151
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Xu J, Cui J, Del Campo A, Shin CH. Four and a Half LIM Domains 1b (Fhl1b) Is Essential for Regulating the Liver versus Pancreas Fate Decision and for β-Cell Regeneration. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005831. [PMID: 26845333 PMCID: PMC4741517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver and pancreas originate from overlapping embryonic regions, and single-cell lineage tracing in zebrafish has shown that Bone morphogenetic protein 2b (Bmp2b) signaling is essential for determining the fate of bipotential hepatopancreatic progenitors towards the liver or pancreas. Despite its pivotal role, the gene regulatory networks functioning downstream of Bmp2b signaling in this process are poorly understood. We have identified four and a half LIM domains 1b (fhl1b), which is primarily expressed in the prospective liver anlage, as a novel target of Bmp2b signaling. fhl1b depletion compromised liver specification and enhanced induction of pancreatic cells from endodermal progenitors. Conversely, overexpression of fhl1b favored liver specification and inhibited induction of pancreatic cells. By single-cell lineage tracing, we showed that fhl1b depletion led lateral endodermal cells, destined to become liver cells, to become pancreatic cells. Reversely, when fhl1b was overexpressed, medially located endodermal cells, fated to differentiate into pancreatic and intestinal cells, contributed to the liver by directly or indirectly modulating the discrete levels of pdx1 expression in endodermal progenitors. Moreover, loss of fhl1b increased the regenerative capacity of β-cells by increasing pdx1 and neurod expression in the hepatopancreatic ductal system. Altogether, these data reveal novel and critical functions of Fhl1b in the hepatic versus pancreatic fate decision and in β-cell regeneration. Lineage-specific multipotent progenitors play crucial roles in embryonic development, regeneration in adult tissues, and diseases such as cancer. Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling is critical for regulating the cell fate choice of liver versus pancreas, two essential organs of body metabolism. Through transcriptome profiling of endodermal tissues exposed to increased or decreased Bmp2b signaling, we have discovered the zebrafish gene four and a half LIM domains 1b (fhl1b) as a novel target of Bmp2b signaling. fhl1b is primarily expressed in the prospective liver anlage. Loss- and gain-of-function analyses indicate that Fhl1b suppresses specification of the pancreas and induces the liver. By single-cell lineage tracing, we showed that depletion of fhl1b caused a liver-to-pancreas fate switch, while fhl1b overexpression redirected pancreatic progenitors to become liver cells. At later stages, Fhl1b regulates regeneration of insulin-secreting β-cells by directly or indirectly modulating pdx1 and neurod expression in the hepatopancreatic ductal system. Therefore, our work provides a novel paradigm of how Bmp signaling regulates the hepatic versus pancreatic fate decision and β-cell regeneration through its novel target Fhl1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- School of Biology and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jiaxi Cui
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Chong Hyun Shin
- School of Biology and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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152
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Bartlett ST, Markmann JF, Johnson P, Korsgren O, Hering BJ, Scharp D, Kay TWH, Bromberg J, Odorico JS, Weir GC, Bridges N, Kandaswamy R, Stock P, Friend P, Gotoh M, Cooper DKC, Park CG, O'Connell P, Stabler C, Matsumoto S, Ludwig B, Choudhary P, Kovatchev B, Rickels MR, Sykes M, Wood K, Kraemer K, Hwa A, Stanley E, Ricordi C, Zimmerman M, Greenstein J, Montanya E, Otonkoski T. Report from IPITA-TTS Opinion Leaders Meeting on the Future of β-Cell Replacement. Transplantation 2016; 100 Suppl 2:S1-44. [PMID: 26840096 PMCID: PMC4741413 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Bartlett
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD
| | - James F. Markmann
- Division of Transplantation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
| | - Paul Johnson
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences and Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bernhard J. Hering
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - David Scharp
- Prodo Laboratories, LLC, Irvine, CA
- The Scharp-Lacy Research Institute, Irvine, CA
| | - Thomas W. H. Kay
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and The University of Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan Bromberg
- Division of Transplantation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
| | - Jon S. Odorico
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Gordon C. Weir
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nancy Bridges
- National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Raja Kandaswamy
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Peter Stock
- Division of Transplantation, University of San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Peter Friend
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences and Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mitsukazu Gotoh
- Department of Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - David K. C. Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Chung-Gyu Park
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Phillip O'Connell
- The Center for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Cherie Stabler
- Diabetes Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
| | - Shinichi Matsumoto
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory inc, Naruto Japan
| | - Barbara Ludwig
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich at University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden and DZD-German Centre for Diabetes Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pratik Choudhary
- Diabetes Research Group, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Boris Kovatchev
- University of Virginia, Center for Diabetes Technology, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Michael R. Rickels
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Coulmbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Kathryn Wood
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences and Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kristy Kraemer
- National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Albert Hwa
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, New York, NY
| | - Edward Stanley
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Diabetes Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
| | - Mark Zimmerman
- BetaLogics, a business unit in Janssen Research and Development LLC, Raritan, NJ
| | - Julia Greenstein
- Discovery Research, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation New York, NY
| | - Eduard Montanya
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Children's Hospital and Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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153
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Human pancreatic beta-like cells converted from fibroblasts. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10080. [PMID: 26733021 PMCID: PMC4729817 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic beta cells are of great interest for biomedical research and regenerative medicine. Here we show the conversion of human fibroblasts towards an endodermal cell fate by employing non-integrative episomal reprogramming factors in combination with specific growth factors and chemical compounds. On initial culture, converted definitive endodermal progenitor cells (cDE cells) are specified into posterior foregut-like progenitor cells (cPF cells). The cPF cells and their derivatives, pancreatic endodermal progenitor cells (cPE cells), can be greatly expanded. A screening approach identified chemical compounds that promote the differentiation and maturation of cPE cells into functional pancreatic beta-like cells (cPB cells) in vitro. Transplanted cPB cells exhibit glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo and protect mice from chemically induced diabetes. In summary, our study has important implications for future strategies aimed at generating high numbers of functional beta cells, which may help restoring normoglycemia in patients suffering from diabetes.
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154
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Kofent J, Zhang J, Spagnoli FM. The histone methyltransferase Setd7 promotes pancreatic progenitor identity. Development 2016; 143:3573-3581. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.136226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell fate specification depends on transcriptional activation driven by lineage-specific transcription factors as well as changes in chromatin organization. To date, the interplay between transcription factors and chromatin modifiers during development is not well understood. We focus here on the initiation of the pancreatic program from multipotent endodermal progenitors. Transcription factors that play key roles in regulating pancreatic progenitor state have been identified, but the chromatin regulators that help establishing and maintaining pancreatic fate are less well known. Using a comparative approach, we identify a critical role for the histone methyltransferase Setd7 in establishing pancreatic cell identity. We show that Setd7 is expressed in the prospective pancreatic endoderm of Xenopus and mouse embryos prior to Pdx1 induction. Importantly, we demonstrate that setd7 is sufficient and required for pancreatic cell fate specification in Xenopus. Functional and biochemical approaches in Xenopus and mouse endoderm support that Setd7 modulates methylation marks at pancreatic regulatory regions, possibly through interaction with the transcription factor Foxa2. Together, these results demonstrate that Setd7 acts as a central component of the transcription complex initiating the pancreatic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kofent
- Lab. of Molecular and Cellular Basis of Embryonic Development, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Juan Zhang
- Lab. of Molecular and Cellular Basis of Embryonic Development, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Francesca M. Spagnoli
- Lab. of Molecular and Cellular Basis of Embryonic Development, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany
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155
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Abdelalim EM, Emara MM. Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Pancreatic β Cells: From In Vitro Maturation to Clinical Application. RECENT ADVANCES IN STEM CELLS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33270-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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156
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Co-culture with mature islet cells augments the differentiation of insulin-producing cells from pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2015; 11:62-74. [PMID: 25173880 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Islet transplantation has been hampered by the shortage of islet donors available for diabetes therapy. However, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can be an alternative source of insulin-producing cells (IPCs) because of their capacity for self-renewal and differentiation. We described a method to efficiently differentiate PSCs into IPCs by co-culturing mature islets with directed-differentiated pancreatic endoderm (PE) cells from mouse and human PSCs. PE cells co-cultured with islet cells or islet cell-derived conditioned medium (CM) showed increased expression levels of β-cell markers; significantly higher levels of proinsulin- and Newport Green (NG)-positive cells, which revealed the characteristics of insulin producing cells; and increased insulin secretion upon glucose stimulation. Co-culturing human PE cells with islet cells was also effective to differentiate PE cells into IPCs. Diabetic nude mice transplanted with co-cultured cells exhibited restored euglycemia, human C-peptide release, and improved glucose tolerance. Immunohistochemistry revealed that insulin+/C-peptide + cells existed in the grafted tissues. These results suggest that mature islet cells can increase the differentiation efficiency of PE cells into mature IPCs via paracrine effects.
