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Delfino-Pereira P, Bertti-Dutra P, Del Vecchio F, de Oliveira JAC, Medeiros DDC, Cestari DM, Santos VR, Moraes MFD, Rosa JLG, Mendes EMAM, Garcia-Cairasco N. Behavioral and EEGraphic Characterization of the Anticonvulsant Effects of the Predator Odor (TMT) in the Amygdala Rapid Kindling, a Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2020; 11:586724. [PMID: 33250852 PMCID: PMC7674931 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.586724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Clinical and experimental evidence indicates that olfactory stimulation modulates limbic seizures, either blocking or inducing ictal activity. Objective: We aim to evaluate the behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEGraphic) effects of dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (TMT) olfactory exposure on limbic seizures induced by amygdala rapid kindling (ARK). Materials and Methods: Wistar male rats (280–300 g) underwent stereotaxic surgery for electrode implantation in piriform cortex (PC), hippocampal formation (HIP), and amygdaloid complex (AMYG). Part of the animals was exposed to a saturated chamber with water or TMT, while others had ARK and olfactory exposure prior to the 21st stimulus. Behavioral responses were measured by traditional seizure severity scales (Racine and Pinel and Rovner) and/or by sequential analysis/neuroethology. The electrographic activity of epileptogenic limbic networks was quantified by the occurrence of the first and second EEG afterdischarges, comparing the 1st and 21st stimulus. The spectral analysis [Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)] of the first afterdischarge was performed at the 21st stimulus. Results: TMT olfactory exposure reduced the seizure severity in kindled rats, altering the displayed behavioral sequence. Moreover, TMT decreased the occurrence of first and second afterdischarges, at the 21st stimulus, and altered the spectral features. Conclusions: Both behavioral and EEGraphic evaluations indicated that TMT, a potent molecule with strong biological relevance, in fact, “predator odor,” suppressed the epileptiform activity in limbic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polianna Delfino-Pereira
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Poliana Bertti-Dutra
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Flávio Del Vecchio
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - José A Cortes de Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Castro Medeiros
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Science Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Electrical Engineering Graduate Program, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel M Cestari
- Department of Computer Science, Institute of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Victor R Santos
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcio F D Moraes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Science Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - João L G Rosa
- Department of Computer Science, Institute of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M A M Mendes
- Electrical Engineering Graduate Program, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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152
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Zalkhani R, Moazedi AA, Ghotbeddin Z, Pourmahdi M. Interaction of Sodium Valproate With Low-Frequency Electrical Stimulation During Kindlingn. Basic Clin Neurosci 2020; 11:831-839. [PMID: 33850620 PMCID: PMC8019847 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.11.6.1392.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The interaction between antiepileptic drugs and brain electrical stimulation is a potential therapy to control seizures in patients with pharmacoresistance to drugs. So, the present study aimed to design to determine the effect of a subeffective dose of sodium valproate combined with low-frequency electrical stimulation during kindling. Methods One tripolar electrode was implanted stereotactically in the CA1 hippocampus of male Wistar rats. One week after surgery, the rats were kindled by electrical stimulation of hippocampus in a rapid manner (12 stimulations/day) for 6 days with sodium valproate alone or combined with low-frequency electrical stimulation (four packages contained 200 monophasic square wave pulses of 0.1-ms duration at 1 Hz, immediately after kindling stimulations). The duration of afterdischarge, maximum latency to stages 4 and 5, and the maximum duration of these stages were recorded by electromadule during kindling. Results Application of sodium valproate with low-frequency electrical stimulation caused a reduction in cumulative afterdischarge duration. The maximum latency to the onset of stage 5 seizure increased after sodium valproate application alone, without having a significant effect on the fourth stage. Our findings showed reductions in the seizures duration and increasing in the latency times of both stages after the application of sodium valproate with low-frequency electrical stimulation. Conclusion It seems that usage of sodium valproate with low-frequency electrical stimulation during kindling was more effective to suppress the epileptic activity than its administration alone and may have a critical role on the antiepileptic effects of sodium valproate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raha Zalkhani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Moazedi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Ghotbeddin
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Pourmahdi
- Department of Food Hygiene & Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran
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153
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Johnson AC, Li Z, Orfila JE, Herson PS, Cipolla MJ. Hippocampal network dysfunction as a mechanism of early-onset dementia after preeclampsia and eclampsia. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 199:101938. [PMID: 33130230 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that can involve dangerous neurological symptoms such as spontaneous seizures (eclampsia). Despite being diseases specific to the pregnant state, preeclampsia and eclampsia have long-lasting neurological consequences later in life, including changes in brain structure and cognitive decline at relatively young ages. However, the effects of preeclampsia on brain regions central to memory and cognition, such as the hippocampus, are unclear. Here, we present a case reporting the progressive and permanent cognitive decline in a woman that had eclamptic seizures in the absence of evidence of brain injury on MRI. We then use rat models of normal pregnancy and preeclampsia to investigate mechanisms by which eclampsia-like seizures may disrupt hippocampal function. We show that experimental preeclampsia causes delayed memory decline in rats and disruption of hippocampal neuroplasticity. Further, seizures in pregnancy and preeclampsia caused acute memory dysfunction and impaired neuroplasticity but did not cause acute neuronal cell death. Importantly, hippocampal dysfunction persisted 5 weeks postpartum, suggesting seizure-induced injury is long lasting and may be permanent. Our data provide the first evidence of a model of preeclampsia that may mimic the cognitive decline of formerly preeclamptic women, and that preeclampsia and eclampsia affect hippocampal network plasticity and impair memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbie C Johnson
- Dept. of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Zhaojin Li
- Dept. of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - James E Orfila
- Dept. of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Paco S Herson
- Dept. of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Dept. of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Marilyn J Cipolla
- Dept. of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA; Dept. of Pharmacology, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA; Dept. of Ob/Gyn & Repro Sciences, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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154
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Alyenbaawi H, Allison WT, Mok SA. Prion-Like Propagation Mechanisms in Tauopathies and Traumatic Brain Injury: Challenges and Prospects. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1487. [PMID: 33121065 PMCID: PMC7692808 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of tau protein in the form of filamentous aggregates is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). These dementias share traumatic brain injury (TBI) as a prominent risk factor. Tau aggregates can transfer between cells and tissues in a "prion-like" manner, where they initiate the templated misfolding of normal tau molecules. This enables the spread of tau pathology to distinct parts of the brain. The evidence that tauopathies spread via prion-like mechanisms is considerable, but work detailing the mechanisms of spread has mostly used in vitro platforms that cannot fully reveal the tissue-level vectors or etiology of progression. We review these issues and then briefly use TBI and CTE as a case study to illustrate aspects of tauopathy that warrant further attention in vivo. These include seizures and sleep/wake disturbances, emphasizing the urgent need for improved animal models. Dissecting these mechanisms of tauopathy progression continues to provide fresh inspiration for the design of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel Alyenbaawi
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada; (H.A.); (W.T.A.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
- Department of Medical Laboratories, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - W. Ted Allison
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada; (H.A.); (W.T.A.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Sue-Ann Mok
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada; (H.A.); (W.T.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
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155
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Sbai O, Soussi R, Bole A, Khrestchatisky M, Esclapez M, Ferhat L. The actin binding protein α-actinin-2 expression is associated with dendritic spine plasticity and migrating granule cells in the rat dentate gyrus following pilocarpine-induced seizures. Exp Neurol 2020; 335:113512. [PMID: 33098872 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
α-actinin-2 (α-actn-2) is an F-actin-crosslinking protein, localized in dendritic spines. In vitro studies suggested that it is involved in spinogenesis, morphogenesis, actin organization, cell migration and anchoring of the NR1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in dendritic spines. However, little is known regarding its function in vivo. We examined the levels of α-actn-2 expression within the dentate gyrus (DG) during the development of chronic limbic seizures (epileptogenesis) induced by pilocarpine in rats. In this model, plasticity of the DG glutamatergic granule cells including spine loss, spinogenesis, morphogenesis, neo-synaptogenesis, aberrant migration, and alterations of NMDA receptors have been well characterized. We showed that α-actn-2 immunolabeling was reduced in the inner molecular layer at 1-2 weeks post-status epilepticus (SE), when granule cell spinogenesis and morphogenesis occur. This low level persisted at the chronic stage when new functional synapses are established. This decreased of α-actn-2 protein is concomitant with the recovery of drebrin A (DA), another actin-binding protein, at the chronic stage. Indeed, we demonstrated in cultured cells that in contrast to DA, α-actn-2 did not protect F-actin destabilization and DA inhibited α-actn-2 binding to F-actin. Such alteration could affect the anchoring of NR1 in dendritic spines. Furthermore, we showed that the expression of α-actn-2 and NR1 are co-down-regulated in membrane fractions of pilocarpine animals at chronic stage. Last, we showed that α-actn-2 is expressed in migrating newly born granule cells observed within the hilus of pilocarpine-treated rats. Altogether, our results suggest that α-actn-2 is not critical for the structural integrity and stabilization of granule cell dendritic spines. Instead, its expression is regulated when spinogenesis and morphogenesis occur and within migrating granule cells. Our data also suggest that the balance between α-actn-2 and DA expression levels may modulate NR1 anchoring within dendritic spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oualid Sbai
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Rabia Soussi
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Angélique Bole
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | | | - Monique Esclapez
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France
| | - Lotfi Ferhat
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France.
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156
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Lourenço DM, Ribeiro-Rodrigues L, Sebastião AM, Diógenes MJ, Xapelli S. Neural Stem Cells and Cannabinoids in the Spotlight as Potential Therapy for Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7309. [PMID: 33022963 PMCID: PMC7582633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common brain diseases worldwide, having a huge burden in society. The main hallmark of epilepsy is the occurrence of spontaneous recurrent seizures, having a tremendous impact on the lives of the patients and of their relatives. Currently, the therapeutic strategies are mostly based on the use of antiepileptic drugs, and because several types of epilepsies are of unknown origin, a high percentage of patients are resistant to the available pharmacotherapy, continuing to experience seizures overtime. Therefore, the search for new drugs and therapeutic targets is highly important. One key aspect to be targeted is the aberrant adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) derived from Neural Stem Cells (NSCs). Indeed, targeting seizure-induced AHN may reduce recurrent seizures and shed some light on the mechanisms of disease. The endocannabinoid system is a known modulator of AHN, and due to the known endogenous antiepileptic properties, it is an interesting candidate for the generation of new antiepileptic drugs. However, further studies and clinical trials are required to investigate the putative mechanisms by which cannabinoids can be used to treat epilepsy. In this manuscript, we will review how cannabinoid-induced modulation of NSCs may promote neural plasticity and whether these drugs can be used as putative antiepileptic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo M. Lourenço
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.M.L.); (L.R.-R.); (A.M.S.); (M.J.D.)
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Leonor Ribeiro-Rodrigues
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.M.L.); (L.R.-R.); (A.M.S.); (M.J.D.)
