151
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Zare P, Aleemardani M, Seifalian A, Bagher Z, Seifalian AM. Graphene Oxide: Opportunities and Challenges in Biomedicine. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051083. [PMID: 33922153 PMCID: PMC8143506 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Desirable carbon allotropes such as graphene oxide (GO) have entered the field with several biomedical applications, owing to their exceptional physicochemical and biological features, including extreme strength, found to be 200 times stronger than steel; remarkable light weight; large surface-to-volume ratio; chemical stability; unparalleled thermal and electrical conductivity; and enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation properties. The presence of functional groups on graphene oxide (GO) enhances further interactions with other molecules. Therefore, recent studies have focused on GO-based materials (GOBMs) rather than graphene. The aim of this research was to highlight the physicochemical and biological properties of GOBMs, especially their significance to biomedical applications. The latest studies of GOBMs in biomedical applications are critically reviewed, and in vitro and preclinical studies are assessed. Furthermore, the challenges likely to be faced and prospective future potential are addressed. GOBMs, a high potential emerging material, will dominate the materials of choice in the repair and development of human organs and medical devices. There is already great interest among academics as well as in pharmaceutical and biomedical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pariya Zare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran;
| | - Mina Aleemardani
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK;
| | - Amelia Seifalian
- Watford General Hospital, Watford WD18 0HB, UK;
- UCL Medical School, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Zohreh Bagher
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Centre and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1445413131, Iran
- Correspondence: (Z.B.); (A.M.S.); Tel.: +44-(0)-2076911122 (A.M.S.)
| | - Alexander M. Seifalian
- Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine Commercialisation Centre (NanoRegMed Ltd.), London BioScience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, UK
- Correspondence: (Z.B.); (A.M.S.); Tel.: +44-(0)-2076911122 (A.M.S.)
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152
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Lage T, Rodrigues RO, Catarino S, Gallo J, Bañobre-López M, Minas G. Graphene-Based Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostics: An Overview for Their Potential in Clinical Application. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1073. [PMID: 33921993 PMCID: PMC8143455 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The combination of diagnostics and therapy (theranostic) is one of the most complex, yet promising strategies envisioned for nanoengineered multifunctional systems in nanomedicine. From the various multimodal nanosystems proposed, a number of works have established the potential of Graphene-based Magnetic Nanoparticles (GbMNPs) as theranostic platforms. This magnetic nanosystem combines the excellent magnetic performance of magnetic nanoparticles with the unique properties of graphene-based materials, such as large surface area for functionalization, high charge carrier mobility and high chemical and thermal stability. This hybrid nanosystems aims toward a synergistic theranostic effect. Here, we focus on the most recent developments in GbMNPs for theranostic applications. Particular attention is given to the synergistic effect of these composites, as well as to the limitations and possible future directions towards a potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Lage
- Advanced (Magnetic) Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, Health Cluster, INL—International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (T.L.); (J.G.); (M.B.-L.)
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
| | - Raquel O. Rodrigues
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
| | - Susana Catarino
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
| | - Juan Gallo
- Advanced (Magnetic) Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, Health Cluster, INL—International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (T.L.); (J.G.); (M.B.-L.)
| | - Manuel Bañobre-López
- Advanced (Magnetic) Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, Health Cluster, INL—International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (T.L.); (J.G.); (M.B.-L.)
| | - Graça Minas
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
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153
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Magne TM, de Oliveira Vieira T, Costa B, Alencar LMR, Ricci-Junior E, Hu R, Qu J, Zamora-Ledezma C, Alexis F, Santos-Oliveira R. Factors affecting the biological response of Graphene. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 203:111767. [PMID: 33878553 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has gained significant importance in different fields of medical, electronic, and environmental science. This technology is founded on the use of materials at the nanoscale scale (1-100 nanometers) for various purposes, particularly in the biomedical area, where its application is growing daily due to the need of materials with advanced properties. Over the past few years, there has been a growing use for graphene and its derivative composite materials. However, different physico-chemical properties influence its biological response; therefore, further studies to explain the interactions of these nanomaterials with biological systems are critical. This review presents the current advances in the applications of graphene in biomedicine with a focus on the physico-chemical characteristics of the graphene family and their influences on biological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tais Monteiro Magne
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals and Nanoradiopharmacy, R. Helio de Almeida, 75, Rio de Janeiro, 21941906, Brazil
| | - Thamires de Oliveira Vieira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals and Nanoradiopharmacy, R. Helio de Almeida, 75, Rio de Janeiro, 21941906, Brazil
| | - Bianca Costa
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals and Nanoradiopharmacy, R. Helio de Almeida, 75, Rio de Janeiro, 21941906, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Ricci-Junior
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-170, Brazil
| | - Rui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Camilo Zamora-Ledezma
- Tissue Regeneration and Repair: Orthobiology, Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Group. UCAM - Universidad Católica de Murcia, Avda. Los Jerónimos 135, Guadalupe, 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - Frank Alexis
- School of Physical Sciences and Nanotechnology, Yachay Tech University, 100119, Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals and Nanoradiopharmacy, R. Helio de Almeida, 75, Rio de Janeiro, 21941906, Brazil; Zona Oeste State University, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of Radiopharmaceuticals, Av Manuel caldeira de Alvarenga, 200, Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro, 2100000, Brazil.
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154
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Improved Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High Shear Force Mixed Reduced Graphene Oxide/Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite Produced Using Spark Plasma Sintering. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11040986. [PMID: 33921280 PMCID: PMC8069644 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The addition of nanomaterials, such as graphene and graphene oxide, can improve the mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocomposites (NCPs). However, both the dispersive state of the starting materials and the sintering process play central roles in improving the mechanical properties of the final HA NCPs. Herein, we studied the mechanical properties of a reduced graphene oxide (r-GO)/HA NCP, for which an ultra-high shear force was used to achieve a nano-sized mixture through the dispersion of r-GO. A low-temperature, short-duration spark plasma sintering (SPS) process was used to realize high-density, non-decomposing r-GO/HA NCPs with an improved fracture toughness of 97.8% via the addition of 0.5 wt.% r-GO. Greater quantities of r-GO improve the hardness and the fracture strength. The improved mechanical properties of r-GO/HA NCPs suggest their future applicability in biomedical engineering, including use as sintered bodies in dentistry, plasma spray-coatings for metal surfaces, and materials for 3D printing in orthopedics.
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155
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Chen Z, Lu X, Liu J, Tian X, Li W, Yang K, Yuan B. Lipid Phase Influences the Dynamic Interactions between Graphene Oxide Nanosheets and a Phospholipid Membrane. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3589-3597. [PMID: 33822613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To understand the possible perturbations of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets on cell membranes is the first step to evaluate their cytotoxicity, while the membrane heterogeneity such like lipid phase separation complicates such interactions. Using the dynamic giant unilamellar vesicle leakage assays, atomic force microscopy characterizations, and molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrated the structural and property disturbance of GO on a lipid bilayer membrane in a low ionic strength and neutral pH condition, specifically the influence of lipid phase on this process. GO tends to obliquely insert into and even be sandwiched between leaflets of a liquid-phase membrane, inducing formidable flaw in lipid packing states and fast transmembrane leakage. However, GO adopts parallel adsorption or vertical insertion on/into a gel-phase bilayer, while permeabilization occurs only when the disturbance is strong enough. Our results are helpful to understand the fundamental interaction mechanism between GO nanosheets and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglan Chen
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research and School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Xuemei Lu
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research and School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Jiaojiao Liu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering and Jiangsu Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaodong Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853 China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research and School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Kai Yang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research and School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006 Jiangsu China
| | - Bing Yuan
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research and School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006 Jiangsu China
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156
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Zhao M, Shi J, Cai W, Liu K, Shen K, Li Z, Wang Y, Hu D. Advances on Graphene-Based Nanomaterials and Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Applied in Cutaneous Wound Healing. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:2647-2665. [PMID: 33854313 PMCID: PMC8040697 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s300326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene is a new type of carbon nanomaterial discovered after fullerene and carbon nanotube. Due to the excellent biological properties such as biocompatibility, cell proliferation stimulating, and antibacterial properties, graphene and its derivatives have become emerging candidates for the development of novel cutaneous wound dressings and composite scaffolds. On the other hand, pre-clinical research on exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-Exos) has been intensified for cell-free treatment in wound healing and cutaneous regeneration, via ameliorating the damaged microenvironment of the wound site. Here, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the latest studies and observations on the various effects of graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) and MSC-Exos during the cutaneous wound repair process, as well as the putative mechanisms thereof. In addition, we propose the possible forward directions of GBNs and MSC-Exos applications, expecting to promote the clinical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, 710032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jihong Shi
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, 710032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weixia Cai
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, 710032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaituo Liu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, 710032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kuo Shen
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, 710032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zichao Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, 710032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunchuan Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, 710032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dahai Hu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, 710032, People’s Republic of China
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157
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Burgum MJ, Clift MJD, Evans SJ, Hondow N, Miller M, Lopez SB, Williams A, Tarat A, Jenkins GJ, Doak SH. In Vitro Primary-Indirect Genotoxicity in Bronchial Epithelial Cells Promoted by Industrially Relevant Few-Layer Graphene. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2002551. [PMID: 32734718 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Few-layer graphene (FLG) has garnered much interest owing to applications in hydrogen storage and reinforced nanocomposites. Consequently, these engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are in high demand, increasing occupational exposure. This investigation seeks to assess the inhalation hazard of industrially relevant FLG engineered with: (i) no surface functional groups (neutral), (ii) amine, and (iii) carboxyl group functionalization. A monoculture of human lung epithelial (16HBE14o- ) cells is exposed to each material for 24-h, followed by cytotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluation using relative population doubling (RPD) and the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assay, respectively. Neutral-FLG induces the greatest (two-fold) significant increase (p < 0.05) in micronuclei, whereas carboxyl-FLG does not induce significant (p < 0.05) genotoxicity. These findings correlate to significant (p < 0.05) concentration-dependent increases in interleukin (IL)-8, depletion of intracellular glutathione (rGSH) and a depletion in mitochondrial ATP production. Uptake of FLG is evaluated by transmission electron microscopy, whereby FLG particles are observed within membrane-bound vesicles in the form of large agglomerates (>1 µm diameter). The findings of the present study have demonstrated the capability of neutral-FLG and amine-FLG to induce genotoxicity in 16HBE14o- cells through primary indirect mechanisms, suggesting a possible role for carboxyl groups in scavenging radicals produced via oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Burgum
