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Salomón OD, Feliciangeli MD, Quintana MG, Afonso MMDS, Rangel EF. Lutzomyia longipalpis urbanisation and control. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:831-46. [PMID: 26517497 PMCID: PMC4660613 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the description of Lutzomyia longipalpis by Lutz and Neiva
more than 100 years ago, much has been written in the scientific literature about
this phlebotomine species. Soares and Turco (2003) and Lainson and Rangel (2005) have
written extensive reviews focused on vector-host-parasite interactions and American
visceral leishmaniasis ecology. However, during the last two decades, the success of
Lu. longipalpis in colonising urban environments and its
simultaneous geographical spreading have led to new theoretical and operational
questions. Therefore, this review updates the general information about this species
and notes the more challenging topics regarding the new scenario of
urbanisation-spreading and its control in America. Here, we summarise the literature
on these issues and the remaining unsolved questions, which pose recommendations for
operational research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Dora Feliciangeli
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Flebótomos y Otros Vectores, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Carabobo, Maracay, Venezuela
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Ferreira Rangel
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Medeiros-Silva V, Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Nitz N, Morales LEDA, Cruz LM, Sobral IG, Boité MC, Ferreira GEM, Cupolillo E, Romero GAS. Successful isolation of Leishmania infantum from Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from naturally infected dogs. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:258. [PMID: 26452666 PMCID: PMC4600268 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main transmission route of Leishmania infantum is through the bites of sand flies. However, alternative mechanisms are being investigated, such as through the bites of ticks, which could have epidemiological relevance. The objective of this work was to verify the presence of Leishmania spp. in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato collected from naturally infected dogs in the Federal District of Brazil. METHODS Ticks were dissected to remove their intestines and salivary glands for DNA extraction and the subsequent amplification of the conserved region of 120 bp of kDNA and 234 bp of the hsp70 gene of Leishmania spp. The amplified kDNA products were digested with endonucleases HaeIII and BstUI and were submitted to DNA sequencing. Isolated Leishmania parasites from these ticks were analyzed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and the DNA obtained from this culture was subjected to microsatellite analyses. RESULTS Overall, 130 specimens of R. sanguineus were collected from 27 dogs. Leishmania spp. were successfully isolated in culture from five pools of salivary glands and the intestines of ticks collected from four dogs. The amplified kDNA products from the dog blood samples and from the tick cultures, when digested by HaeIII and BstUI, revealed the presence of L. braziliensis and L. infantum. One strain was cultivated and characterized as L. infantum by enzyme electrophoresis. The amplified kDNA products from the blood of one dog showed a sequence homology with L. braziliensis; however, the amplified kDNA from the ticks collected from this dog showed a sequence homology to L. infantum. CONCLUSION The results confirm that the specimens of R. sanguineus that feed on dogs naturally infected by L. infantum contain the parasite DNA in their intestines and salivary glands, and viable L. infantum can be successfully isolated from these ectoparasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Medeiros-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Nadjar Nitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Mariana Côrtes Boité
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Coleção de Leishmania, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Eduardo Melim Ferreira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Coleção de Leishmania, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Coleção de Leishmania, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Sierra Romero
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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153
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Colombo FA, Pereira-Chioccola VL, Meira CDS, Motoie G, Gava R, Hiramoto RM, de Almeida ME, da Silva AJ, Cutolo AA, Menz I. Performance of a real time PCR for leishmaniasis diagnosis using a L. (L.) infantum hypothetical protein as target in canine samples. Exp Parasitol 2015; 157:156-62. [PMID: 26297683 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis represents an important public health issue in different parts of the world, requiring that measures be put in place to control the spread of the disease worldwide. The canine leishmaniasis diagnosis is not easy based on clinical signs, since dogs may not develop the infection with recognizable signs. Thus, the laboratorial diagnosis is essential to ascertain the incidence and prevalence of canine leishmaniasis especially in areas with major control efforts. Although, the diagnosis can be performed by the use of different approaches, the molecular methods such as PCR have become an indispensable tool for leishmaniases diagnosis. A TaqMan assay for real-time PCR (Linj31-qPCR) was developed to determine the parasite occurrence in clinical cases of leishmaniasis. The assay targets an L. (L.) infantum hypothetical protein region. The specificity of the assay was verified by using Leishmania World Health Organization reference strains including parasites belonging to subgenus L. (Leishmania), subgenus L. (Viannia), other Leishmania species and Trypanosoma cruzi. The sensitivity was verified by using isolates of L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (L.) infantum. The usefulness of the assay for diagnosis was ascertained by testing 277 samples from dogs in regions endemic for visceral and/or cutaneous leishmaniasis and from regions in which leishmaniasis was not endemic in São Paulo State, Brazil. Diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) was determined on these animals by conventional PCR and three serological tests. The dog samples were divided into four groups. I, dogs with CVL (n = 101); II, dogs with other diseases and without CVL (n = 97); III, dogs with American cutaneous leishmaniasis (n = 7), and, IV, dogs without CVL (n = 72) from areas where leishmaniasis was not endemic as control group. Results indicated that Linj31-qPCR was able to identify parasites belonging to subgenus L. (Leishmania) with no cross-amplification with other parasite subgenera. The Linj31-qPCR detected Leishmania parasites DNA in 98% of samples from Group I. In conclusion this methodology can be used as routine diagnostic tools to detect parasites from subgenus Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Antonio Colombo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Micro-organismos da Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Pereira-Chioccola
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cristina da Silva Meira
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Motoie
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gava
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto M Hiramoto
- Nucleo de Parasitoses Sistemicas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos E de Almeida
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexandre J da Silva
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andre Antonio Cutolo
- Setor de Controle de Zoonoses e Vetores, Prefeitura Municipal de Monte Mor, Monte Mor, SP, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Menz
- Ingrid Menz Micro Empresa, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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154
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Sanguinette CDC, da Silva DF, Stumpp RGAV, Rego FD, Tonelli GB, Tanure A, Gontijo CMF, Andrade Filho JD. Comparison of the phlebotomine (Diptera: Psychodidae) fauna of urban, transitional, and wild areas in northern Minas Gerais, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:428. [PMID: 26286135 PMCID: PMC4543463 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomines are directly related to the study of leishmaniases, and so the study of their distribution plays an important role in the epidemiology of these diseases. Collections of phlebotomines were made with the intent of comparing the distribution, richness, diversity, and abundance of species in three distinct environments in an area endemic for tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. METHODS Phlebotomines were collected with automatic light traps in urban, transitional, and wild areas from March 2013 to February 2014 in the district of Barra do Guaicuí, municipality of Várzea da Palma, Minas Gerais. The distribution patterns of these species of insects, as well as species richness, evenness, and abundance among the different areas, were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 3,365 phlebotomines belonging to 15 species were collected. The urban area had the greatest abundance whereas the transitional area had the greatest diversity and evenness of species. Nyssomyia intermedia was the most abundant species in the urban area, whereas Evandromyia evandroi was the most abundant in the transitional area and Ev. lenti in the wild area. CONCLUSION The analysis of our results showed that the distribution of the collected species had distinct profiles between the environments studied. Furthermore our study indicates the potential risk of transmission of leishmaniasis in the urban environment where it was observed had the highest population density and abundance of important vector species of Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiani de Castilho Sanguinette
- Leishmaniases Research Group, Phlebotomine Collection, National and International Reference Center for Phlebotomines, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | - Danyele Franca da Silva
- Leishmaniases Research Group, Phlebotomine Collection, National and International Reference Center for Phlebotomines, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | | | - Felipe Dutra Rego
- Leishmaniases Research Group, Phlebotomine Collection, National and International Reference Center for Phlebotomines, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | - Gabriel Barbosa Tonelli
- Leishmaniases Research Group, Phlebotomine Collection, National and International Reference Center for Phlebotomines, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | - Aline Tanure
- Leishmaniases Research Group, Phlebotomine Collection, National and International Reference Center for Phlebotomines, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | - Célia Maria Ferreira Gontijo
- Leishmaniases Research Group, Phlebotomine Collection, National and International Reference Center for Phlebotomines, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | - José Dilermando Andrade Filho
- Leishmaniases Research Group, Phlebotomine Collection, National and International Reference Center for Phlebotomines, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
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155
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Santini MS, Utgés ME, Berrozpe P, Manteca Acosta M, Casas N, Heuer P, Salomón OD. Lutzomyia longipalpis Presence and Abundance Distribution at Different Micro-spatial Scales in an Urban Scenario. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003951. [PMID: 26274318 PMCID: PMC4537120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal objective of this study was to assess a modeling approach to Lu. longipalpis distribution in an urban scenario, discriminating micro-scale landscape variables at microhabitat and macrohabitat scales and the presence from the abundance of the vector. For this objective, we studied vectors and domestic reservoirs and evaluated different environmental variables simultaneously, so we constructed a set of 13 models to account for micro-habitats, macro-habitats and mixed-habitats. We captured a total of 853 sandflies, of which 98.35% were Lu. longipalpis. We sampled a total of 197 dogs; 177 of which were associated with households where insects were sampled. Positive rK39 dogs represented 16.75% of the total, of which 47% were asymptomatic. Distance to the border of the city and high to medium density vegetation cover ended to be the explanatory variables, all positive, for the presence of sandflies in the city. All variables in the abundance model ended to be explanatory, trees around the trap, distance to the stream and its quadratic, being the last one the only one with negative coefficient indicating that the maximum abundance was associated with medium values of distance to the stream. The spatial distribution of dogs infected with L. infantum showed a heterogeneous pattern throughout the city; however, we could not confirm an association of the distribution with the variables assessed. In relation to Lu. longipalpis distribution, the strategy to discriminate the micro-spatial scales at which the environmental variables were recorded allowed us to associate presence with macrohabitat variables and abundance with microhabitat and macrohabitat variables. Based on the variables associated with Lu. longipalpis, the model will be validated in other cities and environmental surveillance, and control interventions will be proposed and evaluated in the microscale level and integrated with socio-cultural approaches and programmatic and village (mesoscale) strategies. Visceral leishmaniasis in America is caused by an unicellular organism, Leishmania infantum (syn. chagasi) that is transmitted by insects belonging to Diptera:Phlebotominae, Lutzomyia longipalpis being the principal vector in urban areas. Therefore, the prevention and control of this vector is a sound objective, so as to reduce the probability of contact human-vector and reducing the probability of infection. Therefore, knowing the variables that have an impact and the spatial scale at which these act will allow us to approach an understanding of the dynamic population of the vector and allow us to develop more appropriate strategies of control. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess a modeling approach to Lu. longipalpis distribution in an urban scenario, discriminating micro-scale landscape variables at microhabitat and macrohabitat scales. For this, we worked in Santo Tomé, Corrientes, Argentina. We observed that the presence of Lu. longipalpis is defined only by the macrohabitat variables tested, but the abundance is defined by variables of both scales, microhabitat and macrohabitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Santini
- Centro Nacional de Investigación en Endemo-epidemias (CeNDIE), ANLIS, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Comité Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (ReDILA)
- * E-mail:
| | - María Eugenia Utgés
- Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (ReDILA)
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Pablo Berrozpe
- Comité Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (ReDILA)
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Mariana Manteca Acosta
- Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (ReDILA)
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Natalia Casas
- Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (ReDILA)
- Programa Nacional de Control de Enfermedades Zoonóticas (ProNCEZ), Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paola Heuer
- Laboratorio de Control de Vectores Entomológicos de Importancia Sanitaria (LaCVEIS) Fundación H. A. Barceló, sede Santo Tomé, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - O. Daniel Salomón
- Comité Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (ReDILA)
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
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156
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Saraiva L, Silva Reis A, Marteleto Nunes Rugani J, Sampaio Pereira AA, Rêgo FD, Vianna Mariano da Rocha Lima AC, Gontijo CMF, Andrade Filho JD. Survey of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an environmentally protected area in Brazil. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134845. [PMID: 26267484 PMCID: PMC4534452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brazil is one of the most important endemic areas for leishmaniasis worldwide. Protected areas that are tourist attractions likely present an important risk of transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Furthermore, with the geographical expansion of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), several studies have recorded the occurrence of its vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis, and cases of human and canine VL in such tourist areas. The Parque Estadual do Sumidouro is an environmentally protected area located in the Brazilian Cerrado biome and in an important area endemic for leishmaniasis in the state of Minas Gerais. The purpose of this study was to monitor the sand fly fauna in areas of tourist activity in the park. Sampling was performed every month, from September 2011 to August 2013, using CDC light traps at six sites of differing environmental characteristics. Sampled specimens were identified following Galati (2003), and females were submitted to molecular techniques for the detection and identification of Leishmania DNA. A total of 4,675 sand fly specimens of 25 species belonging to nine genera were collected. The most abundant species were Micropygomyia quinquefer, Lutzomyia renei and Pintomyia pessoai, although only Pi. pessoai is implicated in the transmission of Leishmania braziliensis. The species accumulation curve reached saturation on the 16th sampling event. Species richness, diversity and evenness differed among the sampled areas. The seasonal curve was not determined by a single unique species, and no single species was the most abundant in all environments sampled. The main vector of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, Lutzomyia longipalpis, accounted for only 5.35% of the specimens collected. Proven or suspected vectors of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis were recorded, and one female of the cortellezzii complex tested positive for Le. braziliensis DNA. Even with a low infection rate (0.62%), these data indicate the circulation of the parasite and reinforce the need for entomological and epidemiological surveillance in the park and its surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Saraiva