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.M.L.); (L.R.-R.); (A.M.S.); (M.J.D.)
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Diógenes
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.M.L.); (L.R.-R.); (A.M.S.); (M.J.D.)
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.M.L.); (L.R.-R.); (A.M.S.); (M.J.D.)
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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157
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Neurobiological Mechanisms of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Epilepsy, Insights from Animal Models. Neuroscience 2020; 445:69-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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158
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Hirose S, Tanaka Y, Shibata M, Kimura Y, Ishikawa M, Higurashi N, Yamamoto T, Ichise E, Chiyonobu T, Ishii A. Application of induced pluripotent stem cells in epilepsy. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 108:103535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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159
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A Gluten Free Diet in the Management of Epilepsy in People with Coeliac Disease or Gluten Sensitivity. GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/gidisord2030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to assess the effects of a gluten free diet (GFD) in the management of epilepsy in people with coeliac disease (CD) or gluten sensitivity (GS). A systematic approach was used to undertake a literature review. Five electronic databases (PubMed; Scopus; Google Scholar; Cochrane Epilepsy Group specialised register; Cochrane Register of Controlled Trails (CENTRAL) via the Cochrane Register of Online Trials) were searched using predetermined relevant search terms. In total, 668 articles were identified. Duplicates were removed and predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and a PRISMA flow chart was produced. Data was extracted using Covidence software. Twelve studies on Epilepsy and CD involving a total of 70 participants were selected for analysis; narrative synthesis was used owing to the small sample sizes in the selected studies. None of the 12 studies meeting inclusion criteria investigated gluten sensitivity and epilepsy. All the included studies support a link between epilepsy and CD. GFD was effective in 44 out of 70 participants across the studies in terms of a reduction of seizures, reduction of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) or normalisation of EEG pattern. A total of 44 participants showed a reduction in seizures (across eight studies) and complete cessation of seizures was reported in 22 participants. In general, the earlier the GFD is implemented after the onset of seizures, the better the likelihood of the GFD being successful in supporting control of seizures. Mechanisms linking gluten with epilepsy are not fully understood; possible hypotheses include gluten mediated toxicity, immune-induced cortical damage and malabsorption. Evidence suggests the effectiveness of a GFD in supporting the management of epilepsy in patients with CD, although the quality of evidence is low. There appears to be a growing number of neurologists who are prepared to advocate the use of a GFD. A multidisciplinary approaches and further research are recommended. It could be argued that when balancing potential treatments such as AEDs or surgery, a GFD has a low likelihood of harm.
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160
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Gu B, Shorter JR, Williams LH, Bell TA, Hock P, Dalton KA, Pan Y, Miller DR, Shaw GD, Philpot BD, Pardo-Manuel de Villena F. Collaborative Cross mice reveal extreme epilepsy phenotypes and genetic loci for seizure susceptibility. Epilepsia 2020; 61:2010-2021. [PMID: 32852103 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Animal studies remain essential for understanding mechanisms of epilepsy and identifying new therapeutic targets. However, existing animal models of epilepsy do not reflect the high level of genetic diversity found in the human population. The Collaborative Cross (CC) population is a genetically diverse recombinant inbred panel of mice. The CC offers large genotypic and phenotypic diversity, inbred strains with stable genomes that allow for repeated phenotypic measurements, and genomic tools including whole genome sequence to identify candidate genes and candidate variants. METHODS We evaluated multiple complex epileptic traits in a sampling of 35 CC inbred strains using the flurothyl-induced seizure and kindling paradigm. We created an F2 population of 297 mice with extreme seizure susceptibility and performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping to identify genomic regions associated with seizure sensitivity. We used quantitative RNA sequencing from CC hippocampal tissue to identify candidate genes and whole genome sequence to identify genetic variants likely affecting gene expression. RESULTS We identified new mouse models with extreme seizure susceptibility, seizure propagation, epileptogenesis, and SUDEP (sudden unexpected death in epilepsy). We performed QTL mapping and identified one known and seven novel loci associated with seizure sensitivity. We combined whole genome sequencing and hippocampal gene expression to pinpoint biologically plausible candidate genes (eg, Gabra2) and variants associated with seizure sensitivity. SIGNIFICANCE New mouse models of epilepsy are needed to better understand the complex genetic architecture of seizures and to identify therapeutics. We performed a phenotypic screen utilizing a novel genetic reference population of CC mice. The data we provide enable the identification of protective/risk genes and novel molecular mechanisms linked to complex seizure traits that are currently challenging to study and treat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gu
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John R Shorter
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen, Denmark.,iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lucy H Williams
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Timothy A Bell
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Pablo Hock
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katherine A Dalton
- Neuroscience Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yiyun Pan
- Neuroscience Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Darla R Miller
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ginger D Shaw
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin D Philpot
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Neuroscience Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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161
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Ueno H, Suemitsu S, Murakami S, Kitamura N, Wani K, Takahashi Y, Matsumoto Y, Okamoto M, Ishihara T. Pentylenetetrazol kindling induces cortical astrocytosis and increased expression of extracellular matrix molecules in mice. Brain Res Bull 2020; 163:120-134. [PMID: 32726668 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological disorders with a prevalence of approximately 1.0 %, the underlying pathophysiology remains to be elucidated. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the development of epilepsy is important for the development of appropriate therapeutic strategy. In this study, we investigated the effects of status epilepticus on astrocytes, microglia, and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules in the somatosensory cortex and piriform cortex of mice. Activation of astrocytes was observed in many cortices except the retrosplenial granular cortex after pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced kindling in mice. Activated astrocytes in the cortex were found in layers 1-3 but not in layers 4-6. In the somatosensory and piriform cortices, no change was observed in the number of parvalbumin (PV)-positive neurons and PV-positive neurons covered with perineuronal nets. However, the amount of ECM in the extracellular space increased. The expression of VGLUT1- and GAD67-positive synapses also increased. Thus, in the PTZ-kindling epilepsy mice model, an increase in the number of ECM molecules and activation of astrocytes were observed in the somatosensory cortex and piriform cortex. These results indicate that PTZ-induced seizures affect not only the hippocampus but also other cortical areas. Our study findings may help to develop new therapeutic approaches to prevent seizures or their sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, 701-0193, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Suemitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Shinji Murakami
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Naoya Kitamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Kenta Wani
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Matsumoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Motoi Okamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Ishihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan.
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162
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Effects of Ketogenic Diet on Corneal Kindling Mouse Model. ACTA MEDICA BULGARICA 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/amb-2020-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aim/objective: Corneal kindling mouse test is a model of decreasing the seizure threshold after repetitive subchronical electrical stimuli. Ketogenic diet (KD) is used for the treatment of children with pharmacoresistant epilepsy since more than 100 years. Surprisingly, very few studies testing the effect of the KD in corneal kindling test were published. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the KD on the seizure activity in corneal kindling mouse model.
Methods: 50 adult male ICR mice (25-35 g) were randomly distributed in four groups, as follows: group 1 – standard diet (SD) treated controls (n = 10); group 2 – KD treated (n = 10), group 3 – kindled mice on SD treatment (n = 15); group 4 – kindled mice on KD treatment (n = 15). The diet was started at day one, one week before the start of the kindling and it continued for four weeks. At the end of the experiment, kindled mice were challenged with 6-Hz test and their behavior was assessed.
Results: In kindled mice on SD the seizure latency time significantly decreased at days 14, 21 and 28. Mice on KD displayed relatively constant seizure latency during the experiment. At day 28 the duration of provoked seizures was statistically higher as compared with mice on KD (median values 101 vs 2 sec, p < 0.05). Blood ketone levels were statistically higher (p < 0.05), and blood glucose level was statistically lower (p < 0.05) in the KD treated group, as compared with SD treated mice.
Conclusion: KD effectively suppressed the seizure activity in corneal kindling test. Further studies are needed for elucidating the molecular mechanisms which can explain this effect.
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163
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Victor TR, Tsirka SE. Microglial contributions to aberrant neurogenesis and pathophysiology of epilepsy. NEUROIMMUNOLOGY AND NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 7:234-247. [PMID: 33154976 PMCID: PMC7641338 DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2020.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are dynamic cells that constitute the brain's innate immune system. Recently, research has demonstrated microglial roles beyond immunity, which include homeostatic roles in the central nervous system. The function of microglia is an active area of study, with insights into changes in neurogenesis and synaptic pruning being discovered in both health and disease. In epilepsy, activated microglia contribute to several changes that occur during epileptogenesis. In this review, we focus on the effects of microglia on neurogenesis and synaptic pruning, and discuss the current state of anti-seizure drugs and how they affect microglia during these processes. Our understanding of the role of microglia post-seizure is still limited and may be pivotal in recognizing new therapeutic targets for seizure intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R Victor
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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164
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Mice Lacking Connective Tissue Growth Factor in the Forebrain Exhibit Delayed Seizure Response, Reduced C-Fos Expression and Different Microglial Phenotype Following Acute PTZ Injection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144921. [PMID: 32664674 PMCID: PMC7404259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) plays important roles in the development and regeneration of the connective tissue, yet its function in the nervous system is still not clear. CTGF is expressed in some distinct regions of the brain, including the dorsal endopiriform nucleus (DEPN) which has been recognized as an epileptogenic zone. We generated a forebrain-specific Ctgf knockout (FbCtgf KO) mouse line in which the expression of Ctgf in the DEPN is eliminated. In this study, we adopted a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure model and found similar severity and latencies to death between FbCtgf KO and WT mice. Interestingly, there was a delay in the seizure reactions in the mutant mice. We further observed reduced c-fos expression subsequent to PTZ treatment in the KO mice, especially in the hippocampus. While the densities of astrocytes and microglia in the hippocampus were kept constant after acute PTZ treatment, microglial morphology was different between genotypes. Our present study demonstrated that in the FbCtgf KO mice, PTZ failed to increase neuronal activity and microglial response in the hippocampus. Our results suggested that inhibition of Ctgf function may have a therapeutic potential in preventing the pathophysiology of epilepsy.