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Martin J D Clift
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Stephen J Evans
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Nicole Hondow
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mark Miller
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - Adam Williams
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Afshin Tarat
- Perpetuus Carbon Technologies, Unit B1, Olympus Court, Millstream Way, Swansea Vale, Llansamlet, Swansea, SA70AQ, UK
| | - Gareth J Jenkins
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
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158
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Rao H, Choo S, Rajeswari Mahalingam SR, Adisuri DS, Madhavan P, Md. Akim A, Chong PP. Approaches for Mitigating Microbial Biofilm-Related Drug Resistance: A Focus on Micro- and Nanotechnologies. Molecules 2021; 26:1870. [PMID: 33810292 PMCID: PMC8036581 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms play an essential role in chronic and healthcare-associated infections and are more resistant to antimicrobials compared to their planktonic counterparts due to their (1) physiological state, (2) cell density, (3) quorum sensing abilities, (4) presence of extracellular matrix, (5) upregulation of drug efflux pumps, (6) point mutation and overexpression of resistance genes, and (7) presence of persister cells. The genes involved and their implications in antimicrobial resistance are well defined for bacterial biofilms but are understudied in fungal biofilms. Potential therapeutics for biofilm mitigation that have been reported include (1) antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, (2) antimicrobial lock therapy, (3) antimicrobial peptides, (4) electrical methods, and (5) antimicrobial coatings. These approaches exhibit promising characteristics for addressing the impending crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Recently, advances in the micro- and nanotechnology field have propelled the development of novel biomaterials and approaches to combat biofilms either independently, in combination or as antimicrobial delivery systems. In this review, we will summarize the general principles of clinically important microbial biofilm formation with a focus on fungal biofilms. We will delve into the details of some novel micro- and nanotechnology approaches that have been developed to combat biofilms and the possibility of utilizing them in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harinash Rao
- School of Medicine, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia; (H.R.); (D.S.A.); (P.M.)
| | - Sulin Choo
- School of Biosciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia;
| | | | - Diajeng Sekar Adisuri
- School of Medicine, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia; (H.R.); (D.S.A.); (P.M.)
| | - Priya Madhavan
- School of Medicine, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia; (H.R.); (D.S.A.); (P.M.)
| | - Abdah Md. Akim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Pei Pei Chong
- School of Biosciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia;
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159
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Jakubowski W, Atraszkiewicz R, Nowak D, Batory D, Szymański W, Sobczyk-Guzenda A, Kaczmarek Ł, Kula P, Cłapa M, Warga T, Czerniak-Reczulska M. Optimization of Glutathione Adhesion Process to Modified Graphene Surfaces. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:756. [PMID: 33802987 PMCID: PMC8002596 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The presented work shows the results of the functionalization of the graphene surface obtained by the growth on the liquid bimetallic matrices method. We used glutathione (GSH) as a peptide model, which allowed us to optimize the procedure to obtain high process efficiency. To establish the amount of GSH attached to the graphene surface, the Folina-Ciocalteu method was used, which allows the assessment of the concentration of colored reaction products with peptide bonds without the disadvantages of most methods based on direct colored reaction of peptide bonds. Samples surface morphology, quality of graphene and chemical structure in the subsequent stages of surface modification were tested-for this purpose Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Jakubowski
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 1/15 Stefanowskiego St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Radomir Atraszkiewicz
- Division of Surface Engineering and Heat Treatment, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 1/15 Stefanowskiego St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (R.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Dorota Nowak
- Division of Biomedical Engineering and Functional Materials, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 1/15 Stefanowskiego St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (D.N.); (M.C.); (M.C.-R.)
| | - Damian Batory
- Department of Vehicles and Fundamentals of Machine Design, Lodz University of Technology, 1/15 Stefanowskiego St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Witold Szymański
- Division of Nanomaterials Engineering, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 1/15 Stefanowskiego St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Sobczyk-Guzenda
- Division of Coating, Polymer and Non-Metal Engineering, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 1/15 Stefanowskiego St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Kaczmarek
- Division of Advanced Materials and Composite, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 1/15 Stefanowskiego St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (Ł.K.); (T.W.)
| | - Piotr Kula
- Division of Surface Engineering and Heat Treatment, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 1/15 Stefanowskiego St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (R.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Marian Cłapa
- Division of Biomedical Engineering and Functional Materials, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 1/15 Stefanowskiego St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (D.N.); (M.C.); (M.C.-R.)
| | - Tomasz Warga
- Division of Advanced Materials and Composite, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 1/15 Stefanowskiego St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (Ł.K.); (T.W.)
| | - Małgorzata Czerniak-Reczulska
- Division of Biomedical Engineering and Functional Materials, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 1/15 Stefanowskiego St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (D.N.); (M.C.); (M.C.-R.)
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160
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Qian B, Li J, Guo K, Guo N, Zhong A, Yang J, Wang J, Xiao P, Sun J, Xiong L. Antioxidant biocompatible composite collagen dressing for diabetic wound healing in rat model. Regen Biomater 2021; 8:rbab003. [PMID: 33738117 PMCID: PMC7955720 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Associated with persistent oxidative stress, altered inflammatory responses, poor angiogenesis and epithelization, wound healing in diabetic patients is impaired. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is reported to resist excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, prompt angiogenesis and maturation of the epidermis. Studies have revealed that graphene oxide (GO) can regulate cellular behavior and form cross-links with naturally biodegradable polymers such as collagen (COL) to construct composite scaffolds. Here, we reported a COL-based implantable scaffold containing a mixture of GO capable of the sustained delivery of NAC to evaluate the wound healing in diabetic rats. The morphological, physical characteristics, biocompatibility and NAC release profile of the GO-COL-NAC (GCN) scaffold were evaluated in vitro. Wound healing studies were performed on a 20 mm dorsal full-skin defect of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The injured skin tissue was removed at the 18th day post-surgery for histological analysis and determination of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. In diabetic rats, we confirmed that the GCN scaffold presented a beneficial effect in enhancing the wound healing process. Additionally, due to the sustained release of NAC, the scaffold may potentially induce the antioxidant defense system, upregulating the expression levels of the antioxidant enzymes in the wound tissue. The findings revealed that the antioxidant biocompatible composite collagen dressing could not only deliver NAC in situ for ROS inhibition but also promote the wound healing process. This scaffold with valuable therapy potential might enrich the approaches for surgeon in diabetic wound treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Qian
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China.,Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Superficial Organ Reconstruction, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jialun Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China.,Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Superficial Organ Reconstruction, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ke Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China.,Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Superficial Organ Reconstruction, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Nengqiang Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China.,Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Superficial Organ Reconstruction, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Aimei Zhong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China.,Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Superficial Organ Reconstruction, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China.,Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Superficial Organ Reconstruction, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiecong Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China.,Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Superficial Organ Reconstruction, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China.,Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Superficial Organ Reconstruction, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiaming Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China.,Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Superficial Organ Reconstruction, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lingyun Xiong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China.,Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Superficial Organ Reconstruction, Wuhan 430022, China
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161
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Jampilek J, Kralova K. Advances in Drug Delivery Nanosystems Using Graphene-Based Materials and Carbon Nanotubes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1059. [PMID: 33668271 PMCID: PMC7956197 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon is one of the most abundant elements on Earth. In addition to the well-known crystallographic modifications such as graphite and diamond, other allotropic carbon modifications such as graphene-based nanomaterials and carbon nanotubes have recently come to the fore. These carbon nanomaterials can be designed to help deliver or target drugs more efficiently and to innovate therapeutic approaches, especially for cancer treatment, but also for the development of new diagnostic agents for malignancies and are expected to help combine molecular imaging for diagnosis with therapies. This paper summarizes the latest designed drug delivery nanosystems based on graphene, graphene quantum dots, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes, mainly for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Jampilek
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Kralova
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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162
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Gelatin reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets as Kartogenin Nanocarrier Induces Rat ADSCs Chondrogenic Differentiation Combining with Autophagy Modification. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14051053. [PMID: 33668133 PMCID: PMC7956601 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biocompatible reduced graphene oxide (rGO) could deliver drugs for synergistically stimulating stem cells directed differentiation with influences on specific cellular activities. Here, we prepared a biodegradable gelatin reduced graphene oxide (rGO@Ge) to evaluate its functions in promoting rat adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) chondrogenic differentiation through delivering kartogenin (KGN) into the stem cell efficiently. The optimum KGN concentration (approximately 1 μM) that promoted the proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of ADSCs was clarified by a series of experiments, including immunofluorescent (IF) staining (Sox-9, Col II), alcian blue (Ab) staining, toluidine blue (Tb) staining and real-time quantitative PCR analysis of the chondrogenic markers. Meanwhile, the biocompatibility of rGO@Ge was evaluated to clearly define the nonhazardous concentration range, and the drug loading and releasing properties of rGO@Ge were tested with KGN for its further application in inducing ADSCs chondrogenic differentiation. Furthermore, the mechanism of rGO@Ge entering ADSCs was investigated by the different inhibitors that are involved in the endocytosis of the nanocarrier, and the degradation of the rGO@Ge in ADSCs was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The synergistic promoting effect of rGO@Ge nanocarrier on ADSCs chondrogenesis with KGN was also studied by the IF, Ab, Tb stainings and PCR analysis of the chondrogenic markers. Finally, the intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and autophagy induced by KGN/rGO@Ge complex composites were tested in details for clarification on the correlation between the autophagy and chondrogenesis in ADSCs induced by rGO@Ge. All the results show that rGO@Ge as a biocompatible nanocarrier can deliver KGN into ADSCs for exerting a pro-chondrogenic effect and assist the drug to promote ADSCs chondrogenesis synergistically through modification of the autophagy in vitro, which promised its further application in repairing cartilage defect in vivo.