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157
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The Role of ARX in Human Pancreatic Endocrine Specification. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144100. [PMID: 26633894 PMCID: PMC4669132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) offers a model system to explore human development. Humans with mutations in the transcription factor Aristaless Related Homeobox (ARX) often suffer from the syndrome X-linked lissencephaly with ambiguous genitalia (XLAG), affecting many cell types including those of the pancreas. Indeed, XLAG pancreatic islets lack glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide-positive cells but retain somatostatin, insulin, and ghrelin-positive cells. To further examine the role of ARX in human pancreatic endocrine development, we utilized genomic editing in hESCs to generate deletions in ARX. ARX knockout hESCs retained pancreatic differentiation capacity and ARX knockout endocrine cells were biased toward somatostatin-positive cells (94% of endocrine cells) with reduced pancreatic polypeptide (rarely detected), glucagon (90% reduced) and insulin-positive (65% reduced) lineages. ARX knockout somatostatin-positive cells shared expression patterns with human fetal and adult δ-cells. Differentiated ARX knockout cells upregulated PAX4, NKX2.2, ISL1, HHEX, PCSK1, PCSK2 expression while downregulating PAX6 and IRX2. Re-expression of ARX in ARX knockout pancreatic progenitors reduced HHEX and increased PAX6 and insulin expression following differentiation. Taken together these data suggest that ARX plays a key role in pancreatic endocrine fate specification of pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin, glucagon and insulin positive cells from hESCs.
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158
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Abstract
Although similar, mouse and human pancreatic development and beta cell physiology have significant differences. For this reason, mouse models present shortcomings that can obscure the understanding of human diabetes pathology. Progress in the field of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) differentiation now makes it possible to derive unlimited numbers of human beta cells in vitro. This constitutes an invaluable approach to gain insight into human beta cell development and physiology and to generate improved disease models. Here we summarize the main differences in terms of development and physiology of the pancreatic endocrine cells between mouse and human, and describe the recent progress in modeling diabetes using hPSC. We highlight the need of developing more physiological hPSC-derived beta cell models and anticipate the future prospects of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Balboa
- University of Helsinki, Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- University of Helsinki, Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, Finland; Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
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159
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Pellegrini S, Ungaro F, Mercalli A, Melzi R, Sebastiani G, Dotta F, Broccoli V, Piemonti L, Sordi V. Human induced pluripotent stem cells differentiate into insulin-producing cells able to engraft in vivo. Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:1025-35. [PMID: 25733399 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-015-0726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS New sources of insulin-secreting cells are strongly required for the cure of diabetes. Recent successes in differentiating embryonic stem cells, in combination with the discovery that it is possible to derive human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells, have raised the possibility that patient-specific beta cells might be derived from patients through cell reprogramming and differentiation. In this study, we aimed to obtain insulin-producing cells from human iPSCs and test their ability to secrete insulin in vivo. METHODS Human iPSCs, derived from both fetal and adult fibroblasts, were differentiated in vitro into pancreas-committed cells and then transplanted into immunodeficient mice at two different stages of differentiation (posterior foregut and endocrine cells). RESULTS IPSCs were shown to differentiate in insulin-producing cells in vitro, following the stages of pancreatic organogenesis. At the end of the differentiation, the production of INSULIN mRNA was highly increased and 5 ± 2.9 % of the cell population became insulin-positive. Terminally differentiated cells also produced C-peptide in vitro in both basal and stimulated conditions. In vivo, mice transplanted with pancreatic cells secreted human C-peptide in response to glucose stimulus, but transplanted cells were observed to lose insulin secretion capacity during the time. At histological evaluation, the grafts resulted to be composed of a mixed population of cells containing mature pancreatic cells, but also pluripotent and some neuronal cells. CONCLUSION These data overall suggest that human iPSCs have the potential to generate insulin-producing cells and that these differentiated cells can engraft and secrete insulin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pellegrini
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Ungaro
- Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Mercalli
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Melzi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Sebastiani
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Fondazione Umberto Di Mario ONLUS, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Dotta
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Fondazione Umberto Di Mario ONLUS, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Vania Broccoli
- Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Valeria Sordi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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160
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Huang L, Holtzinger A, Jagan I, BeGora M, Lohse I, Ngai N, Nostro C, Wang R, Muthuswamy LB, Crawford HC, Arrowsmith C, Kalloger SE, Renouf DJ, Connor AA, Cleary S, Schaeffer DF, Roehrl M, Tsao MS, Gallinger S, Keller G, Muthuswamy SK. Ductal pancreatic cancer modeling and drug screening using human pluripotent stem cell- and patient-derived tumor organoids. Nat Med 2015; 21:1364-71. [PMID: 26501191 PMCID: PMC4753163 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There are few in vitro models of exocrine pancreas development and primary human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We establish three-dimensional culture conditions to induce the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into exocrine progenitor organoids that form ductal and acinar structures in culture and in vivo. Expression of mutant KRAS or TP53 in progenitor organoids induces mutation-specific phenotypes in culture and in vivo. Expression of TP53(R175H) induces cytosolic SOX9 localization. In patient tumors bearing TP53 mutations, SOX9 was cytoplasmic and associated with mortality. We also define culture conditions for clonal generation of tumor organoids from freshly resected PDAC. Tumor organoids maintain the differentiation status, histoarchitecture and phenotypic heterogeneity of the primary tumor and retain patient-specific physiological changes, including hypoxia, oxygen consumption, epigenetic marks and differences in sensitivity to inhibition of the histone methyltransferase EZH2. Thus, pancreatic progenitor organoids and tumor organoids can be used to model PDAC and for drug screening to identify precision therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Audrey Holtzinger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- McEwen Center for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ishaan Jagan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael BeGora
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ines Lohse
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas Ngai
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cristina Nostro
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- McEwen Center for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rennian Wang
- Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lakshmi B. Muthuswamy
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Howard C. Crawford
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Cheryl Arrowsmith
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steve E. Kalloger
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Pancreas Centre BC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel J. Renouf
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Pancreas Centre BC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ashton A Connor
- Division of General Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sean Cleary
- Division of General Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David F. Schaeffer
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Pancreas Centre BC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael Roehrl
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Division of General Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gordon Keller
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- McEwen Center for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Senthil K. Muthuswamy
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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161
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Nakashima R, Morooka M, Shiraki N, Sakano D, Ogaki S, Kume K, Kume S. Neural cells play an inhibitory role in pancreatic differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Genes Cells 2015; 20:1028-45. [PMID: 26514269 PMCID: PMC4738370 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic endocrine β-cells derived from embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have received attention as screening systems for therapeutic drugs and as the basis for cell-based therapies. Here, we used a 12-day β-cell differentiation protocol for mouse ES cells and obtained several hit compounds that promoted β-cell differentiation. One of these compounds, mycophenolic acid (MPA), effectively promoted ES cell differentiation with a concomitant reduction of neuronal cells. The existence of neural cell-derived inhibitory humoral factors for β-cell differentiation was suggested using a co-culture system. Based on gene array analysis, we focused on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and showed that the Wnt pathway inhibitor reversed MPA-induced β-cell differentiation. Wnt pathway activation promoted β-cell differentiation also in human iPS cells. Our results showed that Wnt signaling activation positively regulates β-cell differentiation, and represent a downstream target of the neural inhibitory factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Nakashima
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Mayu Morooka
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shiraki
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakano
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ogaki
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.,Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kume
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe Street, Mizuho, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Shoen Kume
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.,Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.,Program for Leading Graduate Schools, Health life science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented (HIGO), Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
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162
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Holtzinger A, Streeter PR, Sarangi F, Hillborn S, Niapour M, Ogawa S, Keller G. New markers for tracking endoderm induction and hepatocyte differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells. Development 2015; 142:4253-65. [PMID: 26493401 DOI: 10.1242/dev.121020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The efficient generation of hepatocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) requires the induction of a proper endoderm population, broadly characterized by the expression of the cell surface marker CXCR4. Strategies to identify and isolate endoderm subpopulations predisposed to the liver fate do not exist. In this study, we generated mouse monoclonal antibodies against human embryonic stem cell-derived definitive endoderm with the goal of identifying cell surface markers that can be used to track the development of this germ layer and its specification to a hepatic fate. Through this approach, we identified two endoderm-specific antibodies, HDE1 and HDE2, which stain different stages of endoderm development and distinct derivative cell types. HDE1 marks a definitive endoderm population with high hepatic potential, whereas staining of HDE2 tracks with developing hepatocyte progenitors and hepatocytes. When used in combination, the staining patterns of these antibodies enable one to optimize endoderm induction and hepatic specification from any hPSC line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Holtzinger
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Philip R Streeter
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Farida Sarangi
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Scott Hillborn
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Maryam Niapour