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165
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Moraes-Souza RQ, Sinzato YK, Antunes BT, Umeoka EHL, Oliveira JAC, Garcia-Cairasco N, Karki B, Volpato GT, Damasceno DC. Evaluation of Maternal Reproductive Outcomes and Biochemical Analysis from Wistar Audiogenic Rats (WAR) and Repercussions in Their Offspring. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:2223-2231. [PMID: 32632770 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate maternal reproductive performance, body weight, and frequency of external and internal anomalies of newborns of Wistar Audiogenic Rat (WAR) females as compared with Wistar rats. The adult WAR and Wistar rats were mated within their respective strains. After confirming the pregnancy, the body weights were weekly evaluated. On day 21 of pregnancy, the female rats were anesthetized and sacrificed to evaluate the maternal reproductive outcomes and biochemical profile, newborn weight, and external and internal anomalies. The WAR strain gained less weight during the pregnancy and presented hyperproteinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and embryonic losses concerning Wistar rats, suggesting an inadequate intrauterine condition for embryonic development and fetal viability. WAR also presented a higher percentage of newborns classified as small for gestational age related to intrauterine growth restriction, which was confirmed by the lower number of ossification centers. There was a higher percentage of skeletal anomalies compared with fetuses of the Wistar dams, confirming their greater susceptibility during the formation and development of their skeletal system. Thus, the WAR presents physiological alterations compromising the viability of their embryos and fetuses, leading to impaired development of the newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaianne Q Moraes-Souza
- Tocogynecology Postgraduate Course, Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of System Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Yuri K Sinzato
- Tocogynecology Postgraduate Course, Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz T Antunes
- Tocogynecology Postgraduate Course, Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo H L Umeoka
- Faculty of Medicine, University Center Unicerrado, Goiatuba, Goiás, Brazil.,Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences Department and Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Barshana Karki
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gustavo T Volpato
- Laboratory of System Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina Damasceno
- Tocogynecology Postgraduate Course, Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP, Distrito de Rubião Júnior s/n, Botucatu, SP, 18603-970, Brazil.
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166
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Akyuz E, Polat K, Ates S, Unalmis D, Tokpinar A, Yilmaz S, Kaymak E, Doganyigit Z, Villa C. Investigating Cardiac Morphological Alterations in a Pentylenetetrazol-Kindling Model of Epilepsy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10060388. [PMID: 32526953 PMCID: PMC7344915 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10060388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the central nervous system (CNS) and recurrent seizures representing the principal clinical manifestation. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the predominant cause of death in young epileptic patients. SUDEP patients displayed an increased cardiovascular (CV) risk, probably due to an impaired autonomic control of CV functions, but the underlying mechanisms need to be explored yet. Therefore, we aimed to examine the cardiac morphological alterations in a pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-kindled rat model, a well-established tool for studying chronic epilepsy. To complete this, the distance between the atria, between the atrium and ventricle were measured, the heart was weighed, and the pathological morphology of dissected hearts was analyzed by histological assessment with hematoxylin and eosin staining. A significantly decreased distance between atria and a significant increase in heart weight were observed in PTZ-kindled rats which interestingly also displayed increased hemorrhagic content when compared with controls. Our findings provided evidence that changes in cardiac morphology may be related to autonomic CV dysfunctions occurring during SUDEP while also opening up more avenues to better develop novel drugs for the treatment of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enes Akyuz
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, 66100 Yozgat, Turkey
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (C.V.); Tel.: +90-535-762-99-79 (E.A.); +39-02-6448-8138 (C.V.)
| | - Kristina Polat
- Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, 66100 Yozgat, Turkey;
| | - Sukru Ates
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, 66100 Yozgat, Turkey; (S.A.); (D.U.); (A.T.); (S.Y.)
| | - Demet Unalmis
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, 66100 Yozgat, Turkey; (S.A.); (D.U.); (A.T.); (S.Y.)
| | - Adem Tokpinar
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, 66100 Yozgat, Turkey; (S.A.); (D.U.); (A.T.); (S.Y.)
| | - Seher Yilmaz
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, 66100 Yozgat, Turkey; (S.A.); (D.U.); (A.T.); (S.Y.)
| | - Emin Kaymak
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, 66100 Yozgat, Turkey; (E.K.); (Z.D.)
| | - Zuleyha Doganyigit
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, 66100 Yozgat, Turkey; (E.K.); (Z.D.)
| | - Chiara Villa
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (C.V.); Tel.: +90-535-762-99-79 (E.A.); +39-02-6448-8138 (C.V.)
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167
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Díaz-Rodríguez SM, López-López D, Herrero-Turrión MJ, Gómez-Nieto R, Canal-Alonso A, Lopéz DE. Inferior Colliculus Transcriptome After Status Epilepticus in the Genetically Audiogenic Seizure-Prone Hamster GASH/Sal. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:508. [PMID: 32528245 PMCID: PMC7264424 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Genetic Audiogenic Seizure Hamster from Salamanca (GASH/Sal), an animal model of reflex epilepsy, exhibits generalized tonic–clonic seizures in response to loud sound with the epileptogenic focus localized in the inferior colliculus (IC). Ictal events in seizure-prone strains cause gene deregulation in the epileptogenic focus, which can provide insights into the epileptogenic mechanisms. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the expression profile of key genes in the IC of the GASH/Sal after the status epilepticus. For such purpose, we used RNA-Seq to perform a comparative study between the IC transcriptome of GASH/Sal and that of control hamsters both subjected to loud sound stimulation. After filtering for normalization and gene selection, a total of 36 genes were declared differentially expressed from the RNA-seq analysis in the IC. A set of differentially expressed genes were validated by RT-qPCR showing significant differentially expression between GASH/Sal hamsters and Syrian control hamsters. The confirmed differentially expressed genes were classified on ontological categories associated with epileptogenic events similar to those produced by generalized tonic seizures in humans. Subsequently, based on the result of metabolomics, we found the interleukin-4 and 13-signaling, and nucleoside transport as presumably altered routes in the GASH/Sal model. This research suggests that seizures in GASH/Sal hamsters are generated by multiple molecular substrates, which activate biological processes, molecular processes, cellular components and metabolic pathways associated with epileptogenic events similar to those produced by tonic seizures in humans. Therefore, our study supports the use of the GASH/Sal as a valuable animal model for epilepsy research, toward establishing correlations with human epilepsy and searching new biomarkers of epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Díaz-Rodríguez
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology and Pathology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Daniel López-López
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel J Herrero-Turrión
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Neurological Tissue Bank INCYL (BTN-INCYL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gómez-Nieto
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology and Pathology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Angel Canal-Alonso
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,BISITE Research Group, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Dolores E Lopéz
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology and Pathology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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168
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Chow CY, Absalom N, Biggs K, King GF, Ma L. Venom-derived modulators of epilepsy-related ion channels. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 181:114043. [PMID: 32445870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterised by spontaneous recurrent seizures that are caused by an imbalance between neuronal excitability and inhibition. Since ion channels play fundamental roles in the generation and propagation of action potentials as well as neurotransmitter release at a subset of excitatory and inhibitory synapses, their dysfunction has been linked to a wide variety of epilepsies. Indeed, these unique proteins are the major biological targets for antiepileptic drugs. Selective targeting of a specific ion channel subtype remains challenging for small molecules, due to the high level of homology among members of the same channel family. As a consequence, there is a growing trend to target ion channels with biologics. Venoms are the best known natural source of ion channel modulators, and venom peptides are increasingly recognised as potential therapeutics due to their high selectivity and potency gained through millions of years of evolutionary selection pressure. Here we describe the major ion channel families involved in the pathogenesis of various types of epilepsy, including voltage-gated Na+, K+, Ca2+ channels, Cys-loop receptors, ionotropic glutamate receptors and P2X receptors, and currently available venom-derived peptides that target these channel proteins. Although only a small number of venom peptides have successfully progressed to the clinic, there is reason to be optimistic about their development as antiepileptic drugs, notwithstanding the challenges associated with development of any class of peptide drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yuen Chow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nathan Absalom
- Brain and Mind Centre, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Kimberley Biggs
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Glenn F King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Linlin Ma
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
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169
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Zhu C, Lin R, Liu C, Huang M, Lin F, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Miao J, Lin W, Huang H. The Antagonism of 5-HT6 Receptor Attenuates Current-Induced Spikes and Improves Long-Term Potentiation via the Regulation of M-Currents in a Pilocarpine-Induced Epilepsy Model. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:475. [PMID: 32425770 PMCID: PMC7212420 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have documented that reduced M-current promotes epileptogenesis and attenuates synaptic remodeling. Neurite growth is closely related to the level of 5-HT6 receptor (5-HT6R) in the central nervous system. However, little research is available regarding the relation between 5-HT6R and M-current and the role of 5-HT6R in M-current regulation. Herein, we found that the expression of 5-HT6R was notably increased and the expression of KNCQ2/3, the main components of the M channel, was decreased in a time-dependent manner in pilocarpine-induced chronic epileptic hippocampus. Interestingly, antagonism of 5-HT6R by SB271046 upregulated the expression of KCNQ2 but not KCNQ3. SB271046 greatly alleviated excitatory/inhibitory imbalance and improved the impaired LTP in the chronic epileptic hippocampus. Further mechanism exploration revealed that the above effects of SB271046 can be reversed by the M-channel inhibitor XE991, which also confirmed that SB271046 can indeed improve abnormal M current. These data indicate that the antagonism of 5-HT6R may decrease the excitability of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in chronic epileptic rats and improve the impaired long-term potentiation by upregulating the expression of KCNQ2 in the M-channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rong Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Changyun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingzhu Huang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junjie Miao
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wanhui Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huapin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Electrophysiology, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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170
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Ramos AB, Cruz RA, Villemarette-Pittman NR, Olejniczak PW, Mader EC. Dexamethasone as Abortive Treatment for Refractory Seizures or Status Epilepticus in the Inpatient Setting. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2020; 7:2324709619848816. [PMID: 31104535 PMCID: PMC6537247 DOI: 10.1177/2324709619848816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Refractory seizures or status epilepticus (RS/SE) continues to be a challenge in
the inpatient setting. Failure to abort a seizure with antiepileptic drugs
(AEDs) may lead to intubation and treatment with general anesthesia exposing
patients to complications, extending hospitalization, and increasing the cost of
care. Studies have shown a key role of inflammatory mediators in seizure
generation and termination. We describe 4 patients with RS/SE that was aborted
when dexamethasone was added to conventional AEDs: a 61-year-old female with
temporal lobe epilepsy who presented with delirium, nonconvulsive status
epilepticus, and oculomyoclonic status; a 56-year-old female with history of
traumatic left frontal lobe hemorrhage who developed right face and hand
epilepsia partialis continua followed by refractory focal clonic seizures; a
51-year-old male with history of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage who exhibited
left-sided epilepsia partialis continua; and a 75-year-old female with history
of breast cancer who manifested nonconvulsive status epilepticus and refractory
focal clonic seizures. All patients continued experiencing RS/SE despite first-
and second-line therapy, and one patient continued to experience RS/SE despite
third-line therapy. Failure to abort RS/SE with conventional therapy motivated
us to administer intravenous dexamethasone. A 10-mg load was given (except in
one patient) followed by 4.0- 5.2 mg q6h. All clinical and electrographic
seizures stopped 3-4 days after starting dexamethasone. When dexamethasone was
discontinued 1-3 days after seizures stopped, all patients remained seizure-free
on 2-3 AEDs. The cessation of RS/SE when dexamethasone was added to conventional
antiseizure therapy suggests that inflammatory processes are involved in the
pathogenesis of RS/SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Ramos
- 1 Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Roberto A Cruz
- 1 Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Piotr W Olejniczak
- 1 Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Edward C Mader
- 1 Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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171
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Crowe JA, El-Tamer A, Nagel D, Koroleva AV, Madrid-Wolff J, Olarte OE, Sokolovsky S, Estevez-Priego E, Ludl AA, Soriano J, Loza-Alvarez P, Chichkov BN, Hill EJ, Parri HR, Rafailov EU. Development of two-photon polymerised scaffolds for optical interrogation and neurite guidance of human iPSC-derived cortical neuronal networks. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1792-1806. [PMID: 32314760 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01209e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the field of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has led to the efficient production of human neuronal cell models for in vitro study. This has the potential to enable the understanding of live human cellular and network function which is otherwise not possible. However, a major challenge is the generation of reproducible neural networks together with the ability to interrogate and record at the single cell level. A promising aid is the use of biomaterial scaffolds that would enable the development and guidance of neuronal networks in physiologically relevant architectures and dimensionality. The optimal scaffold material would need to be precisely fabricated with submicron resolution, be optically transparent, and biocompatible. Two-photon polymerisation (2PP) enables precise microfabrication of three-dimensional structures. In this study, we report the identification of two biomaterials that support the growth and differentiation of human iPSC-derived neural progenitors into functional neuronal networks. Furthermore, these materials can be patterned to induce alignment of neuronal processes and enable the optical interrogation of individual cells. 2PP scaffolds with tailored topographies therefore provide an effective method of producing defined in vitro human neural networks for application in influencing neurite guidance and complex network activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Crowe
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, B4 7ET Birmingham, UK.