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses–Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou–FIOCRUZ–MINAS–Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CP 1743, 30190–002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Alanna Silva Reis
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses–Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou–FIOCRUZ–MINAS–Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CP 1743, 30190–002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jeronimo Marteleto Nunes Rugani
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses–Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou–FIOCRUZ–MINAS–Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CP 1743, 30190–002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Agnes Antônia Sampaio Pereira
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses–Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou–FIOCRUZ–MINAS–Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CP 1743, 30190–002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dutra Rêgo
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses–Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou–FIOCRUZ–MINAS–Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CP 1743, 30190–002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Vianna Mariano da Rocha Lima
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses–Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou–FIOCRUZ–MINAS–Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CP 1743, 30190–002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria Ferreira Gontijo
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses–Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou–FIOCRUZ–MINAS–Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CP 1743, 30190–002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - José Dilermando Andrade Filho
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses–Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou–FIOCRUZ–MINAS–Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CP 1743, 30190–002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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157
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Barbosa IR, Carlota FC, de Andrade-Neto VF. Seroepidemiological Survey of Canine Leishmania Infections from Peripheral Areas in Natal, Northeast Brazil. Open Microbiol J 2015; 9:43-7. [PMID: 26668661 PMCID: PMC4676052 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801509010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Human visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in Natal, northeast of Brazil, where the domestic dog is an important parasite reservoir in the infectious cycle of Leishmania spp. In this study, was evaluated the antileishmanial IgG antibody and epidemiological factors related to canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). METHODS Sera samples obtained by venipuncture of 1,426 dogs living in areas of human visceral leishmaniasis occurrence were tested for detection of IgG anti-leishmania antibodies with Immunofluorescence Antibody Assay (IFA) and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Chi-square (x(2)) and Odds Ratio (OR) were calculated. Differences were considered statistically significant at p≤0.05. RESULTS The overall seroprevalence was 10.30% (147/1,426); prevalence increased when the samples were found to be positive at least for one technique ([417/1,426] 29.3%). The high percentage of seroprevalence was observed in Nova República (15.35%), Nova Natal I (12.7%) and Lagoa Azul (11.4%) neighborhoods. In the Planalto, Soledade and Brasil Novo, the infection rates ranged from 7.5 at 8.06%. (p=0.00051). There was neither statistically significant difference between leishmanial infection nor clinical signs of disease (p=0.84; OR=1.0 [0.41; 2.3]), sex (p=0.78, OR=0.94 [0.66; 1.28]); and breed (p=0.92; OR=1.0 [0.65; 1.54]) were observed. CONCLUSION The RESULTS suggest that CVL is widely distributed in Natal, may be increasingly urbanizing and will spread through neighborhoods but not endemic, resulting in a serious public health problem, emphasizing the need for epidemiological studies to a greater understanding of the distribution of canine leishmaniasis in these specific areas and contribute proactively to the public health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Ribeiro Barbosa
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Departamento de Vigilância à Saúde, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde. Natal/RN,Brazil
| | - Francisco Canindé Carlota
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Departamento de Vigilância à Saúde, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde. Natal/RN,Brazil
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158
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An Integrated Approach Using Spatial Analysis to Study the Risk Factors for Leishmaniasis in Area of Recent Transmission. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:621854. [PMID: 26229961 PMCID: PMC4502282 DOI: 10.1155/2015/621854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Some epidemiological aspects of leishmaniasis in the municipality of Formiga, Brazil, an important touristic site, were evaluated. Those included phlebotomine sand fly vectors, canine infection, and geoprocessing analysis for determining critical transmission areas. Sand flies (224 insects) belonging to ten different species were captured. The most captured species included Lutzomyia longipalpis (35.3%), Lutzomyia cortelezzii (33.5%), and Lutzomyia whitmani (18.3%). A significant correlation between sand fly densities and climatic conditions was detected. Serological diagnosis (DPP and ELISA) was performed in 570 dogs indicating a prevalence of 5.8%. After sequencing the main species circulating in the area were Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis. Spatial analysis demonstrated that vegetation and hydrography may be related to sand fly distribution and infected dogs. The municipality of Formiga has proven leishmaniasis vectors and infected dogs indicating the circulation of the parasite in the city. Correlation of those data with environmental and human cases has identified the critical areas for control interventions (south, northeast, and northwest). In conclusion, there is current transmission of visceral and canine human cases and the city is on the risk for the appearance of cutaneous cases.
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159
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Pimentel DDS, Ramos RAN, Santana MDA, Maia CS, Carvalho GAD, Silva HPD, Alves LC. Prevalence of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in dogs in an endemic area of Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 48:491-3. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0224-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Barroso PA, Marco JD, Locatelli FM, Cardozo RM, Hoyos CL, Mora MC, García Bustos MF, López-Quiroga I, Mimori T, Gentile AG, Barrio AB, Korenaga M, Hashiguchi Y, Basombrío MA. Visceral Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania infantum in Salta, Argentina: Possible Reservoirs and Vectors. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:334-9. [PMID: 26055744 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) were not recorded until recently in the Chaco region of northwestern Argentina. Dogs were surveyed at the sites of infection of two HVL index cases in the Chaco region of Salta province. Canine cases (CanL) were diagnosed by two parasitological methods, two molecular methods targeting mini- and maxicircle DNA, and immunochromatographic dipstick. Among 77 dogs studied, 10 (13%) were found infected with Leishmania spp. In seven dogs and two humans, the infecting species was typed as Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. The same genotype was detected in the human and two of the CanL. Although several diagnostic methods displayed weak or moderate agreement, the concordance values for serology versus maxicircle PCR were very good (Kappa index = 0.84). Sandflies captured in the area were identified as Lutzomyia migonei and Lu. cortelezzii/Lu. sallesi (cortelezzii complex). The focal appearance of leishmaniasis in dogs and humans in a sylvatic region and its relatively low prevalence of infection suggests that L. (L.) infantum transmission to dogs and humans may, in this region, stem from sylvatic reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A Barroso
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, Argentina; Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNSa, Salta, Argentina; Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan; Dirección de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Salta, Argentina; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan; Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jorge D Marco
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, Argentina; Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNSa, Salta, Argentina; Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan; Dirección de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Salta, Argentina; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan; Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Fabricio M Locatelli
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, Argentina; Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNSa, Salta, Argentina; Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan; Dirección de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Salta, Argentina; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan; Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Rubén M Cardozo
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, Argentina; Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNSa, Salta, Argentina; Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan; Dirección de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Salta, Argentina; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan; Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carlos L Hoyos
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, Argentina; Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNSa, Salta, Argentina; Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan; Dirección de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Salta, Argentina; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan; Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - María C Mora
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, Argentina; Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNSa, Salta, Argentina; Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan; Dirección de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Salta, Argentina; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan; Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - María F García Bustos
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, Argentina; Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNSa, Salta, Argentina; Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan; Dirección de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Salta, Argentina; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan; Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Inés López-Quiroga
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, Argentina; Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNSa, Salta, Argentina; Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan; Dirección de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Salta, Argentina; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan; Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Tatsuyuki Mimori
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, Argentina; Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNSa, Salta, Argentina; Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan; Dirección de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Salta, Argentina; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan; Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Alberto G Gentile
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, Argentina; Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNSa, Salta, Argentina; Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan; Dirección de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Salta, Argentina; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan; Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Alejandra B Barrio
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, Argentina; Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNSa, Salta, Argentina; Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan; Dirección de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Salta, Argentina; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan; Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Masataka Korenaga
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, Argentina; Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNSa, Salta, Argentina; Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan; Dirección de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Salta, Argentina; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan; Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Yoshihisha Hashiguchi
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, Argentina; Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNSa, Salta, Argentina; Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan; Dirección de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Salta, Argentina; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan; Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Miguel A Basombrío
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, Argentina; Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNSa, Salta, Argentina; Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan; Dirección de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Salta, Argentina; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan; Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Sales KGDS, Costa PL, de Morais RCS, Otranto D, Brandão-Filho SP, Cavalcanti MDP, Dantas-Torres F. Identification of phlebotomine sand fly blood meals by real-time PCR. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:230. [PMID: 25889289 PMCID: PMC4410465 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phlebotomine sand flies are blood-feeding insects of great medical and veterinary significance acting as vectors of Leishmania parasites. Studying the blood-feeding pattern of these insects may help in the understanding of their interactions with potential reservoir hosts of Leishmania parasites. In this study, we developed real time PCR assays for the identification of sand fly blood meal. Methods Six pairs of primers were designed based on cytochrome b gene sequences available in GenBank of the following potential hosts: dog, cat, horse, chicken, black rat, and human. Firstly, SYBR Green-based real time PCR assays were conducted using a standard curve with eight different concentrations (i.e., 10 ng, 1 ng, 100 pg, 10 pg, 1 pg, 100 fg, 10 fg and 1 fg per 2 μl) of DNA samples extracted from EDTA blood samples from each target animal. Then, DNA samples extracted from field-collected engorged female sand flies belonging to three species (i.e., Lutzomyia longipalpis, L. migonei and L. lenti) were tested by the protocols standardized herein. Additionally, female sand flies were experimentally fed on a black rat (Rattus rattus) and used for evaluating the time course of the detection of the protocol targeting this species. Results The protocols performed well with detection limits of 10 pg to 100 fg. Field-collected female sand flies were fed on blood from humans (73%), chickens (23%), dogs (22%), horses (15%), black rats (11%) and cats (2%). Interestingly, 76.1% of the L. longipalpis females were positive for human blood. In total, 48% of the tested females were fed on single sources, 31% on two and 12% on three. The analysis of the time course showed that the real time PCR protocol targeting the black rat DNA was able to detect small amounts of the host DNA up to 5 days after the blood meal. Conclusions The real time PCR assays standardized herein successfully detected small amounts of host DNA in female sand flies fed on different vertebrate species and, specifically for the black rats, up to 5 days after the blood meal. These assays represent promising tools for the identification of blood meal in field-collected female sand flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Gaudêncio da Silva Sales
- Department of Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, 50740-465, Brazil.
| | - Pietra Lemos Costa
- Department of Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, 50740-465, Brazil.
| | - Rayana Carla Silva de Morais
- Department of Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, 50740-465, Brazil.
