151
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Jacquoilleot S, Sheffield D, Olayanju A, Sison-Young R, Kitteringham NR, Naisbitt DJ, Aleksic M. Glutathione metabolism in the HaCaT cell line as a model for the detoxification of the model sensitisers 2,4-dinitrohalobenzenes in human skin. Toxicol Lett 2015; 237:11-20. [PMID: 26022718 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the most prominent antioxidant in cells and the co-factor of an important set of enzymes involved in the skin metabolic clearance system, glutathione S-transferases (GST). Here, we describe an LC-MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy) method to measure GSH and its disulfide form (GSSG) in HaCaT cells and a 3D Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHE) model. In our assay, the basal level of GSH in both systems was in the low nmol/mg soluble protein range, while the level of GSSG was systematically below our limit of quantification (0.1 μM). We found that 2,4-dinitrohalobenzenes deplete the GSH present in HaCaT cells within the first hour of exposure, in a dose dependent manner. The level of GSH in HaCaT cells treated with a single non-toxic dose of 10 μM of dinitrohalobenzene was also shown to increase after two hours. While cells treated with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB) repleted GSH to levels similar to untreated control cells within 24h, 1-bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNBB) seemed to prevent such a repletion and appeared to be the most toxic compound in all assays. A mathematical modelling of experimental results was performed to further rationalise the differences observed between test chemicals. For this purpose the biological phenomena observed were simplified into two sequential events: the initial depletion of the GSH stock after chemical treatment followed by the repletion of the GSH once the chemical was cleared. Activation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway was observed with all compounds within two hours, and at concentrations less than 10 μM. These data show that GSH depletion and repletion occur rapidly in skin cells and emphasize the importance of conducting kinetic studies when performing in vitro experiments exploring skin sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Jacquoilleot
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK.
| | - David Sheffield
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Adedamola Olayanju
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Rowena Sison-Young
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Neil R Kitteringham
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Dean J Naisbitt
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Maja Aleksic
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
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152
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Fabrication and Characterization of a SPR Based Fiber Optic Sensor for the Detection of Chlorine Gas Using Silver and Zinc Oxide. MATERIALS 2015. [PMCID: PMC5455572 DOI: 10.3390/ma8052204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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153
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Vizcaya D, Mirabelli MC, Gimeno D, Antó JM, Delclos GL, Rivera M, Orriols R, Arjona L, Burgos F, Zock JP. Cleaning products and short-term respiratory effects among female cleaners with asthma. Occup Environ Med 2015; 72:757-63. [PMID: 25907212 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2013-102046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the short-term effects of exposure to cleaning products on lung function and respiratory symptoms among professional cleaning women. METHODS Twenty-one women with current asthma and employed as professional cleaners participated in a 15-day panel study. During 312 person-days of data collection, participants self-reported their use of cleaning products and respiratory symptoms in daily diaries and recorded their forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) three times per day using a handheld spirometer. We evaluated associations of cleaning product use with upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms using Poisson mixed regression models and with changes in FEV1 and PEF using linear mixed regression analyses. RESULTS Participants reported using an average of 2.4 cleaning products per day, with exposure to at least one strong irritant (eg, ammonia, bleach, hydrochloric acid) on 56% of person-days. Among participants without atopy, lower respiratory tract symptoms were associated with the use of hydrochloric acid and detergents. Measurements of FEV1 and PEF taken in the evening were 174 mL (95% CI 34 to 314) and 37 L/min (CI 4 to 70), respectively, lower on days when three or more sprays were used. Evening and next morning FEV1 were both lower following the use of hydrochloric acid (-616 and -526 mL, respectively) and solvents (-751 and -1059 mL, respectively). Diurnal variation in FEV1 and PEF increased on days when ammonia and lime-scale removers were used. CONCLUSIONS The use of specific cleaning products at work, mainly irritants and sprays, may exacerbate asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vizcaya
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada Departament de Ciències Experimental i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria C Mirabelli
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - David Gimeno
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, San Antonio Regional Campus, San Antonio, Texas, USA Center for Research in Occupational Health (CiSAL), University Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep-Maria Antó
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain Departament de Ciències Experimental i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - George L Delclos
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain Center for Research in Occupational Health (CiSAL), University Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marcela Rivera
- Departament de Ciències Experimental i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ramon Orriols
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Bunyola, Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain Servei de Pneumologia, Hospitals de Girona i Salt. Institut d'Investigació Biomòdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Arjona
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Felip Burgos
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Bunyola, Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jan-Paul Zock
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain Departament de Ciències Experimental i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), Utrecht, The Netherlands
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154
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The blue man: burn from muriatic acid combined with chlorinated paint in an adult pool construction worker. J Burn Care Res 2015; 35:e269-72. [PMID: 23811790 DOI: 10.1097/bcr.0b013e31829a4391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Muriatic acid (hydrochloric acid), a common cleaning and resurfacing agent for concrete pools, can cause significant burn injuries. When coating a pool with chlorinated rubber-based paint, the pool surface is initially cleansed using 31.45% muriatic acid. Here we report a 50-year-old Hispanic male pool worker who, during the process of a pool resurfacing, experienced significant contact exposure to a combination of muriatic acid and blue chlorinated rubber-based paint. Confounding the clinical situation was the inability to efficiently remove the chemical secondary to the rubber-based nature of the paint. Additionally, vigorous attempts were made to remove the rubber paint using a variety of agents, including bacitracin, chlorhexidine soap, GOOP adhesive, and Johnson's baby oil. Resultant injuries were devastating fourth-degree burns requiring an immediate operative excision and amputation. Despite aggressive operative intervention and resuscitation, he continued to have severe metabolic derangements and ultimately succumbed to his injuries. We present our attempts at debridement and the system in place to manage patients with complex chemical burns.