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163
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Haridas D, Yoseph SP, So CR, Whitener KE. Transfer of printed electronic structures using graphene oxide and gelatin enables reversible and biocompatible interface with living cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 120:111685. [PMID: 33545847 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We present a low-cost, easy-to-implement platform for printing materials and interfacing them with eukaryotic cells. We show that thermal or chemical reduction of a graphene oxide thin film allows water-assisted delamination of the film from glass or plastic. The chemical and physical properties and permeability of the resulting film are dependent on the method of reduction and deposition of the graphene oxide, with thermal reduction removing more oxidized carbon functionality than chemical reduction. We also developed a method to attach the films onto cell surfaces using a thin layer of gelatin as an adhesive. In general, the films are highly impermeable to nutrients and we observed a significant amount of cell death when gelatin was not used; gelatin enables diffusion of nutrients for sustained cell viability. The combination of nanoscale membranes with a low melting point biopolymer allows us to reversibly interface cells with cargo transferred by graphene oxide while maintaining cell viability. To demonstrate delivery of electronic structures, we modified a commercial off-the-shelf printer to print a silver-based ink directly onto the reduced graphene oxide films which we then transferred to the surface of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Haridas
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Saron P Yoseph
- NRL HBCU/MI Summer Intern, Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Christopher R So
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Keith E Whitener
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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164
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Hasan MS, Geza M, Petersen JB, Gadhamshetty V. Graphene oxide transport and retention in biochar media. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128397. [PMID: 33032229 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the use of biochar (BC), an inexpensive filtration media, for removing graphene oxide (GO) contaminants from the aquatic subsurface environments. Mass balance approaches and column dissection tests were used to analyze the retention behavior of GO in a series of model fixed-bed columns as a function of ionic strength (IS) and flowrate. The column based on the biochar media (BC) displayed 3.6-fold higher retention compared to the quartz sand (control). To overcome the challenges of unfavorable electrostatic interactions between GO and BC, we used a facile functionalization strategy to modify the BC surfaces with nanoscale zero-valent iron (BC-nZVI). The BC-nZVI (5:1, w/w) retained 2.6-fold higher amounts of GO compared with bare biochar. Furthermore, the performance of BC-nZVI increased with decreasing values of IS, attributed to the attachment of GO to nZVI where nZVI was partially dissolved by the presence of higher chloride ion at high IS. A better GO retention (86%) at higher IS was observed in BC where the GO was primarily retained due to the higher aggregation via straining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sazadul Hasan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 East Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD, 57701, United States
| | - Mengistu Geza
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 East Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD, 57701, United States.
| | - Jacob B Petersen
- Engineering and Mining Experiment Station, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 East Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD, 57701, United States
| | - Venkataramana Gadhamshetty
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 East Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD, 57701, United States; 2-Dimensional Materials for Biofilm Engineering Science and Technology (2DBEST) Center, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 East Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD, 57701, United States
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165
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Lu J, Sun J, Zou D, Song J, Yang S. Graphene-Modified Titanium Surface Enhances Local Growth Factor Adsorption and Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:621788. [PMID: 33511107 PMCID: PMC7835422 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.621788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene coating exhibits excellent abilities of protein adsorption and cell adhesion, which might expand the osteogenic activity of titanium implant surface to adapt to the environment of low bone mass and poor bone quality. In this paper, we designed and explored the graphene-coated titanium sheet, through the surface modification of oxygen-containing functional groups, to optimize the adsorption capacity of material by improving the electrostatic interactions, and successfully adsorbed and sustained-released a variety of osteogenic related growth factors in the autologous concentrated growth factors. Compared with the pure titanium, we observed that the bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) on the graphene-coated titanium with concentrated growth factors showed a flat shape and expressed osteogenic related genes and proteins, while the coating surfaces promoted and accelerated the osteogenic differentiation ability of BMSCs. The results suggested that it might be a feasible alternative to improve the osteogenesis of dental implant in the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayue Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Derong Zou
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinlin Song
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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166
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Zhang C, Yuan TJ, Tan MH, Xu XH, Huang YF, Peng LH. Smart graphene-based hydrogel promotes recruitment and neural-like differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells in rat skin. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:2146-2161. [PMID: 33496688 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01963a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to direct the differentiation of endogenous bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in vivo following recruitment to the injured site are critical to realizing the potential of stem cell-based therapies. But the differentiation efficiency of BMSCs remains limited without direction. Here we demonstrated a novel strategy to promote neuronal differentiation of BMSCs using cross-linked polyethylenimine (PEI) grafted graphene oxide (GO) as the enzyme responsive vector for delivering active genes to BMSCs. In vivo, a core-shell microfiber arrayed hydrogel with a chemokine (SDF-1α) and the cross-linked GO-PEI/pDNAs-bFGF microparticles incorporated into the shell and core, respectively, were constructed. The arrayed hydrogel was shown to recruit and stimulate the neural-like differentiation of BMSCs effectively by delivering the CXCL12 and GO-PEI/pDNAs-bFGF in a self-controlled manner. With this strategy, both in vitro and in vivo neuronal differentiation of BMSCs with function were accelerated significantly. The cross-linked GO-PEI mediated gene transfection together with a multi-functional microfiber arrayed hydrogel provide a translatable approach for endogenous stem cell-based regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenzhen Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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167
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Antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of graphene and its derivatives. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 200:111588. [PMID: 33529928 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infections resulting from bacteria and biofilms have become a huge problem threatening human health. In recent years, the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of graphene and its derivatives have been extensively studied. However, there continues to be some controversy over whether graphene and its derivatives can resist infection and biofilms. Moreover, the antibacterial mechanism and cytotoxicity of graphene and its derivatives are unclear. In the present review, antibacterial and antibiofilm abilities of graphene and its derivatives in solution, on the surface are reviewed, and their toxicity and possible mechanisms are also reviewed. Furthermore, we propose possible future development directions for graphene and its derivatives in antibacterial and antibiofilm applications.