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, 70010, Italy.
| | - Sinval Pinto Brandão-Filho
- Department of Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, 50740-465, Brazil.
| | - Milena de Paiva Cavalcanti
- Department of Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, 50740-465, Brazil.
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, 50740-465, Brazil. .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, 70010, Italy.
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162
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da Silva TAM, Gomes LI, Oliveira E, Coura-Vital W, Silva LDA, Pais FSM, Ker HG, Reis AB, Rabello A, Carneiro M. Genetic homogeneity among Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum isolates from dog and human samples in Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area (BHMA), Minas Gerais, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:226. [PMID: 25889010 PMCID: PMC4407872 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain municipalities in the Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area (BHMA), Minas Gerais, Brazil, have the highest human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) mortality rates in the country and also demonstrate high canine seropositivity. In Brazil, the etiologic agent of VL is Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intraspecific genetic variability of parasites from humans and from dogs with different clinical forms of VL in five municipalities of BHMA using PCR-RFLP and two target genes: kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and gp63. METHODS In total, 45 samples of DNA extracted from clinical samples (n = 35) or L. infantum culture (n = 10) were evaluated. These samples originated from three groups: adults (with or without Leishmania/HIV co-infection; n = 14), children (n = 18) and dogs (n = 13). The samples were amplified for the kDNA target using the MC1 and MC2 primers (447 bp), while the Sg1 and Sg2 (1330 bp) primers were used for the gp63 glycoprotein target gene. RESULTS The restriction enzyme patterns of all the samples tested were monomorphic. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a high degree of genetic homogeneity for the evaluated gene targets among L. infantum samples isolated from different hosts and representing different clinical forms of VL in the municipalities of BHMA studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Almeida Marques da Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. .,Laboratório de Epidemiologia das Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Luciana Inácia Gomes
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Edward Oliveira
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Wendel Coura-Vital
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia das Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. .,Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. .,Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Letícia de Azevedo Silva
- Laboratório de Toxoplasmose, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Fabiano Sviatopolk-Mirsky Pais
- Grupo de Genômica e Biologia Computacional, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Henrique Gama Ker
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Ana Rabello
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Mariangela Carneiro
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia das Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. .,Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
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163
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Lima Costa CR, Freitas MTDS, Santiago Figueirêdo CA, Aragão NC, da Silva LG, Marcondes CB, Dias RV, Leal-Balbino TC, Souza MBR, Ramalho-Ortigão M, Balbino VDQ. Genetic structuring and fixed polymorphisms in the gene period among natural populations of Lutzomyia longipalpis in Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:193. [PMID: 25889567 PMCID: PMC4409732 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even one hundred years after being originally identified, aspects of the taxonomy of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis, the principal vector of Leishmania infantum in the Americas, remain unresolved for Brazilian populations of this vector. The diversity of morphological, behavioral, biochemical, and ethological characters, as well as the genetic variability detected by molecular markers are indicative of the presence of a complex of species. METHODS In this study, a 525 bp fragment of the period gene was used to evaluate sympatric populations of L. longipalpis. A combination of probabilistic methods such as maximum likelihood and genetic assignment approach to investigate sympatric species of L. longipalpis were applied in three populations of Northeast Brazil. RESULTS Fixed polymorphisms in geographically isolated populations of L. longipalpis from two localities in the state of Ceará and one in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, was identified in a 525 bp fragment of the gene period (per). Our results suggest a direct relationship between the number of spots found in males' tergites and the genetic variation in cryptic species of L. longipalpis. The fragment used in this study revealed the nature of the ancestral morphotype 1S. CONCLUSION New polymorphisms were identified in the gene per which can be used as a genetic barcode to sympatric taxonomy of L. longipalpis. The per gene fragment confirmed the presence of two siblings species of L. longipalpis in Sobral and showed that these same species are present in two other localities, representing an expansion within the L. longipalpis species complex with regards to the states of Ceará and Pernambuco.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Raimundo Lima Costa
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida da Engenharia S/N, Cidade Universitária, 50.740-600, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Moises Thiago de Souza Freitas
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida da Engenharia S/N, Cidade Universitária, 50.740-600, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Alberto Santiago Figueirêdo
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida da Engenharia S/N, Cidade Universitária, 50.740-600, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Nádia Consuelo Aragão
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida da Engenharia S/N, Cidade Universitária, 50.740-600, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Lidiane Gomes da Silva
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida da Engenharia S/N, Cidade Universitária, 50.740-600, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Brisola Marcondes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Raimundo Vieira Dias
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Rua Finlândia S/N, Parque Silvana II, 62010-970, Sobral, Ceara, Brazil.
| | - Tereza Cristina Leal-Balbino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhaes, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego S/N, Cidade Universitária, 50740-465, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.
| | - Manuela Barbosa Rodrigues Souza
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida da Engenharia S/N, Cidade Universitária, 50.740-600, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Ramalho-Ortigão
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, W. Waters Hall 123, 66506-400, Manhattan, KS, USA.
| | - Valdir de Queiroz Balbino
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida da Engenharia S/N, Cidade Universitária, 50.740-600, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Almeida PSD, Sciamarelli A, Batista PM, Ferreira AD, Nascimento J, Raizer J, Andrade Filho JD, Gurgel-Gonçalves R. Predicting the geographic distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) and visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 108:992-6. [PMID: 24402151 PMCID: PMC4005557 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the geographic distribution of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the state
of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil, both the climatic niches of Lutzomyia
longipalpis and VL cases were analysed. Distributional data were obtained
from 55 of the 79 counties of MS between 2003-2012. Ecological niche models (ENM) of
Lu. longipalpis and VL cases were produced using the maximum
entropy algorithm based on eight climatic variables. Lu. longipalpis
showed a wide distribution in MS. The highest climatic suitability for Lu.
longipalpis was observed in southern MS. Temperature seasonality and
annual mean precipitation were the variables that most influenced these models. Two
areas of high climatic suitability for the occurrence of VL cases were predicted: one
near Aquidauana and another encompassing several municipalities in the southeast
region of MS. As expected, a large overlap between the models for Lu.
longipalpis and VL cases was detected. Northern and northwestern areas of
MS were suitable for the occurrence of cases, but did not show high climatic
suitability for Lu. longipalpis . ENM of vectors and human cases
provided a greater understanding of the geographic distribution of VL in MS, which
can be applied to the development of future surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Silva de Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Brasil, DouradosMS
| | - Alan Sciamarelli
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Brasil, DouradosMS
| | - Paulo Mira Batista
- Gerência de Zoonoses, Diretoria Geral de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Brasil, Campo GrandeMS
| | - Ademar Dimas Ferreira
- Coordenadoria de Controle de Vetores, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Brasil, Campo GrandeMS
| | - João Nascimento
- Coordenadoria de Controle de Vetores, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Brasil, Campo GrandeMS
| | - Josué Raizer
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Brasil, DouradosMS
| | | | - Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasil, BrasíliaDF
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165
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Werneck GL, Costa CHN, de Carvalho FAA, Pires e Cruz MDS, Maguire JH, Castro MC. Effectiveness of insecticide spraying and culling of dogs on the incidence of Leishmania infantum infection in humans: a cluster randomized trial in Teresina, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3172. [PMID: 25357122 PMCID: PMC4214628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the effect of insecticide spraying for vector control and elimination of infected dogs on the incidence of human infection with L. infantum, a randomized community intervention trial was carried out in the city of Teresina, Brazil. Methods/Principal Findings Within each of ten localities in the city, four blocks were selected and randomized to 4 interventions: 1) spraying houses and animal pens with insecticide; 2) eliminating infected dogs; 3) combination of spraying and eliminating dogs, and 4) nothing. The main outcome is the incidence of infection assessed by the conversion of the Montenegro skin test (MST) after 18 months of follow-up in residents aged ≥1 year with no previous history of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Reactions were measured at 48–72 h, induration of ≥5 mm considered positive. Interventions were executed after the baseline interview and repeated 6 and 12 months later. The effects of each type of intervention scheme on the incidence of infection were assessed by calculating relative risks and 95% confidence intervals using Poisson population-averaged regression models with robust variance. Among the 1105 participants, 408 (37%) were MST positive at baseline. Of the 697 negatives, only 423 (61%) were reexamined at the end of the follow-up; 151 (36%) of them converted to a positive MST. Only dog culling had some statistically significant effect on reducing the incidence of infection, with estimates of effectiveness varying between 27% and 52%, depending on the type of analysis performed. Conclusions/Significance In light of the continuous spread of VL in Brazil despite the large scale deployment of insecticide spraying and dog culling, the relatively low to moderate effectiveness of dog culling and the non-significant effect of insecticide spraying on the incidence of human infection, we conclude that there is an urgent need for revision of the Brazilian VL control program. Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) constitutes a serious public health problem in the Americas, particularly in Brazil. The disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum, which is transmitted by the bite of female sand flies, and dogs are the main source of infection. To decrease the risk of transmission, the Brazilian VL control program recommends residual insecticide spraying and environmental management for vector control, and culling of seropositive dogs in areas with moderate to high levels of transmission. Because there is a lack of scientific evidence supporting such interventions, we designed a study to assess the effectiveness of dog culling and residual insecticide spraying in the reduction of incidence of human VL infection. The results show that only dog culling had some statistically significant effect on reducing the incidence of infection, with estimates of effectiveness varying between 27% and 52%. In light of the continuous spread of VL in Brazil despite the large scale deployment of insecticide spraying and dog culling, the relatively low to moderate effectiveness of dog culling and the non-significant effect of insecticide spraying on the incidence of human infection, we conclude that there is an urgent need for revision of the Brazilian VL control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme L. Werneck
- Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva (UFRJ) e Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Medicina Social/IMS, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Carlos H. N. Costa
- Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Nathan Portella and Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brasil
| | | | - Maria do Socorro Pires e Cruz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brasil
| | - James H. Maguire
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marcia C. Castro
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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166
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Vilas VJDR, Maia-Elkhoury ANS, Yadon ZE, Cosivi O, Sanchez-Vazquez MJ. Visceral leishmaniasis: a One Health approach. Vet Rec 2014; 175:42-4. [PMID: 25013197 DOI: 10.1136/vr.g4378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor J Del Rio Vilas
- Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis, Panaftosa, Pan American Health Organization, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana N S Maia-Elkhoury
- Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis, Panaftosa, Pan American Health Organization, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Zaida E Yadon
- Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis, Panaftosa, Pan American Health Organization, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ottorino Cosivi
- Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis, Panaftosa, Pan American Health Organization, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Manuel J Sanchez-Vazquez
- Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis, Panaftosa, Pan American Health Organization, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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167
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Magalhães-Junior JT, Mesquita PRR, Oliveira WFDS, Oliveira FS, Franke CR, Rodrigues FDM, de Andrade JB, Barrouin-Melo SM. Identification of biomarkers in the hair of dogs: new diagnostic possibilities in the study and control of visceral leishmaniasis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6691-700. [PMID: 25171830 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis whose etiologic agent in the Americas is Leishmania infantum, and dogs are the main host. Research and innovation in diagnostic techniques are essential to improve the surveillance and control of VL in endemic areas. The present study investigates the profile of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by healthy dogs and by dogs infected by L. infantum to detect variations in the VOCs that may be used as biomarkers in the diagnosis of VL. In total, 36 dogs were selected from an endemic area and divided into three groups: G1, not infected with L. infantum; G2, infected without clinical signs of VL; and G3, infected with clinical signs of VL. To analyze the profiles of the VOCs emitted by dogs from the three groups, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used. Variations were observed between the profiles of the VOCs emitted in the three groups studied, and they also differentiated infected animals with or without clinical signs. Six VOCs were identified as potential biomarkers of infection, with significant variations between healthy dogs (G1) and infected dogs (G2 + G3). The detection of variations between groups G2 and G3 suggested that the profiles of some VOCs may be related to the type of immune response and the parasite load of the infected dogs. This study demonstrated the possibility of analysis of VOCs as biomarkers of VL in diagnostic, clinical, and epidemiological work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Torres Magalhães-Junior
- Laboratório de Infectologia Veterinária, Hospital de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Avenida Adhemar de Barros, 500. Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil,
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168
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Wild and synanthropic reservoirs of Leishmania species in the Americas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2014; 3:251-62. [PMID: 25426421 PMCID: PMC4241529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania parasites are maintained by multiple hosts included in seven mammal orders. Reservoir hosts are the assemblage of species responsible for Leishmania maintenance. Mammal host–Leishmania interaction determines host competence to infect vectors. Associate ecological and parasitological data are crucial to understand the wild cycle. Prevention of human cases is dependent on a thorough knowledge of the wild cycle.