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155
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Reno AL, Brooks EG, Ameredes BT. Mechanisms of Heightened Airway Sensitivity and Responses to Inhaled SO2 in Asthmatics. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2015; 9:13-25. [PMID: 25922579 PMCID: PMC4384764 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s15671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a problematic inhalable air pollutant in areas of widespread industrialization, not only in the United States but also in countries undergoing rapid industrialization, such as China, and it can be a potential trigger factor for asthma exacerbations. It is known that asthmatics are sensitive to the effects of SO2; however, the basis of this enhanced sensitivity remains incompletely understood. A PubMed search was performed over the course of 2014, encompassing the following terms: asthma, airway inflammation, sulfur dioxide, IL-10, mouse studies, and human studies. This search indicated that biomarkers of SO2 exposure, SO2 effects on airway epithelial cell function, and animal model data are useful in our understanding of the body's response to SO2, as are SO2-associated amplification of allergic inflammation, and potential promotion of neurogenic inflammation due to chemical irritant properties. While definitive answers are still being sought, these areas comprise important foci of consideration regarding asthmatic responses to inhaled SO2. Furthermore, IL-10 deficiency associated with asthma may be another important factor associated with an inability to resolve inflammation and mitigate oxidative stress resulting from SO2 inhalation, supporting the idea that asthmatics are predisposed to SO2 sensitivity, leading to asthma exacerbations and airway dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward G Brooks
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA
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156
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Lazrak A, Creighton J, Yu Z, Komarova S, Doran SF, Aggarwal S, Emala CW, Stober VP, Trempus CS, Garantziotis S, Matalon S. Hyaluronan mediates airway hyperresponsiveness in oxidative lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 308:L891-903. [PMID: 25747964 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00377.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorine (Cl2) inhalation induces severe oxidative lung injury and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) that lead to asthmalike symptoms. When inhaled, Cl2 reacts with epithelial lining fluid, forming by-products that damage hyaluronan, a constituent of the extracellular matrix, causing the release of low-molecular-weight fragments (L-HA, <300 kDa), which initiate a series of proinflammatory events. Cl2 (400 ppm, 30 min) exposure to mice caused an increase of L-HA and its binding partner, inter-α-trypsin-inhibitor (IαI), in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Airway resistance following methacholine challenge was increased 24 h post-Cl2 exposure. Intratracheal administration of high-molecular-weight hyaluronan (H-HA) or an antibody against IαI post-Cl2 exposure decreased AHR. Exposure of human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells to Cl2 (100 ppm, 10 min) or incubation with Cl2-exposed H-HA (which fragments it to L-HA) increased membrane potential depolarization, intracellular Ca(2+), and RhoA activation. Inhibition of RhoA, chelation of intracellular Ca(2+), blockade of cation channels, as well as postexposure addition of H-HA, reversed membrane depolarization in HASM cells. We propose a paradigm in which oxidative lung injury generates reactive species and L-HA that activates RhoA and Ca(2+) channels of airway smooth muscle cells, increasing their contractility and thus causing AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Lazrak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Judy Creighton
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Zhihong Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Svetlana Komarova
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Stephen F Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Saurabh Aggarwal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Charles W Emala
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
| | - Vandy P Stober
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Carol S Trempus
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Stavros Garantziotis
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;
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157
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Van Tong P, Hoa ND, Van Duy N, Van Hieu N. Micro-wheels composed of self-assembled tungsten oxide nanorods for highly sensitive detection of low level toxic chlorine gas. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00916b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gas nanosensor based on micro-wheels composed of self-assembled tungsten oxide nanorods exhibited excellent sensing performance to ppb level Cl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Van Tong
- International Training Institute for Materials Science (ITIMS)
- Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST)
- Hanoi
- Vietnam
- Department of Physics
| | - Nguyen Duc Hoa
- International Training Institute for Materials Science (ITIMS)
- Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST)
- Hanoi
- Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Duy
- International Training Institute for Materials Science (ITIMS)
- Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST)
- Hanoi
- Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Hieu
- International Training Institute for Materials Science (ITIMS)
- Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST)
- Hanoi
- Vietnam
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158
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Doty RL. Neurotoxic exposure and impairment of the chemical senses of taste and smell. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2015; 131:299-324. [PMID: 26563795 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62627-1.00016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The chemical senses of taste and smell determine the flavor of foods and beverages, guide appropriate food intake, and warn of such environmental hazards as spoiled or poisonous food, leaking natural gas, smoke, and airborne pollutants. This chapter addresses the influences of neurotoxic exposures on human chemoreception and provides basic information on the adverse influences of such exposures on rodent epithelia. The focus of the chapter is in olfaction, given dearth of empiric research on the effects of neurotoxic chemical exposures on the sense of taste, i.e., sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and savory sensations. As will be apparent from the chapter, numerous neurotoxins--many of which are encountered in industrial workplaces--alter the ability to smell, including solvents, metals, and particulate matter. The olfactory system is particularly vulnerable to such agents since its receptors are more or less directly exposed to the outside environment. Importantly, some such agents can enter the brain via the olfactory nerve or surrounding perineural spaces, bypassing the blood-brain barrier and damaging central nervous system structures and inducing pathologic processes that appear to be similar to those seen in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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159
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Wigenstam E, Koch B, Bucht A, Jonasson S. N-acetyl cysteine improves the effects of corticosteroids in a mouse model of chlorine-induced acute lung injury. Toxicology 2014; 328:40-7. [PMID: 25497111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine (Cl2) causes tissue damage and a neutrophilic inflammatory response in the airways manifested by pronounced airway hyperreactivity (AHR). The importance of early anti-inflammatory treatment has previously been addressed. In the previous study, both high-dose and low-dose of dexamethasone (DEX) decreased the risk of developing delayed effects, such as persistent lung injuries, while only high-dose treatment could significantly counteract acute-phase effects. One aim of this study was to evaluate whether a low-dose of DEX in combination with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and if different treatments (Triptolide, Reparixin and Rolipram) administered 1h after Cl2-exposure could improve protection against acute lung injury in Cl2-exposed mice. BALB/c mice were exposed to 300 ppm Cl2 during 15 min. Assessment of AHR and inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage was analyzed 24h post exposure. Neither of DEX nor NAC reduced the AHR and displayed only minor effects on inflammatory cell influx when given as separate treatments. When given in combination, a protective effect on AHR and a significant reduction in inflammatory cells (neutrophils) was observed. Neither of triptolide, Reparixin nor Rolipram had an effect on AHR but Triptolide had major effect on the inflammatory cell influx. Treatments did not reduce the concentration of either fibrinogen or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in serum, thereby supporting the theory that the inflammatory response is not solely limited to the lung. These results provide a foundation for future studies aimed at identifying new concepts for treatment of chemical-induced lung injury. Studies addressing combination of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant treatment are highly motivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Wigenstam
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Koch
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Bucht
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Sofia Jonasson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden.