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172
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Cristóbal-Luna JM, Correa-Basurto J, Mendoza-Figueroa HL, Chamorro-Cevallos G. Anti-epileptic activity, toxicity and teratogenicity in CD1 mice of a novel valproic acid arylamide derivative, N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propylpentanamide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 399:115033. [PMID: 32387339 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propylpentamide (HO-AAVPA) is a novel arylamide derivative of valproic acid (VPA) designed in silico, with better antioxidant and antiproliferative effect on cancer cell lines than VPA. This study was aimed to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity, the toxicity and teratogenicity produced in HO-AAVPA-treated CD1 mice using VPA as positive control. With the maximal electroshock (MES)- and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure models, HO-AAVPA reduced the time of hind limb extension, stupor and recovery, the number of clonic and tonic seizures and the mortality rate in a dose-dependent manner, obtaining an ED50 of 370 and 348 mg/kg for MES and PTZ, respectively. On the rotarod test, mice administered with 600 mg/kg HO-AAVPA manifested reduced locomotor activity (2.78%); while HO-AAVPA at 300 mg/kg and VPA at 500 mg/kg gave a similar outcome (∼60%). The LD50 of 936.80 mg/kg herein found for HO-AAVPA reflects moderate toxicity. Concerning teratogenicity, the administration of HO-AAVPA to pregnant females at 300 and 600 mg/kg on gestation day (GD) 8.5 generated less visceral and skeletal alterations in the fetuses, as well as, minor rate of modifications in the expression pattern of the neuronal marker Tuj1 and endothelial marker PECAM1 in embryos, that those induced by VPA administration. Altered embryonic development occurred with less frequency and severity with HO-AAVPA at 600 mg/kg than VPA at 500 mg/kg. In conclusion, the protective effect against convulsions provided by HO-AAVPA was comparable to that of VPA in the MES and PZT seizure models, showed lower toxicity and less damage to embryonic and fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Melesio Cristóbal-Luna
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Preclínica, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Col. Zacatenco, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Farmacos e Innovación Biotecnológica, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Humberto L Mendoza-Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Farmacos e Innovación Biotecnológica, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Germán Chamorro-Cevallos
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Preclínica, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Col. Zacatenco, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico
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Sánchez-Benito D, Hyppolito MA, Alvarez-Morujo AJ, López DE, Gómez-Nieto R. Morphological and molecular correlates of altered hearing sensitivity in the genetically audiogenic seizure-prone hamster GASH/Sal. Hear Res 2020; 392:107973. [PMID: 32402894 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.107973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rodent models of audiogenic seizures, in which seizures are precipitated by an abnormal response of the brain to auditory stimuli, are crucial to investigate the neural bases underlying ictogenesis. Despite significant advances in understanding seizure generation in the inferior colliculus, namely the epileptogenic nucleus, little is known about the contribution of lower auditory stations to the seizure-prone network. Here, we examined the cochlea and cochlear nucleus of the genetic audiogenic seizure hamster from Salamanca (GASH/Sal), a model of reflex epilepsy that exhibits generalized tonic-clonic seizures in response to loud sound. GASH/Sal animals under seizure-free conditions were compared with matched control hamsters in a multi-technical approach that includes auditory brainstem responses (ABR) testing, histology, scanning electron microscopy analysis, immunohistochemistry, quantitative morphometry and gene expression analysis (RT-qPCR). The cochlear histopathology of the GASH/Sal showed preservation of the sensory hair cells, but a significant loss of spiral ganglion neurons and mild atrophy of the stria vascularis. At the electron microscopy level, the reticular lamina exhibited disarray of stereociliary tufts with blebs, loss or elongated stereocilia as well as non-parallel rows of outer hair cells due to protrusions of Deiters' cells. At the molecular level, the abnormal gene expression patterns of prestin, cadherin 23, protocadherin 15, vesicular glutamate transporters 1 (Vglut1) and -2 (Vglut2) indicated that the hair-cell mechanotransduction and cochlear amplification were markedly altered. These were manifestations of a cochlear neuropathy that correlated to ABR waveform I alterations and elevated auditory thresholds. In the cochlear nucleus, the distribution of VGLUT2-immunolabeled puncta was differently affected in each subdivision, showing significant increases in magnocellular regions of the ventral cochlear nucleus and drastic reductions in the granule cell domain. This modified inputs lead to disruption of Vglut1 and Vglut2 gene expression in the cochlear nucleus. In sum, our study provides insight into the morphological and molecular traits associated with audiogenic seizure susceptibility in the GASH/Sal, suggesting an upward spread of abnormal glutamatergic transmission throughout the primary acoustic pathway to the epileptogenic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sánchez-Benito
- Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel A Hyppolito
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Hearing, Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Alvarez-Morujo
- Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Dolores E López
- Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gómez-Nieto
- Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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174
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Zuo D, Wang F, Rong W, Wen Y, Sun K, Zhao X, Ren X, He Z, Ding N, Ma L, Xu F. The novel estrogen receptor GPER1 decreases epilepsy severity and susceptivity in the hippocampus after status epilepticus. Neurosci Lett 2020; 728:134978. [PMID: 32302699 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The steroid hormone 17β-estradiol (estrogen) exerts neuroprotective effects in several types of neurological disorders including epilepsy. The novel G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1), also called GPR30, mediates the non-genomic effects of 17β-estradiol. However, the specific role of GPER1 in status epilepticus (SE) remains unclear. In this report, we evaluated the effects of GPER1 on the hippocampus during SE and the underlying mechanism was studied. Our results revealed that pilocarpine-induced GPER1-KD epileptic rats exhibited a shorter latency to generalized convulsions and strikingly elevated seizure severity. Additionally, the electroencephalographic seizure activity also corresponded to these results. Fast-Fourier analysis indicated an enhancement of power in the theta and alpha bands during SE in GPER1-KD rats. In addition, epilepsy-induced pathological changes were dramatically exacerbated in GPER1-KD rats, including neuron damage and neuroinflammation in hippocampus. GPER1 might be associated with the susceptibility to and severity of epileptic seizures. In summary, our results suggested that GPER1 plays a neuroprotective role in SE, and might be a candidate target for epilepsy therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zuo
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of the National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of the National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China; Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 804 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Weifang Rong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yujun Wen
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of the National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Kuisheng Sun
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of the National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China; Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 804 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Xiaofan Ren
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of the National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Zhenquan He
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of the National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Na Ding
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of the National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Incubation Base of the National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China
| | - Fang Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, China.
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175
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Saberi F, Bahrami F, Saberi M, Mashhadi Akbar Boojar M. The pro-convulsant effects of diazinon low dose in male rats under amygdala kindling. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:625-632. [PMID: 32249606 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1746801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphates can damage the brain in systemic intoxication. In this study, the effects of a minimum toxic dose (MTD) of diazinon (DZ) on amygdala afterdischarge threshold (ADT), kindling acquisition and kindled seizure parameters were evaluated. Intact male rats were stereotactically implanted with a tripolar and two monopolar electrodes in the amygdala and dura respectively. After recovery, animals received daily either, olive oil (control), 15 or 30 mg/kg (MTD) of DZ intraperitoneally, and ADT, afterdischarge duration (ADD) at each stage (S1 to S5) of kindling and number of trials for kindling acquisition were determined daily. Also, the effect of DZ on stage 4 latency (S4L), ADD, stage 5 duration (S5D) and the activity of the red blood cholinesterase (ChE) were evaluated. The ADT was lower and the ADD was longer significantly in DZ treated group in comparison to control (p < 0.01) and the number of trials to reach each stage of kindling acquisition was reduced (p < 0.001). The total amount of ADDs during the kindling procedure increased significantly 5 days after DZ treatment. While the S4L was reduced, the S5D increased significantly after DZ treatment. The ChE activity was inhibited significantly after 20 min of DZ treatment and continued till 24 h (p < 0.01). Data indicate that even half of the MTD of DZ could increase the sensitivity and excitability of the CNS to the epileptic activity at least via reduction of stimulation threshold and AD prolongation. Furthermore, repeated exposure to the low concentrations of organophosphates may be pro-convulsant and should be restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Saberi
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Skin Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Bahrami
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Saberi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mashhadi Akbar Boojar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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176
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Hannan S, Faulkner M, Aristovich K, Avery J, Walker MC, Holder DS. In vivo imaging of deep neural activity from the cortical surface during hippocampal epileptiform events in the rat brain using electrical impedance tomography. Neuroimage 2020; 209:116525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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177
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Alachkar A, Azimullah S, Lotfy M, Adeghate E, Ojha SK, Beiram R, Łażewska D, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Sadek B. Antagonism of Histamine H3 receptors Alleviates Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling and Associated Memory Deficits by Mitigating Oxidative Stress, Central Neurotransmitters, and c-Fos Protein Expression in Rats. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071575. [PMID: 32235506 PMCID: PMC7181068 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine H3 receptors (H3Rs) are involved in several neuropsychiatric diseases including epilepsy. Therefore, the effects of H3R antagonist E177 (5 and 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) were evaluated on the course of kindling development, kindling-induced memory deficit, oxidative stress levels (glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)), various brain neurotransmitters (histamine (HA), acetylcholine (ACh), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)), and glutamate (GLU), acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity, and c-Fos protein expression in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 40 mg/kg) kindled rats. E177 (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly decreased seizure score, increased step-through latency (STL) time in inhibitory avoidance paradigm, and decreased transfer latency time (TLT) in elevated plus maze (all P < 0.05). Moreover, E177 mitigated oxidative stress by significantly increasing GSH, CAT, and SOD, and decreasing the abnormal level of MDA (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, E177 attenuated elevated levels of hippocampal AChE, GLU, and c-Fos protein expression, whereas the decreased hippocampal levels of HA and ACh were modulated in PTZ-kindled animals (all P < 0.05). The findings suggest the potential of H3R antagonist E177 as adjuvant to antiepileptic drugs with an added advantage of preventing cognitive impairment, highlighting the H3Rs as a potential target for the therapeutic management of epilepsy with accompanied memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Alachkar
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE; (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.K.O.); (R.B.)