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168
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Kucukyildiz EN, Dayi B, Altin S, Yigit O. In vitro comparison of physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of graphene nanoplatelet added Angelus mineral trioxide aggregate to pure Angelus mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium hydroxide. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:929-942. [PMID: 33410148 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It is important to cover the pulp surface with a biocompatible material that is physically, mechanically, and chemically adequate. Graphene has the potential to form hard tissue, but at high doses, it shows toxic effects. It can be added to biocompatible materials at low doses to enhance their hard tissue forming potential. The aim of this study was to compare the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) added Angelus mineral trioxide aggregate (A-MTA) to pure A-MTA and calcium hydroxide. Homogeneous mixtures (created by adding +0.1 weight[wt]% and 0.3 wt% GNP to A-MTA), pure A-MTA, and Dycal were used. Three disc-shaped samples of each material were prepared using Teflon mold. Scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), particle size, microhardness, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of the materials were performed in vitro. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Conover test (p < .001). A-MTA and GNP added samples showed similar peaks in FTIR analysis. In the EDX analysis, the amount of carbon was observed with a higher increase at A-MTA + 0.3 wt% GNP than A-MTA + 0.1 wt% GNP. In the SEM image, hollow structure and particle size decreased as the amount of GNP increased; particle size was smaller at A-MTA + 0.3 wt% GNP than A-MTA + 0.1 wt% GNP (p < .001). A-MTA + 0.3 wt% GNP showed the highest microhardness while Dycal showed the lowest microhardness. The addition of GNP, a material with high potential for forming hard tissue, to the structure of capping materials can also positively contribute to the microhardness of the capping materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Nihan Kucukyildiz
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Burak Dayi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Serdar Altin
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Art, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Oktay Yigit
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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169
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Gao Y, Xu A, Shen Q, Xie Y, Liu S, Wang X. Graphene oxide aggravated dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis through intestinal epithelial cells autophagy dysfunction. J Toxicol Sci 2021; 46:43-55. [PMID: 33408300 DOI: 10.2131/jts.46.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is one of the most promising nanomaterials used in biomedicine. However, studies about its adverse effects on the intestine in state of inflammation remain limited. This study aimed to explore the underlying effects of GO on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in vitro and colitis in vivo. We found that GO could exert toxic effects on NCM460 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner and promote inflammation. Furthermore, GO caused lysosomal dysfunction and then blockaded autophagy flux. Moreover, pharmacological autophagy inhibitor 3-Methyladenine could reverse GO-induced LC3B and p62 expression levels, reduce expression levels of IL-6, IL-8, TLR4, and CXCL2, and increase the level of IL-10. In vivo, C57BL/6 mice were treated with 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water for five consecutive days to induce colitis. Then, GO at 60 mg/kg dose was administered through the oral route every two days from day 2 to day 8. These results showed that GO aggravated DSS-induced colitis, characterized by shortening of the colon and severe pathological changes, and induced autophagy. In conclusion, GO caused the abnormal autophagy in IECs and exacerbated DSS-induced colitis in mice. Our research indicated that GO may contribute to the development of intestinal inflammation by inducing IECs autophagy dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China
| | - Angao Xu
- Huizhou Medicine Institute, China
| | - Qiong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China
| | - Siliang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China
| | - Xinying Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China
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170
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Avashthi G, Singh M. Ultrasound accelerated near-edge functionalized heterogeneous graphene oxide sonocatalyst for surface optical bandwidth efficacy and in situ sonothermocatalysis. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj06079h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound-accelerated optically active heterogeneous catalyst and sonochemical time driven thermodynamic dye catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Avashthi
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Central University of Gujarat
- Gandhinagar-382030
- India
| | - Man Singh
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Central University of Gujarat
- Gandhinagar-382030
- India
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171
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Joz Majidi H, Babaei A, Kazemi‐Pasarvi S, Arab‐Bafrani Z, Amiri M. Tuning polylactic acid scaffolds for tissue engineering purposes by incorporating graphene oxide‐chitosan nano‐hybrids. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hoomaan Joz Majidi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Golestan University Gorgan Iran
| | - Amir Babaei
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Golestan University Gorgan Iran
| | - Sina Kazemi‐Pasarvi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Zahra Arab‐Bafrani
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
| | - Mehrasa Amiri
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Golestan University Gorgan Iran
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172
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Schmitt C, Rasch F, Cossais F, Held-Feindt J, Lucius R, Vázquez AR, Nia AS, Lohe MR, Feng X, Mishra YK, Adelung R, Schütt F, Hattermann K. Glial cell responses on tetrapod-shaped graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide 3D scaffolds in brain in vitro and ex vivo models of indirect contact. Biomed Mater 2020; 16:015008. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aba796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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173
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Liao C, Li Y, Tjong SC. Polyetheretherketone and Its Composites for Bone Replacement and Regeneration. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2858. [PMID: 33260490 PMCID: PMC7760052 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, recent advances in the development, preparation, biocompatibility and mechanical properties of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and its composites for hard and soft tissue engineering are reviewed. PEEK has been widely employed for fabricating spinal fusions due to its radiolucency, chemical stability and superior sterilization resistance at high temperatures. PEEK can also be tailored into patient-specific implants for treating orbital and craniofacial defects in combination with additive manufacturing process. However, PEEK is bioinert, lacking osseointegration after implantation. Accordingly, several approaches including surface roughening, thin film coating technology, and addition of bioactive hydroxyapatite (HA) micro-/nanofillers have been adopted to improve osseointegration performance. The elastic modulus of PEEK is 3.7-4.0 GPa, being considerably lower than that of human cortical bone ranging from 7-30 GPa. Thus, PEEK is not stiff enough to sustain applied stress in load-bearing orthopedic implants. Therefore, HA micro-/nanofillers, continuous and discontinuous carbon fibers are incorporated into PEEK for enhancing its stiffness for load-bearing applications. Among these, carbon fibers are more effective than HA micro-/nanofillers in providing additional stiffness and load-bearing capabilities. In particular, the tensile properties of PEEK composite with 30wt% short carbon fibers resemble those of cortical bone. Hydrophobic PEEK shows no degradation behavior, thus hampering its use for making porous bone scaffolds. PEEK can be blended with hydrophilic polymers such as polyglycolic acid and polyvinyl alcohol to produce biodegradable scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhu Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Yuchao Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Sie Chin Tjong
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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174
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Oprea M, Voicu SI. Cellulose Composites with Graphene for Tissue Engineering Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5347. [PMID: 33255827 PMCID: PMC7728350 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles of engineering and life sciences to obtain biomaterials capable of maintaining, improving, or substituting the function of various tissues or even an entire organ. In virtue of its high availability, biocompatibility and versatility, cellulose was considered a promising platform for such applications. The combination of cellulose with graphene or graphene derivatives leads to the obtainment of superior composites in terms of cellular attachment, growth and proliferation, integration into host tissue, and stem cell differentiation toward specific lineages. The current review provides an up-to-date summary of the status of the field of cellulose composites with graphene for tissue engineering applications. The preparation methods and the biological performance of cellulose paper, bacterial cellulose, and cellulose derivatives-based composites with graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide were mainly discussed. The importance of the cellulose-based matrix and the contribution of graphene and graphene derivatives fillers as well as several key applications of these hybrid materials, particularly for the development of multifunctional scaffolds for cell culture, bone and neural tissue regeneration were also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Oprea
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gheorghe Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Stefan Ioan Voicu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gheorghe Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gheorghe Polizu 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
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175
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Li Y, Liao C, Tjong SC. Recent Advances in Zinc Oxide Nanostructures with Antimicrobial Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8836. [PMID: 33266476 PMCID: PMC7700383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the recent developments in the synthesis, antibacterial activity, and visible-light photocatalytic bacterial inactivation of nano-zinc oxide. Polycrystalline wurtzite ZnO nanostructures with a hexagonal lattice having different shapes can be synthesized by means of vapor-, liquid-, and solid-phase processing techniques. Among these, ZnO hierarchical nanostructures prepared from the liquid phase route are commonly used for antimicrobial activity. In particular, plant extract-mediated biosynthesis is a single step process for preparing nano-ZnO without using surfactants and toxic chemicals. The phytochemical molecules of natural plant extracts are attractive agents for reducing and stabilizing zinc ions of zinc salt precursors to form green ZnO nanostructures. The peel extracts of certain citrus fruits like grapefruits, lemons and oranges, acting as excellent chelating agents for zinc ions. Furthermore, phytochemicals of the plant extracts capped on ZnO nanomaterials are very effective for killing various bacterial strains, leading to low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. Bioactive phytocompounds from green ZnO also inhibit hemolysis of Staphylococcus aureus infected red blood cells and inflammatory activity of mammalian immune system. In general, three mechanisms have been adopted to explain bactericidal activity of ZnO nanomaterials, including direct contact killing, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and released zinc ion inactivation. These toxic effects lead to the destruction of bacterial membrane, denaturation of enzyme, inhibition of cellular respiration and deoxyribonucleic acid replication, causing leakage of the cytoplasmic content and eventual cell death. Meanwhile, antimicrobial activity of doped and modified ZnO nanomaterials under visible light can be attributed to photogeneration of ROS on their surfaces. Thus particular attention is paid to the design and synthesis of visible light-activated ZnO photocatalysts with antibacterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China;
| | - Chengzhu Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Sie Chin Tjong
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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176
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Erdinest N, London N. Letter to the Editor Concerning "Historical Development, Applications and Advances in Materials Used in Spectacle Lenses and Contact Lenses" [Letter]. CLINICAL OPTOMETRY 2020; 12:199-200. [PMID: 33177909 PMCID: PMC7649229 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s287130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nir Erdinest
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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177
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Nasiłowska B, Bogdanowicz Z, Hińcza K, Mierczyk Z, Góźdź S, Djas M, Kowiorski K, Bombalska A, Kowalik A. Graphene Oxide Aerosol Deposition and its Influence on Cancer Cells. Preliminary Results. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13194464. [PMID: 33050094 PMCID: PMC7578968 DOI: 10.3390/ma13194464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of the interaction of graphene oxide (GO) on MDA-MB-231 and SW-954 cancer cell lines. The tests were carried out in two variants. In the first one, GO was sprayed on a Petri dish and then, the cancer cell lines were cultured. In the second variant, the cells were covered with an aerosol containing GO. In both variants, cancer cell lines were incubated and tested every 24, 48, and 72 h. After each time period, cell viability and surface morphology were measured. The tests after 72 h showed that coating with GO aerosol caused a reduction in cell viability by 52.7% and 26.4% for MDA-MB-231 and SW-954 cancer cell lines, respectively, with respect to a reference sample (without the influence of GO aerosol). Tests where GO is a culture medium demonstrated a decrease in cell viability by approximately 4.3% compared to a reference sample for both considered cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nasiłowska
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (Z.M.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Zdzisław Bogdanowicz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Kinga Hińcza
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Holy Cross Cancer Center, Kielce, S. Artwińskiego 3, 25-735 Kielce, Poland; (K.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Zygmunt Mierczyk
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (Z.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Stanisław Góźdź
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Holy Cross Cancer Center, Kielce, S. Artwińskiego 3, 25-735 Kielce, Poland;
- Department of Prophylaxis and Cancer Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, Al. IX Wieków Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Djas
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Department of Chemical Synthesis and Flake Graphene; Wólczyńska 133, Warsaw 01-919, Poland; (M.D.); (K.K.)