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160
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Luo S, Trübel H, Wang C, Pauluhn J. Phosgene- and chlorine-induced acute lung injury in rats: Comparison of cardiopulmonary function and biomarkers in exhaled breath. Toxicology 2014; 326:109-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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161
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Shim E, Choe Y, Kim JH, Kang EY, Oh YW, Chung YJ, Lee J, Kim MK, Lee KY, Choo JY. Computed tomographic and radiological analysis of HCl injury in human lungs. Mol Cell Toxicol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-014-0048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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162
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Mo Y, Chen J, Humphrey DM, Fodah RA, Warawa JM, Hoyle GW. Abnormal epithelial structure and chronic lung inflammation after repair of chlorine-induced airway injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 308:L168-78. [PMID: 25398987 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00226.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorine is a toxic gas used in a variety of industrial processes and is considered a chemical threat agent. High-level chlorine exposure causes acute lung injury, but the long-term effects of acute chlorine exposure are unclear. Here we characterized chronic pulmonary changes following acute chlorine exposure in mice. A/J mice were exposed to 240 parts per million-hour chlorine or sham-exposed to air. Chlorine inhalation caused sloughing of bronchial epithelium 1 day after chlorine exposure, which was repaired with restoration of a pseudostratified epithelium by day 7. The repaired epithelium contained an abnormal distribution of epithelial cells containing clusters of club or ciliated cells rather than the uniformly interspersed pattern of these cells in unexposed mice. Although the damaged epithelium in A/J mice was repaired rapidly, and minimal airway fibrosis was observed, chlorine-exposed mice developed pneumonitis characterized by infiltration of alveoli with neutrophils and prominent, large, foamy macrophages. Levels of CXCL1/KC, CXCL5/LPS-induced CXC chemokine, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and VEGF in bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid from chlorine-exposed mice showed steadily increasing trends over time. BAL protein levels were increased on day 4 and remained elevated out to day 28. The number of bacteria cultured from lungs of chlorine-exposed mice 4 wk after exposure was not increased compared with sham-exposed mice, indicating that the observed pneumonitis was not driven by bacterial infection of the lung. The results indicate that acute chlorine exposure may cause chronic abnormalities in the lungs despite rapid repair of injured epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Mo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - David M Humphrey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Ramy A Fodah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Jonathan M Warawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Gary W Hoyle
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky;
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163
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Chronic low dose chlorine exposure aggravates allergic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness and activates inflammasome pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106861. [PMID: 25202911 PMCID: PMC4159271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiologic clinical studies suggested that chronic exposure to chlorine products is associated with development of asthma and aggravation of asthmatic symptoms. However, its underlying mechanism was not clearly understood. Studies were undertaken to define the effects and mechanisms of chronic low-dose chlorine exposure in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Methods Six week-old female BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA in the presence and absence of chronic low dose chlorine exposure of naturally vaporized gas of 5% sodium hypochlorite solution. Airway inflammation and AHR were evaluated by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell recovery and non-invasive phlethysmography, respectively. Real-time qPCR, Western blot assay, and ELISA were used to evaluate the mRNA and protein expressions of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. Human A549 and murine epithelial (A549 and MLE12) and macrophage (AMJ2-C11) cells were used to define the responses to low dose chlorine exposure in vitro. Results Chronic low dose chlorine exposure significantly augmented airway inflammation and AHR in OVA-sensitized and challenged mice. The expression of Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 and proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and IL-33 were significantly increased in OVA/Cl group compared with OVA group. The chlorine exposure also activates the major molecules associated with inflammasome pathway in the macrophages with increased expression of epithelial alarmins IL-33 and TSLP in vitro. Conclusion Chronic low dose exposure of chlorine aggravates allergic Th2 inflammation and AHR potentially through activation of inflammasome danger signaling pathways.
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164
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Vandenplas O, Wiszniewska M, Raulf M, de Blay F, Gerth van Wijk R, Moscato G, Nemery B, Pala G, Quirce S, Sastre J, Schlünssen V, Sigsgaard T, Siracusa A, Tarlo SM, van Kampen V, Zock JP, Walusiak-Skorupa J. EAACI position paper: irritant-induced asthma. Allergy 2014; 69:1141-53. [PMID: 24854136 DOI: 10.1111/all.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The term irritant-induced (occupational) asthma (IIA) has been used to denote various clinical forms of asthma related to irritant exposure at work. The causal relationship between irritant exposure(s) and the development of asthma can be substantiated by the temporal association between the onset of asthma symptoms and a single or multiple high-level exposure(s) to irritants, whereas this relationship can only be inferred from epidemiological data for workers chronically exposed to moderate levels of irritants. Accordingly, the following clinical phenotypes should be distinguished within the wide spectrum of irritant-related asthma: (i) definite IIA, that is acute-onset IIA characterized by the rapid onset of asthma within a few hours after a single exposure to very high levels of irritant substances; (ii) probable IIA, that is asthma that develops in workers with multiple symptomatic high-level exposures to irritants; and (iii) possible IIA, that is asthma occurring with a delayed-onset after chronic exposure to moderate levels of irritants. This document prepared by a panel of experts summarizes our current knowledge on the diagnostic approach, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of the various phenotypes of IIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Vandenplas
- Department of Chest Medicine; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Mont-Godinne; Université Catholique de Louvain; Yvoir Belgium
| | - M. Wiszniewska
- Department of Occupational Diseases and Clinical Toxicology; Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine; Lodz Poland
| | - M. Raulf
- IPA Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance; Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - F. de Blay
- Division of Asthma and Allergy; Department of Chest Diseases; University Hospital; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg; Strasbourg University; Strasbourg France
| | - R. Gerth van Wijk
- Section of Allergology; Department of Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - G. Moscato
- Department of Public Health; Experimental and Forensic Medicine of the University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
| | - B. Nemery
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - G. Pala
- Occupational Physician's Division; Local Health Authority of Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - S. Quirce
- Department of Allergy; Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ); CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Madrid Spain
| | - J. Sastre
- Department of Allergy; Fundación Jiménez Díaz; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Madrid Spain
| | - V. Schlünssen
- Section of Environment, Occupation and Health; Department of Public Health; University of Aarhus; Aarhus Denmark
| | - T. Sigsgaard
- Section of Environment, Occupation and Health; Department of Public Health; University of Aarhus; Aarhus Denmark
| | - A. Siracusa
- Formerly Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - S. M. Tarlo
- Department of Medicine and Dalla Lana School of Public Health; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Respiratory Division; Toronto Western Hospital; Toronto ON Canada
- Gage Occupational and Environmental Health Unit; St Michael's Hospital; Toronto ON Canada
| | - V. van Kampen
- IPA Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance; Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - J.-P. Zock
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL); Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF); Barcelona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Madrid Spain
- Netherlands Institute of Health Services Research (NIVEL); Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - J. Walusiak-Skorupa
- Department of Occupational Diseases and Clinical Toxicology; Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine; Lodz Poland
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165