The definition of a reservoir has changed significantly in the last century, making it necessary to study zoonosis from a broader perspective. One important example is that of Leishmania, zoonotic multi-host parasites maintained by several mammal species in nature. The magnitude of the health problem represented by leishmaniasis combined with the complexity of its epidemiology make it necessary to clarify all of the links in transmission net, including non-human mammalian hosts, to develop effective control strategies. Although some studies have described dozens of species infected with these parasites, only a minority have related their findings to the ecological scenario to indicate a possible role of that host in parasite maintenance and transmission. Currently, it is accepted that a reservoir may be one or a complex of species responsible for maintaining the parasite in nature. A reservoir system should be considered unique on a given spatiotemporal scale. In fact, the transmission of Leishmania species in the wild still represents an complex enzootic “puzzle”, as several links have not been identified. This review presents the mammalian species known to be infected with Leishmania spp. in the Americas, highlighting those that are able to maintain and act as a source of the parasite in nature (and are thus considered potential reservoirs). These host/reservoirs are presented separately in each of seven mammal orders – Marsupialia, Cingulata, Pilosa, Rodentia, Primata, Carnivora, and Chiroptera – responsible for maintaining Leishmania species in the wild.
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169
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Casaril AE, Monaco NZN, de Oliveira EF, Eguchi GU, Paranhos Filho AC, Pereira LE, Oshiro ET, Galati EAB, Mateus NLF, de Oliveira AG. Spatiotemporal analysis of sandfly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis at Pantanal, central South America. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:364. [PMID: 25128480 PMCID: PMC4261527 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental changes caused by urbanization can cause alterations in the ecology and behavior of sandflies and in the epidemiology of leishmaniasis. Geotechnological tools allow the analysis and recognition of spatiotemporal patterns by monitoring and mapping risk areas of this vector-borne disease. This study aims to describe the sandfly fauna in the municipality of Corumbá and to compare it with the data described in a three-year period from 1984 to 1986 by Galati. A further aim was to analyze the influence of environmental changes on the composition of the fauna. METHODS Captures were conducted weekly from April 2012 to March 2013, in intra and peridomicile areas with automatic light traps, from 6:00 pm to 6:00 am. The following indices were calculated for both periods analyzed: Standardized Index of Species Abundance (SISA), Shannon's diversity index (H) and Pielou's index (J). The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was extracted from a remote sensing LANDSAT-5 image. RESULTS In total, 7,370 specimens (6,169 males and 1,201 females) were collected, distributed among 12 species. Lutzomyia cruzi was the most frequent species (93,79%) and the first in the ranking of standardized species abundance index in both studies. The dominance of the species Lu. cruzi in the neighborhoods of Maria Leite and Centro was demonstrated by the low equitability index. The neighborhood of Cristo Redentor had the greatest diversity of sandflies in the present study and the second greatest in the study performed by Galati et al. (Rev Saúde Pública 31:378-390, 1997). Analyzing the satellite images and the NDVI from 1984 and 2010, the largest amount of dense vegetation was found in the neighborhood of Cristo Redentor. CONCLUSIONS It was, therefore, possible to show how changes caused due to urbanization have affected the density and distribution of Lu. cruzi and other species over time. Moreover, the data suggest that different populations of sandflies adapt in different ways according to environmental conditions and the adaptation does not necessarily depends on the presence of high vegetation cover.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alessandra Gutierrez de Oliveira
- Post Graduate Program in Infectious and Parasitary Diseases, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
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170
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Kamhawi S, Aslan H, Valenzuela JG. Vector saliva in vaccines for visceral leishmaniasis: a brief encounter of high consequence? Front Public Health 2014; 2:99. [PMID: 25152872 PMCID: PMC4126209 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne disease transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies and remains the most serious form of the disease with no available human vaccine. Repeatedly, studies have demonstrated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a number of sand fly salivary proteins against cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. All Leishmania species including agents of VL are co-deposited into the skin together with vector saliva. Generally, the immune response to a protective salivary protein in vaccinated animals is rapid and possibly acts on the parasites soon after delivery into the skin by the bite of an infective sand fly. This is followed by the development of a stronger Leishmania-specific immunity in saliva-vaccinated animals compared to controls. Considering that several of the most efficacious protective molecules were identified from a proven vector of VL, we put forward the notion that a combination vaccine that includes a Leishmania antigen and a vector salivary protein has the potential to improve vaccine efficacy by targeting the parasite at it most vulnerable stage just after transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Hamide Aslan
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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171
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Freitas-Lidani KC, Messias-Reason IJD, Ishikawa EAY. A comparison of molecular markers to detect Lutzomyia longipalpis naturally infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:442-7. [PMID: 25004147 PMCID: PMC4155845 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to detect natural infection by Leishmania
(Leishmania) infantum in Lutzomyia longipalpis captured
in Barcarena, state of Pará, Brazil, through the use of three primer sets. With this
approach, it is unnecessary to previously dissect the sandfly specimens. DNA of
280 Lu. longipalpis female specimens were extracted from the
whole insects. PCR primers for kinetoplast minicircle DNA (kDNA), the mini-exon gene
and the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU-rRNA) gene of Leishmania
were used, generating fragments of 400 bp, 780 bp and 603 bp, respectively.
Infection by the parasite was found with the kDNA primer in 8.6% of the cases, with
the mini-exon gene primer in 7.1% of the cases and with the SSU-rRNA gene primer in
5.3% of the cases. These data show the importance of polymerase chain reaction as a
tool for investigating the molecular epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis by
estimating the risk of disease transmission in endemic areas, with the kDNA primer
representing the most reliable marker for the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kárita Cláudia Freitas-Lidani
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Molecular, Departamento de Patologia Médica, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Iara J de Messias-Reason
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Molecular, Departamento de Patologia Médica, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
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de Andrade ARO, da Silva BAK, Cristaldo G, de Andrade SMO, Filho ACP, Ribeiro A, da Cunha Santos MF, Andreotti R. Spatial distribution and environmental factors associated to phlebotomine fauna in a border area of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:260. [PMID: 24898032 PMCID: PMC4055399 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mato Grosso do Sul has been undergoing a process of urbanization which results in loss of native vegetation. This withdrawal makes vectors of man and domestic animals closer, causing changes in the epidemiology of diseases such as American Visceral Leishmaniasis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the phlebotomine fauna and environmental issues related to the transmission of AVL in Ponta Porã, Mato Grosso do Sul, between 2009 and 2010. METHODS Vegetation of the urban area was evaluated by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI). RESULTS The results showed that the phlebotomine fauna of the city consists of five species, especially Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz and Neiva, 1912), the vector of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. Predominance of males was observed. The insects were captured in greater quantity in the intradomicile. Lu. longipalpis was the most frequent and abundant species, present throughout the year, with a peak population after the rainy season. Vectors can be found in high amounts in forest and disturbed environments. CONCLUSIONS The finding of Lu. longipalpis in regions with little vegetation and humidity suggests that the species is adapted to different sorts of environmental conditions, demonstrating its close association with man and the environment it inhabits. The tourist feature of Ponta Porã reinforces its epidemiological importance as a vulnerable city. The geographical location, bordering Paraguay through dry border, makes possible the existence of a corridor of vectors and infected dogs between the two countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rachel Oliveira de Andrade
- Post Graduate Program in Infectious and Parasitary Diseases, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus Universitário, s/n, Caixa Postal 549, CEP 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Baldomero Antonio Kato da Silva
- Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Universitário Ministro Reis Velloso, Av. São Sebastião 2819, Bairro São Benedito, CEP 64202-020 Parnaíba, Piauí, Brasil
| | - Geucira Cristaldo
- Human Parasitology Laboratory, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus Universitário, s/n, Caixa Postal 549, CEP 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Sonia Maria Oliveira de Andrade
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development of the Central West Region, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus Universitário, s/n, Caixa Postal 549, CEP 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Antonio Conceição Paranhos Filho
- Geotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus Universitário, s/n, Caixa Postal 549, CEP 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Alisson Ribeiro
- Geotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus Universitário, s/n, Caixa Postal 549, CEP 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Mirella Ferreira da Cunha Santos
- Post Graduate Program in Infectious and Parasitary Diseases, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus Universitário, s/n, Caixa Postal 549, CEP 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Renato Andreotti
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Campo Grande, BR 262 km 4 - Caixa Postal 154, CEP 79002-970 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul Brasil
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Soares L, Abad-Franch F, Ferraz G. Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Amazonia: a comparison of sex-biased incidence among rural settlers and field biologists. Trop Med Int Health 2014; 19:988-95. [DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Soares
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute & Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; Manaus AM Brazil
- Graduate Program in Ecology; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; Manaus AM Brazil
- Department of Biology; University of Missouri St Louis; St Louis, MO USA
| | | | - Gonçalo Ferraz
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute & Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; Manaus AM Brazil
- Graduate Program in Ecology; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; Manaus AM Brazil
- Departamento de Ecologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
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Acosta IDCL, Da Costa AP, Gennari SM, Marcili A. Survey of Trypanosoma and Leishmania in wild and domestic animals in an Atlantic rainforest fragment and surroundings in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:686-693. [PMID: 24897863 DOI: 10.1603/me13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma and Leishmania infections affect wild and domestic animals and human populations. The growing process of deforestation and urbanization of Atlantic Rainforest areas has given rise to introduction of humans and domestic animals to the sylvatic cycles of Trypanosoma and Leishmania species. Serological, parasitological, and molecular surveys among wild and domestic animals in the Corrego do Veado Biological Reserve, which is an Atlantic Rainforest fragment in the state of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil, were evaluated. In total, 154 wild animals of 25 species and 67 domestic animals (47 dogs and 20 horses) were sampled. All the domestic animals were serologically negative for anti-Leishmania infantum chagasi antibodies and negative in parasitological approaches. Only the Order Chiroptera presented positive blood cultures and cryopreserved isolates. The phylogenetic trees based on SSU rDNA and gGAPDH genes confirmed the occurrence of Trypanosoma dionisii and provided the first record of Trypanosoma cruzi marinkellei in southeastern Brazil. The studies conducted in Atlantic Rainforest remaining trees provide the knowledge of parasite diversity or detect parasites that can accelerate the loss of hosts diversity.