| | - Krystian Kowiorski
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Department of Chemical Synthesis and Flake Graphene; Wólczyńska 133, Warsaw 01-919, Poland; (M.D.); (K.K.)
| | - Aneta Bombalska
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (Z.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Artur Kowalik
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Holy Cross Cancer Center, Kielce, S. Artwińskiego 3, 25-735 Kielce, Poland; (K.H.); (A.K.)
- Division of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
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178
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Alimohammadi E, Khedri M, Miri Jahromi A, Maleki R, Rezaian M. Graphene-Based Nanoparticles as Potential Treatment Options for Parkinson's Disease: A Molecular Dynamics Study. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:6887-6903. [PMID: 32982240 PMCID: PMC7509323 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s265140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study of abnormal aggregation of proteins in different tissues of the body has recently earned great attention from researchers in various fields of science. Concerning neurological diseases, for instance, the accumulation of amyloid fibrils can contribute to Parkinson's disease, a progressively severe neurodegenerative disorder. The most prominent features of this disease are the degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra and accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates, especially in the brainstem, spinal cord, and cortical areas. Dopamine replacement therapies and other medications have reduced motor impairment and had positive consequences on patients' quality of life. However, if these medications are stopped, symptoms of the disease will recur even more severely. Therefore, the improvement of therapies targeting more basic mechanisms like prevention of amyloid formation seems to be critical. It has been shown that the interactions between monolayers like graphene and amyloids could prevent their fibrillation. METHODS For the first time, the impact of four types of last-generation graphene-based nanostructures on the prevention of α-synuclein amyloid fibrillation was investigated in this study by using molecular dynamics simulation tools. RESULTS Although all monolayers were shown to prevent amyloid fibrillation, nitrogen-doped graphene (N-Graphene) caused the most instability in the secondary structure of α-synuclein amyloids. Moreover, among the four monolayers, N-Graphene was shown to present the highest absolute value of interaction energy, the lowest contact level of amyloid particles, the highest number of hydrogen bonds between water and amyloid molecules, the highest instability caused in α-synuclein particles, and the most significant decrease in the compactness of α-synuclein protein. DISCUSSION Ultimately, it was concluded that N-Graphene could be the most effective monolayer to disrupt amyloid fibrillation, and consequently, prevent the progression of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Alimohammadi
- Neurosurgery Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khedri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran1591634311, Iran
| | - Ahmad Miri Jahromi
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran1591634311, Iran
| | - Reza Maleki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Rezaian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran19839-63113, Iran
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179
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Patel TN, R P, Vashi Y, Bhattacharya P. Toxic impacts and industrial potential of graphene. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2020; 38:269-297. [PMID: 32897810 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2020.1812335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Advancement in the field of nanotechnology has increased the synthesis and exploitation of graphene-like nanomaterials. Graphene is a two-dimensional planar and hexagonal array of carbon atoms. Due to its flexible nature graphene and its derivatives have several significant prospects extending from electronics to life sciences and drug delivery systems. In this review, we enlist some of the toxic effects of graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs) in various aspects of biosystems viz., in vitro, in vivo, microbial, molecular and environmental. We also appreciate their extensive and promising applications though with some underlying challenges. This review also draws attention toward current and future prospect of global graphene market for wide-range commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trupti N Patel
- Department of Integrative Biology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Priyanka R
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yash Vashi
- Operations and Product Development Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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180
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Golubewa L, Rehman H, Kulahava T, Karpicz R, Baah M, Kaplas T, Shah A, Malykhin S, Obraztsov A, Rutkauskas D, Jankunec M, Matulaitienė I, Selskis A, Denisov A, Svirko Y, Kuzhir P. Macro-, Micro- and Nano-Roughness of Carbon-Based Interface with the Living Cells: Towards a Versatile Bio-Sensing Platform. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E5028. [PMID: 32899745 PMCID: PMC7570712 DOI: 10.3390/s20185028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Integration of living cells with nonbiological surfaces (substrates) of sensors, scaffolds, and implants implies severe restrictions on the interface quality and properties, which broadly cover all elements of the interaction between the living and artificial systems (materials, surface modifications, drug-eluting coatings, etc.). Substrate materials must support cellular viability, preserve sterility, and at the same time allow real-time analysis and control of cellular activity. We have compared new substrates based on graphene and pyrolytic carbon (PyC) for the cultivation of living cells. These are PyC films of nanometer thickness deposited on SiO2 and black silicon and graphene nanowall films composed of graphene flakes oriented perpendicular to the Si substrate. The structure, morphology, and interface properties of these substrates are analyzed in terms of their biocompatibility. The PyC demonstrates interface biocompatibility, promising for controlling cell proliferation and directional intercellular contact formation while as-grown graphene walls possess high hydrophobicity and poor biocompatibility. By performing experiments with C6 glioma cells we discovered that PyC is a cell-friendly coating that can be used without poly-l-lysine or other biopolymers for controlling cell adhesion. Thus, the opportunity to easily control the physical/chemical properties and nanotopography makes the PyC films a perfect candidate for the development of biosensors and 3D bioscaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Golubewa
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.G.); (R.K.); (D.R.); (I.M.); (A.S.)
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya 11, 220030 Minsk, Belarus;
| | - Hamza Rehman
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland; (H.R.); (M.B.); (T.K.); (S.M.); (A.O.); (Y.S.)
| | - Tatsiana Kulahava
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya 11, 220030 Minsk, Belarus;
- Department of Biophysics, Belarusian State University, Nezavisimosti Ave. 4, 220030 Minsk, Belarus;
| | - Renata Karpicz
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.G.); (R.K.); (D.R.); (I.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Marian Baah
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland; (H.R.); (M.B.); (T.K.); (S.M.); (A.O.); (Y.S.)
| | - Tommy Kaplas
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland; (H.R.); (M.B.); (T.K.); (S.M.); (A.O.); (Y.S.)
| | - Ali Shah
- Department of Micro and Nanosciences, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, P.O. Box 13500, Finland;
| | - Sergei Malykhin
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland; (H.R.); (M.B.); (T.K.); (S.M.); (A.O.); (Y.S.)
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 53, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1–2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Obraztsov
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland; (H.R.); (M.B.); (T.K.); (S.M.); (A.O.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1–2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Danielis Rutkauskas
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.G.); (R.K.); (D.R.); (I.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Marija Jankunec
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Ieva Matulaitienė
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.G.); (R.K.); (D.R.); (I.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Algirdas Selskis
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.G.); (R.K.); (D.R.); (I.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Andrei Denisov
- Department of Biophysics, Belarusian State University, Nezavisimosti Ave. 4, 220030 Minsk, Belarus;
- Institute of Physiology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus, 28 Akademichnaya Str., BY-220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Yuri Svirko
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland; (H.R.); (M.B.); (T.K.); (S.M.); (A.O.); (Y.S.)
| | - Polina Kuzhir
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya 11, 220030 Minsk, Belarus;
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland; (H.R.); (M.B.); (T.K.); (S.M.); (A.O.); (Y.S.)