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Zarogiannis SG, Wagener BM, Basappa S, Doran S, Rodriguez CA, Jurkuvenaite A, Pittet JF, Matalon S. Postexposure aerosolized heparin reduces lung injury in chlorine-exposed mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L347-54. [PMID: 25038191 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00152.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorine (Cl2) is a highly reactive oxidant gas that, when inhaled, may cause acute lung injury culminating in death from respiratory failure. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that exposure of mice to Cl2 causes intra-alveolar and systemic activation of the coagulation cascade that plays an important role in development of lung injury. C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to Cl2 (400 for 30 min or 600 ppm for 45 min) in environmental chambers and then returned to room air for 1 or 6 h. Native coagulation (NATEM) parameters such as blood clotting time and clot formation time were measured in whole blood by the viscoelastic technique. D-dimers and thrombin-anti-thrombin complexes were measured in both plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) by ELISA. Our results indicate that mice exposed to Cl2 gas had significantly increased clotting time, clot formation time, and D-dimers compared with controls. The thrombin-anti-thrombin complexes were also increased in the BALF of Cl2 exposed animals. To test whether increased coagulation contributed to the development of acute lung injury, mice exposed to Cl2 and returned to room air were treated with aerosolized heparin or vehicle for 20 min. Aerosolized heparin significantly reduced protein levels and the number of inflammatory cells in the BALF at 6 h postexposure. These findings highlight the importance of coagulation abnormities in the development of Cl2-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios G Zarogiannis
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Center for Pulmonary Injury and Repair, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Brant M Wagener
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Susanna Basappa
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Stephen Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Cilina A Rodriguez
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Asta Jurkuvenaite
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Center for Pulmonary Injury and Repair, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jean Francois Pittet
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Center for Pulmonary Injury and Repair, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Center for Pulmonary Injury and Repair, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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166
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Walther FJ, Hernández-Juviel JM, Gordon LM, Waring AJ. Synthetic surfactant containing SP-B and SP-C mimics is superior to single-peptide formulations in rabbits with chemical acute lung injury. PeerJ 2014; 2:e393. [PMID: 24883253 PMCID: PMC4034647 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Chemical spills are on the rise and inhalation of toxic chemicals may induce chemical acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although the pathophysiology of ALI/ARDS is well understood, the absence of specific antidotes has limited the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Objectives. Surfactant inactivation and formation of free radicals are important pathways in (chemical) ALI. We tested the potential of lipid mixtures with advanced surfactant protein B and C (SP-B and C) mimics to improve oxygenation and lung compliance in rabbits with lavage- and chemical-induced ALI/ARDS. Methods. Ventilated young adult rabbits underwent repeated saline lung lavages or underwent intratracheal instillation of hydrochloric acid to induce ALI/ARDS. After establishment of respiratory failure rabbits were treated with a single intratracheal dose of 100 mg/kg of synthetic surfactant composed of 3% Super Mini-B (S-MB), a SP-B mimic, and/or SP-C33 UCLA, a SP-C mimic, in a lipid mixture (DPPC:POPC:POPG 5:3:2 by weight), the clinical surfactant Infasurf®, a bovine lung lavage extract with SP-B and C, or synthetic lipids alone. End-points consisted of arterial oxygenation, dynamic lung compliance, and protein and lipid content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Potential mechanism of surfactant action for S-MB and SP-C33 UCLA were investigated with captive bubble surfactometry (CBS) assays. Results. All three surfactant peptide/lipid mixtures and Infasurf equally lowered the minimum surface tension on CBS, and also improved oxygenation and lung compliance. In both animal models, the two-peptide synthetic surfactant with S-MB and SP-C33 UCLA led to better arterial oxygenation and lung compliance than single peptide synthetic surfactants and Infasurf. Synthetic surfactants and Infasurf improved lung function further in lavage- than in chemical-induced respiratory failure, with the difference probably due to greater capillary-alveolar protein leakage and surfactant dysfunction after HCl instillation than following lung lavage. At the end of the duration of the experiments, synthetic surfactants provided more clinical stability in ALI/ARDS than Infasurf, and the protein content of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was lowest for the two-peptide synthetic surfactant with S-MB and SP-C33 UCLA. Conclusion. Advanced synthetic surfactant with robust SP-B and SP-C mimics is better equipped to tackle surfactant inactivation in chemical ALI than synthetic surfactant with only a single surfactant peptide or animal-derived surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans J Walther
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles , USA
| | - José M Hernández-Juviel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA
| | - Larry M Gordon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA
| | - Alan J Waring
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA ; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles , USA ; Department of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine , CA , USA
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167
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Balakrishna S, Song W, Achanta S, Doran SF, Liu B, Kaelberer MM, Yu Z, Sui A, Cheung M, Leishman E, Eidam HS, Ye G, Willette RN, Thorneloe KS, Bradshaw HB, Matalon S, Jordt SE. TRPV4 inhibition counteracts edema and inflammation and improves pulmonary function and oxygen saturation in chemically induced acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L158-72. [PMID: 24838754 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00065.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of acute lung injury caused by exposure to reactive chemicals remains challenging because of the lack of mechanism-based therapeutic approaches. Recent studies have shown that transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), an ion channel expressed in pulmonary tissues, is a crucial mediator of pressure-induced damage associated with ventilator-induced lung injury, heart failure, and infarction. Here, we examined the effects of two novel TRPV4 inhibitors in mice exposed to hydrochloric acid, mimicking acid exposure and acid aspiration injury, and to chlorine gas, a severe chemical threat with frequent exposures in domestic and occupational environments and in transportation accidents. Postexposure treatment with a TRPV4 inhibitor suppressed acid-induced pulmonary inflammation by diminishing neutrophils, macrophages, and associated chemokines and cytokines, while improving tissue pathology. These effects were recapitulated in TRPV4-deficient mice. TRPV4 inhibitors had similar anti-inflammatory effects in chlorine-exposed mice and inhibited vascular leakage, airway hyperreactivity, and increase in elastance, while improving blood oxygen saturation. In both models of lung injury we detected increased concentrations of N-acylamides, a class of endogenous TRP channel agonists. Taken together, we demonstrate that TRPV4 inhibitors are potent and efficacious countermeasures against severe chemical exposures, acting against exaggerated inflammatory responses, and protecting tissue barriers and cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrilatha Balakrishna
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Weifeng Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Satyanarayana Achanta
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stephen F Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Boyi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Melanie M Kaelberer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Zhihong Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Aiwei Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mui Cheung
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit-Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emma Leishman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; and
| | - Hilary S Eidam
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit-Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Guosen Ye
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit-Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert N Willette
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit-Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin S Thorneloe
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit-Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana; and
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sven-Eric Jordt
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
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168
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan F Barker
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.F.B.); Service de Pneumologie; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris (A.B.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York (W.N.R.); and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (M.I.H.)
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169
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Sodium acetate as a replacement for sodium bicarbonate in medical toxicology: a review. J Med Toxicol 2014; 9:250-4. [PMID: 23636658 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-013-0304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium bicarbonate is central to the treatment of many poisonings. When it was placed on the FDA drug shortage list in 2012, alternative treatment strategies to specific poisonings were considered. Many hospital pharmacies, poison centers, and medical toxicologists proposed sodium acetate as an adequate alternative, despite a paucity of data to support its use in medical toxicology. The intention of this review is to educate the clinician on the use of sodium acetate and to advise them on the potential adverse events when given in excess. We conducted a literature search focused on the pharmacology of sodium acetate, its use as a buffer in pathologic acidemia and dialysis baths, and potential adverse events associated with excess sodium acetate infusion. It appears safe to replace sodium bicarbonate infusion with sodium acetate on an equimolar basis. The metabolism of acetate, however, is more complex than bicarbonate. Future prospective studies will be needed to confirm the efficacy of sodium acetate in the treatment of the poisoned patient.