| | - Sheikh Azimullah
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE; (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.K.O.); (R.B.)
| | - Mohamed Lotfy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE;
| | - Ernest Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE;
| | - Shreesh K. Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE; (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.K.O.); (R.B.)
| | - Rami Beiram
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE; (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.K.O.); (R.B.)
| | - Dorota Łażewska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (D.Ł.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (D.Ł.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE; (A.A.); (S.A.); (S.K.O.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-3-7137-512; Fax: +971-3-7672-033
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178
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Díaz-Casado E, Gómez-Nieto R, de Pereda JM, Muñoz LJ, Jara-Acevedo M, López DE. Analysis of gene variants in the GASH/Sal model of epilepsy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229953. [PMID: 32168507 PMCID: PMC7069730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder characterized by sudden and recurrent seizures, which are caused by various factors, including genetic abnormalities. Several animal models of epilepsy mimic the different symptoms of this disorder. In particular, the genetic audiogenic seizure hamster from Salamanca (GASH/Sal) animals exhibit sound-induced seizures similar to the generalized tonic seizures observed in epileptic patients. However, the genetic alterations underlying the audiogenic seizure susceptibility of the GASH/Sal model remain unknown. In addition, gene variations in the GASH/Sal might have a close resemblance with those described in humans with epilepsy, which is a prerequisite for any new preclinical studies that target genetic abnormalities. Here, we performed whole exome sequencing (WES) in GASH/Sal animals and their corresponding controls to identify and characterize the mutational landscape of the GASH/Sal strain. After filtering the results, moderate- and high-impact variants were validated by Sanger sequencing, assessing the possible impact of the mutations by “in silico” reconstruction of the encoded proteins and analyzing their corresponding biological pathways. Lastly, we quantified gene expression levels by RT-qPCR. In the GASH/Sal model, WES showed the presence of 342 variations, in which 21 were classified as high-impact mutations. After a full bioinformatics analysis to highlight the high quality and reliable variants, the presence of 3 high-impact and 15 moderate-impact variants were identified. Gene expression analysis of the high-impact variants of Asb14 (ankyrin repeat and SOCS Box Containing 14), Msh3 (MutS Homolog 3) and Arhgef38 (Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 38) genes showed a higher expression in the GASH/Sal than in control hamsters. In silico analysis of the functional consequences indicated that those mutations in the three encoded proteins would have severe functional alterations. By functional analysis of the variants, we detected 44 significantly enriched pathways, including the glutamatergic synapse pathway. The data show three high-impact mutations with a major impact on the function of the proteins encoded by these genes, although no mutation in these three genes has been associated with some type of epilepsy until now. Furthermore, GASH/Sal animals also showed gene variants associated with different types of epilepsy that has been extensively documented, as well as mutations in other genes that encode proteins with functions related to neuronal excitability, which could be implied in the phenotype of the GASH/Sal. Our findings provide valuable genetic and biological pathway data associated to the genetic burden of the audiogenic seizure susceptibility and reinforce the need to validate the role of each key mutation in the phenotype of the GASH/Sal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Díaz-Casado
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gómez-Nieto
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, School Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José M. de Pereda
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, CSIC.—University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis J. Muñoz
- Animal facilities, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Dolores E. López
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, School Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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179
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Balkrishna A, Solleti SK, Singh H, Tomer M, Sharma N, Varshney A. Calcio-herbal formulation, Divya-Swasari-Ras, alleviates chronic inflammation and suppresses airway remodelling in mouse model of allergic asthma by modulating pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 126:110063. [PMID: 32145582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic allergic respiratory disease with limited therapeutic options. Here we validated the potential anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and immunomodulatory therapeutic properties of calcio-herbal ayurvedic formulation, Divya-Swasari-Ras (DSR) in-vivo, using mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA) induced allergic asthma. HPLC analysis identified the presence of various bioactive indicating molecules and ICP-OES recognized the presence of Ca mineral in the DSR formulation. Here we show that DSR treatment significantly reduced cardinal features of allergic asthma including inflammatory cell accumulation, specifically lymphocytes and eosinophils in the Broncho-Alveolar Lavage (BAL) fluids, airway inflammation, airway remodelling, and pro-inflammatory molecules expression. Conversely, number of macrophages recoverable by BAL were increased upon DSR treatment. Histology analysis of mice lungs revealed that DSR attenuates inflammatory cell infiltration in lungs and thickening of bronchial epithelium. PAS staining confirmed the decrease in OVA-induced mucus secretion at the mucosal epithelium; and trichrome staining confirmed the decrease in peribronchial collagen deposition upon DSR treatment. DSR reduced the OVA-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α) levels in BALF and whole lung steady state mRNA levels (IL-4, -5, -33, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-1β). Biochemical assays for markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant defence mechanism confirmed that DSR increases the activity of SOD, Catalase, GPx, GSH, GSH/GSSG ratio and decreases the levels of MDA activity, GSSG, EPO and Nitrite levels in whole lungs. Collectively, present study suggests that, DSR effectively protects against allergic airway inflammation and possess potential therapeutic option for allergic asthma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acharya Balkrishna
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, NH-58, Haridwar, 249405, Uttarakhand, India; Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar, 249 405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Siva Kumar Solleti
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, NH-58, Haridwar, 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Hoshiyar Singh
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, NH-58, Haridwar, 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Meenu Tomer
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, NH-58, Haridwar, 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Niti Sharma
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, NH-58, Haridwar, 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anurag Varshney
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, NH-58, Haridwar, 249405, Uttarakhand, India; Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar, 249 405, Uttarakhand, India.
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180
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Joshi S, Bayat A, Jones A, Xiao X, Koubeissi MZ. The effects of ammonia stimulation on kainate-induced status epilepticus and anterior piriform cortex electrophysiology. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 104:106885. [PMID: 31935647 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Strong olfactory stimulation (OS) with such substances as toluene or ammonia has been reported to suppress seizures. We aimed to investigate the role of ammonia stimulation on acute kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures. We also investigated any possible effects of ammonia stimulation on the electrophysiology of the anterior piriform cortex (APC). METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with bilateral hippocampal electrodes and an electrode in the left APC. Animals were exposed to either distilled water (control) or ammonia stimulation for 20 s every 5 min during KA induction of status epilepticus (SE). The electroencephalogram (EEG) was analyzed for seizure frequency, duration, severity, and total KA doses given prior to reaching SE. Seizure-free EEG epochs that coincided with OS were chosen and analyzed via wavelet analysis for any spectral changes. RESULTS We found no significant differences in seizure frequency, duration, severity, or administered KA doses before SE between the groups. In the experimental group, a wavelet analysis of variance (WANOVA) revealed a significant stimulation-induced increase of power in the delta and alpha bands prior to the first KA injection and higher power in the delta and theta bands after KA injection. CONCLUSIONS Whereas the spectral analysis of the APC revealed specific OS-induced changes, our findings suggest that OS with ammonia does not result in altering the threshold of attaining KA-induced SE. This does not rule out a potential role for OS in reducing recurrent seizures in the KA or other epilepsy models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Joshi
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Arezou Bayat
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Andrew Jones
- Translational Health Sciences, George Washington University, 2100 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Xiao Xiao
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, George Washington University, 800 22nd St NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Mohamad Z Koubeissi
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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181
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Sarangi SC, Pattnaik SS, Katyal J, Kaleekal T, Dinda AK. An interaction study of Ocimum sanctum L. and levetiracetam in pentylenetetrazole kindling model of epilepsy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 249:112389. [PMID: 31739106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ocimum sanctum L. commonly known as tulsi (synonym of Ocimum tenuiflorum L.) is widely used in Ayurveda medicine and is having multitude neuromodulatory effect including the anticonvulsant effect in acute seizure models as per previous studies. In India, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy as traditional medicine. However, its role in chronic seizure model and interaction with newer antiepileptic drugs has not been investigated, which will enhance its translational value. AIM OF THE STUDY Current study investigated the effect of Ocimum on chronic seizure model and its interaction with levetiracetam (LEV), a newer antiepileptic drug. MATERIALS AND METHODS The adjuvant role of Ocimum sanctum hydroalcoholic extracts (OSHE) 1000 mg/kg along with LEV 300 mg/kg was studied in adult male Wistar rats with mean weight of 227.84 ± 21.68 g using pentylenetetrazole (30 mg/kg, i.p.) kindling (K) (with maximum 24 injections on alternate days and challenge on 7th-day). Along with seizure score, neurobehavioral, brain tissue oxidative stress and histopathology status were assessed. Pharmacokinetic interaction was assessed between LEV and OSHE after 14 days of drug treatment. RESULTS K-LEV + OSHE had least seizure score during kindling and on the pentylenetetrazole-challenge test (p=0.031) than other kindling groups. Seizure protection was more in K-LEV + OSHE (85.72%) than others (K-LEV-42.86%, K-OSHE-42.86%, and K-Control-28.58%). Ocimum treated groups had better memory retention potential as evident from Morris water maze (MWM), passive avoidance test but not in an elevated plus maze test. Oxidative-stress was lower in Ocimum treated groups than K-Control group. As per histopathology, K-LEV + OSHE group had the least neuronal degeneration among kindling groups. There was no significant pharmacokinetic interaction between LEV and OSHE, except increased Tmax in LEV + OSHE group than LEV alone (p=0.009). CONCLUSIONS Ocimum per se and combination with levetiracetam treatment exerted better seizure control, memory retention, oxidative stress reduction, and neuronal structure preservation than kindling control group. There was a very minimal drug interaction between Ocimum and LEV. So, Ocimum as an adjuvant to LEV may be shelpful in enhancing the antiepileptic effect and also in minimizing the adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumya S Pattnaik
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jatinder Katyal
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Thomas Kaleekal
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - A K Dinda
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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182
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Ao Z, Cai H, Havert DJ, Wu Z, Gong Z, Beggs JM, Mackie K, Guo F. One-Stop Microfluidic Assembly of Human Brain Organoids To Model Prenatal Cannabis Exposure. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4630-4638. [PMID: 32070103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal cannabis exposure (PCE) influences human brain development, but it is challenging to model PCE using animals and current cell culture techniques. Here, we developed a one-stop microfluidic platform to assemble and culture human cerebral organoids from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) to investigate the effect of PCE on early human brain development. By incorporating perfusable culture chambers, air-liquid interface, and one-stop protocol, this microfluidic platform can simplify the fabrication procedure and produce a large number of organoids (169 organoids per 3.5 cm × 3.5 cm device area) without fusion, as compared with conventional fabrication methods. These one-stop microfluidic assembled cerebral organoids not only recapitulate early human brain structure, biology, and electrophysiology but also have minimal size variation and hypoxia. Under on-chip exposure to the psychoactive cannabinoid, Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cerebral organoids exhibited reduced neuronal maturation, downregulation of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) receptors, and impaired neurite outgrowth. Moreover, transient on-chip THC treatment also decreased spontaneous firing in these organoids. This one-stop microfluidic technique enables a simple, scalable, and repeatable organoid culture method that can be used not only for human brain organoids but also for many other human organoids including liver, kidney, retina, and tumor organoids. This technology could be widely used in modeling brain and other organ development, developmental disorders, developmental pharmacology and toxicology, and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ao
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Hongwei Cai
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Daniel J Havert
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Zhuhao Wu
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Zhiyi Gong
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - John M Beggs
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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183
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Targeting prostaglandin receptor EP2 for adjunctive treatment of status epilepticus. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 209:107504. [PMID: 32088247 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is an emergency condition that can cause permanent brain damage or even death when generalized convulsive seizures last longer than 30 min. Controlling the escalation and propagation of seizures quickly and properly is crucial to the prevention of irreversible neuronal death and the associated morbidity. However, SE often becomes refractory to current anticonvulsant medications, which primarily act on ion channels and commonly impose undesired effects. Identifying new molecular targets for SE might lead to adjunctive treatments that can be delivered even when SE is well established. Recent preclinical studies suggest that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an essential inflammatory mediator for the brain injury and morbidity following prolonged seizures via activating four G protein-coupled receptors, namely, EP1-EP4. Given that EP2 receptor activation has been identified as a common culprit in several inflammation-associated neurological conditions, such as strokes and neurodegenerative diseases, selective small-molecule antagonists targeting EP2 have been recently developed and utilized to suppress PGE2-mediated neuroinflammation. Transient inhibition of the EP2 receptor by these bioavailable and brain-permeable antagonists consistently showed marked anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in several rodent models of SE yet had no noticeable effect on seizures per se. This review provides overviews and perspectives of the EP2 receptor as an emerging target for adjunctive treatment, together with the current first-line anti-seizure drugs, to prevent acute brain inflammation and damage following SE.