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175
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Martins-Melo FR, Lima MDS, Ramos AN, Alencar CH, Heukelbach J. Mortality and case fatality due to visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: a nationwide analysis of epidemiology, trends and spatial patterns. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93770. [PMID: 24699517 PMCID: PMC3974809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a significant public health problem in Brazil and several regions of the world. This study investigated the magnitude, temporal trends and spatial distribution of mortality related to VL in Brazil. METHODS We performed a study based on secondary data obtained from the Brazilian Mortality Information System. We included all deaths in Brazil from 2000 to 2011, in which VL was recorded as cause of death. We present epidemiological characteristics, trend analysis of mortality and case fatality rates by joinpoint regression models, and spatial analysis using municipalities as geographical units of analysis. RESULTS In the study period, 12,491,280 deaths were recorded in Brazil. VL was mentioned in 3,322 (0.03%) deaths. Average annual age-adjusted mortality rate was 0.15 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants and case fatality rate 8.1%. Highest mortality rates were observed in males (0.19 deaths/100,000 inhabitants), <1 year-olds (1.03 deaths/100,000 inhabitants) and residents in Northeast region (0.30 deaths/100,000 inhabitants). Highest case fatality rates were observed in males (8.8%), ≥ 70 year-olds (43.8%) and residents in South region (17.7%). Mortality and case fatality rates showed a significant increase in Brazil over the period, with different patterns between regions: increasing mortality rates in the North (Annual Percent Change--APC: 9.4%; 95% confidence interval--CI: 5.3 to 13.6), and Southeast (APC: 8.1%; 95% CI: 2.6 to 13.9); and increasing case fatality rates in the Northeast (APC: 4.0%; 95% CI: 0.8 to 7.4). Spatial analysis identified a major cluster of high mortality encompassing a wide geographic range in North and Northeast Brazil. CONCLUSIONS Despite ongoing control strategies, mortality related to VL in Brazil is increasing. Mortality and case fatality vary considerably between regions, and surveillance and control measures should be prioritized in high-risk clusters. Early diagnosis and treatment are fundamental strategies for reducing case fatality of VL in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alberto Novaes Ramos
- Department of Community Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Alencar
- Department of Community Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Jorg Heukelbach
- Department of Community Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Anton Breinl Centre for Public Health and Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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176
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González-Caballero N, Rodríguez-Vega A, Dias-Lopes G, Valenzuela JG, Ribeiro JMC, Carvalho PC, Valente RH, Brazil RP, Cuervo P. Expression of the mevalonate pathway enzymes in the Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) sex pheromone gland demonstrated by an integrated proteomic approach. J Proteomics 2014; 96:117-32. [PMID: 24185139 PMCID: PMC3917562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In Latin America, Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum, which is the causal agent of American Visceral Leishmaniasis. This insect uses male-produced pheromones for mate recognition. Elucidation of pheromone biogenesis or its regulation may enable molecular strategies for mating disruption and, consequently, the vector's population management. Motivated by our recent results of the transcriptomic characterization of the L. longipalpis pheromone gland, we performed a proteomic analysis of this tissue combining SDS-PAGE, and mass spectrometry followed by an integrative data analysis. Considering that annotated genome sequences of this sand fly are not available, we designed an alternative workflow searching MS/MS data against two customized databases using three search engines: Mascot, OMSSA and ProLuCID. A total of 542 proteins were confidently characterized, 445 of them using a Uniref100-insect protein database, and 97 using a transcript translated database. In addition, use of PEAKS for de novo peptide sequencing of MS/MS data confirmed ~90% identifications made with the combination of the three search engines. Our results include the identification of six of the seven enzymes of the mevalonate-pathway, plus the enzymes involved in sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis, all of which are proposed to be involved in pheromone production in L. longipalpis. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE L. longipalpis is the main vector of the protozoan parasite L. infantum, which is the causal agent of American Visceral Leishmaniasis. One of the control measures of such disease is focused on vector population control. As this insect uses male-produced pheromones for mate recognition, the elucidation of pheromone biogenesis or its regulating process may enable molecular strategies for mating disruption and, consequently, this vector's population management. On this regard, in this manuscript we report expression evidence, at the protein level, of several molecules potentially involved in the pheromone production of L. longipalpis. Our results include the identification of the mevalonate-pathway enzymes, plus the enzymes involved in sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis, all of which are proposed to be involved in pheromone production in L. longipalpis. In addition, considering that the annotated genome sequences of this sand fly are not yet available, we designed an alternative workflow searching MS/MS data against proteomic and transcript translated customized databases, using three search engines: Mascot, OMSSA, and ProLuCID. In addition, a de novo peptide sequencing software (PEAKS) was used to further analyze the MS/MS data. This approach made it possible to identify and annotate 542 proteins for the pheromone gland of L. longipalpis. Importantly, all annotated protein sequences and raw data are available for the research community in protein repositories that provide free access to the data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Geovane Dias-Lopes
- Pós-graduação Biologia Parasitaria, IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jose M C Ribeiro
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Paulo Costa Carvalho
- Laboratório de Proteômica e Engenharia de Proteínas, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Richard H Valente
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo P Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia Cuervo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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González C, Paz A, Ferro C. Predicted altitudinal shifts and reduced spatial distribution of Leishmania infantum vector species under climate change scenarios in Colombia. Acta Trop 2014; 129:83-90. [PMID: 23988300 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by the trypanosomatid parasite Leishmania infantum (=Leishmania chagasi), and is epidemiologically relevant due to its wide geographic distribution, the number of annual cases reported and the increase in its co-infection with HIV. Two vector species have been incriminated in the Americas: Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia evansi. In Colombia, L. longipalpis is distributed along the Magdalena River Valley while L. evansi is only found in the northern part of the Country. Regarding the epidemiology of the disease, in Colombia the incidence of VL has decreased over the last few years without any intervention being implemented. Additionally, changes in transmission cycles have been reported with urban transmission occurring in the Caribbean Coast. In Europe and North America climate change seems to be driving a latitudinal shift of leishmaniasis transmission. Here, we explored the spatial distribution of the two known vector species of L. infantum in Colombia and projected its future distribution into climate change scenarios to establish the expansion potential of the disease. An updated database including L. longipalpis and L. evansi collection records from Colombia was compiled. Ecological niche models were performed for each species using the Maxent software and 13 Worldclim bioclimatic coverages. Projections were made for the pessimistic CSIRO A2 scenario, which predicts the higher increase in temperature due to non-emission reduction, and the optimistic Hadley B2 Scenario predicting the minimum increase in temperature. The database contained 23 records for L. evansi and 39 records for L. longipalpis, distributed along the Magdalena River Valley and the Caribbean Coast, where the potential distribution areas of both species were also predicted by Maxent. Climate change projections showed a general overall reduction in the spatial distribution of the two vector species, promoting a shift in altitudinal distribution for L. longipalpis and confining L. evansi to certain regions in the Caribbean Coast. Altitudinal shifts have been reported for cutaneous leishmaniasis vectors in Colombia and Peru. Here, we predict the same outcome for VL vectors in Colombia. Changes in spatial distribution patterns could be affecting local abundances due to climatic pressures on vector populations thus reducing the incidence of human cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila González
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Macedo-Silva VP, Martins DRA, De Queiroz PVS, Pinheiro MPG, Freire CCM, Queiroz JW, Dupnik KM, Pearson RD, Wilson ME, Jeronimo SMB, Ximenes MDFF. Feeding preferences of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae), the sand fly vector, for Leishmania infantum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:237-244. [PMID: 24605474 PMCID: PMC4277188 DOI: 10.1603/me12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil, is spread mostly by the bite of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva). We trapped sand flies in endemic neighborhoods near Natal, Brazil, where cases of human and dog VL were documented. Amplification of species-specific cytochrome b (Cyt b) genes by polymerase chain reaction revealed that sand flies from rural and periurban areas harbored blood from different sources. The most common source ofbloodmeal was human, but blood from dog, chicken, and armadillo was also present. We tested the preference for a source of bloodmeal experimentally by feeding L. longipalpis F1 with blood from different animals. There were significant differences between the proportion of flies engorged and number of eggs laid among flies fed on different sources, varying from 8.4 to 19 (P < 0.0001). Blood from guinea pig or horse was best to support sand fly oviposition, but human blood also supported sand fly oviposition well. No sand flies fed on cats, and sand flies feeding on the opossum Monodelphis domestica Wagner produced no eggs. These data support the hypothesis that L. longipalpis is an eclectic feeder, and humans are an important source of blood for this sand fly species in periurban areas of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgínia P. Macedo-Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Sen. Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, RN, Brazil, 59078
| | - Daniella R. A. Martins
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Sen. Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, RN, Brazil, 59078
| | | | - Marcos Paulo G. Pinheiro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biosciences Center, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Sen. Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, RN, Brazil, 59078
| | - Caio C. M. Freire
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biosciences Center, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Sen. Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, RN, Brazil, 59078
| | - José W. Queiroz
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Sen. Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, RN, Brazil, 59078
| | - Kathryn M. Dupnik
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, 402 East 67th Street, New York, NY 10065
| | - Richard D. Pearson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Mary E. Wilson
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa and the Veterans’ Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Selma M. B. Jeronimo
- Department of Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Sen. Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, RN, Brazil, 59078
| | - Maria De Fátima F.M. Ximenes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biosciences Center, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Sen. Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, RN, Brazil, 59078
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Nascimento MDDSB, Silva MH, Viana GMDC, Leonardo FS, Bezerra GFDB, Silva ASGE, Soares VCP, Pereira SRF, Rebêlo JMM, Brazil RP. Spatial dynamics of urban populations of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Caxias, State of Maranhão, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2013; 46:555-9. [PMID: 24270246 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0150-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this paper, we report the ecology of Lutzomyia longipalpis in Caxias City, located in the eastern part of State of Maranhão, Brazil and highlight its seasonal and geographical distribution by environment. In addition, we discuss natural Leishmania infection and its relationship with visceral leishmaniasis. METHODS Between September 2007 and August 2009, the collection of sandflies was performed using Center for Disease Control (CDC) light traps from 15 houses in 5 selected neighborhoods. RESULTS Lutzomyia longipalpis was present in all zones of the city. We also found that Lu. longipalpis was regularly detected both inside and around the house, predominantly in outdoor areas. In urban areas, Lu. longipalpis was present in both the dry and rainy seasons, with a higher density present in the latter. One female specimen of Lu. longipalpis was observed to have natural Leishmania infection. CONCLUSIONS The presence of Lu. longipalpis was observed throughout the year during 2 seasonal periods, with a predominance in the rainy season. A low rate of natural Leishmania infection was observed in urban areas during the rainy season.