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Shinichiro Ogawa
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Gordon Keller
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7 Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9 Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2M9
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163
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Rostovskaya M, Bredenkamp N, Smith A. Towards consistent generation of pancreatic lineage progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140365. [PMID: 26416676 PMCID: PMC4633994 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells can in principle be used as a source of any differentiated cell type for disease modelling, drug screening, toxicology testing or cell replacement therapy. Type I diabetes is considered a major target for stem cell applications due to the shortage of primary human beta cells. Several protocols have been reported for generating pancreatic progenitors by in vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. Here we first assessed one of these protocols on a panel of pluripotent stem cell lines for capacity to engender glucose sensitive insulin-producing cells after engraftment in immunocompromised mice. We observed variable outcomes with only one cell line showing a low level of glucose response. We, therefore, undertook a systematic comparison of different methods for inducing definitive endoderm and subsequently pancreatic differentiation. Of several protocols tested, we identified a combined approach that robustly generated pancreatic progenitors in vitro from both embryo-derived and induced pluripotent stem cells. These findings suggest that, although there are intrinsic differences in lineage specification propensity between pluripotent stem cell lines, optimal differentiation procedures may consistently direct a substantial fraction of cells into pancreatic specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rostovskaya
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Nicholas Bredenkamp
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
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164
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Tse HM, Kozlovskaya V, Kharlampieva E, Hunter CS. Minireview: Directed Differentiation and Encapsulation of Islet β-Cells-Recent Advances and Future Considerations. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1388-99. [PMID: 26340406 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus has rapidly become a 21st century epidemic with the promise to create vast economic and health burdens, if left unchecked. The 2 major forms of diabetes arise from unique causes, with outcomes being an absolute (type 1) or relative (type 2) loss of functional pancreatic islet β-cell mass. Currently, patients rely on exogenous insulin and/or other pharmacologies that restore glucose homeostasis. Although these therapies have prolonged countless lives over the decades, the striking increases in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic diagnoses worldwide suggest a need for improved treatments. To this end, islet biologists are developing cell-based therapies by which a patient's lost insulin-producing β-cell mass is replenished. Pancreatic or islet transplantation from cadaveric donors into diabetic patients has been successful, yet the functional islet demand far surpasses supply. Thus, the field has been striving toward transplantation of renewable in vitro-derived β-cells that can restore euglycemia. Challenges have been numerous, but progress over the past decade has generated much excitement. In this review we will summarize recent findings that have placed us closer than ever to β-cell replacement therapies. With the promise of cell-based diabetes therapies on the horizon, we will also provide an overview of cellular encapsulation technologies that will deliver critical protection of newly implanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert M Tse
- Department of Microbiology and the Comprehensive Diabetes Center (H.M.T.) and Departments of Chemistry (V.K., E.K.) and Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, and Comprehensive Diabetes Center (C.S.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Veronika Kozlovskaya
- Department of Microbiology and the Comprehensive Diabetes Center (H.M.T.) and Departments of Chemistry (V.K., E.K.) and Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, and Comprehensive Diabetes Center (C.S.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Eugenia Kharlampieva
- Department of Microbiology and the Comprehensive Diabetes Center (H.M.T.) and Departments of Chemistry (V.K., E.K.) and Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, and Comprehensive Diabetes Center (C.S.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Chad S Hunter
- Department of Microbiology and the Comprehensive Diabetes Center (H.M.T.) and Departments of Chemistry (V.K., E.K.) and Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, and Comprehensive Diabetes Center (C.S.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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165
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Francis N, Moore M, Asan SG, Rutter GA, Burns C. Changes in microRNA expression during differentiation of embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells to definitive endoderm. Gene Expr Patterns 2015; 19:70-82. [PMID: 26277621 PMCID: PMC6101203 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have the potential to treat type 1 diabetes through cell replacement therapy. However, the protocols used to generate insulin-expressing cells in vitro frequently result in cells which have an immature phenotype and are functionally restricted. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are now known to be important in cell fate specification, and a unique miRNA signature characterises pancreatic development at the definitive endoderm stage. Several studies have described differences in miRNA expression between ESCs and iPSCs. Here we have used microarray analysis both to identify miRNAs up- or down-regulated upon endoderm formation, and also miRNAs differentially expressed between ESCs and iPSCs. Several miRNAs fulfilling both these criteria were identified, suggesting that differences in the expression of these miRNAs may affect the ability of pluripotent stem cells to differentiate into definitive endoderm. The expression of these miRNAs was validated by qRT-PCR, and the relationship between one of these miRNAs, miR-151a-5p, and its predicted target gene, SOX17, was investigated by luciferase assay, and suggested an interaction between miR-151a-5p and this key transcription factor. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate a unique miRNA expression pattern for definitive endoderm derived from both embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Francis
- Endocrinology Section, Biotherapeutics Department, National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK; Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, ICTEM, du Cane Road, Imperial College London, W12 0MN, UK
| | - Melanie Moore
- Endocrinology Section, Biotherapeutics Department, National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Simona G Asan
- Endocrinology Section, Biotherapeutics Department, National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, ICTEM, du Cane Road, Imperial College London, W12 0MN, UK
| | - Chris Burns
- Endocrinology Section, Biotherapeutics Department, National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK.
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166
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Mastracci TL, Robertson MA, Mirmira RG, Anderson RM. Polyamine biosynthesis is critical for growth and differentiation of the pancreas. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13269. [PMID: 26299433 PMCID: PMC4547391 DOI: 10.1038/srep13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The pancreas, in most studied vertebrates, is a compound organ with both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine compartment makes and secretes digestive enzymes, while the endocrine compartment, organized into islets of Langerhans, produces hormones that regulate blood glucose. High concentrations of polyamines, which are aliphatic amines, are reported in exocrine and endocrine cells, with insulin-producing β cells showing the highest concentrations. We utilized zebrafish as a model organism, together with pharmacological inhibition or genetic manipulation, to determine how polyamine biosynthesis functions in pancreatic organogenesis. We identified that inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis reduces exocrine pancreas and β cell mass, and that these reductions are at the level of differentiation. Moreover, we demonstrate that inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, phenocopies inhibition or knockdown of the enzyme deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS). These data identify that the pancreatic requirement for polyamine biosynthesis is largely mediated through a requirement for spermidine for the downstream posttranslational modification of eIF5A by its enzymatic activator DHS, which in turn impacts mRNA translation. Altogether, we have uncovered a role for polyamine biosynthesis in pancreatic organogenesis and identified that it may be possible to exploit polyamine biosynthesis to manipulate pancreatic cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Mastracci
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA.,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Morgan A Robertson
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA.,Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA.,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Ryan M Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA.,Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA.,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
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167
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Ogawa M, Ogawa S, Bear CE, Ahmadi S, Chin S, Li B, Grompe M, Keller G, Kamath BM, Ghanekar A. Directed differentiation of cholangiocytes from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:853-61. [PMID: 26167630 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although bile duct disorders are well-recognized causes of liver disease, the molecular and cellular events leading to biliary dysfunction are poorly understood. To enable modeling and drug discovery for biliary disease, we describe a protocol that achieves efficient differentiation of biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) through delivery of developmentally relevant cues, including NOTCH signaling. Using three-dimensional culture, the protocol yields cystic and/or ductal structures that express mature biliary markers, including apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter, secretin receptor, cilia and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). We demonstrate that hPSC-derived cholangiocytes possess epithelial functions, including rhodamine efflux and CFTR-mediated fluid secretion. Furthermore, we show that functionally impaired hPSC-derived cholangiocytes from cystic fibrosis patients are rescued by CFTR correctors. These findings demonstrate that mature cholangiocytes can be differentiated from hPSCs and used for studies of biliary development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ogawa
- 1] McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [2] Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shinichiro Ogawa
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine E Bear
- Program in Molecular Structure &Function, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saumel Ahmadi
- Program in Molecular Structure &Function, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Chin
- Program in Molecular Structure &Function, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Gordon Keller
- 1] McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [2] Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [3] Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Binita M Kamath
- 1] Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [2] Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anand Ghanekar
- 1] Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [2] Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [3] Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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168