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170
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Honavar J, Bradley E, Bradley K, Oh JY, Vallejo MO, Kelley EE, Cantu-Medellin N, Doran S, Dell'italia LJ, Matalon S, Patel RP. Chlorine gas exposure disrupts nitric oxide homeostasis in the pulmonary vasculature. Toxicology 2014; 321:96-102. [PMID: 24769334 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to chlorine (Cl2) gas during industrial accidents or chemical warfare leads to significant airway and distal lung epithelial injury that continues post exposure. While lung epithelial injury is prevalent, relatively little is known about whether Cl2 gas also promotes injury to the pulmonary vasculature. To determine this, rats were subjected to a sub-lethal Cl2 gas exposure (400 ppm, 30 min) and then brought back to room air. Pulmonary arteries (PA) were isolated from rats at various times post-exposure and contractile (phenylephrine) and nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilation (acetylcholine and mahmanonoate) responses measured ex vivo. PA contractility did not change, however significant inhibition of NO-dependent vasodilation was observed that was maximal at 24-48 h post exposure. Superoxide dismutase restored NO-dependent vasodilation suggesting a role for increased superoxide formation. This was supported by ∼2-fold increase in superoxide formation (measured using 2-hydroethidine oxidation to 2-OH-E+) from PA isolated from Cl2 exposed rats. We next measured PA pressures in anesthetized rats. Surprisingly, PA pressures were significantly (∼4 mmHg) lower in rats that had been exposed to Cl2 gas 24 h earlier suggesting that deficit in NO-signaling observed in isolated PA experiments did not manifest as increased PA pressures in vivo. Administration of the iNOS selective inhibitor 1400W, restored PA pressures to normal in Cl2 exposed, but not control rats suggesting that any deficit in NO-signaling due to increased superoxide formation in the PA, is offset by increased NO-formation from iNOS. These data indicate that disruption of endogenous NO-signaling mechanisms that maintain PA tone is an important aspect of post-Cl2 gas exposure toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Honavar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Eddie Bradley
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Kelley Bradley
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Joo Yeun Oh
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Matthew O Vallejo
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Eric E Kelley
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Stephen Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Louis J Dell'italia
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States; Birmingham VA Medical Center, United States
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States; Centers for Free Radical Biology and Lung Injury and Repair, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Rakesh P Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States; Centers for Free Radical Biology and Lung Injury and Repair, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
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171
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Mahmood T, Khasawneh KR, Halloush RA, Khasawneh FA. A 39-year-old male slaughterhouse worker with recurrent fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Chest 2014; 144:1959-1963. [PMID: 24297130 DOI: 10.1378/chest.13-1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tashfeen Mahmood
- Department of Internal Medicine, Deaconess Health System, Evansville, IN
| | - Khaled R Khasawneh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | | | - Faisal A Khasawneh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR; Section of Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX.
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172
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Massa CB, Scott P, Abramova E, Gardner C, Laskin DL, Gow AJ. Acute chlorine gas exposure produces transient inflammation and a progressive alteration in surfactant composition with accompanying mechanical dysfunction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 278:53-64. [PMID: 24582687 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute Cl2 exposure following industrial accidents or military/terrorist activity causes pulmonary injury and severe acute respiratory distress. Prior studies suggest that antioxidant depletion is important in producing dysfunction, however a pathophysiologic mechanism has not been elucidated. We propose that acute Cl2 inhalation leads to oxidative modification of lung lining fluid, producing surfactant inactivation, inflammation and mechanical respiratory dysfunction at the organ level. C57BL/6J mice underwent whole-body exposure to an effective 60ppm-hour Cl2 dose, and were euthanized 3, 24 and 48h later. Whereas pulmonary architecture and endothelial barrier function were preserved, transient neutrophilia, peaking at 24h, was noted. Increased expression of ARG1, CCL2, RETLNA, IL-1b, and PTGS2 genes was observed in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells with peak change in all genes at 24h. Cl2 exposure had no effect on NOS2 mRNA or iNOS protein expression, nor on BAL NO3(-) or NO2(-). Expression of the alternative macrophage activation markers, Relm-α and mannose receptor was increased in alveolar macrophages and pulmonary epithelium. Capillary surfactometry demonstrated impaired surfactant function, and altered BAL phospholipid and surfactant protein content following exposure. Organ level respiratory function was assessed by forced oscillation technique at 5 end expiratory pressures. Cl2 exposure had no significant effect on either airway or tissue resistance. Pulmonary elastance was elevated with time following exposure and demonstrated PEEP refractory derecruitment at 48h, despite waning inflammation. These data support a role for surfactant inactivation as a physiologic mechanism underlying respiratory dysfunction following Cl2 inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Massa
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, USA
| | - Pamela Scott
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, USA
| | - Elena Abramova
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, USA
| | - Carol Gardner
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, USA
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, USA
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, USA.