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Carvalho BM, Maximo M, Costa WA, de Santana ALF, da Costa SM, da Costa Rego TAN, de Pita Pereira D, Rangel EF. Leishmaniasis transmission in an ecotourism area: potential vectors in Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:325. [PMID: 24499568 PMCID: PMC3833291 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The south coast of Rio de Janeiro State, in Brazil, is endemic for cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases and is frequently visited by tourists from different parts of the world. Since the complex epidemiology of leishmaniases demands local studies, the goal of this study was to investigate the phlebotomine sand fly fauna and leishmaniases transmission in Ilha Grande, an ecotourism area of Angra dos Reis municipality. METHODS Sand fly fauna was sampled in three monitoring stations using HP light traps in domiciles, peridomiciles and forests. Species abundance was evaluated by the Index of Species Abundance. A Leishmania natural infection survey was done using multiplex PCR and dot blot hybridization. RESULTS During 15 consecutive months of sand fly monitoring, 1093 specimens from 16 species were captured. The potential leishmaniases vectors found were Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia, L. migonei, L. (N.) flaviscutellata, L. (Psychodopygus) ayrozai and L. (Lutzomyia) longipalpis. Five species were new records in Ilha Grande: L. (Sciopemyia) microps, L. termitophila, L. firmatoi, L. rupicola and L. (P.) ayrozai. Higher species richness was found inside forest areas, although potential leishmaniases vectors were present in deforested areas, peridomiciles and inside houses. Lutzomyia (N.) intermedia and L. migonei were the most abundant species. Females of L. migonei showed a high rate (10.3%) of natural infection by Leishmania (Viannia) sp., probably Leishmania (V.) braziliensis. CONCLUSIONS The detection of leishmaniases transmission and potential vectors in Ilha Grande is of public health concern, especially because tourists are frequently visiting the island. Besides reinforcing the epidemiological importance of L. (N.) intermedia in Rio de Janeiro State, the role of L. migonei in cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission is highlighted with its high rate of Leishmania natural infection. The finding of L. (L.) longipalpis confirmed the human autochthonous case of visceral leishmaniasis from the island. The presence of L. (N.) flaviscutellata in peridomestic areas is also an important finding, since the species is involved in the transmission of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Health education practices directed to the local community and tourists are important control actions that can be taken in Ilha Grande to reduce the burden of leishmaniases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Moreira Carvalho
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av, Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, 5° andar, sala 43 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brasil.
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181
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Different host complement systems and their interactions with saliva from Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera, Psychodidae) and Leishmania infantum promastigotes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79787. [PMID: 24255715 PMCID: PMC3821853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lutzomyia longipalpis is the vector of Leishmania infantum in the New World, and its saliva inhibits classical and alternative human complement system pathways. This inhibition is important in protecting the insect´s midgut from damage by the complement. L. longipalpis is a promiscuous blood feeder and must be protected against its host’s complement. The objective of this study was to investigate the action of salivary complement inhibitors on the sera of different host species, such as dogs, guinea pigs, rats and chickens, at a pH of 7.4 (normal blood pH) and 8.15 (the midgut pH immediately after a blood meal). We also investigated the role of the chicken complement system in Leishmania clearance in the presence and absence of vector saliva. Results The saliva was capable of inhibiting classical pathways in dogs, guinea pigs and rats at both pHs. The alternative pathway was not inhibited except in dogs at a pH of 8.15. The chicken classical pathway was inhibited only by high concentrations of saliva and it was better inhibited by the midgut contents of sand flies. Neither the saliva nor the midgut contents had any effect on the avian alternative pathway. Fowl sera killed L. infantum promastigotes, even at a low concentration (2%), and the addition of L. longipalpis saliva did not protect the parasites. The high body temperature of chickens (40°C) had no effect on Leishmania viability during our assays. Conclusion Salivary inhibitors act in a species-specific manner. It is important to determine their effects in the natural hosts of Leishmania infantum because they act on canid and rodent complements but not on chickens (which do not harbour the parasite). Moreover, we concluded that the avian complement system is the probable mechanism through which chickens eliminate Leishmania and that their high body temperature does not influence this parasite.
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Fernández MS, Santini MS, Cavia R, Sandoval AE, Pérez AA, Acardi S, Salomón OD. Spatial and temporal changes in Lutzomyia longipalpis abundance, a Leishmania infantum vector in an urban area in northeastern Argentina. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 108:817-24. [PMID: 24271040 PMCID: PMC3970639 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse changes in the spatial distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis in Posadas, an urban area located in northeastern Argentina. Data were obtained during the summer of 2007 and 2009 through two entomological surveys of peridomiciles distributed around the city. The abundance distribution pattern for 2009 was computed and compared with the previous pattern obtained in 2007, when the first human visceral leishmaniasis cases were reported in the city. Vector abundance was also examined in relation to micro and macrohabitat characteristics. In 2007 and 2009, Lu. longipalpis was distributed among 41.5% and 31% of the households in the study area, respectively. In both years, the abundance rates at most of the trapping sites were below 30 Lu. longipalpis per trap per night; however, for areas exhibiting 30-60 Lu. longipalpis and more than 60 Lu. longipalpis, the areas increased in both size and number from 2007-2009. Lu. longipalpis was more abundant in areas with a higher tree and bush cover (a macrohabitat characteristic) and in peridomiciles with accumulated unused material (a microhabitat characteristic). These results will help to prioritise and focus control efforts by defining which peridomiciles display a potentially high abundance of Lu. longipalpis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Fernández
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Santini
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Regino Cavia
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adolfo Enrique Sandoval
- Laboratorio de Control de Vectores, Secretaría de Calidad de Vida de la Municipalidad de Posadas, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Adriana Alicia Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Soraya Acardi
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Misiones,
Argentina
| | - Oscar Daniel Salomón
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
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Casanova C, Andrighetti MTM, Sampaio SMP, Marcoris MLG, Colla-Jacques FE, Prado ÂP. Larval breeding sites of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in visceral leishmaniasis endemic urban areas in Southeastern Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2443. [PMID: 24069494 PMCID: PMC3777886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The scarcity of information on the immature stages of sand flies and their preferred breeding sites has resulted in the focus of vectorial control on the adult stage using residual insecticide house-spraying. This strategy, along with the treatment of human cases and the euthanasia of infected dogs, has proven inefficient and visceral leishmaniasis continues to expand in Brazil. Identifying the breeding sites of sand flies is essential to the understanding of the vector's population dynamic and could be used to develop novel control strategies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING In the present study, an intensive search for the breeding sites of Lutzomyia longipalpis was conducted in urban and peri-urban areas of two municipalities, Promissão and Dracena, which are endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in São Paulo State, Brazil. During an exploratory period, a total of 962 soil emergence traps were used to investigate possible peridomiciliary breeding site microhabitats such as: leaf litter under tree, chicken sheds, other animal sheds and uncovered debris. A total of 160 sand flies were collected and 148 (92.5%) were L. longipalpis. In Promissão the proportion of chicken sheds positive was significantly higher than in leaf litter under trees. Chicken shed microhabitats presented the highest density of L. longipalpis in both municipalities: 17.29 and 5.71 individuals per square meter sampled in Promissão and Dracena respectively. A contagious spatial distribution pattern of L. longipalpis was identified in the emergence traps located in the chicken sheds. CONCLUSION The results indicate that chicken sheds are the preferential breeding site for L. longipalpis in the present study areas. Thus, control measures targeting the immature stages in chicken sheds could have a great effect on reducing the number of adult flies and consequently the transmission rate of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio Casanova
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria T. M. Andrighetti
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Susy M. P. Sampaio
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria L. G. Marcoris
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Ângelo P. Prado
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil
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Spiegel CN, Bretas JAC, Peixoto AA, Vigoder FM, Bruno RV, Soares MJ. Fine structure of the male reproductive system and reproductive behavior of Lutzomyia longipalpis sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). PLoS One 2013; 8:e74898. [PMID: 24058637 PMCID: PMC3772895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The male reproductive system of insects can have several tissues responsible for the secretion of seminal fluid proteins (SFPs), such as testes, accessory glands, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct and ejaculatory bulb. The SFPs are transferred during mating and can induce several physiological and behavioral changes in females, such as increase in oviposition and decrease in sexual receptivity after copulation. The phlebotomine Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis. Despite its medical importance, little is known about its reproductive biology. Here we present morphological aspects of the male L. longipalpis reproductive system by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and compare the mating frequency of both virgin and previously mated females. RESULTS The male L. longipalpis reproductive system is comprised by a pair of oval-shaped testes linked to a seminal vesicle by vasa deferentia. It follows an ejaculatory duct with an ejaculatory pump (a large bulb enveloped by muscles and associated to tracheas). The terminal endings of the vasa deferentia are inserted into the seminal vesicle by invaginations of the seminal vesicle wall, which is composed by a single layer of gland cells, with well-developed endoplasmic reticulum profiles and secretion granules. Our data suggest that the seminal vesicle acts both as a spermatozoa reservoir and as an accessory gland. Mating experiments support this hypothesis, revealing a decrease in mating frequency after copulation that indicates the effect of putative SFPs. CONCLUSION Ultrastructural features of the L. longipalpis male seminal vesicle indicated its possible role as an accessory gland. Behavioral observations revealed a reduction in mating frequency of copulated females. Together with transcriptome analyses from male sandfly reproductive organs identifying ESTs encoding orthologs of SFPs, these data indicate the presence of putative L. longipalpis SFPs reducing sexual mating frequency of copulated females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina N. Spiegel
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Jorge A. C. Bretas
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A. Peixoto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular – CNPq, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe M. Vigoder
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafaela V. Bruno
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular – CNPq, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maurilio J. Soares
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rua Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Galardo A, Galardo C, Santana A, Mendes J, Souza F, Duarte J, Saraiva J, Pinna L, Carvalho R, Correa A, Lima A. Primeira Ocorrência de Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis Lutz & Neiva, 1912 (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) no Estado do Amapá, Brasil. BIOTA AMAZÔNIA 2013. [DOI: 10.18561/2179-5746/biotaamazonia.v3n2p179-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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186
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Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in a reemerging focus of intense transmission in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:405083. [PMID: 24000322 PMCID: PMC3755404 DOI: 10.1155/2013/405083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was developed in the urban area of Governador Valadares, a reemerging focus of intense transmission of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil, presenting 86 human cases of VL from 2008 to 2011. The disease prevailed in males (73.2%) with most patients between 0 and 9 years (44.1%) and a lethality rate of 16.2%. A canine survey was carried out on 16,529 domestic dogs in 35 districts in the area and it showed that 30.2% of them (4,992 dogs) were positive for VL by serum assays. Prevalence ratios for canine VL varied between 13.6% and 53.4%. The clinical exam of 343 seropositive dogs showed that 49.9% of them were considered symptomatic, with larger prevalence of canine VL being in short-furred animals (90%). The entomological survey was performed in eight districts, where 2,539 phlebotomines were captured, preferentially in the peridomicile (84.5%). Lutzomyia longipalpis was the predominant species (90%) suggesting its participation in the VL transmission in the area. The correlation between canine prevalence and L. longipalpis density was evaluated.