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Tamminen K, Balboa D, Toivonen S, Pakarinen MP, Wiener Z, Alitalo K, Otonkoski T. Intestinal Commitment and Maturation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Is Independent of Exogenous FGF4 and R-spondin1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134551. [PMID: 26230325 PMCID: PMC4521699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt/beta-catenin signaling plays a central role in guiding the differentiation of the posterior parts of the primitive gut tube into intestinal structures in vivo and some studies suggest that FGF4 is another crucial factor for intestinal development. The aim of this study was to define the effects of Wnt and FGF4 on intestinal commitment in vitro by establishing conditions for differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) into posterior endoderm (hindgut) and further to self-renewing intestinal-like organoids. The most prominent induction of the well-established intestinal marker gene CDX2 was achieved when hPSC-derived definitive endoderm cells were treated with Wnt agonist molecule CHIR99021 during differentiation to hindgut. FGF4 was found to be dispensable during intestinal commitment, but it had an early role in repressing development towards the hepatic lineage. When hindgut stage cells were further cultured in 3D, they formed self-renewing organoid structures containing all major intestinal cell types even without exogenous R-spondin1 (RSPO1), a crucial factor for the culture of epithelial organoids derived from adult intestine. This may be explained by the presence of a mesenchymal compartment in the hPSC-derived organoids. Addition of WNT3A increased the expression of the Paneth cell marker Lysozyme in hPSC-derived organoid cultures, whereas FGF4 inhibited both the formation and maturation of intestinal-like organoids. Similar hindgut and organoid cultures were established from human induced pluripotent stem cells, implying that this approach can be used to create patient-specific intestinal tissue models for disease modeling in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Tamminen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Diego Balboa
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Toivonen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko P. Pakarinen
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zoltan Wiener
- Translational Cancer Biology Program and Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Translational Cancer Biology Program and Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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169
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Network Analysis Identifies Crosstalk Interactions Governing TGF-β Signaling Dynamics during Endoderm Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Processes (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/pr3020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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170
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Giannoukakis N, Trucco M. Cellular therapies based on stem cells and their insulin-producing surrogates: a 2015 reality check. Pediatr Diabetes 2015; 16:151-63. [PMID: 25652322 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell technology has recently gained a substantial amount of interest as one method to create a potentially limitless supply of transplantable insulin-producing cells to treat, and possibly cure diabetes mellitus. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the art of stem cell technology and list the potential sources of stem cells that have been shown to be useful as insulin-expressing surrogates. We also discuss the milestones that have been reached and those that remain to be addressed to generate bona fide beta cell-similar, insulin-producing surrogates. The caveats, limitations, and realistic expectations are also considered for current and future technology. In spite of the tremendous technical advances realized in the past decade, especially in the field of reprogramming adult somatic cells to become stem cells, the state-of-the art still relies on lengthy and cumbersome in vitro culture methods that yield cell populations that are not particularly glucose-responsive when transplanted into diabetic hosts. Despite the current impediments toward clinical translation, including the potential for immune rejection, the availability of technology to generate patient-specific reprogrammable stem cells has, and will be critical for, important insights into the genetics, epigenetics, biology, and physiology of insulin-producing cells in normal and pathologic states. This knowledge could accelerate the time to reach the desired breakthrough for safe and efficacious beta cell surrogates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Giannoukakis
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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171
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Russ HA, Parent AV, Ringler JJ, Hennings TG, Nair GG, Shveygert M, Guo T, Puri S, Haataja L, Cirulli V, Blelloch R, Szot GL, Arvan P, Hebrok M. Controlled induction of human pancreatic progenitors produces functional beta-like cells in vitro. EMBO J 2015; 34:1759-72. [PMID: 25908839 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into functional insulin-producing beta-like cells holds great promise for cell replacement therapy for patients suffering from diabetes. This approach also offers the unique opportunity to study otherwise inaccessible aspects of human beta cell development and function in vitro. Here, we show that current pancreatic progenitor differentiation protocols promote precocious endocrine commitment, ultimately resulting in the generation of non-functional polyhormonal cells. Omission of commonly used BMP inhibitors during pancreatic specification prevents precocious endocrine formation while treatment with retinoic acid followed by combined EGF/KGF efficiently generates both PDX1(+) and subsequent PDX1(+)/NKX6.1(+) pancreatic progenitor populations, respectively. Precise temporal activation of endocrine differentiation in PDX1(+)/NKX6.1(+) progenitors produces glucose-responsive beta-like cells in vitro that exhibit key features of bona fide human beta cells, remain functional after short-term transplantation, and reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic mice. Thus, our simplified and scalable system accurately recapitulates key steps of human pancreas development and provides a fast and reproducible supply of functional human beta-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger A Russ
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Audrey V Parent
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer J Ringler
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas G Hennings
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gopika G Nair
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mayya Shveygert
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tingxia Guo
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sapna Puri
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leena Haataja
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Brehm Tower Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vincenzo Cirulli
- Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert Blelloch
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Greg L Szot
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Brehm Tower Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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172
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The generation of definitive endoderm from human embryonic stem cells is initially independent from activin A but requires canonical Wnt-signaling. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2015; 10:480-93. [PMID: 24913278 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9509-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the TGF-beta pathway by activin A directs ES cells into the definitive endoderm germ layer. However, there is evidence that activin A/TGF-beta is not solely responsible for differentiation into definitive endoderm. GSK3beta inhibition has recently been shown to generate definitive endoderm-like cells from human ES cells via activation of the canonical Wnt-pathway. The GSK3beta inhibitor CHIR-99021 has been reported to generate mesoderm from human iPS cells. Thus, the specific role of the GSK3beta inhibitor CHIR-99021 was analyzed during the differentiation of human ES cells and compared against a classic endoderm differentiation protocol. At high concentrations of CHIR-99021, the cells were directed towards mesodermal cell fates, while low concentrations permitted mesodermal and endodermal differentiation. Finally, the analyses revealed that GSK3beta inhibition rapidly directed human ES cells into a primitive streak-like cell type independently from the TGF-beta pathway with mesoderm and endoderm differentiation potential. Addition of low activin A concentrations effectively differentiated these primitive streak-like cells into definitive endoderm. Thus, the in vitro differentiation of human ES cells into definitive endoderm is initially independent from the activin A/TGF-beta pathway but requires high canonical Wnt-signaling activity.
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173
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Jenny RA, Hirst C, Lim SM, Goulburn AL, Micallef SJ, Labonne T, Kicic A, Ling KM, Stick SM, Ng ES, Trounson A, Giudice A, Elefanty AG, Stanley EG. Productive Infection of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived NKX2.1+ Respiratory Progenitors with Human Rhinovirus. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:603-14. [PMID: 25873746 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Airway epithelial cells generated from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) represent a resource for research into a variety of human respiratory conditions, including those resulting from infection with common human pathogens. Using an NKX2.1-GFP reporter human embryonic stem cell line, we developed a serum-free protocol for the generation of NKX2.1(+) endoderm that, when transplanted into immunodeficient mice, matured into respiratory cell types identified by expression of CC10, MUC5AC, and surfactant proteins. Gene profiling experiments indicated that day 10 NKX2.1(+) endoderm expressed markers indicative of early foregut but lacked genes associated with later stages of respiratory epithelial cell differentiation. Nevertheless, NKX2.1(+) endoderm supported the infection and replication of the common respiratory pathogen human rhinovirus HRV1b. Moreover, NKX2.1(+) endoderm upregulated expression of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1B in response to infection, a characteristic of human airway epithelial cells. Our experiments provide proof of principle for the use of PSC-derived respiratory epithelial cells in the study of cell-virus interactions. SIGNIFICANCE This report provides proof-of-principle experiments demonstrating, for the first time, that human respiratory progenitor cells derived from stem cells in the laboratory can be productively infected with human rhinovirus, the predominant cause of the common cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Jenny
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Centre for Health Research, and Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Richie Centre, Monash Prince Henry's Medical Research Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claire Hirst
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Centre for Health Research, and Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Richie Centre, Monash Prince Henry's Medical Research Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sue Mei Lim
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Centre for Health Research, and Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Richie Centre, Monash Prince Henry's Medical Research Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam L Goulburn
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Centre for Health Research, and Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Richie Centre, Monash Prince Henry's Medical Research Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzanne J Micallef
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Centre for Health Research, and Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Richie Centre, Monash Prince Henry's Medical Research Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tanya Labonne
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Centre for Health Research, and Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Richie Centre, Monash Prince Henry's Medical Research Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Centre for Health Research, and Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Richie Centre, Monash Prince Henry's Medical Research Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kak-Ming Ling
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Centre for Health Research, and Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Richie Centre, Monash Prince Henry's Medical Research Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen M Stick
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Centre for Health Research, and Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Richie Centre, Monash Prince Henry's Medical Research Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth S Ng
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Centre for Health Research, and Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Richie Centre, Monash Prince Henry's Medical Research Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alan Trounson
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Centre for Health Research, and Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Richie Centre, Monash Prince Henry's Medical Research Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonietta Giudice
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Centre for Health Research, and Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Richie Centre, Monash Prince Henry's Medical Research Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew G Elefanty
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Centre for Health Research, and Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Richie Centre, Monash Prince Henry's Medical Research Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edouard G Stanley