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181
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Liao C, Jin Y, Li Y, Tjong SC. Interactions of Zinc Oxide Nanostructures with Mammalian Cells: Cytotoxicity and Photocatalytic Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6305. [PMID: 32878253 PMCID: PMC7504403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents a state-of-the-art review and analysis of literature studies on the morphological structure, fabrication, cytotoxicity, and photocatalytic toxicity of zinc oxide nanostructures (nZnO) of mammalian cells. nZnO with different morphologies, e.g., quantum dots, nanoparticles, nanorods, and nanotetrapods are toxic to a wide variety of mammalian cell lines due to in vitro cell-material interactions. Several mechanisms responsible for in vitro cytotoxicity have been proposed. These include the penetration of nZnO into the cytoplasm, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that degrade mitochondrial function, induce endoplasmic reticulum stress, and damage deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), lipid, and protein molecules. Otherwise, nZnO dissolve extracellularly into zinc ions and the subsequent diffusion of ions into the cytoplasm can create ROS. Furthermore, internalization of nZnO and localization in acidic lysosomes result in their dissolution into zinc ions, producing ROS too in cytoplasm. These ROS-mediated responses induce caspase-dependent apoptosis via the activation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (chop), and phosphoprotein p53 gene expressions. In vivo studies on a mouse model reveal the adverse impacts of nZnO on internal organs through different administration routes. The administration of ZnO nanoparticles into mice via intraperitoneal instillation and intravenous injection facilitates their accumulation in target organs, such as the liver, spleen, and lung. ZnO is a semiconductor with a large bandgap showing photocatalytic behavior under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. As such, photogenerated electron-hole pairs react with adsorbed oxygen and water molecules to produce ROS. So, the ROS-mediated selective killing for human tumor cells is beneficial for cancer treatment in photodynamic therapy. The photoinduced effects of noble metal doped nZnO for creating ROS under UV and visible light for killing cancer cells are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhu Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.L.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yuming Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (C.L.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yuchao Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Sie Chin Tjong
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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182
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2D materials in electrochemical sensors for in vitro or in vivo use. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:701-725. [PMID: 32776222 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02831-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Individual cells and cell populations are at the present time investigated with a myriad of analytical tools. While most of them are commercially available, some of these analytical tools are just emerging from research laboratories and are in the developmental phase. Electrochemical sensors which allow the monitoring of low molecular weight compounds released (and / or uptaken) by cells are among these emerging tools. Such sensors are increasingly built using 2D materials (e.g. graphene-based materials, transition metal dichalcogenides, etc.) with the aim of conferring better analytical performances to these devices. The present work critically reviews studies published during the last 10 years describing electrochemical sensors made with 2D materials and exploited to monitor small compounds (e.g. H2O2, ·NO, glucose, etc.) in living biological systems. It also discusses the very few 2D material-based electrochemical sensors which are wearable or usable in vivo. Finally, the present work includes a specific section about 2D material biocompatibility, a fundamental requirement for 2D material-based sensor applications in vitro and in vivo. As such, the review provides a critical view on the state of the art of electrochemical sensors made with 2D materials and used at cellular level and it evaluates the possibility that such sensors will be used on / in the human body on a wider scale.
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183
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Bellagamba I, Boccuni F, Ferrante R, Tombolini F, Marra F, Sarto MS, Iavicoli S. Workers' Exposure Assessment during the Production of Graphene Nanoplatelets in R&D Laboratory. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10081520. [PMID: 32756523 PMCID: PMC7466624 DOI: 10.3390/nano10081520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Widespread production and use of engineered nanomaterials in industrial and research settings raise concerns about their health impact in the workplace. In the last years, graphene-based nanomaterials have gained particular interest in many application fields. Among them, graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) showed superior electrical, optical and thermal properties, low-cost and availability. Few and conflicting results have been reported about toxicity and potential effects on workers’ health, during the production and handling of these nanostructures. Due to this lack of knowledge, systematic approaches are needed to assess risks and quantify workers’ exposure to GNPs. This work applies a multi-metric approach to assess workers’ exposure during the production of GNPs, based on the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) methodology by integrating real-time measurements and personal sampling. In particular, we analyzed the particle number concentration, the average diameter and the lung deposited surface area of airborne nanoparticles during the production process conducted by thermal exfoliation in two different ways, compared to the background. These results have been integrated by electron microscopic and spectroscopic analysis on the filters sampled by personal impactors. The study identifies the process phases potentially at risk for workers and reports quantitative information about the parameters that may influence the exposure in order to propose recommendations for a safer design of GNPs production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bellagamba
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (M.S.S.)
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, I-00184 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3928-122607
| | - Fabio Boccuni
- Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority—Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, I-00078 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (R.F.); (F.T.); (S.I.)
| | - Riccardo Ferrante
- Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority—Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, I-00078 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (R.F.); (F.T.); (S.I.)
| | - Francesca Tombolini
- Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority—Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, I-00078 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (R.F.); (F.T.); (S.I.)
| | - Fabrizio Marra
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (M.S.S.)
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, I-00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Sabrina Sarto
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (M.S.S.)
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, I-00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority—Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1, I-00078 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (R.F.); (F.T.); (S.I.)
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184
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Leem JW, Llacsahuanga Allcca AE, Kim YJ, Park J, Kim SW, Kim SR, Ryu W, Chen YP, Kim YL. Photoelectric Silk via Genetic Encoding and Bioassisted Plasmonics. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2020; 4:e2000040. [PMID: 32462817 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Genetically encoded photoelectric silk that can convert photons to electrons (light to electricity) over a wide visible range in a self-power mode is reported. As silk is a versatile host material with electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, and processability, a photoelectric protein is genetically fused with silk by silkworm transgenesis. Specifically, mKate2, which is conventionally known as a far-red fluorescent protein, is used as a photoelectric protein. Characterization of the electrochemical and optical properties of mKate2 silk allows designing a photoelectric measurement system. A series of in situ photocurrent experiments support the sensitive and stable performance of photoelectric conversion. In addition, as a plasmonic nanomaterial with a broad spectral resonance, titanium nitride (TiN) nanoparticles are biologically hybridized into the silk glands, taking full advantage of the silkworms' open circulatory system as well as the absorption band of mKate2 silk. This biological hybridization via direct feeding of TiN nanoparticles further enhances the overall photoelectric conversion ability of mKate2 silk. It is envisioned that the biologically derived photoelectric protein, its ecofriendly scalable production by transgenic silkworms, and the bioassisted plasmonic hybridization can potentially broaden the biomaterial choices for developing next-generation biosensing, retina prosthesis, and neurostimulation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Woo Leem
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | | | - Yong Jae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwoo Park
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Wan Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ryul Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - WonHyoung Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong P Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Young L Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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185
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Stevanović M, Djošić M, Janković A, Kojić V, Vukašinović-Sekulić M, Stojanović J, Odović J, Crevar Sakač M, Kyong Yop R, Mišković-Stanković V. Antibacterial graphene-based hydroxyapatite/chitosan coating with gentamicin for potential applications in bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:2175-2189. [PMID: 32323414 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrophoretic deposition process (EPD) was successfully used for obtaining graphene (Gr)-reinforced composite coating based on hydroxyapatite (HAP), chitosan (CS), and antibiotic gentamicin (Gent), from aqueous suspension. The deposition process was performed as a single step process at a constant voltage (5 V, deposition time 12 min) on pure titanium foils. The influence of graphene was examined through detailed physicochemical and biological characterization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron analyses confirmed the formation of composite HAP/CS/Gr and HAP/CS/Gr/Gent coatings on Ti. Obtained coatings had porous, uniform, fracture-free surfaces, suggesting strong interfacial interaction between HAP, CS, and Gr. Large specific area of graphene enabled strong bonding with chitosan, acting as nanofiller throughout the polymer matrix. Gentamicin addition strongly improved the antibacterial activity of HAP/CS/Gr/Gent coating that was confirmed by antibacterial activity kinetics in suspension and agar diffusion testing, while results indicated more pronounced antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus (bactericidal, viable cells number reduction >3 logarithmic units) compared to Escherichia coli (bacteriostatic, <3 logarithmic units). MTT assay indicated low cytotoxicity (75% cell viability) against MRC-5 and L929 (70% cell viability) tested cell lines, indicating good biocompatibility of HAP/CS/Gr/Gent coating. Therefore, electrodeposited HAP/CS/Gr/Gent coating on Ti can be considered as a prospective material for bone tissue engineering as a hard tissue implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Stevanović
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Djošić
- Institute for Technology of Nuclear and Other Mineral Raw Materials (ITNMS), Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Janković
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Kojić
- Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | | | - Jovica Stojanović
- Institute for Technology of Nuclear and Other Mineral Raw Materials (ITNMS), Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jadranka Odović
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Rhee Kyong Yop
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Vesna Mišković-Stanković
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
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186
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Sedighi A, Taheri RA, Montazer M. High-Performance Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Electrodes/Substrates for Wearable Electronics. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sedighi
- Graphene and Advanced Materials Laboratory (Gamlab), Advanced Materials and Processes Institute, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591634311, Iran
| | - Ramezan Ali Taheri
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1815944153, Iran
| | - Majid Montazer
- Textile Department, Amirkabir Nanotechnology Research Institute (ANTRI), Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591634311, Iran