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187
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Santini MS, Gould IT, Acosta MM, Berrozpe P, Acardi SA, Fernandez MS, Gomez A, Salomon OD. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PHLEBOTOMINAE IN PUERTO IGUAZU-MISIONES, ARGENTINA-BRAZIL-PARAGUAY BORDER AREA. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652013000400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY The first Argentinian autochthonous human case of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was confirmed in Posadas (Misiones) in 2006. Since then, the disease has increased its incidence and geographical distribution. In the 2006-2012 period, 107 human cases were detected (11 deaths). The presence of Lutzomyia longipalpis was detected in peridomiciles in Puerto Iguazú urban area in 2010; some of these findings were associated with households where cases of canine VL had already been reported. The objective of this study was to ascertain the abundance and spatial distribution of Lu. longipalpis in Puerto Iguazú City, on the Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay border. Lu. longipalpis proved to be exclusively urban and was found in 31% of the households sampled (n = 53), 67% of which belonged to areas of low abundance, 20% to areas of moderate abundance and 13% to areas of high abundance. Nyssomyia whitmani was the only species found both in urban and peri-urban environments, and Migonemyia migonei was registered only on the outskirts of the city. Due to the fact that Puerto Iguazú is considered to be at moderate risk at the moment, it is necessary to intensify human and canine case controls, as well as take integrated prevention and control measures regarding the environment, vectors and reservoirs on the Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay border area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Soledad Santini
- Administracion Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Argentina; Red de Investigacion de Leishmaniasis Argentina (REDILA)
| | - Ignacio Tomas Gould
- Administracion Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Argentina; Red de Investigacion de Leishmaniasis Argentina (REDILA)
| | - Mariana Manteca Acosta
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Argentina; Red de Investigacion de Leishmaniasis Argentina (REDILA)
| | - Pablo Berrozpe
- Administracion Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Argentina; Red de Investigacion de Leishmaniasis Argentina (REDILA)
| | - Soraya Alejandra Acardi
- Universidad Nacional de Misiones; Red de Investigacion de Leishmaniasis Argentina (REDILA); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET)
| | - Maria Soledad Fernandez
- Administracion Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Argentina; Red de Investigacion de Leishmaniasis Argentina (REDILA); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET)
| | | | - Oscar Daniel Salomon
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Argentina; Red de Investigacion de Leishmaniasis Argentina (REDILA); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET)
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188
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Belo VS, Struchiner CJ, Werneck GL, Barbosa DS, de Oliveira RB, Neto RGT, da Silva ES. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the factors associated with Leishmania infantum infection in dogs in Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2013; 195:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Dias ES, Michalsky ÉM, do Nascimento JC, Ferreira EDC, Lopes JV, Fortes-Dias CL. Detection of Leishmania infantum, the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis, in Lutzomyia neivai, a putative vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2013; 38:193-196. [PMID: 23701627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2013.12028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edelberto Santos Dias
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Santini MS, Fernández MS, Pérez AA, Sandoval AE, Salomón OD. Lutzomyia longipalpis abundance in the city of Posadas, northeastern Argentina: variations at different spatial scales. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 107:767-71. [PMID: 22990967 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000600010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis is heterogeneous with a pattern of high abundance areas (HAAs) embedded in a matrix of low abundance areas (LAAs). The objective of this study was to describe the variability in the abundance of Lu. longipalpis at two different spatial levels and to analyse the relationship between the abundance and multiple environmental variables. Of the environmental variables analysed in each household, the condition that best explained the differences in vector abundance between HAA-LAA was the variable "land_grass", with greater average values in the peridomestic environments within the LAA, and the variables "#sp tree", "#pots" and "dist_water" that were higher in the HAA. Of the environmental variables analysed in the patches, the variable "unpaved_streets" was higher in the LAAs and the variable "prop_inf_dogs" was higher in the HAAs. An understanding of the main environmental variables that influence the vector distribution could contribute to the development of strategies for the prevention and control of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). This is the first work in which environmental variables are analysed at the micro-scale in urban areas at the southern edge of the current range of Lu. longipalpis. Our results represent a significant contribution to the understanding of the abundance of the vector in the peridomestic habitats of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Santini
- Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Endemo-epidemicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Costa PL, Dantas-Torres F, da Silva FJ, Guimarães VCFV, Gaudêncio K, Brandão-Filho SP. Ecology of Lutzomyia longipalpis in an area of visceral leishmaniasis transmission in north-eastern Brazil. Acta Trop 2013; 126:99-102. [PMID: 23369878 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a major public health issue in South America, where the disease is rapidly spreading. Changes in ecology and distribution of the principal vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis are among the factors accounting for the increasing incidence of the disease in this region. However, information about the ecology of L. longipalpis is still incipient, which may directly impair the implementation of effective control programs. Herein, the ecology of L. longipalpis was studied in a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in north-eastern Brazil. From August 2009 to August 2010, phlebotomine sand flies were monthly collected in four localities using CDC light traps (~37 per month) and a lantern-baited Shannon trap with mouth aspirators. A total of 24,226 phlebotomine sand flies were collected with light traps and 375 with mouth aspirators. The most abundant species was L. longipalpis, representing 97.9% of the specimens collected with light traps and 91.5% with the mouth aspirator. Other species (Lutzomyia evandroi, Lutzomyia lenti and Lutzomyia sallesi) were found in low numbers. Most phlebotomine sand flies (94.6%) were collected at chicken coops and corrals. No significant correlation was found between the monthly abundance of phlebotomine sand flies and the monthly averages of temperature, relative humidity or rainfall. However, interestingly enough, 82.4% of L. longipalpis specimens were collected in months when relative humidity surpassed 75%. This study points out that this vector is well adapted to live in different habitats and to different climate conditions. It also suggests that some north-eastern populations of L. longipalpis may be more xerotolerant than southern populations. Further studies to assess the relationship between microclimate and L. longipalpis density in different Brazilian regions are advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietra Lemos Costa
- Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in the americas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2182. [PMID: 23638203 PMCID: PMC3636096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Still today, more than 30 years after the beginning of the process of visceral leishmaniasis' urbanization, there is little knowledge about the risk factors for its occurrence, despite their relevance to the control and understanding of disease dynamics. The present study is the first systematic review with meta-analysis about factors associated with Leishmania infantum infection in humans in the Americas. Methods and Findings After searching different databases, consultations to the reference lists of articles and to experts in the field, 51 studies were reviewed. Theoretical discussions or meta-analysis of p-values or of effect sizes were used to pool information about each variable. The Q test and the I2 statistic were used to assess heterogeneities among the studies. Male sex was associated with visceral leishmaniasis in studies which used the leishmanin skin test for diagnosis and in those where the outcome was the clinical disease; the opposite occurred when serological diagnosis was applied. Younger individuals were less frequently infected than adults, but were more prone to illness. Although with different levels of evidence and of heterogeneity, the presence of dogs at home, higher dog seropositivity in nearby areas, lower socioeconomic status and highly vegetated areas were associated with L. infantum infection. This was not noticed for the presence of chickens in the house and with nutritional status. Susceptibilities to bias and limitations in the analysis and in the description of results were often identified in the studies analyzed. Conclusions Results showed the existence of consistent patterns for some of the factors analyzed and should be taken into account in developing more effective and well-targeted control measures. Studies must be conducted in new areas of the continent, with improved methodological quality and prioritizing the investigation of the patterns identified and their causes, as well as variables for which knowledge is poor. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe clinical form of leishmaniasis. In the Americas, VL is a zoonosis caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum, an intracellular micro-organism transmitted to humans through the bite of female phlebotomine sand flies. The domestic dog is considered the main reservoir and human beings are dead-end hosts. The disease occurs in 12 countries of the New World and Brazil accounts for 90% of the reported cases. The factors associated with infection are only partially understood, making harder understanding the disease dynamics and the development of effective and well-targeted control measures. Our work is the first systematic review with meta-analysis about factors associated with human visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas. It provides an organization of the available information, the description of more accurate data on the role of each of the factors studied, the evaluation of possible causes of heterogeneity in the results of the studies as well as the analysis of the quality of publications and limitations in the existing knowledge. The results of this study might be useful in the definition of which and where target interventions should be delivered, and for guiding researchers towards the development of future studies of better methodological quality.
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Paula MBCD, Souza AAD, dos Reis AA, Limongi JE, Pajuaba Neto ADA, Rodrigues EDAS. Survey of sandfly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 2003-2004. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2013; 55:85-9. [PMID: 23563760 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652013000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the sandflies around houses and domestic animal shelters located in residences close to forests in localities on the banks of the Araguari River, Uberlândia, MG, from February 2003 to November 2004. The phlebotomines were captured in the peridomiciliary area, where Shannon traps were utilized in the peridomicile and CDC traps in animal shelters. 2,783 specimens of sandflies were captured, 2,140 females (76.9%) and 643 males (23.1%), distributed between 17 species. The most abundant species was Nyssomyia neivai (88.1%), followed by Nyssomyia whitmani (3.1%). The presence of Lutzomyia longipalpis was also confirmed, it is the main vector of Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi which causes visceral leishmaniasis. The presence of species involved in the transmission of leishmaniases in the municipality of Uberlândia is cause for concern. The presence of L. longipalpis indicates that its urbanization may not have been aleatory and instead occurred through the destruction of wild ecotopes. More studies of their occupation in anthropic environments need to be made.