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Centre for Health Research, and Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Richie Centre, Monash Prince Henry's Medical Research Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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174
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Jiang W, Liu Y, Liu R, Zhang K, Zhang Y. The lncRNA DEANR1 facilitates human endoderm differentiation by activating FOXA2 expression. Cell Rep 2015; 11:137-48. [PMID: 25843708 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate diverse biological processes, including cell lineage specification. Here, we report transcriptome profiling of human endoderm and pancreatic cell lineages using purified cell populations. Analysis of the data sets allows us to identify hundreds of lncRNAs that exhibit differentiation-stage-specific expression patterns. As a first step in characterizing these lncRNAs, we focus on an endoderm-specific lncRNA, definitive endoderm-associated lncRNA1 (DEANR1), and demonstrate that it plays an important role in human endoderm differentiation. DEANR1 contributes to endoderm differentiation by positively regulating expression of the endoderm factor FOXA2. Importantly, overexpression of FOXA2 is able to rescue endoderm differentiation defects caused by DEANR1 depletion. Mechanistically, DEANR1 facilitates FOXA2 activation by facilitating SMAD2/3 recruitment to the FOXA2 promoter. Thus, our study not only reveals a large set of differentiation-stage-specific lncRNAs but also characterizes a functional lncRNA that is important for endoderm differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, WAB-149G, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, WAB-149G, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, WAB-149G, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Yuting Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, WAB-149G, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, WAB-149G, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, WAB-149G, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, WAB-149G, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, WAB-149G, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, WAB-149G, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, WAB-149G, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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175
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Nostro MC, Sarangi F, Yang C, Holland A, Elefanty AG, Stanley EG, Greiner DL, Keller G. Efficient generation of NKX6-1+ pancreatic progenitors from multiple human pluripotent stem cell lines. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:591-604. [PMID: 25843049 PMCID: PMC4400642 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a renewable source of pancreatic beta cells for both basic research and therapeutic applications. Given this outstanding potential, significant efforts have been made to identify the signaling pathways that regulate pancreatic development in hPSC differentiation cultures. In this study, we demonstrate that the combination of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and nicotinamide signaling induces the generation of NKX6-1+ progenitors from all hPSC lines tested. Furthermore, we show that the size of the NKX6-1+ population is regulated by the duration of treatment with retinoic acid, fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10), and inhibitors of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and hedgehog signaling pathways. When transplanted into NOD scid gamma (NSG) recipients, these progenitors differentiate to give rise to exocrine and endocrine cells, including monohormonal insulin+ cells. Together, these findings provide an efficient and reproducible strategy for generating highly enriched populations of hPSC-derived beta cell progenitors for studies aimed at further characterizing their developmental potential in vivo and deciphering the pathways that regulate their maturation in vitro. EGF and nicotinamide induce NKX6-1+ progenitors from hPSC-derived endoderm NKX6-1+ progenitor generation can be controlled by the duration of stage 3 treatment The generation of polyhormonal cells is dependent on hedgehog signaling inhibition NKX6-1+ progenitors give rise to ductal, acinar, and endocrine cells in vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cristina Nostro
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Farida Sarangi
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Chaoxing Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Andrew Holland
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew G Elefanty
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Edouard G Stanley
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Gordon Keller
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
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176
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Abstract
Diabetes is a common multisystem disease that results in hyperglycemia due to a relative or absolute insulin deficiency. Improved glycemic control decreases the risk of development and progression of microvascular and, to a lesser extent, macrovascular complications and prevents symptomatic hyperglycemia. However, complex treatment regimens aimed at improving glycemic control are associated with an increased incidence of hypoglycemia. On paper at least, cellular therapies arising from reprogramed stem cells or other somatic cell types would provide ideal therapy for diabetes and the prevention of its complications. This hypothesis has led to intensive efforts to grow β cells from various sources. In this review, we provide an overview of β-cell development as well as the efforts reported to date in terms of cellular therapy for diabetes. Engineering β-cell replacement therapy requires an understanding of how β cells respond to other metabolites such as amino acids, free fatty acids, and ketones. Indeed, efforts thus far have been characterized by an inability of cellular replacement products to adequately respond to metabolites that normally couple the metabolic state to β-cell function and insulin secretion. Efforts to date intended to capitalize on current knowledge of islet cell development and stimulus-secretion coupling of the β cell are encouraging but as yet of little clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Matveyenko
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Adrian Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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177
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Calafiore R, Basta G. Stem cells for the cell and molecular therapy of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D): the gap between dream and reality. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF STEM CELLS 2015; 4:22-31. [PMID: 25973328 PMCID: PMC4396156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In spite of intense research, over the past 2-3 decades, targeted to validating methods for the cure of T1D, based on cell substitution therapy in the place of exogenously administered insulin injections, achievement of the final goal continues to remain out of reach. In fact, aside of very limited clinical success of the few clinical trials of pancreatic islet cell transplantation in totally immunosuppressed patients with T1D, the vast majority of these diabetic patients invariably is insulin-dependent. New advances for cell and molecular therapy for T1D, including use of stem cells, are reviewed and discussed in an attempt to clearly establish where we are and where are we may go for the final cure for T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Calafiore
- Department of Medicine, Section of Clinical Cardiovascular, Endocrine and Metabolic Physiology, University of Perugia School of Medicine at Terni Terni, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Basta
- Department of Medicine, Section of Clinical Cardiovascular, Endocrine and Metabolic Physiology, University of Perugia School of Medicine at Terni Terni, Italy
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178
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Pagliuca FW, Millman JR, Gürtler M, Segel M, Van Dervort A, Ryu JH, Peterson QP, Greiner D, Melton DA. Generation of functional human pancreatic β cells in vitro. Cell 2015; 159:428-39. [PMID: 25303535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1418] [Impact Index Per Article: 157.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The generation of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells from stem cells in vitro would provide an unprecedented cell source for drug discovery and cell transplantation therapy in diabetes. However, insulin-producing cells previously generated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) lack many functional characteristics of bona fide β cells. Here, we report a scalable differentiation protocol that can generate hundreds of millions of glucose-responsive β cells from hPSC in vitro. These stem-cell-derived β cells (SC-β) express markers found in mature β cells, flux Ca(2+) in response to glucose, package insulin into secretory granules, and secrete quantities of insulin comparable to adult β cells in response to multiple sequential glucose challenges in vitro. Furthermore, these cells secrete human insulin into the serum of mice shortly after transplantation in a glucose-regulated manner, and transplantation of these cells ameliorates hyperglycemia in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia W Pagliuca
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Millman
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mads Gürtler
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Michael Segel
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alana Van Dervort
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jennifer Hyoje Ryu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Quinn P Peterson
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Dale Greiner
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, AS7-2051, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Douglas A Melton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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179
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Johannesson B, Sui L, Freytes DO, Creusot RJ, Egli D. Toward beta cell replacement for diabetes. EMBO J 2015; 34:841-55. [PMID: 25733347 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of insulin more than 90 years ago introduced a life-saving treatment for patients with type 1 diabetes, and since then, significant progress has been made in clinical care for all forms of diabetes. However, no method of insulin delivery matches the ability of the human pancreas to reliably and automatically maintain glucose levels within a tight range. Transplantation of human islets or of an intact pancreas can in principle cure diabetes, but this approach is generally reserved for cases with simultaneous transplantation of a kidney, where immunosuppression is already a requirement. Recent advances in cell reprogramming and beta cell differentiation now allow the generation of personalized stem cells, providing an unlimited source of beta cells for research and for developing autologous cell therapies. In this review, we will discuss the utility of stem cell-derived beta cells to investigate the mechanisms of beta cell failure in diabetes, and the challenges to develop beta cell replacement therapies. These challenges include appropriate quality controls of the cells being used, the ability to generate beta cell grafts of stable cellular composition, and in the case of type 1 diabetes, protecting implanted cells from autoimmune destruction without compromising other aspects of the immune system or the functionality of the graft. Such novel treatments will need to match or exceed the relative safety and efficacy of available care for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lina Sui
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center & Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donald O Freytes
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Remi J Creusot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dieter Egli
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, USA Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center & Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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180
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hess
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Krembil Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Robarts Research Institute, and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7
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181
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Toyoda T, Mae SI, Tanaka H, Kondo Y, Funato M, Hosokawa Y, Sudo T, Kawaguchi Y, Osafune K. Cell aggregation optimizes the differentiation of human ESCs and iPSCs into pancreatic bud-like progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res 2015; 14:185-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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182
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Wong AP, Chin S, Xia S, Garner J, Bear CE, Rossant J. Efficient generation of functional CFTR-expressing airway epithelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Protoc 2015; 10:363-81. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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183