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184
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Romoli M, Mazzocchetti P, D'Alonzo R, Siliquini S, Rinaldi VE, Verrotti A, Calabresi P, Costa C. Valproic Acid and Epilepsy: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Evidences. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 17:926-946. [PMID: 30592252 PMCID: PMC7052829 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666181227165722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
After more than a century from its discovery, valproic acid (VPA) still represents one of the most efficient antiepi-leptic drugs (AEDs). Pre and post-synaptic effects of VPA depend on a very broad spectrum of actions, including the regu-lation of ionic currents and the facilitation of GABAergic over glutamatergic transmission. As a result, VPA indirectly mod-ulates neurotransmitter release and strengthens the threshold for seizure activity. However, even though participating to the anticonvulsant action, such mechanisms seem to have minor impact on epileptogenesis. Nonetheless, VPA has been reported to exert anti-epileptogenic effects. Epigenetic mechanisms, including histone deacetylases (HDACs), BDNF and GDNF modulation are pivotal to orientate neurons toward a neuroprotective status and promote dendritic spines organization. From such broad spectrum of actions comes constantly enlarging indications for VPA. It represents a drug of choice in child and adult with epilepsy, with either general or focal seizures, and is a consistent and safe IV option in generalized convulsive sta-tus epilepticus. Moreover, since VPA modulates DNA transcription through HDACs, recent evidences point to its use as an anti-nociceptive in migraine prophylaxis, and, even more interestingly, as a positive modulator of chemotherapy in cancer treatment. Furthermore, VPA-induced neuroprotection is under investigation for benefit in stroke and traumatic brain injury. Hence, VPA has still got its place in epilepsy, and yet deserves attention for its use far beyond neurological diseases. In this review, we aim to highlight, with a translational intent, the molecular basis and the clinical indications of VPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Romoli
- Neurology Clinic, University of Perugia - S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Petra Mazzocchetti
- Neurology Clinic, University of Perugia - S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Renato D'Alonzo
- Pediatric Clinic, University of Perugia - S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Victoria Elisa Rinaldi
- Pediatric Clinic, University of Perugia - S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberto Verrotti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila - San Salvatore Hospital, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Neurology Clinic, University of Perugia - S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy.,IRCCS "Santa Lucia", Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Costa
- Neurology Clinic, University of Perugia - S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
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185
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Dhir A. Natural polyphenols in preclinical models of epilepsy. Phytother Res 2020; 34:1268-1281. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Dhir
- Department of Neurology, School of MedicineUniversity of California, Davis Sacramento California
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186
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Damasceno S, Gómez-Nieto R, Garcia-Cairasco N, Herrero-Turrión MJ, Marín F, Lopéz DE. Top Common Differentially Expressed Genes in the Epileptogenic Nucleus of Two Strains of Rodents Susceptible to Audiogenic Seizures: WAR and GASH/Sal. Front Neurol 2020; 11:33. [PMID: 32117006 PMCID: PMC7031349 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wistar Audiogenic Rat (WAR) and the Genetic Audiogenic Seizure Hamster from Salamanca (GASH/Sal) strains are audiogenic epilepsy models, in which seizures are triggered by acoustic stimulation. These strains were developed by selective reproduction and have a genetic background with minimal or no variation. In the current study, we evaluated the transcriptome of the inferior colliculus, the epileptogenic nucleus, of both audiogenic models, in order to get insights into common molecular aspects associated to their epileptic phenotype. Based on GASH/Sal RNA-Seq and WAR microarray data, we performed a comparative analysis that includes selection and functional annotation of differentially regulated genes in each model, transcriptional evaluation by quantitative reverse transcription PCR of common genes identified in both transcriptomes and immunohistochemistry. The microarray data revealed 71 genes with differential expression in WAR, and the RNA-Seq data revealed 64 genes in GASH/Sal, showing common genes in both models. Analysis of transcripts showed that Egr3 was overexpressed in WAR and GASH/Sal after audiogenic seizures. The Npy, Rgs2, Ttr, and Abcb1a genes presented the same transcriptional profile in the WAR, being overexpressed in the naïve and stimulated WAR in relation to their controls. Npy appeared overexpressed only in the naïve GASH/Sal compared to its control, while Rgs2 and Ttr genes appeared overexpressed in naïve GASH/Sal and overexpressed after audiogenic seizure. No statistical difference was observed in the expression of Abcb1a in the GASH/Sal model. Compared to control animals, the immunohistochemical analysis of the inferior colliculus showed an increased immunoreactivity for NPY, RGS2, and TTR in both audiogenic models. Our data suggest that WAR and GASH/Sal strains have a difference in the timing of gene expression after seizure, in which GASH/Sal seems to respond more quickly. The transcriptional profile of the Npy, Rgs2, and Ttr genes under free-seizure conditions in both audiogenic models indicates an intrinsic expression already established in the strains. Our findings suggest that these genes may be causing small changes in different biological processes involved in seizure occurrence and response, and indirectly contributing to the susceptibility of the WAR and GASH/Sal models to audiogenic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Damasceno
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gómez-Nieto
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Javier Herrero-Turrión
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,INCYL Neurological Tissue Bank (BTN-INCYL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Faustino Marín
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Dolores E Lopéz
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research, Salamanca, Spain
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187
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Ibhazehiebo K, Rho JM, Kurrasch DM. Metabolism-based drug discovery in zebrafish: An emerging strategy to uncover new anti-seizure therapies. Neuropharmacology 2020; 167:107988. [PMID: 32070912 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most common neurological disorders, epilepsy can occur throughout the lifespan and from a multiplicity of causes, including genetic mutations, inflammation, neurotrauma, or brain malformations. Although pharmacological agents are the mainstay of treatment for seizure control, an unyielding 30-40% of patients remain refractory to these medications and continue to experience spontaneous recurrent seizures with attendant life-long cognitive, behavioural, and mental health issues, as well as an increased risk for sudden unexpected death. Despite over eight decades of antiseizure drug (ASD) discovery and the approval of dozens of new medications, the percentage of this refractory population remains virtually unchanged, suggesting that drugs with new and unexpected mechanisms of action are needed. In this brief review, we discuss the need for new animal models of epilepsy, with a particular focus on the advantages and disadvantages of zebrafish. We also outline the evidence that epilepsy is characterized by derangements in mitochondrial function and introduce the rationale and promise of bioenergetics as a functional readout assay to uncover novel ASDs. We also consider limitations of a zebrafish metabolism-based drug screening approach. Our goal is to discuss the opportunities and challenges of further development of mitochondrial screening strategies for the development of novel ASDs. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'New Epilepsy Therapies for the 21st Century - From Antiseizure Drugs to Prevention, Modification and Cure of Epilepsy'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingsley Ibhazehiebo
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Jong M Rho
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, California, USA
| | - Deborah M Kurrasch
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Canada.
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188
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Trazodone increases seizures in a genetic WAG/Rij rat model of absence epilepsy while decreasing them in penicillin-evoked focal seizure model. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 103:106847. [PMID: 31864946 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Psychiatric disorders, especially depression and anxiety, are among the most disabling comorbidities in patients with epilepsy, and they are difficult to treat because many antidepressants cause proconvulsive effects. Thus, it is important to identify the seizure risks associated with antidepressants. Trazodone is one of the most frequently prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant drugs for the treatment of depression and anxiety. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of trazodone on epileptiform activity in a penicillin-evoked focal seizure model in Wistar rats and in a genetic absence epilepsy model in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk strain (WAG/Rij) rats. METHODS Trazodone at 5-, 10-, and 30-mg/kg doses was injected intraperitoneally in Wistar rats 30 min after penicillin injection, and spike frequency and amplitude of penicillin-induced epileptiform activity were evaluated. In a separate experimental model, the same trazodone doses were injected in WAG/Rij rats to elucidate their effects on number, duration, and amplitude of spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) and on depression-anxiety like behavior. In both experimental groups, after trazodone injections recordings were made for 3 h. Depression-anxiety like behaviors in WAG/Rij rats were examined using forced swim test and open-field test. RESULTS Trazodone at 10- and 30-mg/kg doses significantly reduced the frequency of penicillin-induced epileptiform activity without changing the amplitude. Trazodone at a 5-mg/kg dose had no effect on either frequency or amplitude of epileptiform activity. Trazodone at all doses significantly increased number and duration of SWDs without changing the amplitude. In addition, all doses of trazodone decreased the number of squares crossed and duration of grooming in open-field test, and reduced swimming time activity and increased immobility time in forced swim test. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that depending on the dose used, trazodone had an anticonvulsant effect or no effect on penicillin-evoked focal seizure model, but all trazodone doses resulted in proconvulsant and depression-anxiety like behavior in WAG/Rij rats, which represent a genetic absence model of epilepsy.