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194
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Steindel M, Menin Á, Evangelista T, Stoco PH, Marlow MA, Fleith RC, Pilati C, Grisard EC. Outbreak of autochthonous canine visceral leishmaniasis in Santa Catarina, Brazil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports the first outbreak of autochthonous canine visceral leishmaniasis in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Following the report of two cases of CVL, the Control Center of Zoonotic Diseases conducted a serological survey by ELISA and IFAT assays in seven districts of the Santa Catarina Island. Eleven seropositive dogs of autochthonous transmission were used in the present study. Infection by Leishmania sp. was confirmed by parasitological examination of bone marrow, liver, spleen and lymph nodes, culture in Schneider's medium and PCR. Leishmania sp. isolates were characterized by PCR-RFLP and hybridization with specific probes, allowing for the identification of Leishmania infantum. Autochthonous transmission of this disease in an area with high tourist traffic presents a major public health concern and signifies the emergence of an important zoonosis in southern Brazil. Therefore, the implementation of surveillance and control measures is imperative to prevent the spread of the disease among the canine population as well as transmission to the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Celso Pilati
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil
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195
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González-Caballero N, Valenzuela JG, Ribeiro JMC, Cuervo P, Brazil RP. Transcriptome exploration of the sex pheromone gland of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:56. [PMID: 23497448 PMCID: PMC3632494 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecules involved in pheromone biosynthesis may represent alternative targets for insect population control. This may be particularly useful in managing the reproduction of Lutzomyia longipalpis, the main vector of the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum in Latin America. Besides the chemical identity of the major components of the L. longipalpis sex pheromone, there is no information regarding the molecular biology behind its production. To understand this process, obtaining information on which genes are expressed in the pheromone gland is essential. METHODS In this study we used a transcriptomic approach to explore the pheromone gland and adjacent abdominal tergites in order to obtain substantial general sequence information. We used a laboratory-reared L. longipalpis (one spot, 9-Methyl GermacreneB) population, captured in Lapinha Cave, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil for this analysis. RESULTS From a total of 3,547 cDNA clones, 2,502 high quality sequences from the pheromone gland and adjacent tissues were obtained and assembled into 1,387 contigs. Through blast searches of public databases, a group of transcripts encoding proteins potentially involved in the production of terpenoid precursors were identified in the 4th abdominal tergite, the segment containing the pheromone gland. Among them, protein-coding transcripts for four enzymes of the mevalonate pathway such as 3-hydroxyl-3-methyl glutaryl CoA reductase, phosphomevalonate kinase, diphosphomevalonate descarboxylase, and isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase were identified. Moreover, transcripts coding for farnesyl diphosphate synthase and NADP+ dependent farnesol dehydrogenase were also found in the same tergite. Additionally, genes potentially involved in pheromone transportation were identified from the three abdominal tergites analyzed. CONCLUSION This study constitutes the first transcriptomic analysis exploring the repertoire of genes expressed in the tissue containing the L. longipalpis pheromone gland as well as the flanking tissues. Using a comparative approach, a set of molecules potentially present in the mevalonate pathway emerge as interesting subjects for further study regarding their association to pheromone biosynthesis. The sequences presented here may be used as a reference set for future research on pheromone production or other characteristics of pheromone communication in this insect. Moreover, some matches for transcripts of unknown function may provide fertile ground of an in-depth study of pheromone-gland specific molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia González-Caballero
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, IOC, FIOCRUZ, Av, Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Pav, Leônidas Deane, Sala 213, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21040-360, Brasil
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Nascimento BWL, Saraiva L, Neto RGT, Meira PCLSE, Sanguinette CDC, Tonelli GB, Botelho HA, Belo VS, Silva ESD, Gontijo CMF, Filho JDA. Study of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis areas in the central-western state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Acta Trop 2013. [PMID: 23178219 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The transmission of Leishmania involves several species of sand flies that are closely associated with various parasites and reservoirs, with differing transmission cycles in Brazil. A study on the phlebotomine species composition has been conducted in the municipality of Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil, an endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), which has intense occurrence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases. In order to study the sand flies populations and their seasonality, CDC light traps (HP model) were distributed in 15 houses which presented at least one case of CL or VL and in five urban parks (green areas). Collections were carried out three nights monthly from September 2010 to August 2011. A total of 1064 phlebotomine specimens were collected belonging to two genera and seventeen species: Brumptomyia brumpti, Lutzomyia bacula, Lutzomyia cortelezzii, Lutzomyia lenti, Lutzomyia sallesi, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Lutzomyia migonei, Lutzomyia intermedia, Lutzomyia neivai, Lutzomyia whitmani, Lutzomyia christenseni, Lutzomyia monticola, Lutzomyia pessoai, Lutzomyia aragaoi, Lutzomyia brasiliensis, Lutzomyia lutziana, and Lutzomyia sordellii. L. longipalpis, the main vector of Leishmania infantum in Brazil, was the most frequent species, accounting for 76.9% of the total, followed by L. lenti with 8.3%, this species is not a proven vector. Green and urban areas had different sand flies species composition, whereas the high abundance of L. longipalpis in urban areas and the presence of various vector species in both green and urban areas were also observed. Our data point out to the requirement of control measures against phlebotomine sand flies in the municipality of Divinópolis and adoption of strategies aiming entomological surveillance.
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Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, de Caprariis D, Di Paola G, Tarallo VD, Latrofa MS, Lia RP, Annoscia G, Breitshwerdt EB, Cantacessi C, Capelli G, Stanneck D. Prevention of canine leishmaniosis in a hyper-endemic area using a combination of 10% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56374. [PMID: 23451043 PMCID: PMC3581506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dogs are the main reservoir hosts of Leishmania infantum, the agent of human zoonotic visceral leishmaniosis. This study investigated the efficacy of a polymer matrix collar containing a combination of 10% imidacloprid and 4.5% flumethrin as a novel prophylactic measure to prevent L. infantum infections in young dogs from a hyper-endemic area of southern Italy, with a view towards enhancing current control strategies against both human and canine leishmaniosis. Methodology/Principal Findings The study was carried out on 124 young dogs, of which 63 were collared (Group A) while 61 were left untreated (Group B), from March-April 2011 until March 2012. Blood and skin samples were collected at baseline (April 2011) and at the first, second, third and fourth follow-up time points (July, September 2011 and November 2011, and March 2012, respectively). Bone marrow and conjunctiva were sampled at baseline and at the fourth follow-up. Serological, cytological and molecular tests were performed to detect the presence of L. infantum in the different tissues collected. At the end of the trial, no dog from Group A proved positive for L. infantum at any follow-up, whereas 22 dogs from Group B were infected (incidence density rate = 45.1%); therefore, the combination of 10% imidacloprid and 4.5% flumethrin was 100% efficacious for the prevention of L. infantum infection in young dogs prior to their first exposure to the parasite in a hyper-endemic area for CanL. Conclusions The use of collars containing 10% imidacloprid and 4.5% flumethrin conferred long-term protection against infection by L. infantum to dogs located in a hyper-endemic area, thus representing a reliable and sustainable strategy to decrease the frequency and spread of this disease among the canine population which will ultimately result in the reduction of associated risks to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
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Soares BR, Souza APA, Prates DB, de Oliveira CI, Barral-Netto M, Miranda JC, Barral A. Seroconversion of sentinel chickens as a biomarker for monitoring exposure to visceral leishmaniasis. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2352. [PMID: 23912591 PMCID: PMC3733060 DOI: 10.1038/srep02352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum chagasi causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL); it is transmitted by the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis that injects saliva and parasites into the host's skin during a blood meal. Chickens represent an important blood source for sand flies and their presence in the endemic area is often cited as a risk factor for VL transmission. However, the role of chickens in VL epidemiology has not been well defined. Here, we tested if chicken antibodies against Lu. longipalpis salivary gland sonicate (SGS) could be used as markers of exposure to sand fly bites. All naturally exposed chickens in a VL endemic area in Brazil developed anti-SGS IgY antibodies. Interestingly, Lu. longipalpis recombinant salivary proteins rLJM17 and rLJM11 were also able to detect anti-SGS IgY antibodies. Taken together, these results show that chickens can be used to monitor the presence of Lu. longipalpis in the peri-domiciliary area in VL endemic regions, when used as sentinel animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Ribeiro Soares
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Salvador, Brazil; Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Almeida Souza
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Salvador, Brazil; Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Deboraci Brito Prates
- Departamento de Biomorfologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia; Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, 40.110-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Camila I. de Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Salvador, Brazil; Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Salvador, Brazil; Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia; Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, 40.110-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Miranda
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Salvador, Brazil; Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Salvador, Brazil; Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, 40296-710, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia; Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, 40.110-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), Salvador, Brazil
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de Souza RF, dos Santos YL, de Souza Vasconcellos R, Borges-Pereira L, Caldas IS, de Almeida MR, Bahia MT, Fietto JLR. Recombinant Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum Ecto-Nucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase NTPDase-2 as a new antigen in canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis. Acta Trop 2013; 125:60-6. [PMID: 23022017 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis is an important public health concern. In the epidemiological context of human visceral leishmaniasis, dogs are considered the main reservoir of Leishmania parasites; therefore, dogs must be epidemiologically monitored constantly in endemic areas. Furthermore, dog to human transmission has been correlated with emerging urbanization and increasing rates of leishmaniasis infection worldwide. Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum (L. chagasi) is the etiologic agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the New World. In this work, a new L. (L.) infantum (L. chagasi) recombinant antigen, named ATP diphosphohydrolase (rLic-NTPDase-2), intended for use in the immunodiagnosis of CVL was produced and validated. The extracellular domain of ATP diphosphohydrolase was cloned and expressed in the pET21b-Escherichia coli expression system. Indirect ELISA assays were used to detect the purified rLic-NTPDase-2 antigen using a standard canine sera library. This library contained CVL-positive samples, leishmaniasis-negative samples and samples from Trypanosoma cruzi-infected dogs. The results show a high sensitivity of 100% (95% CI=92.60-100.0%) and a high specificity of 100% (95% CI=86.77-100.0%), with a high degree of confidence (k=1). These findings demonstrate the potential use of this recombinant protein in immune diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis and open the possibility of its application to other diagnostic approaches, such as immunochromatography fast lateral flow assays and human leishmaniasis diagnosis.
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Mixed infection in the anteater Tamandua tetradactyla (Mammalia: Pilosa) from Pará State, Brazil: Trypanosoma cruzi, T. rangeli and Leishmania infantum. Parasitology 2012; 140:455-60. [PMID: 23253893 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012001886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Some Trypanosoma and Leishmania species are multi-host parasites whose distribution overlaps in several parts of the Brazilian Amazon basin. Despite being a common trait among wild mammals, mixed infections and their consequences for the host's health and parasite transmission are still a poorly known phenomenon. Here we describe a triple mixed infection - Trypanosoma cruzi, T. rangeli and Leishmania infantum - in a bone marrow sample from an anteater Tamandua tetradactyla captured in a house backyard from the endemic Abaetetuba municipality in the Amazon basin. T. cruzi was also isolated from blood samples. The mini-exon multiplex PCR characterization detected the infection by T. rangeli and T. cruzi (TcI genotype), while L. infantum infection was confirmed by an ITS-PCR followed by amplicon sequencing. This is the first description of T. rangeli isolation from bone marrow and the first report of L. infantum infection in xenarthrans. The implications of this finding are discussed considering the influence of mixed infections in the role of this mammal species as a putative reservoir host of these 3 trypanosomatid species.
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