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Huang SXL, Green MD, de Carvalho AT, Mumau M, Chen YW, D'Souza SL, Snoeck HW. The in vitro generation of lung and airway progenitor cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Protoc 2015; 10:413-25. [PMID: 25654758 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lung and airway epithelial cells generated in vitro from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have applications in regenerative medicine, modeling of lung disease, drug screening and studies of human lung development. Here we describe a strategy for directed differentiation of hPSCs into developmental lung progenitors, and their subsequent differentiation into predominantly distal lung epithelial cells. The protocol entails four stages that recapitulate lung development, and it takes ∼50 d. First, definitive endoderm (DE) is induced in the presence of high concentrations of activin A. Subsequently, lung-biased anterior foregut endoderm (AFE) is specified by sequential inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and Wnt signaling. AFE is then ventralized by applying Wnt, BMP, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and retinoic acid (RA) signaling to obtain lung and airway progenitors. Finally, these are further differentiated into more mature epithelial cells types using Wnt, FGF, cAMP and glucocorticoid agonism. This protocol is conducted in defined conditions, it does not involve genetic manipulation of the cells and it results in cultures in which the majority of the cells express markers of various lung and airway epithelial cells, with a predominance of cells identifiable as functional type II alveolar epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah X L Huang
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael D Green
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ana Toste de Carvalho
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Melanie Mumau
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sunita L D'Souza
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Experimental Therapeutic Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hans-Willem Snoeck
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [3] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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184
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Ikonomou L, Kotton DN. Derivation of Endodermal Progenitors From Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:246-58. [PMID: 25160562 PMCID: PMC4344429 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Stem and progenitor cells play important roles in organogenesis during development and in tissue homeostasis and response to injury postnatally. As the regenerative capacity of many human tissues is limited, cell replacement therapies hold great promise for human disease management. Pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are prime candidates for the derivation of unlimited quantities of clinically relevant cell types through development of directed differentiation protocols, that is, the recapitulation of developmental milestones in in vitro cell culture. Tissue-specific progenitors, including progenitors of endodermal origin, are important intermediates in such protocols since they give rise to all mature parenchymal cells. In this review, we focus on the in vivo biology of embryonic endodermal progenitors in terms of key transcription factors and signaling pathways. We critically review the emerging literature aiming to apply this basic knowledge to achieve the efficient and reproducible in vitro derivation of endodermal progenitors such as pancreas, liver and lung precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laertis Ikonomou
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston
Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston University Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darrell N. Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston
Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston University Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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185
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Small molecules facilitate the reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts into pancreatic lineages. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 14:228-36. [PMID: 24506886 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β cells are of great interest for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. A number of strategies already exist for the generation of β cells, but a general approach for reprogramming nonendodermal cells into β cells could provide an attractive alternative in a variety of contexts. Here, we describe a stepwise method in which pluripotency reprogramming factors were transiently expressed in fibroblasts in conjunction with a unique combination of soluble molecules to generate definitive endoderm-like cells that did not pass through a pluripotent state. These endoderm-like cells were then directed toward pancreatic lineages using further combinations of small molecules in vitro. The resulting pancreatic progenitor-like cells could mature into cells of all three pancreatic lineages in vivo, including functional, insulin-secreting β-like cells that help to ameliorate hyperglycemia. Our findings may therefore provide a useful approach for generating large numbers of functional β cells for disease modeling and, ultimately, cell-based therapy.
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186
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Lineage potential, plasticity and environmental reprogramming of epithelial stem/progenitor cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:637-44. [PMID: 24849231 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence supports and reinforces the concept that environmental cues may reprogramme somatic cells and change their natural fate. In the present review, we concentrate on environmental reprogramming and fate potency of different epithelial cells. These include stratified epithelia, such as the epidermis, hair follicle, cornea and oesophagus, as well as the thymic epithelium, which stands alone among simple and stratified epithelia, and has been shown recently to contain stem cells. In addition, we briefly discuss the pancreas as an example of plasticity of intrinsic progenitors and even differentiated cells. Of relevance, examples of plasticity and fate change characterize pathologies such as oesophageal metaplasia, whose possible cell origin is still debated, but has important implications as a pre-neoplastic event. Although much work remains to be done in order to unravel the full potential and plasticity of epithelial cells, exploitation of this phenomenon has already entered the clinical arena, and might provide new avenues for future cell therapy of these tissues.
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187
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué K Mfopou
- Cell Differentiation Unit, Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Bouwens
- Cell Differentiation Unit, Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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188
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Bose B, Sudheer PS. In Vitro Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells into Functional β Islets Under 2D and 3D Culture Conditions and In Vivo Preclinical Validation of 3D Islets. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1341:257-84. [PMID: 25783769 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2015_230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the advent of pluripotent stem cells, (embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells), applications of such pluripotent stem cells are of prime importance. Indeed, scientists are involved in studying the basic biology of pluripotent stem cells, but equal impetus is there to direct the pluripotent stem cells into multiple lineages for cell therapy applications. Scientists across the globe have been successful, to a certain extent, in obtaining cells of definitive endoderm and also pancreatic β islets by differentiating human pluripotent stem cells. Pluripotent stem cell differentiation protocols aim at mimicking in vivo embryonic development. As in vivo embryonic development is a complex process and involves interplay of multiple cytokines, the differentiation protocols also involve a stepwise use of multiple cytokines. Indeed the novel markers for pancreas organogenesis serve as the roadmaps to develop new protocols for pancreatic differentiation from pluripotent stem cells. Earliest developed protocols for pancreas differentiation involved "Nestin selection pathway," a pathway common for both neuronal and pancreatic differentiation lead to the generation of cells that were a combination of cells from neuronal lineage. Eventually with the discovery of hierarchy of β cell transcription factors like Pdx1, Pax4, and Nkx2.2, forced expression of such transcription factors proved successful in converting a pluripotent stem cell into a β cell. Protocols developed almost half a decade ago to the recent ones rather involve stepwise differentiations involving various cytokines and could generate as high as 25 % functional insulin-positive cells in vitro. Most advanced protocols for β islet differentiations from human pluripotent stem cells focused on 3D culture conditions, which reportedly produced 60-65 % functional β islet cells. Here, we describe the protocol for differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into functional β cells under both 2D and 3D culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipasha Bose
- Level 03, Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering Division, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, University Road, Derlakatte, Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - P Shenoy Sudheer
- Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, NTU/SBS Lab location @ Level 2, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore
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189
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Santosa MM, Low BSJ, Pek NMQ, Teo AKK. Knowledge Gaps in Rodent Pancreas Biology: Taking Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Pancreatic Beta Cells into Our Own Hands. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:194. [PMID: 26834702 PMCID: PMC4712272 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of stem cell biology and diabetes, we and others seek to derive mature and functional human pancreatic β cells for disease modeling and cell replacement therapy. Traditionally, knowledge gathered from rodents is extended to human pancreas developmental biology research involving human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). While much has been learnt from rodent pancreas biology in the early steps toward Pdx1(+) pancreatic progenitors, much less is known about the transition toward Ngn3(+) pancreatic endocrine progenitors. Essentially, the later steps of pancreatic β cell development and maturation remain elusive to date. As a result, the most recent advances in the stem cell and diabetes field have relied upon combinatorial testing of numerous growth factors and chemical compounds in an arbitrary trial-and-error fashion to derive mature and functional human pancreatic β cells from hPSCs. Although this hit-or-miss approach appears to have made some headway in maturing human pancreatic β cells in vitro, its underlying biology is vaguely understood. Therefore, in this mini-review, we discuss some of these late-stage signaling pathways that are involved in human pancreatic β cell differentiation and highlight our current understanding of their relevance in rodent pancreas biology. Our efforts here unravel several novel signaling pathways that can be further studied to shed light on unexplored aspects of rodent pancreas biology. New investigations into these signaling pathways are expected to advance our knowledge in human pancreas developmental biology and to aid in the translation of stem cell biology in the context of diabetes treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munirah Mohamad Santosa
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Discovery Research Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Blaise Su Jun Low
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Discovery Research Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
| | - Nicole Min Qian Pek
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Discovery Research Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adrian Kee Keong Teo
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Discovery Research Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Adrian Kee Keong Teo, ,
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190
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Diekmann U, Naujok O. Generation and Purification of Definitive Endoderm Cells Generated from Pluripotent Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1341:157-72. [PMID: 25762297 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2015_220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into cells of the definitive endoderm requires an in vitro gastrulation event. Differentiated somatic cells derived from this germ layer may then be used for cell replacement therapies of degenerative diseases of the liver, lung, and pancreas. Here we describe an endoderm differentiation protocol, which initiates the differentiation from a defined cell number of dispersed single cells and reliably yields in >70-80 % endoderm-committed cells in a short 5-day treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Diekmann