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173
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Abstract
Irritant-induced asthma in the workplace has been the focus of several articles in the past few years, and reviewed here. A clinical case definition is most readily associated with a single acute/accidental exposure to a presumed high concentration of an agent or agents expected to be irritant to the airways, as was initially reported with the subgroup Reactive Airways Dysfunction Syndrome (RADS). When most but not all criteria for RADS are met, then a diagnosis of irritant-induced asthma may also be considered to be "more probable than not". However, in addition, there is evolving understanding from epidemiological studies that chronic exposures may be associated with an increased risk of developing asthma. Despite this recognition, the mechanisms and clinical case definitions of work-related asthma that might be caused by chronic exposures to irritants (vs. new-onset asthma that begins coincidentally to work exposures), remain unclear at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Tarlo
- Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital EW7-449, 399 Bathurst St., Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada,
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174
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Balte PP, Clark KA, Mohr LC, Karmaus WJ, Van Sickle D, Svendsen ER. The Immediate Pulmonary Disease Pattern following Exposure to High Concentrations of Chlorine Gas. Pulm Med 2013; 2013:325869. [PMID: 24386566 PMCID: PMC3872415 DOI: 10.1155/2013/325869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Classification of pulmonary disease into obstructive, restrictive, and mixed patterns is based on 2005 ATS/ERS guidelines and modified GOLD criteria by Mannino et al. (2003), but these guidelines are of limited use for simple spirometry in situations involving mass casualties. Aim. The purpose of this study was to apply these guidelines to patients who underwent simple spirometry following high concentration of chlorine gas inhalation after a train derailment in Graniteville, South Carolina. Methods. We retrospectively investigated lung functions in ten patients. In order to classify pulmonary disease pattern, we used 2005 ATS/ERS guidelines and modified GOLD criteria along with our own criteria developed using available simple spirometry data. Results. We found predominant restrictive pattern in our patients with both modified GOLD and our criteria, which is in contrast to other chlorine exposure studies where obstructive pattern was more common. When compared to modified GOLD and our criteria, 2005 ATS/ERS guidelines underestimated the frequency of restrictive disease. Conclusion. Diagnosis of pulmonary disease patterns is of importance after irritant gas inhalation. Acceptable criteria need to be developed to evaluate pulmonary disease through simple spirometry in events leading to mass casualty and patient surge in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi P. Balte
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 800 Sumter Street, Room 210, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Kathleen A. Clark
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 800 Sumter Street, Room 210, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Lawrence C. Mohr
- Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon Street, Suite 405, P.O. Box 250838, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Wilfried J. Karmaus
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, 301 Robison Hall, 3825 De Soto Avenue, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - David Van Sickle
- Asthmapolis, 612 W. Main Street, Suite 201, Madison, WI 53703, USA
| | - Erik R. Svendsen
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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175
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Chen J, Mo Y, Schlueter CF, Hoyle GW. Inhibition of chlorine-induced pulmonary inflammation and edema by mometasone and budesonide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:408-13. [PMID: 23800689 PMCID: PMC4005342 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlorine gas is a widely used industrial compound that is highly toxic by inhalation and is considered a chemical threat agent. Inhalation of high levels of chlorine results in acute lung injury characterized by pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, and decrements in lung function. Because inflammatory processes can promote damage in the injured lung, anti-inflammatory therapy may be of potential benefit for treating chemical-induced acute lung injury. We previously developed a chlorine inhalation model in which mice develop epithelial injury, neutrophilic inflammation, pulmonary edema, and impaired pulmonary function. This model was used to evaluate nine corticosteroids for the ability to inhibit chlorine-induced neutrophilic inflammation. Two of the most potent corticosteroids in this assay, mometasone and budesonide, were investigated further. Mometasone or budesonide administered intraperitoneally 1h after chlorine inhalation caused a dose-dependent inhibition of neutrophil influx in lung tissue sections and in the number of neutrophils in lung lavage fluid. Budesonide, but not mometasone, reduced the levels of the neutrophil attractant CXCL1 in lavage fluid 6h after exposure. Mometasone or budesonide also significantly inhibited pulmonary edema assessed 1 day after chlorine exposure. Chlorine inhalation resulted in airway hyperreactivity to inhaled methacholine, but neither mometasone nor budesonide significantly affected this parameter. The results suggest that mometasone and budesonide may represent potential treatments for chemical-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yiqun Mo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Connie F. Schlueter
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Gary W. Hoyle
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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176
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Robati Anaraki M, Lotfipour F, Moslehifard E, Momtaheni A, Sigari P. Effect of different energy levels of microwave on disinfection of dental stone casts. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2013; 7:140-6. [PMID: 24082984 PMCID: PMC3779372 DOI: 10.5681/joddd.2013.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Current chemical methods may not efficiently disinfect dental stone casts. The aim of this study was to investigate if microwave irradiation is effective for disinfection of stone casts. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this laboratory study, three groups (n = 162) of prepared spherical stone beads as carriers with a diameter of 10 mm were inoculated by separately soaking in three broth culture media, each containing a study microorganism-Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus or Candida albicans. Six inoculated carriers were used for every test, including irradiation in a household microwave oven at 300, 450, 600 or 900 W energy level, or soaking in 0.03%, 0.06%, 0.12%, 0.25% or 0.50% concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution, at 1, 2, or 3-minute test times. Positive and negative control groups were considered for each test. All treated carriers were then individually transferred to nutrient broth culture medium and one milliliter from each tube was cultured in nutrient agar media over night. Colony forming unit per milliliter (CFU/mL) was counted, and multi-factor ANOVA was used to analyze data (α = 0.05). RESULTS Microwave irradiation at 600 W resulted in high-level disinfection in 3 minutes. Immersion of the stone casts in hypochlorite solution at 0.06% concentration resulted in disinfection after 2 minutes. CONCLUSION According to the results, high level disinfection of the stone casts can be achieved by microwave irradiation at 600 W in 3 minutes, similar to a validated chemical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Robati Anaraki
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Jonasson S, Wigenstam E, Koch B, Bucht A. Early treatment of chlorine-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation with corticosteroids. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 271:168-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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178
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Ali R, Mittal G, Ali R, Kumar M, Kishan Khar R, Ahmad FJ, Bhatnagar A. Development, characterisation and pharmacoscintigraphic evaluation of nano-fluticasone propionate dry powder inhalation as potential antidote against inhaled toxic gases. J Microencapsul 2013; 30:546-58. [PMID: 23379507 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2013.764937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injuries caused due to inhalation of toxic irritant gases such as ammonia, chlorine, hot smoke and burning plastic fumes predominantly affect the airways, causing tracheitis, bronchitis, and other inflammatory responses. The purpose was to develop and characterise nanoparticle based fluticasone propionate (FP) DPI formulation and assess its in vitro and in vivo pulmonary deposition using pharmacoscintigraphy. FP nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation method. Optimisation was carried out with the help of Box-Behnken statistical design. Nanoparticles were characterised with the help of SEM, FT-IR, DSC and XRD. Anderson cascade impaction showed that nano-FP exhibited significantly higher respirable fraction of 60.3 ± 2.41 as compared to 16.4 ± 0.66 for micronised form. Ventilation lung scintigraphy in human volunteers confirmed significant increase in drug delivery till alveolar region with nano-FP in comparison to micronised drug. Results indicate that the developed formulation may have a potential prophylactic/therapeutic role against toxic, irritant gas inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisuddin Ali
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence R&D Organisation, Brig. SK Mazumdar Road, Delhi 110 054, India
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179
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Angelini DJ, Dorsey RM, Willis KL, Hong C, Moyer RA, Oyler J, Jensen NS, Salem H. Chemical warfare agent and biological toxin-induced pulmonary toxicity: could stem cells provide potential therapies? Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25:37-62. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.750406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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180
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Jonasson S, Koch B, Bucht A. Inhalation of chlorine causes long-standing lung inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of chemical-induced lung injury. Toxicology 2013; 303:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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181
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Balmes JR. Can we predict who will develop chronic sequelae of acute inhalational injury? Chest 2012; 142:278-279. [PMID: 22871748 DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John R Balmes
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco and School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, San Francisco, CA.