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187
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Díez-Pascual AM. Antibacterial Action of Nanoparticle Loaded Nanocomposites Based on Graphene and Its Derivatives: A Mini-Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3563. [PMID: 32443558 PMCID: PMC7278957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections constitute a severe problem in various areas of everyday life, causing pain and death, and adding enormous costs to healthcare worldwide. Besides, they cause important concerns in other industries, such as cloth, food packaging, and biomedicine, among others. Despite the intensive efforts of academics and researchers, there is lack of a general solutions to restrict bacterial growth. Among the various approaches, the use of antibacterial nanomaterials is a very promising way to fight the microorganisms due to their high specific surface area and intrinsic or chemically incorporated antibacterial action. Graphene, a 2D carbon-based ultra-thin biocompatible nanomaterial with excellent mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties, and its derivatives, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), are highly suitable candidates for restricting microbial infections. However, the mechanisms of antimicrobial action, their cytotoxicity, and other issues remain unclear. This mini-review provides select examples on the leading advances in the development of antimicrobial nanocomposites incorporating inorganic nanoparticles and graphene or its derivatives, with the aim of providing a better understanding of the antibacterial properties of graphene-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Díez-Pascual
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Research “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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188
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Ma G, Xu X, Tesfai M, Wang H, Xu P. Developing anti-biofouling and energy-efficient cation-exchange membranes using conductive polymers and nanomaterials. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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189
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Quast T, Mariani F, Scavetta E, Schuhmann W, Andronescu C. Reduced‐Graphene‐Oxide‐Based Needle‐Type Field‐Effect Transistor for Dopamine Sensing. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Quast
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty for Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Federica Mariani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”Università di Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”Università di Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty for Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Chemical Technology III, Faculty of Chemistry and CENIDE – Center for NanointegrationUniversity Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Str. 199 47057 Duisburg Germany
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190
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Chou HY, Wang HMD, Kuo CH, Lu PH, Wang L, Kang W, Sun CL. Antioxidant Graphene Oxide Nanoribbon as a Novel Whitening Agent Inhibits Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor-Related Melanogenesis Mechanism. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6588-6597. [PMID: 32258894 PMCID: PMC7114877 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In the melanin synthesis process, oxidative reactions play an essential role, and it is a good strategy to inhibit melanin production by reducing oxidative stress. Fullerene and its derivatives, or the complexes, were considered as strong free-radical scavengers, and we further applied multilayered sp2 nanocarbons to discover melanin synthesis inhibitory mechanisms. In the present study, we used novel nanomaterials, such as multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), short-type MWCNTs, graphene oxide nanoribbons (GONRs), and short-type GONRs, as anti-oxidative agents to regulate melanin production. The results showed that GONRs had better anti-oxidative capabilities in intracellular and extracellular oxidative stress analysis platforms than others. We proposed that GONRs have oxygen-containing functional groups. In the 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate assay, we found out GONR could chelate metal ions to scavenge reactive oxygen species. In the molecular insight view, we observed that these nanomaterials downregulated the melanin synthesis by decreasing microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-related gene expressions, and there were similar consequences in protein expressions. To sum up, GONRs is a potential agent as a novel antioxidant and skin-whitening cosmetology material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Chou
- Ph.D.
Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- Ph.D.
Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
- Graduate
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National
Chung Hsing University, Taichung
City 402, Taiwan
- Graduate
Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Department
of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung
City 404, Taiwan
- College
of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei
University, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Chia-Heng Kuo
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang
Gung University, Taoyuan
City 333, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Dermatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Taipei
Arts Plastic Clinic, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Lin Wang
- College
of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F
University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR
China
| | - Wenyi Kang
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource
Function, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Chia-Liang Sun
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang
Gung University, Taoyuan
City 333, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Dermatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
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191
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Georgieva M, Vasileva B, Speranza G, Wang D, Stoyanov K, Draganova-Filipova M, Zagorchev P, Sarafian V, Miloshev G, Krasteva N. Amination of Graphene Oxide Leads to Increased Cytotoxicity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2427. [PMID: 32244505 PMCID: PMC7177364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically, there is an urgent need to identify new therapeutic strategies for selectively treating cancer cells. One of the directions in this research is the development of biocompatible therapeutics that selectively target cancer cells. Here, we show that novel aminated graphene oxide (haGO-NH2) nanoparticles demonstrate increased toxicity towards human hepatocellular cancer cells compared to pristine graphene oxide(GO). The applied novel strategy for amination leads to a decrease in the size of haGO-NH2 and their zeta potential, thus, assuring easier penetration through the cell membrane. After characterization of the biological activities of pristine and aminated GO, we have demonstrated strong cytotoxicity of haGO-NH2 toward hepatic cancer cells - HepG2 cell line, in a dose-dependent manner. We have presented evidence that the cytotoxic effects of haGO-NH2 on hepatic cancer cells were due to cell membrane damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Intrinsically, our current study provides new rationale for exploiting aminated graphene oxide as an anticancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Georgieva
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.G.); (B.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Bela Vasileva
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.G.); (B.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Giorgio Speranza
- Functional Materials and Photonic Structure, Center for Materials and Microsystems, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, I-38123 Povo, Italy;
| | - Dayong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School in Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Kalin Stoyanov
- Department of Automation, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Milena Draganova-Filipova
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Medical University—Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (M.D.-F.); (V.S.)
- Research Institute at Medical University-Plovdiv, Bulgaria; 15A Vassil Aprilov, blvd, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Plamen Zagorchev
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University—Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Victoria Sarafian
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Medical University—Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (M.D.-F.); (V.S.)
- Research Institute at Medical University-Plovdiv, Bulgaria; 15A Vassil Aprilov, blvd, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - George Miloshev
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.G.); (B.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Natalia Krasteva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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192
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The Use of Electrospun Organic and Carbon Nanofibers in Bone Regeneration. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030562. [PMID: 32244931 PMCID: PMC7153397 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There has been an increasing amount of research on regenerative medicine for the treatment of bone defects. Scaffolds are needed for the formation of new bone, and various scaffolding materials have been evaluated for bone regeneration. Materials with pores that allow cells to differentiate into osteocytes are preferred in scaffolds for bone regeneration, and porous materials and fibers are well suited for this application. Electrospinning is an effective method for producing a nanosized fiber by applying a high voltage to the needle tip containing a polymer solution. The use of electrospun nanofibers is being studied in the medical field, and its use as a scaffold for bone regeneration therapy has become a topic of growing interest. In this review, we will introduce the potential use of electrospun nanofiber as a scaffold for bone regenerative medicine with a focus on carbon nanofibers produced by the electrospinning method.
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193
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Pranno N, La Monaca G, Polimeni A, Sarto MS, Uccelletti D, Bruni E, Cristalli MP, Cavallini D, Vozza I. Antibacterial Activity against Staphylococcus Aureus of Titanium Surfaces Coated with Graphene Nanoplatelets to Prevent Peri-Implant Diseases. An In-Vitro Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1568. [PMID: 32121336 PMCID: PMC7084449 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dental implants are one of the most commonly used ways to replace missing teeth. Nevertheless, the close contact with hard and soft oral tissues expose these devices to infectious peri-implant diseases. To prevent such infection, several surface treatments have been developed in the last few years to improve the antimicrobial properties of titanium dental implants. In this in-vitro pilot study, the antimicrobial activity of titanium surfaces coated with different types of graphene nanoplatelets are investigated. Six different colloidal suspensions of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were produced from graphite intercalated compounds, setting the temperature and duration of the thermal shock and varying the number of the exfoliation cycles. Titanium disks with sand-blasted and acid-etched surfaces were sprayed with 2 mL of colloidal GNPs suspensions. The size of the GNPs and the percentage of titanium disk surfaces coated by GNPs were evaluated through a field emission-scanning electron microscope. The antibacterial activity of the specimens against Staphylococcus aureus was estimated using a crystal violet assay. The dimension of GNPs decreased progressively after each sonication cycle. The two best mean percentages of titanium disk surfaces coated by GNPs were GNPs1050°/2 and GNPs1150°/2. The reduction of biofilm development was 14.4% in GNPs1150°/2, 20.1% in GNPs1150°/3, 30.3% in GNPs1050°/3, and 39.2% in GNPs1050°/2. The results of the study suggested that the surface treatment of titanium disks with GNPs represents a promising solution to improve the antibacterial activity of titanium implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pranno
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (A.P.); (I.V.)
| | - Gerardo La Monaca
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (A.P.); (I.V.)
| | - Antonella Polimeni
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (A.P.); (I.V.)
| | - Maria Sabrina Sarto
- SNN Lab, Sapienza Nanotechnology & Nano-Science Laboratory, Sapienza, University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy; (M.S.S.); (D.C.)
- DIAEE, Department of Astronautical, Electrical, Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Uccelletti
- BBCD, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy; (D.U.); (E.B.)
| | - Erika Bruni
- BBCD, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy; (D.U.); (E.B.)
| | - Maria Paola Cristalli
- Department of Biotechnologies and Medico Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Domenico Cavallini
- SNN Lab, Sapienza Nanotechnology & Nano-Science Laboratory, Sapienza, University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy; (M.S.S.); (D.C.)
- DIAEE, Department of Astronautical, Electrical, Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Iole Vozza
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (A.P.); (I.V.)