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189
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Yang F, Yang L, Wataya-Kaneda M, Teng L, Katayama I. Epilepsy in a melanocyte-lineage mTOR hyperactivation mouse model: A novel epilepsy model. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228204. [PMID: 31978189 PMCID: PMC6980560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the complex mechanism underlying epileptogeneis, a novel animal model was generated. METHODS In our previous research, we have generated a melanocyte-lineage mTOR hyperactivation mouse model (Mitf-M-Cre Tsc2 KO mice; cKO mice) to investigate mTOR pathway in melanogenesis regulation, markedly reduced skin pigmentation was observed. Very unexpectedly, spontaneous recurrent epilepsy was also developed in this mouse model. RESULTS Compared with control littermates, no change was found in either brain size or brain mass in cKO mice. Hematoxylin staining revealed no obvious aberrant histologic features in the whole brains of cKO mice. Histoimmunofluorescence staining and electron microscopy examination revealed markedly increased mTOR signaling and hyperproliferation of mitochondria in cKO mice, especially in the hippocampus. Furthermore, rapamycin treatment reversed these abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that our melanocyte-lineage mTOR hyperactivation mouse is a novel animal model of epilepsy, which may promote the progress of both epilepsy and neurophysiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lingli Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mari Wataya-Kaneda
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lanting Teng
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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190
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Lazarini-Lopes W, Do Val-da Silva RA, da Silva-Júnior RMP, Leite JP, Garcia-Cairasco N. The anticonvulsant effects of cannabidiol in experimental models of epileptic seizures: From behavior and mechanisms to clinical insights. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 111:166-182. [PMID: 31954723 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by the presence of seizures and neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Despite the number of antiepileptic drugs, one-third of patients did not have their seizures under control, leading to pharmacoresistance epilepsy. Cannabis sativa has been used since ancient times in Medicine for the treatment of many diseases, including convulsive seizures. In this context, Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid present in Cannabis, has been a promising compound for treating epilepsies due to its anticonvulsant properties in animal models and humans, especially in pharmacoresistant patients. In this review, we summarize evidence of the CBD anticonvulsant activities present in a great diversity of animal models. Special attention was given to behavioral CBD effects and its translation to human epilepsies. CBD anticonvulsant effects are associated with a great variety of mechanisms of action such as endocannabinoid and calcium signaling. CBD has shown effectiveness in the clinical scenario for epilepsies, but its effects on epilepsy-related comorbidities are scarce even in basic research. More detailed and complex behavioral evaluation about CBD effects on seizures and epilepsy-related comorbidities are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Lazarini-Lopes
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Neurophysiology and Experimental Neuroethology Laboratory, Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - Raquel A Do Val-da Silva
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Rui M P da Silva-Júnior
- Neurophysiology and Experimental Neuroethology Laboratory, Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - João P Leite
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Neurophysiology and Experimental Neuroethology Laboratory, Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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191
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Fan J, Shan W, Yang H, Zhu F, Liu X, Wang Q. Neural Activities in Multiple Rat Brain Regions in Lithium-Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus Model. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 12:323. [PMID: 32009899 PMCID: PMC6974466 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the different regional brain electroencephalogram (EEG) activities and biochemical responses in seizure and epilepsy models, we assessed the EEG and c-Fos immunolabeling characteristics in a lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) model and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure model. The regional brain activities were evaluated by EEG and c-Fos immunolabeling. ZnT3 immunostaining was performed to observe hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting (MFS) within 7 days after the induction of SE in the lithium-pilocarpine model. The EEG recordings showed distinctive features of activation in different brain areas. With the aggravation of the behavioral manifestations of the seizures, the frequency and amplitude of the discharges on EEG gradually increased. SE was eventually induced and sustained. The labeling of c-Fos was enhanced in the cortex and hippocampal CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG); however, compared to the PTZ-induced seizure model, c-Fos staining could only be observed in the striatum and thalamus in the lithium-pilocarpine-induced epilepsy model. In each brain region, prominent c-Fos labeling was observed 2 h and 4 h after the induction of SE or seizures and diminished at 24 h. During the lithium-pilocarpine-induced chronic epilepsy phase after SE induction, MFS was observed 7 days after SE and was accompanied by the dynamic evolution of epileptic EEG activities. These findings validated the lithium-pilocarpine-induced SE model as an epilepsy model with a specific spatial-temporal profile of neural activation. The EEG characteristics and c-Fos expression patterns differ from those presented in a previous study using a PTZ-induced seizure model. Hippocampal mossy fiber spouting might be associated with spontaneous seizures during the chronic phase and can be detected at least within 1 week by ZnT3 staining after stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Fan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Clinical Medicine of Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Shan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Clinical Medicine of Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Huajun Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Clinical Medicine of Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Clinical Medicine of Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Clinical Medicine of Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Center for Clinical Medicine of Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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192
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Abstract
Psychiatric illnesses, including depression and anxiety, are highly comorbid with epilepsy (for review see Josephson and Jetté (Int Rev Psychiatry 29:409-424, 2017), Salpekar and Mula (Epilepsy Behav 98:293-297, 2019)). Psychiatric comorbidities negatively impact the quality of life of patients (Johnson et al., Epilepsia 45:544-550, 2004; Cramer et al., Epilepsy Behav 4:515-521, 2003) and present a significant challenge to treating patients with epilepsy (Hitiris et al., Epilepsy Res 75:192-196, 2007; Petrovski et al., Neurology 75:1015-1021, 2010; Fazel et al., Lancet 382:1646-1654, 2013) (for review see Kanner (Seizure 49:79-82, 2017)). It has long been acknowledged that there is an association between psychiatric illnesses and epilepsy. Hippocrates, in the fourth-fifth century B.C., considered epilepsy and melancholia to be closely related in which he writes that "melancholics ordinarily become epileptics, and epileptics, melancholics" (Lewis, J Ment Sci 80:1-42, 1934). The Babylonians also recognized the frequency of psychosis in patients with epilepsy (Reynolds and Kinnier Wilson, Epilepsia 49:1488-1490, 2008). Despite the fact that the relationship between psychiatric comorbidities and epilepsy has been recognized for thousands of years, psychiatric illnesses in people with epilepsy still commonly go undiagnosed and untreated (Hermann et al., Epilepsia 41(Suppl 2):S31-S41, 2000) and systematic research in this area is still lacking (Devinsky, Epilepsy Behav 4(Suppl 4):S2-S10, 2003). Thus, although it is clear that these are not new issues, there is a need for improvements in the screening and management of patients with psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy (Lopez et al., Epilepsy Behav 98:302-305, 2019) and progress is needed to understand the underlying neurobiology contributing to these comorbid conditions. To that end, this chapter will raise awareness regarding the scope of the problem as it relates to comorbid psychiatric illnesses and epilepsy and review our current understanding of the potential mechanisms contributing to these comorbidities, focusing on both basic science and clinical research findings.
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Gholami M, Saboory E, Ahmadi AA, Asouri M, Nasirikenari M, Rostamnezhad M. Long-time effects of prenatal morphine, tramadol, methadone, and buprenorphine exposure on seizure and anxiety in immature rats. Int J Neurosci 2019; 130:898-905. [PMID: 31877061 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1709841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate seizures and anxiety-like behaviors in immature rats prenatally exposed to opiate drugs.Materials and methods: Pregnant rats were randomly divided into five groups: saline, morphine, tramadol, methadone, and buprenorphine. Administrations were performed intraperitoneally once a day for the last seven days of pregnancy. Neonatal rats were subdivided into ten groups, split according to sex. Anxiety-like behavior was tested on postnatal day (PD) 19. On PD 20, seizure was induced by PTZ injection.Results: Morphine in male rats had an increased time to onset (p < 0.005), whereas there was a decreased number of tonic-clonic seizures in females (p < 0.05). Tramadol had an increased duration of tonic-clonic seizures compared to morphine and methadone in males (p < 0.005). Moreover, tramadol decreased open arm time and locomotor activity in males more than in females (p < 0.05). Methadone decreased open arm time in males (p < 0.05). Furthermore, buprenorphine and tramadol decreased open arm entrance in male rats (p < 0.05).Conclusions: It was demonstrated that prenatal tramadol significantly increases both the duration of seizures and anxiety-like behaviors in immature male rats, whereas morphine decreases both of them. The effects of tramadol on seizure and anxiety-like behavior may be due to the comorbid occurrence of the symptoms of these two disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Gholami
- North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran.,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular -Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Saboory
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Ahmadi
- North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran.,Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohsen Asouri
- North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | | | - Mostafa Rostamnezhad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Miterko LN, Baker KB, Beckinghausen J, Bradnam LV, Cheng MY, Cooperrider J, DeLong MR, Gornati SV, Hallett M, Heck DH, Hoebeek FE, Kouzani AZ, Kuo SH, Louis ED, Machado A, Manto M, McCambridge AB, Nitsche MA, Taib NOB, Popa T, Tanaka M, Timmann D, Steinberg GK, Wang EH, Wichmann T, Xie T, Sillitoe RV. Consensus Paper: Experimental Neurostimulation of the Cerebellum. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 18:1064-1097. [PMID: 31165428 PMCID: PMC6867990 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is best known for its role in controlling motor behaviors. However, recent work supports the view that it also influences non-motor behaviors. The contribution of the cerebellum towards different brain functions is underscored by its involvement in a diverse and increasing number of neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions including ataxia, dystonia, essential tremor, Parkinson's disease (PD), epilepsy, stroke, multiple sclerosis, autism spectrum disorders, dyslexia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia. Although there are no cures for these conditions, cerebellar stimulation is quickly gaining attention for symptomatic alleviation, as cerebellar circuitry has arisen as a promising target for invasive and non-invasive neuromodulation. This consensus paper brings together experts from the fields of neurophysiology, neurology, and neurosurgery to discuss recent efforts in using the cerebellum as a therapeutic intervention. We report on the most advanced techniques for manipulating cerebellar circuits in humans and animal models and define key hurdles and questions for moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Miterko
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kenneth B Baker
- Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jaclyn Beckinghausen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lynley V Bradnam
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Y Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS P352, Stanford, CA, 94305-5487, USA
| | - Jessica Cooperrider
- Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Mahlon R DeLong
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Simona V Gornati
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 AA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, NIH, Building 10, Room 7D37, 10 Center Dr MSC 1428, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1428, USA
| | - Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Ave, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Freek E Hoebeek
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 AA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- NIDOD Department, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Abbas Z Kouzani
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Center for Neuroepidemiology and Clinical Research, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Andre Machado
- Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Mario Manto
- Service de Neurologie, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium
- Service des Neurosciences, Université de Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Alana B McCambridge
- Graduate School of Health, Physiotherapy, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neurosiences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Traian Popa
- Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, NIH, Building 10, Room 7D37, 10 Center Dr MSC 1428, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1428, USA
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion, Switzerland
| | - Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS P352, Stanford, CA, 94305-5487, USA
- R281 Department of Neurosurgery, Stanfod University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Eric H Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS P352, Stanford, CA, 94305-5487, USA
| | - Thomas Wichmann
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tao Xie
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 2030, Chicago, IL, 60637-1470, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Concentration- and time-dependent effects of myo-inositol on evoked epileptic afterdischarge in the hippocampus in vivo. Neuroreport 2019; 30:1129-1134. [PMID: 31568207 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most widespread neurological diseases characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures. There is no cure for epilepsy, and available pharmacological treatments with anti-seizure drugs are only symptomatic. Moreover, about third of epilepsy patients are resistant to the anti-seizure drugs. Thus, it is essential to discover new anti-epilepsy drugs. Recently, myo-inositol has been identified as a promising antiepileptic compound. In the present study, using electrophysiological method, we examined for the first time, the effect of myo-inositol on the generation of epileptic afterdischarges in the hippocampus evoked by a local electrical stimulation. This was achieved by implanting two electrodes with a cannula into the same dorsal hippocampus, which allowed for simultaneous local injection of myo-inositol or saline and afterdischarges induction and recording from the same hippocampus. We found that myo-inositol has time- and concentration-dependent effects on the evoked afterdischarges. Specifically, 5 minutes after 1 M myo-inositol infusion, the afterdischarges duration was significantly decreased as compared to preinjection durations in the same animals and also as compared to preinjection level durations in saline injected or contralateral hippocampus myo-inositol infused animals. Further, 0.055 M myo-inositol significantly decreased afterdischarges duration at 5 minutes as compared to 40 minutes post-injection. At both concentrations, the afterdischarges duration recovered to the pre-injection value at 40 minutes after the myo-inositol injection. The present data, taken together with our previous results, strongly suggest that myo-inositol has significant local seizure-suppressant effect.