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ortwin Naujok
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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191
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Abdelalim EM, Bonnefond A, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Froguel P. Pluripotent stem cells as a potential tool for disease modelling and cell therapy in diabetes. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 10:327-37. [PMID: 24577791 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9503-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the most prevailing disease with progressive incidence worldwide. To date, the pathogenesis of diabetes is far to be understood, and there is no permanent treatment available for diabetes. One of the promising approaches to understand and cure diabetes is to use pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced PCSs (iPSCs). ESCs and iPSCs have a great potential to differentiate into all cell types, and they have a high ability to differentiate into insulin-secreting β cells. Obtaining PSCs genetically identical to the patient presenting with diabetes has been a longstanding dream for the in vitro modeling of disease and ultimately cell therapy. For several years, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) was the method of choice to generate patient-specific ESC lines. However, this technology faces ethical and practical concerns. Interestingly, the recently established iPSC technology overcomes the major problems of other stem cell types including the lack of ethical concern and no risk of immune rejection. Several iPSC lines have been recently generated from patients with different types of diabetes, and most of these cell lines are able to differentiate into insulin-secreting β cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the differentiation of pancreatic β cells from PSCs, and describe the challenges for their clinical use in diabetes cell therapy. Furthermore, we discuss the potential use of patient-specific PSCs as an in vitro model, providing new insights into the pathophysiology of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam M Abdelalim
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, Education City, 5825, Doha, Qatar,
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192
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Nair GG, Vincent RK, Odorico JS. Ectopic Ptf1a expression in murine ESCs potentiates endocrine differentiation and models pancreas development in vitro. Stem Cells 2014; 32:1195-207. [PMID: 24375815 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Besides its role in exocrine differentiation, pancreas-specific transcription factor 1a (PTF1a) is required for pancreas specification from the foregut endoderm and ultimately for endocrine cell formation. Examining the early role of PTF1a in pancreas development has been challenging due to limiting amounts of embryonic tissue material for study. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) which can be differentiated in vitro, and without limit to the amount of experimental material, can serve as a model system to study these early developmental events. To this end, we derived and characterized a mouse ESC line with tetracycline-inducible expression of PTF1a (tet-Ptf1a mESCs). We found that transient ectopic expression of PTF1a initiated the pancreatic program in differentiating ESCs causing cells to activate PDX1 expression in bud-like structures resembling pancreatic primordia in vivo. These bud-like structures also expressed progenitor markers characteristic of a developing pancreatic epithelium. The epithelium differentiated to generate a wave of NGN3+ endocrine progenitors, and further formed cells of all three pancreatic lineages. Notably, the insulin+ cells in the cultures were monohormonal, and expressed PDX1 and NKX6.1. PTF1a-induced cultures differentiated into significantly more endocrine and exocrine cells and the ratio of endocrine-to-exocrine cell differentiation could be regulated by retinoic acid (RA) and nicotinamide (Nic) signaling. Moreover, induced cultures treated with RA and Nic exhibited a modest glucose response. Thus, this tet-Ptf1a ESC-based in vitro system is a valuable new tool for interrogating the role of PTF1a in pancreas development and in directing differentiation of ESCs to endocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika G Nair
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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193
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Atkinson SP, Lako M, Armstrong L. Potential for pharmacological manipulation of human embryonic stem cells. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:269-89. [PMID: 22515554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is vast, allowing disease modelling, drug discovery and testing and perhaps most importantly regenerative therapies. However, problems abound; techniques for cultivating self-renewing hESCs tend to give a heterogeneous population of self-renewing and partially differentiated cells and general include animal-derived products that can be cost-prohibitive for large-scale production, and effective lineage-specific differentiation protocols also still remain relatively undefined and are inefficient at producing large amounts of cells for therapeutic use. Furthermore, the mechanisms and signalling pathways that mediate pluripotency and differentiation are still to be fully appreciated. However, over the recent years, the development/discovery of a range of effective small molecule inhibitors/activators has had a huge impact in hESC biology. Large-scale screening techniques, coupled with greater knowledge of the pathways involved, have generated pharmacological agents that can boost hESC pluripotency/self-renewal and survival and has greatly increased the efficiency of various differentiation protocols, while also aiding the delineation of several important signalling pathways. Within this review, we hope to describe the current uses of small molecule inhibitors/activators in hESC biology and their potential uses in the future.
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194
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Rezania A, Bruin JE, Xu J, Narayan K, Fox JK, O'Neil JJ, Kieffer TJ. Enrichment of human embryonic stem cell-derived NKX6.1-expressing pancreatic progenitor cells accelerates the maturation of insulin-secreting cells in vivo. Stem Cells 2014; 31:2432-42. [PMID: 23897760 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are considered a potential alternative to cadaveric islets as a source of transplantable cells for treating patients with diabetes. We previously described a differentiation protocol to generate pancreatic progenitor cells from hESCs, composed of mainly pancreatic endoderm (PDX1/NKX6.1-positive), endocrine precursors (NKX2.2/synaptophysin-positive, hormone/NKX6.1-negative), and polyhormonal cells (insulin/glucagon-positive, NKX6.1-negative). However, the relative contributions of NKX6.1-negative versus NKX6.1-positive cell fractions to the maturation of functional β-cells remained unclear. To address this question, we generated two distinct pancreatic progenitor cell populations using modified differentiation protocols. Prior to transplant, both populations contained a high proportion of PDX1-expressing cells (~85%-90%) but were distinguished by their relatively high (~80%) or low (~25%) expression of NKX6.1. NKX6.1-high and NKX6.1-low progenitor populations were transplanted subcutaneously within macroencapsulation devices into diabetic mice. Mice transplanted with NKX6.1-low cells remained hyperglycemic throughout the 5-month post-transplant period whereas diabetes was reversed in NKX6.1-high recipients within 3 months. Fasting human C-peptide levels were similar between groups throughout the study, but only NKX6.1-high grafts displayed robust meal-, glucose- and arginine-responsive insulin secretion as early as 3 months post-transplant. NKX6.1-low recipients displayed elevated fasting glucagon levels. Theracyte devices from both groups contained almost exclusively pancreatic endocrine tissue, but NKX6.1-high grafts contained a greater proportion of insulin-positive and somatostatin-positive cells, whereas NKX6.1-low grafts contained mainly glucagon-expressing cells. Insulin-positive cells in NKX6.1-high, but not NKX6.1-low grafts expressed nuclear MAFA. Collectively, this study demonstrates that a pancreatic endoderm-enriched population can mature into highly functional β-cells with only a minor contribution from the endocrine subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Rezania
- BetaLogics Venture, Janssen R & D LLC, Raritan, New Jersey, USA
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195
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Rezania A, Bruin JE, Arora P, Rubin A, Batushansky I, Asadi A, O'Dwyer S, Quiskamp N, Mojibian M, Albrecht T, Yang YHC, Johnson JD, Kieffer TJ. Reversal of diabetes with insulin-producing cells derived in vitro from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 2014; 32:1121-33. [PMID: 25211370 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1066] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of pancreatic progenitors or insulin-secreting cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has been proposed as a therapy for diabetes. We describe a seven-stage protocol that efficiently converts hESCs into insulin-producing cells. Stage (S) 7 cells expressed key markers of mature pancreatic beta cells, including MAFA, and displayed glucose-stimulated insulin secretion similar to that of human islets during static incubations in vitro. Additional characterization using single-cell imaging and dynamic glucose stimulation assays revealed similarities but also notable differences between S7 insulin-secreting cells and primary human beta cells. Nevertheless, S7 cells rapidly reversed diabetes in mice within 40 days, roughly four times faster than pancreatic progenitors. Therefore, although S7 cells are not fully equivalent to mature beta cells, their capacity for glucose-responsive insulin secretion and rapid reversal of diabetes in vivo makes them a promising alternative to pancreatic progenitor cells or cadaveric islets for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Rezania
- BetaLogics Venture, Janssen R&D LLC, Raritan, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jennifer E Bruin
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Payal Arora
- BetaLogics Venture, Janssen R&D LLC, Raritan, New Jersey, USA
| | - Allison Rubin
- BetaLogics Venture, Janssen R&D LLC, Raritan, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Ali Asadi
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shannon O'Dwyer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nina Quiskamp
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Majid Mojibian
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tobias Albrecht
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yu Hsuan Carol Yang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James D Johnson
- 1] Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. [2] Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- 1] Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. [2] Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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196
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Systematically labeling developmental stage-specific genes for the study of pancreatic β-cell differentiation from human embryonic stem cells. Cell Res 2014; 24:1181-200. [PMID: 25190258 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The applications of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cells in regenerative medicine has encountered a long-standing challenge: how can we efficiently obtain mature cell types from hPSCs? Attempts to address this problem are hindered by the complexity of controlling cell fate commitment and the lack of sufficient developmental knowledge for guiding hPSC differentiation. Here, we developed a systematic strategy to study hPSC differentiation by labeling sequential developmental genes to encompass the major developmental stages, using the directed differentiation of pancreatic β cells from hPSCs as a model. We therefore generated a large panel of pancreas-specific mono- and dual-reporter cell lines. With this unique platform, we visualized the kinetics of the entire differentiation process in real time for the first time by monitoring the expression dynamics of the reporter genes, identified desired cell populations at each differentiation stage and demonstrated the ability to isolate these cell populations for further characterization. We further revealed the expression profiles of isolated NGN3-eGFP(+) cells by RNA sequencing and identified sushi domain-containing 2 (SUSD2) as a novel surface protein that enriches for pancreatic endocrine progenitors and early endocrine cells both in human embryonic stem cells (hESC)-derived pancreatic cells and in the developing human pancreas. Moreover, we captured a series of cell fate transition events in real time, identified multiple cell subpopulations and unveiled their distinct gene expression profiles, among heterogeneous progenitors for the first time using our dual reporter hESC lines. The exploration of this platform and our new findings will pave the way to obtain mature β cells in vitro.