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194
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Pang Y, Yang N, Shen X, Zhang Y, Feng L. Conjugated polymer self-assembled with graphene: Synthesis and electrochemical 1-hydroxypyrene sensor. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.122139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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195
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Applications of Nanocellulose/Nanocarbon Composites: Focus on Biotechnology and Medicine. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020196. [PMID: 31979245 PMCID: PMC7074939 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose/nanocarbon composites are newly emerging smart hybrid materials containing cellulose nanoparticles, such as nanofibrils and nanocrystals, and carbon nanoparticles, such as "classical" carbon allotropes (fullerenes, graphene, nanotubes and nanodiamonds), or other carbon nanostructures (carbon nanofibers, carbon quantum dots, activated carbon and carbon black). The nanocellulose component acts as a dispersing agent and homogeneously distributes the carbon nanoparticles in an aqueous environment. Nanocellulose/nanocarbon composites can be prepared with many advantageous properties, such as high mechanical strength, flexibility, stretchability, tunable thermal and electrical conductivity, tunable optical transparency, photodynamic and photothermal activity, nanoporous character and high adsorption capacity. They are therefore promising for a wide range of industrial applications, such as energy generation, storage and conversion, water purification, food packaging, construction of fire retardants and shape memory devices. They also hold great promise for biomedical applications, such as radical scavenging, photodynamic and photothermal therapy of tumors and microbial infections, drug delivery, biosensorics, isolation of various biomolecules, electrical stimulation of damaged tissues (e.g., cardiac, neural), neural and bone tissue engineering, engineering of blood vessels and advanced wound dressing, e.g., with antimicrobial and antitumor activity. However, the potential cytotoxicity and immunogenicity of the composites and their components must also be taken into account.
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196
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Abstract
At the biointerface where materials and microorganisms meet, the organic and synthetic worlds merge into a new science that directs the design and safe use of synthetic materials for biological applications. Vapor deposition techniques provide an effective way to control the material properties of these biointerfaces with molecular-level precision that is important for biomaterials to interface with bacteria. In recent years, biointerface research that focuses on bacteria-surface interactions has been primarily driven by the goals of killing bacteria (antimicrobial) and fouling prevention (antifouling). Nevertheless, vapor deposition techniques have the potential to create biointerfaces with features that can manipulate and dictate the behavior of bacteria rather than killing or deterring them. In this review, we focus on recent advances in antimicrobial and antifouling biointerfaces produced through vapor deposition and provide an outlook on opportunities to capitalize on the features of these techniques to find unexplored connections between surface features and microbial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor B. Donadt
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Rong Yang
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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197
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Liao C, Li Y, Tjong SC. Visible-Light Active Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials with Bactericidal Properties. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E124. [PMID: 31936581 PMCID: PMC7022691 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of current research into the development, synthesis, photocatalytic bacterial activity, biocompatibility and cytotoxic properties of various visible-light active titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) and their nanocomposites. To achieve antibacterial inactivation under visible light, TiO2 NPs are doped with metal and non-metal elements, modified with carbonaceous nanomaterials, and coupled with other metal oxide semiconductors. Transition metals introduce a localized d-electron state just below the conduction band of TiO2 NPs, thereby narrowing the bandgap and causing a red shift of the optical absorption edge into the visible region. Silver nanoparticles of doped TiO2 NPs experience surface plasmon resonance under visible light excitation, leading to the injection of hot electrons into the conduction band of TiO2 NPs to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) for bacterial killing. The modification of TiO2 NPs with carbon nanotubes and graphene sheets also achieve the efficient creation of ROS under visible light irradiation. Furthermore, titanium-based alloy implants in orthopedics with enhanced antibacterial activity and biocompatibility can be achieved by forming a surface layer of Ag-doped titania nanotubes. By incorporating TiO2 NPs and Cu-doped TiO2 NPs into chitosan or the textile matrix, the resulting polymer nanocomposites exhibit excellent antimicrobial properties that can have applications as fruit/food wrapping films, self-cleaning fabrics, medical scaffolds and wound dressings. Considering the possible use of visible-light active TiO2 nanomaterials for various applications, their toxicity impact on the environment and public health is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhu Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuchao Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China;
| | - Sie Chin Tjong
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
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198
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Funda G, Taschieri S, Bruno GA, Grecchi E, Paolo S, Girolamo D, Del Fabbro M. Nanotechnology Scaffolds for Alveolar Bone Regeneration. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13010201. [PMID: 31947750 PMCID: PMC6982209 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In oral biology, tissue engineering aims at regenerating functional tissues through a series of key events that occur during alveolar/periodontal tissue formation and growth, by means of scaffolds that deliver signaling molecules and cells. Due to their excellent physicochemical properties and biomimetic features, nanomaterials are attractive alternatives offering many advantages for stimulating cell growth and promoting tissue regeneration through tissue engineering. The main aim of this article was to review the currently available literature to provide an overview of the different nano-scale scaffolds as key factors of tissue engineering for alveolar bone regeneration procedures. In this narrative review, PubMed, Medline, Scopus and Cochrane electronic databases were searched using key words like “tissue engineering”, “regenerative medicine”, “alveolar bone defects”, “alveolar bone regeneration”, “nanomaterials”, “scaffolds”, “nanospheres” and “nanofibrous scaffolds”. No limitation regarding language, publication date and study design was set. Hand-searching of the reference list of identified articles was also undertaken. The aim of this article was to give a brief introduction to review the role of different nanoscaffolds for bone regeneration and the main focus was set to underline their role for alveolar bone regeneration procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goker Funda
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.T.); (G.A.B.); (M.D.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5031-9950
| | - Silvio Taschieri
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.T.); (G.A.B.); (M.D.F.)
- IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi, 4, 20161 Milano MI, Italy;
| | - Giannì Aldo Bruno
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.T.); (G.A.B.); (M.D.F.)
- Dental and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit, IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Emma Grecchi
- Dental and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit, IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Savadori Paolo
- IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi, 4, 20161 Milano MI, Italy;
| | - Donati Girolamo
- ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Dentistry Department, Via Giovanni Battista Grassi, 74, 20157 Milan, Italy;
| | - Massimo Del Fabbro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.T.); (G.A.B.); (M.D.F.)
- IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi, 4, 20161 Milano MI, Italy;
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199
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Interaction Analysis of Commercial Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles with Unicellular Systems and Biomolecules. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010205. [PMID: 31892228 PMCID: PMC6982217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of commercial monolayer graphene oxide (GO) and graphene oxide nanocolloids (GOC) to interact with different unicellular systems and biomolecules was studied by analyzing the response of human alveolar carcinoma epithelial cells, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the bacteria Vibrio fischeri to the presence of different nanoparticle concentrations, and by studying the binding affinity of different microbial enzymes, like the α-l-rhamnosidase enzyme RhaB1 from the bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum and the AbG β-d-glucosidase from Agrobacterium sp. (strain ATCC 21400). An analysis of cytotoxicity on human epithelial cell line A549, S. cerevisiae (colony forming units, ROS induction, genotoxicity) and V. fischeri (luminescence inhibition) cells determined the potential of both nanoparticle types to damage the selected unicellular systems. Also, the protein binding affinity of the graphene derivatives at different oxidation levels was analyzed. The reported results highlight the variability that can exist in terms of toxicological potential and binding affinity depending on the target organism or protein and the selected nanomaterial.
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200
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Aleksandrzak M, Jedrzejczak-Silicka M, Sielicki K, Piotrowska K, Mijowska E. Size-Dependent in Vitro Biocompatibility and Uptake Process of Polymeric Carbon Nitride. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:47739-47749. [PMID: 31774643 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric carbon nitride (PCN), which demonstrates unique properties, has been widely explored, mostly in photocatalysis; however, the evaluation of its biocompatibility is still needed. Herein, the cytocompatibility of PCN with different lateral size distributions (A-PCN with 160 nm, B-PCN with 20 nm, and C-PCN with 10 nm dominating lateral sizes) was investigated. The viability of three cell lines (L929, MCF-7, and HepG2) has been determined using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), neutral red uptake (NRU), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assays. It was found that the highest cytotoxicity of PCN was observed for flakes with a lateral size of ∼20 nm (B-PCN) in three cell lines after 48 h of exposition. The uptake process of B-PCN sheets labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) by cells was also the most effective. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed the nanomaterial distribution throughout the cytoplasm and perinuclear region. The results demonstrated the correlation among size, internalization process, and cytocompatibility of the tested polymeric carbon nitride structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Aleksandrzak
- Department of Physicochemistry of Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering , West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin , Piastow Ave. 42 , 71-065 Szczecin , Poland
| | - Magdalena Jedrzejczak-Silicka
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics , West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin , Klemensa Janickiego 29 , 71-270 Szczecin Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sielicki
- Department of Physicochemistry of Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering , West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin , Piastow Ave. 42 , 71-065 Szczecin , Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piotrowska
- Department of Physiology , Pomeranian Medical University , Powstancow Wlkp. 72 , 70-111 Szczecin , Poland
| | - Ewa Mijowska
- Department of Physicochemistry of Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering , West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin , Piastow Ave. 42 , 71-065 Szczecin , Poland
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