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182
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Musah S, Chen J, Hoyle GW. Repair of tracheal epithelium by basal cells after chlorine-induced injury. Respir Res 2012; 13:107. [PMID: 23170909 PMCID: PMC3544626 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chlorine is a widely used toxic compound that is considered a chemical threat agent. Chlorine inhalation injures airway epithelial cells, leading to pulmonary abnormalities. Efficient repair of injured epithelium is necessary to restore normal lung structure and function. The objective of the current study was to characterize repair of the tracheal epithelium after acute chlorine injury. Methods C57BL/6 mice were exposed to chlorine and injected with 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) to label proliferating cells prior to sacrifice and collection of tracheas on days 2, 4, 7, and 10 after exposure. Airway repair and restoration of a differentiated epithelium were examined by co-localization of EdU labeling with markers for the three major tracheal epithelial cell types [keratin 5 (K5) and keratin 14 (K14) for basal cells, Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) for Clara cells, and acetylated tubulin (AcTub) for ciliated cells]. Morphometric analysis was used to measure proliferation and restoration of a pseudostratified epithelium. Results Epithelial repair was fastest and most extensive in proximal trachea compared with middle and distal trachea. In unexposed mice, cell proliferation was minimal, all basal cells expressed K5, and K14-expressing basal cells were absent from most sections. Chlorine exposure resulted in the sloughing of Clara and ciliated cells from the tracheal epithelium. Two to four days after chlorine exposure, cell proliferation occurred in K5- and K14-expressing basal cells, and the number of K14 cells was dramatically increased. In the period of peak cell proliferation, few if any ciliated or Clara cells were detected in repairing trachea. Expression of ciliated and Clara cell markers was detected at later times (days 7–10), but cell proliferation was not detected in areas in which these differentiated markers were re-expressed. Fibrotic lesions were observed at days 7–10 primarily in distal trachea. Conclusion The data are consistent with a model where surviving basal cells function as progenitor cells to repopulate the tracheal epithelium after chlorine injury. In areas with few remaining basal cells, repair is inefficient, leading to airway fibrosis. These studies establish a model for understanding regenerative processes in the respiratory epithelium useful for testing therapies for airway injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadiatu Musah
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, 701 HSC-A, 319 Abraham Flexner Way, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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183
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Mo Y, Chen J, Schlueter CF, Hoyle GW. Differential susceptibility of inbred mouse strains to chlorine-induced airway fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 304:L92-102. [PMID: 23171502 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00272.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorine is a reactive gas that is considered a chemical threat agent. Humans who develop acute lung injury from chlorine inhalation typically recover normal lung function; however, a subset can experience chronic airway disease. To examine pathological changes following chlorine-induced lung injury, mice were exposed to a single high dose of chlorine, and repair of the lung was analyzed at multiple times after exposure. In FVB/NJ mice, chlorine inhalation caused pronounced fibrosis of larger airways that developed by day 7 after exposure and was associated with airway hyperreactivity. In contrast, A/J mice had little or no airway fibrosis and had normal lung function at day 7. Unexposed FVB/NJ mice had less keratin 5 staining (basal cell marker) than A/J mice in large intrapulmonary airways where epithelial repair was poor and fibrosis developed after chlorine exposure. FVB/NJ mice had large areas devoid of epithelium on day 1 after exposure leading to fibroproliferative lesions on days 4 and 7. A/J mice had airways covered by squamous keratin 5-stained cells on day 1 that transitioned to a highly proliferative reparative epithelium by day 4 followed by the reappearance of ciliated and Clara cells by day 7. The data suggest that lack of basal cells in the large intrapulmonary airways and failure to effect epithelial repair at these sites are factors contributing to the development of airway fibrosis in FVB/NJ mice. The observed differences in susceptibility to chlorine-induced airway disease provide a model in which mechanisms and treatment of airway fibrosis can be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Mo
- Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, 701 HSC-A, 319 Abraham Flexner Way, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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184
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Samal AA, Honavar J, Brandon A, Bradley KM, Doran S, Liu Y, Dunaway C, Steele C, Postlethwait EM, Squadrito GL, Fanucchi MV, Matalon S, Patel RP. Administration of nitrite after chlorine gas exposure prevents lung injury: effect of administration modality. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1431-9. [PMID: 22917977 PMCID: PMC3448851 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cl(2) gas toxicity is complex and occurs during and after exposure, leading to acute lung injury (ALI) and reactive airway syndrome (RAS). Moreover, Cl(2) exposure can occur in diverse situations encompassing mass casualty scenarios, highlighting the need for postexposure therapies that are efficacious and amenable to rapid and easy administration. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of a single dose of nitrite (1 mg/kg) to decrease ALI when administered to rats via intraperitoneal (ip) or intramuscular (im) injection 30 min after Cl(2) exposure. Exposure of rats to Cl(2) gas (400 ppm, 30 min) significantly increased ALI and caused RAS 6-24h postexposure as indexed by BAL sampling of lung surface protein and polymorphonucleocytes (PMNs) and increased airway resistance and elastance before and after methacholine challenge. Intraperitoneal nitrite decreased Cl(2)-dependent increases in BAL protein but not PMNs. In contrast im nitrite decreased BAL PMN levels without decreasing BAL protein in a xanthine oxidoreductase-dependent manner. Histological evaluation of airways 6h postexposure showed significant bronchial epithelium exfoliation and inflammatory injury in Cl(2)-exposed rats. Both ip and im nitrite improved airway histology compared to Cl(2) gas alone, but more coverage of the airway by cuboidal or columnar epithelium was observed with im compared to ip nitrite. Airways were rendered more sensitive to methacholine-induced resistance and elastance after Cl(2) gas exposure. Interestingly, im nitrite, but not ip nitrite, significantly decreased airway sensitivity to methacholine challenge. Further evaluation and comparison of im and ip therapy showed a twofold increase in circulating nitrite levels with the former, which was associated with reversal of post-Cl(2) exposure-dependent increases in circulating leukocytes. Halving the im nitrite dose resulted in no effect in PMN accumulation but significant reduction of BAL protein levels, indicating a distinct nitrite dose dependence for inhibition of Cl(2)-dependent lung permeability and inflammation. These data highlight the potential for nitrite as a postexposure therapeutic for Cl(2) gas-induced lung injury and also suggest that administration modality is a key consideration in nitrite therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Samal
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Jaideep Honavar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Angela Brandon
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Kelley M. Bradley
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Stephen Doran
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Yanping Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Chad Dunaway
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Chad Steele
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Edward M. Postlethwait
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
- Center for Pulmonary Injury and Repair, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
- Center for Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Giuseppe L. Squadrito
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
- Center for Pulmonary Injury and Repair, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
- Center for Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Michelle V. Fanucchi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
- Center for Pulmonary Injury and Repair, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
- Center for Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
- Center for Pulmonary Injury and Repair, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