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197
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Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells have been shown to recapitulate normal developmental stages. They are therefore a highly useful tool in the study of developmental biology. Profiling of ES cell-derived cells has yielded important information about the characteristics of differentiated cells, and allowed the identification of novel marker genes and pathways of differentiation. In this review, we focus on recent results from profiling studies of mouse embryos, human islets, and human ES cell-derived differentiated cells from several research groups. Global gene expression data from mouse embryos have been used to identify novel genes or pathways involved in the developmental process, and to search for transcription factors that regulate direct reprogramming. We introduce gene expression databases of human pancreas cells (Beta Cell Gene Atlas, EuroDia database), and summarize profiling studies of islet- or human ES cell-derived pancreatic cells, with a focus on gene expression, microRNAs, epigenetics, and protein expression. Then, we describe our gene expression profile analyses and our search for novel endoderm, or pancreatic, progenitor marker genes. We differentiated mouse ES cells into mesendoderm, definitive endoderm (DE), mesoderm, ectoderm, and Pdx1-expressing pancreatic lineages, and performed DNA microarray analyses. Genes specifically expressed in DE, and/or in Pdx1-expressing cells, were extracted and their expression patterns in normal embryonic development were studied by in situ hybridization. Out of 54 genes examined, 27 were expressed in the DE of E8.5 mouse embryos, and 15 genes were expressed in distinct domains in the pancreatic buds of E14.5 mouse embryos. Akr1c19, Aebp2, Pbxip1, and Creb3l1 were all novel, and none has been described as being expressed, either in the DE, or in the pancreas. By introducing the profiling results of ES cell-derived cells, the benefits of using ES cells to study early embryonic development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Shiraki
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ogaki
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Shoen Kume
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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198
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Jin L, Feng T, Chai J, Ghazalli N, Gao D, Zerda R, Li Z, Hsu J, Mahdavi A, Tirrell DA, Riggs AD, Ku HT. Colony-forming progenitor cells in the postnatal mouse liver and pancreas give rise to morphologically distinct insulin-expressing colonies in 3D cultures. Rev Diabet Stud 2014; 11:35-50. [PMID: 25148366 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2014.11.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous studies, colony-forming progenitor cells isolated from murine embryonic stem cell-derived cultures were differentiated into morphologically distinct insulin-expressing colonies. These colonies were small and not light-reflective when observed by phase-contrast microscopy (therefore termed "Dark" colonies). A single progenitor cell capable of giving rise to a Dark colony was termed a Dark colony-forming unit (CFU-Dark). The goal of the current study was to test whether endogenous pancreas, and its developmentally related liver, harbored CFU-Dark. Here we show that dissociated single cells from liver and pancreas of one-week-old mice give rise to Dark colonies in methylcellulose-based semisolid culture media containing either Matrigel or laminin hydrogel (an artificial extracellular matrix protein). CFU-Dark comprise approximately 0.1% and 0.03% of the postnatal hepatic and pancreatic cells, respectively. Adult liver also contains CFU-Dark, but at a much lower frequency (~0.003%). Microfluidic qRT-PCR, immunostaining, and electron microscopy analyses of individually handpicked colonies reveal the expression of insulin in many, but not all, Dark colonies. Most pancreatic insulin-positive Dark colonies also express glucagon, whereas liver colonies do not. Liver CFU-Dark require Matrigel, but not laminin hydrogel, to become insulin-positive. In contrast, laminin hydrogel is sufficient to support the development of pancreatic Dark colonies that express insulin. Postnatal liver CFU-Dark display a cell surface marker CD133⁺CD49f(low)CD107b(low) phenotype, while pancreatic CFU-Dark are CD133⁻. Together, these results demonstrate that specific progenitor cells in the postnatal liver and pancreas are capable of developing into insulin-expressing colonies, but they differ in frequency, marker expression, and matrix protein requirements for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Jin
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Tao Feng
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Jing Chai
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Nadiah Ghazalli
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Dan Gao
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Ricardo Zerda
- Electron Microscopy Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Zhuo Li
- Electron Microscopy Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Jasper Hsu
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Alborz Mahdavi
- Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - David A Tirrell
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Arthur D Riggs
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Hsun Teresa Ku
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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199
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Chmielowiec J, Borowiak M. In vitro differentiation and expansion of human pluripotent stem cell-derived pancreatic progenitors. Rev Diabet Stud 2014; 11:19-34. [PMID: 25148365 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2014.11.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in understanding stem cell biology has been remarkable, especially in deciphering signals that support differentiation towards tissue-specific lineages. This achievement positions us firmly at the beginning of an era of patient-specific regenerative medicine and human disease modeling. It will be necessary to equip the progress in this era with a reliable source of self-renewing progenitor cells that differentiate into functional target cells. The generation of pancreatic progenitors that mature in vivo into functional beta-cells has raised the hope for new therapeutic options in diabetes, but key challenges still remain including the production of sufficient numbers of cells for research and transplantation. Recent approaches to this problem have shown that the presence of organ- and stage-specific mesenchyme improves the generation of progenitors, from endoderm to endocrine cells. Alternatively, utilization of three-dimensional culture may improve the efficiency and yield of directed differentiation. Here, we review the current knowledge of pancreatic directed differentiation and ex vivo expansion of pancreatic progenitors, including recent advances in differentiation strategies for the generation of pancreatic progenitors, and we discuss persistent challenges which will need to be overcome before personalized cell-based therapy becomes a practical strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Chmielowiec
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Malgorzata Borowiak
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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200
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Schiesser JV, Micallef SJ, Hawes S, Elefanty AG, Stanley EG. Derivation of insulin-producing beta-cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Rev Diabet Stud 2014; 11:6-18. [PMID: 25148364 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2014.11.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells have been advanced as a source of insulin-producing cells that could potentially replace cadaveric-derived islets in the treatment of type 1 diabetes. To this end, protocols have been developed that promote the formation of pancreatic progenitors and endocrine cells from human pluripotent stem cells, encompassing both embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. In this review, we examine these methods and place them in the context of the developmental and embryological studies upon which they are based. In particular, we outline the stepwise differentiation of cells towards definitive endoderm, pancreatic endoderm, endocrine lineages and the emergence of functional beta-cells. In doing so, we identify key factors common to many such protocols and discuss the proposed action of these factors in the context of cellular differentiation and ongoing development. We also compare strategies that entail transplantation of progenitor populations with those that seek to develop fully functional hormone expressing cells in vitro. Overall, our survey of the literature highlights the significant progress already made in the field and identifies remaining deficiencies in developing a pluripotent stem cell based treatment for type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline V Schiesser
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories (MISCL), Level 3, Building 75, STRIP1, West Ring Road, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Suzanne J Micallef
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories (MISCL), Level 3, Building 75, STRIP1, West Ring Road, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Susan Hawes
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories (MISCL), Level 3, Building 75, STRIP1, West Ring Road, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew G Elefanty
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories (MISCL), Level 3, Building 75, STRIP1, West Ring Road, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Edouard G Stanley
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories (MISCL), Level 3, Building 75, STRIP1, West Ring Road, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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