to later psychopathology symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S. Nozadi
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University
| | - Tracy L. Spinrad
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University
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199
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Lengua LJ, Moran L, Zalewski M, Ruberry E, Kiff C, Thompson S. Relations of growth in effortful control to family income, cumulative risk, and adjustment in preschool-age children. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 43:705-20. [PMID: 25253079 PMCID: PMC4375071 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-014-9941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The study examined growth in effortful control (executive control, delay ability) in relation to income, cumulative risk (aggregate of demographic and psychosocial risk factors), and adjustment in 306 preschool-age children (50 % girls, 50 % boys) from families representing a range of income (29 % at- or near-poverty; 28 % lower-income; 25 % middle-income; 18 % upper-income), with 4 assessments starting at 36-40 month. Income was directly related to levels of executive control and delay ability. Cumulative risk accounted for the effects of income on delay ability but not executive control. Higher initial executive control and slope of executive control and delay ability predicted academic readiness, whereas levels, but not growth, of executive control and delay ability predicted social competence and adjustment problems. Low income is a marker for lower effortful control, which demonstrates additive or mediating effects in the relation of income to children's preschool adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana J Lengua
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Box 351525, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA,
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200
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Imuta K, Hewitt J, Scarf D. Gollin's (1965) levels-by-levels approach: the importance of manipulating the task dimension when assessing age-related changes and individual differences in decision making. Front Psychol 2015; 6:541. [PMID: 25983712 PMCID: PMC4415303 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kana Imuta
- Department of Psychology, University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Josh Hewitt
- Department of Psychology, University of OtagoDunedin, New Zealand
| | - Damian Scarf
- Department of Psychology, University of OtagoDunedin, New Zealand
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