- Center for Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Rakesh P. Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
- Center for Pulmonary Injury and Repair, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
- Center for Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
- Corresponding author: Dr. Rakesh Patel, Department of Pathology, University of, Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19 St. South, BMRII 532, Birmingham, AL 35294, , Telephone: (205)9975-9225 Fax: (205)934-7447
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185
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Bracher A, Doran SF, Squadrito GL, Postlethwait EM, Bowen L, Matalon S. Targeted aerosolized delivery of ascorbate in the lungs of chlorine-exposed rats. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2012; 25:333-41. [PMID: 22393907 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2011.0963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorine (Cl(2))-induced lung injury is a serious public health threat that may result from industrial and household accidents. Post-Cl(2) administration of aerosolized ascorbate in rodents decreased lung injury and mortality. However, the extent to which aerosolized ascorbate augments depleted ascorbate stores in distal lung compartments has not been assessed. METHODS We exposed rats to Cl(2) (300 ppm for 30 min) and returned them to room air. Within 15-30 min postexposure, rats breathed aerosolized ascorbate and desferal or vehicle (mean particle size 3.3 μm) through a nose-only exposure system for 60 min and were euthanized. We measured the concentrations of reduced ascorbate in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), plasma, and lung tissues with high-pressure liquid chromatography, protein plasma concentration in the BAL, and the volume of the epithelia lining fluid (ELF). RESULTS Cl(2)-exposed rats that breathed aerosolized vehicle had lower values of ascorbate in their BAL, ELF, and lung tissues compared to air-breathing rats. Delivery of aerosolized ascorbate increased reduced ascorbate in BAL, ELF, lung tissues, and plasma of both Cl(2) and air-exposed rats without causing lung injury. Based on mean diameter of aerosolized particles and airway sizes we calculated that approximately 5% and 1% of inhaled ascorbate was deposited in distal lung regions of air and Cl(2)-exposed rats, respectively. Significantly higher ascorbate levels were present in the BAL of Cl(2)-exposed rats when aerosol delivery was initiated 1 h post-Cl(2). CONCLUSIONS Aerosol administration is an effective, safe, and noninvasive method for the delivery of low molecular weight antioxidants to the lungs of Cl(2)-exposed individuals for the purpose of decreasing morbidity and mortality. Delivery is most effective when initiated 1 h postexposure when the effects of Cl(2) on minute ventilation subside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bracher
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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186
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Abstract
Respirable toxicants are a spectrum of irritant and nonirritant gases, vapors, fumes, and airborne particles that can be entrained into the body through the respiratory tract, resulting in exposures that cause pulmonary injury and/or systemic disease. Sources of respirable toxicants include structural fires, industrial accidents, domestic mishaps, and intentional releases of injurious agents on the battleground (warfare) or in civilian settings (acts of terrorism). Acute toxic inhalational exposures may result in respiratory failure, multisystem organ dysfunction, and death. Management of victims includes assessment and protection of the airway, monitoring and treatment of systemic toxicity, and delivery of exposure-specific and nonspecific therapies that improve outcomes. Treatments may include antidotes, hyperbaric oxygen, and other nonspecific life-supporting interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze-Ming Benson Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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187
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Filippidis AS, Zarogiannis SG, Randich A, Ness TJ, Matalon S. Assessment of locomotion in chlorine exposed mice by computer vision and neural networks. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 112:1064-72. [PMID: 22207722 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01023.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of locomotion following exposure of animals to noxious or painful stimuli can offer significant insights into underlying mechanisms of injury and the effectiveness of various treatments. We developed a novel method to track the movement of mice in two dimensions using computer vision and neural network algorithms. By using this system we demonstrated that mice exposed to chlorine (Cl(2)) gas developed impaired locomotion and increased immobility for up to 9 h postexposure. Postexposure administration of buprenorphine, a common analgesic agent, increased locomotion and decreased immobility times in Cl(2)- but not air-exposed mice, most likely by decreasing Cl(2)-induced pain. This method can be adapted to assess the effectiveness of various therapies following exposure to a variety of chemical and behavioral noxious stimuli.
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188
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Tourigny PD, Hall C. Diagnosis and management of environmental thoracic emergencies. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2011; 30:501-28, x. [PMID: 22487116 DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Physiologic sequelae from increasing ambient pressure in underwater activities, decreasing ambient pressure while at altitude, or the consequences of drowning present a unique set of challenges to emergency physicians. In addition, several environmental toxins cause significant respiratory morbidity, whether they be pulmonary irritants, simple asphyxiants, or systemic toxins. It is important for emergency physicians to understand the pathophysiology of these illnesses as well as to apply this knowledge to the clinical arena either in the prehospital setting or in the emergency department. Current treatment paradigms and controversies within these regimens are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Tourigny
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, 1403-29 Street Northwest, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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190
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Small animals models for drug discovery. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011; 24:513-24. [PMID: 21601000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There has been an explosion of studies of animal models of asthma in the past 20 years. The elucidation of fundamental immunological mechanisms underlying the development of allergy and the complex cytokine and chemokines networks underlying the responses have been substantially unraveled. Translation of findings to human asthma have been slow and hindered by the varied phenotypes that human asthma represents. New areas for expansion of modeling include virally mediated airway inflammation, oxidant stress, and the interactions of stimuli triggering innate immune and adaptive immune responses.
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Taylor-Clark TE, Undem BJ. Sensing pulmonary oxidative stress by lung vagal afferents. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 178:406-13. [PMID: 21600314 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress in the bronchopulmonary airways can occur through a variety of inflammatory mechanisms and also following the inhalation of environmental pollutants. Oxidative stress causes cellular dysfunction and thus mammals (including humans) have developed mechanisms for detecting oxidative stress, such that defensive behavior and defensive biological mechanisms can be induced to lessen its potential damage. Vagal sensory nerves innervating the airways play a critical role in the detection of the microenvironment in the airways. Oxidative stress and associated compounds activate unmyelinated bronchopulmonary C-fibers, initiating action potentials in these nerves that conduct centrally to evoke unpleasant sensations (e.g. urge to cough, dyspnea, chest-tightness) and to stimulate/modulate reflexes (e.g. cough, bronchoconstriction, respiratory rate, inspiratory drive). This review will summarize the published evidence regarding the mechanisms by which oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, environmental pollutants and lipid products of peroxidation activate bronchopulmonary C-fibers. Evidence suggests a key role for transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), although transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and purinergic P2X channels may also play a role. Knowledge of these pathways greatly aids our understanding of the role of oxidative stress in health and disease and represents novel therapeutic targets for diseases of the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Taylor-Clark
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States.
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