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196
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Hodges SL, Reynolds CD, Nolan SO, Huebschman JL, Okoh JT, Binder MS, Lugo JN. A single early-life seizure results in long-term behavioral changes in the adult Fmr1 knockout mouse. Epilepsy Res 2019; 157:106193. [PMID: 31520894 PMCID: PMC6823160 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.106193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading cause of inherited intellectual disability and a significant genetic contributor to Autism spectrum disorder. In addition to autistic-like phenotypes, individuals with FXS are subject to developing numerous comorbidities, one of the most prevalent being seizures. In the present study, we investigated how a single early-life seizure superimposed on a genetic condition impacts the autistic-like behavioral phenotype of the mouse. We induced status epilepticus (SE) on postnatal day (PD) 10 in Fmr1 wild type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice. We then tested the mice in a battery of behavioral tests during adulthood (PD90) to examine the long-term impact of an early-life seizure. Our findings replicated prior work that reported a single instance of SE results in behavioral deficits, including increases in repetitive behavior, enhanced hippocampal-dependent learning, and reduced sociability and prepulse inhibition (p < 0.05). We also observed genotypic differences characteristic of the FXS phenotype in Fmr1 KO mice, such as enhanced prepulse inhibition and repetitive behavior, hyperactivity, and reduced startle responses (p < 0.05). Superimposing a seizure on deletion of Fmr1 significantly impacted repetitive behavior in a nosepoke task. Specifically, a single early-life seizure increased consecutive nose poking behavior in the task in WT mice (p < 0.05), yet seizures did not exacerbate the elevated stereotypy observed in Fmr1 KO mice (p > 0.05). Overall, these findings help to elucidate how seizures in a critical period of development can impact long-term behavioral manifestations caused by underlying gene mutations in Fmr1. Utilizing double-hit models, such as superimposing seizures on the Fmr1 mutation, can help to enhance our understanding of comorbidities in disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Hodges
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Conner D Reynolds
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth TX, 76107, USA
| | - Suzanne O Nolan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | | | - James T Okoh
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew S Binder
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Joaquin N Lugo
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
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197
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Bay HH, Özkan M, Onat F, Çavdar S. Do the Dento-Thalamic Connections of Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg Differ from Those of Control Wistar Rats? Brain Connect 2019; 9:703-710. [PMID: 31591912 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2019.0694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamo-cortical circuit is important in the genesis of absence epilepsy. This circuit can be influenced by connecting pathways from various parts of central nervous system. The aim of the present study is to define the dento-thalamic connections in Wistar animals and compare the results with genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) using the biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) tracer. We injected BDA into the dentate nucleus of 13 (n = 6 Wistar and n = 7 GAERS) animals. The dento-thalamic connections in the Wistar animals were denser and were connected to a wider range of thalamic nuclei compared with GAERS. The dentate nucleus was bilaterally connected to the central (central medial [CM], paracentral [PC]), ventral (ventral medial [VM], ventral lateral [VL], and ventral posterior lateral [VPL]), and posterior (Po) thalamic nuclei in Wistar animals. The majority of these connections were dense contralaterally and scarce ipsilaterally. Contralateral connections were present with the parafascicular (PF), ventral posterior medial, ventral anterior (VA), and central lateral (CL) thalamic nuclei in Wistar animals. Whereas in GAERS, bilateral connections were observed with the VL and CM. Contralateral connections were present with the PC, VM, VA, and PF thalamic nuclei in GAERS. The CL, VPL, and Po thalamic nucleus connections were not observed in GAERS. The present study showed weak/deficit dento-thalamic connections in GAERS compared with control Wistar animals. The scarce information flow from the dentate nucleus to thalamus in GAERS may have a deficient modulatory role on the thalamus and thus may affect modulation of the thalamo-cortical circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mazhar Özkan
- Department of Anatomy, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinic Pharmacology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safiye Çavdar
- Department of Anatomy, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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198
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Upadhya D, Kodali M, Gitai D, Castro OW, Zanirati G, Upadhya R, Attaluri S, Mitra E, Shuai B, Hattiangady B, Shetty AK. A Model of Chronic Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Presenting Constantly Rhythmic and Robust Spontaneous Seizures, Co-morbidities and Hippocampal Neuropathology. Aging Dis 2019; 10:915-936. [PMID: 31595192 PMCID: PMC6764729 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animal prototypes illustrating the various attributes of human temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) are available. These models have been invaluable for comprehending multiple epileptogenic processes, modifications in electrophysiological properties, neuronal hyperexcitability, neurodegeneration, neural plasticity, and chronic neuroinflammation in TLE. Some models have also uncovered the efficacy of new antiepileptic drugs or biologics for alleviating epileptogenesis, cognitive impairments, or spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). Nonetheless, the suitability of these models for testing candidate therapeutics in conditions such as chronic TLE is debatable because of a lower frequency of SRS and an inconsistent pattern of SRS activity over days, weeks or months. An ideal prototype of chronic TLE for investigating novel therapeutics would need to display a large number of SRS with a dependable frequency and severity and related co-morbidities. This study presents a new kainic acid (KA) model of chronic TLE generated through induction of status epilepticus (SE) in 6-8 weeks old male F344 rats. A rigorous characterization in the chronic epilepsy period validated that the animal prototype mimicked the most salient features of robust chronic TLE. Animals displayed a constant frequency and intensity of SRS across weeks and months in the 5th and 6th month after SE, as well as cognitive and mood impairments. Moreover, SRS frequency displayed a rhythmic pattern with 24-hour periodicity and a consistently higher number of SRS in the daylight period. Besides, the model showed many neuropathological features of chronic TLE, which include a partial loss of inhibitory interneurons, reduced neurogenesis with persistent aberrant migration of newly born neurons, chronic neuroinflammation typified by hypertrophied astrocytes and rod-shaped microglia, and a significant aberrant mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampus. This consistent chronic seizure model is ideal for investigating the efficacy of various antiepileptic drugs and biologics as well as understanding multiple pathophysiological mechanisms underlying chronic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Upadhya
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Maheedhar Kodali
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Gitai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Olagide W Castro
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gabriele Zanirati
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Raghavendra Upadhya
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sahithi Attaluri
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Eeshika Mitra
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Bing Shuai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Bharathi Hattiangady
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
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199
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Bortel A, Yao ZS, Shmuel A. A rat model of somatosensory-evoked reflex seizures induced by peripheral stimulation. Epilepsy Res 2019; 157:106209. [PMID: 31629247 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.106209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We introduce a novel animal model of somatosensory stimulation-induced reflex seizures which generates focal seizures without causing damage to the brain. METHODS Specifically, we electrically stimulated digits or forepaws of adult rats sedated with dexmedetomidine while imaging cerebral blood volume and recording neurophysiological activity in cortical area S1FL. For the recordings, we either inserted a linear probe into the D3 digit representation or we performed surface electrocorticography (ECoG) recordings. RESULTS Peripheral stimulation of a digit or the forepaw elicited seizures that were followed by a refractory period with decreased neuronal activity, or another seizure or normal response. LFP amplitudes in response to electrical pulses during the seizures (0.28 ± 0.03 mV) were higher than during normal evoked responses (0.25 ± 0.05 mV) and refractory periods (0.2 ± 0.08 mV). Seizures generated during the stimulation period showed prolonged after-discharges that were sustained for 20.9 ± 1.9 s following the cessation of the stimulus. High-frequency oscillations were observed prior to and during the seizures, with amplitudes higher than those associated with normal evoked responses. The seizures were initially focal. Optical imaging of the cerebral blood volume response showed that they propagated from the onset zone to adjacent cortical areas, beyond the S1FL representation of the stimulated digit or forepaw. The spatial extent during seizures was on average 1.74 times larger during the stimulation and 4.1 times following its cessation relative to normal evoked responses. Seizures were recorded not only by probes inserted into cortex but also with ECoG arrays (24.1 ± 5.8 seizures per rat) placed over the dura matter, indicating that the seizures were not induced by damage caused by inserting the probes to the cortex. Stimulation of the forepaw elicited more seizures (18.8 ± 8.5 seizures per rat) than stimulation of a digit (1.7 ± 0.7). Unlike rats sedated with dexmedetomidine, rats anesthetized with urethane showed no seizures, indicating that the seizures may depend on the use of the mild sedative dexmedetomidine. SIGNIFICANCE Our proposed animal model generates seizures induced by electrical sensory stimulation free of artifacts and brain damage. It can be used for studying the mechanisms underlying the generation and propagation of reflex seizures and for evaluating antiepileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Bortel
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Ze Shan Yao
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Amir Shmuel
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
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200
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Hammer MF, Sprissler R, Bina RW, Lau B, Johnstone L, Walter CM, Labiner DM, Weinand ME. Altered expression of signaling pathways regulating neuronal excitability in hippocampal tissue of temporal lobe epilepsy patients with low and high seizure frequency. Epilepsy Res 2019; 155:106145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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