151
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Gu WJ, Zhang C, Zhong Y, Luo J, Zhang CY, Zhang C, Wang C. Altered serum microRNA expression profile in subjects with heroin and methamphetamine use disorder. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109918. [PMID: 32036213 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Drug abuse is one of the most severe global social and public health problems, especially in China. However, objective blood biomarkers that are easy to detect are still in great need. This study was aim to explore the expression pattern of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in subjects with drug addiction and test the potential of altered serum miRNAs as noninvasive diagnostic tools for drug abuse. METHODS Serum samples were obtained from 42 heroin abusers, 42 methamphetamine (MA) abusers and 42 controls. Microarray-based miRNA analysis was first applied to screen unique serum miRNA profiles in drug abusers on a training set of serum samples from 12 heroin abusers, 12 MA abusers and 12 control subjects. The expression levels of selected candidate miRNAs were subsequently verified in individual samples of the training set and further confirmed independently in a validation set of samples from 30 heroin abusers, 30 MA abusers and 30 controls using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS Microarray analysis identified 116 and 109 significantly altered miRNAs in heroin abusers and MA abusers, respectively. Three miRNAs, including let-7b-5p, miR-206 and miR-486-5p, were verified to be significantly and steadily increased in heroin abusers, and miR-9-3p was significantly increased in MA abusers compared with normal controls. The areas under the curve (AUCs) of the ROC curve of these miRNAs ranged from 0.718 to 0.867. CONCLUSIONS Our study raises the possibility that the altered serum miRNAs could potentially be used as an auxiliary tool to identify individuals in drug abuse and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Jian Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Yujie Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Central Laboratory of Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Chunni Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
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152
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Shaimardanova AA, Solovyeva VV, Chulpanova DS, James V, Kitaeva KV, Rizvanov AA. Extracellular vesicles in the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system diseases. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:586-596. [PMID: 31638080 PMCID: PMC6975137 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.266908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes and microvesicles, play a fundamental role in the activity of the nervous system, participating in signal transmission between neurons and providing the interaction of central nervous system with all body systems. In many neurodegenerative diseases, neurons pack toxic substances into vesicles and release them into the extracellular space, which leads to the spread of misfolded neurotoxic proteins. The contents of neuron-derived extracellular vesicles may indicate pathological changes in the central nervous system, and the analysis of extracellular vesicle molecular content contributes to the development of non-invasive methods for the diagnosis of many central nervous system diseases. Extracellular vesicles of neuronal origin can be isolated from various biological fluids due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Today, the diagnostic potential of almost all toxic proteins involved in nervous system disease pathogenesis, specifically α-synuclein, tau protein, superoxide dismutase 1, FUS, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, as well as some synaptic proteins, has been well evidenced. Special attention is paid to extracellular RNAs mostly associated with extracellular vesicles, which are important in the onset and development of many neurodegenerative diseases. Depending on parental cell type, extracellular vesicles may have different therapeutic properties, including neuroprotective, regenerative, and anti-inflammatory. Due to nano size, biosafety, ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, possibility of targeted delivery and the lack of an immune response, extracellular vesicles are a promising vehicle for the delivery of therapeutic substances for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and drug delivery to the brain. This review describes modern approaches of diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system diseases using extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa A Shaimardanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Valeriya V Solovyeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria S Chulpanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria James
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Kristina V Kitaeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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153
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Mathews PM, Levy E. Exosome Production Is Key to Neuronal Endosomal Pathway Integrity in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1347. [PMID: 31911768 PMCID: PMC6920185 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the endosomal–lysosomal system is a prominent pathogenic factor in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. We and others have extensively characterized the neuronal endosomal pathway pathology that results from either triplication of the amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) gene in Down syndrome (DS) or from expression of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (APOE4), the greatest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD. More recently brain exosomes, extracellular vesicles that are generated within and released from endosomal compartments, have been shown to be altered in DS and by APOE4 expression. In this review, we discuss the emerging data arguing for an interdependence between exosome production and endosomal pathway integrity in the brain. In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that altered trafficking through the endosomal pathway or compromised cargo turnover within lysosomes can affect the production, secretion, and content of exosomes. Conversely, exosome biogenesis can affect the endosomal–lysosomal system. Indeed, we propose that efficient exosome release helps to modulate flux through the neuronal endosomal pathway by decompressing potential “traffic jams.” Exosome secretion may have the added benefit of unburdening the neuron’s lysosomal system by delivering endosomal–lysosomal material into the extracellular space, where other cell types may contribute to the degradation of neuronal debris. Thus, maintaining robust neuronal exosome production may prevent or mitigate endosomal and lysosomal abnormalities linked to aging and neurodegenerative diseases. While the current evidence suggests that the exosomal system in the brain can be modulated both by membrane lipid composition and the expression of key proteins that contribute to the formation and secretion of exosomes, how exosomal pathway-regulatory elements sense and respond to perturbations in the endosomal pathway is not well understood. Based upon findings from the extensively studied DS and APOE4 models, we propose that enhanced neuronal exosome secretion can be a protective response, reducing pathological disruption of the endosomal–lysosomal system in disease-vulnerable neurons. Developing therapeutic approaches that help to maintain or enhance neuronal exosome biogenesis and release may be beneficial in a range of disorders of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Mathews
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Efrat Levy
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
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154
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Yates AG, Anthony DC, Ruitenberg MJ, Couch Y. Systemic Immune Response to Traumatic CNS Injuries-Are Extracellular Vesicles the Missing Link? Front Immunol 2019; 10:2723. [PMID: 31824504 PMCID: PMC6879545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation following traumatic injury to the central nervous system (CNS) persists long after the primary insult and is known to exacerbate cell death and worsen functional outcomes. Therapeutic interventions targeting this inflammation have been unsuccessful, which has been attributed to poor bioavailability owing to the presence of blood-CNS barrier. Recent studies have shown that the magnitude of the CNS inflammatory response is dependent on systemic inflammatory events. The acute phase response (APR) to CNS injury presents an alternative strategy to modulating the secondary phase of injury. However, the communication pathways between the CNS and the periphery remain poorly understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane bound nanoparticles that are regulators of intercellular communication. They are shed from cells of the CNS including microglia, astrocytes, neurons and endothelial cells, and are able to cross the blood-CNS barrier, thus providing an attractive candidate for initiating the APR after acute CNS injury. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current evidence that EVs play a critical role in the APR following CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi G Yates
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marc J Ruitenberg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yvonne Couch
- Acute Stroke Programme, RDM-Investigative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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155
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Song H, Zhang X, Chen R, Miao J, Wang L, Cui L, Ji H, Liu Y. Cortical Neuron-Derived Exosomal MicroRNA-181c-3p Inhibits Neuroinflammation by Downregulating CXCL1 in Astrocytes of a Rat Model with Ischemic Brain Injury. Neuroimmunomodulation 2019; 26:217-233. [PMID: 31665717 DOI: 10.1159/000502694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cortical neuron-released exosomes have been demonstrated to block inflammasome activation in the central nervous system. This study aimed to investigate whether cortical neuron-released exosomal microRNA-181c-3p (miR-181c-3p) affected ischemic brain injury (IBI). METHODS An IBI rat model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Astrocytes collected from rats were exposed to exosomes derived from cortical neurons to investigate the effect of exosomes on chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) expression and inflammatory response. Then, ectopic expression was induced in astrocytes treated with oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). RESULTS CXCL1 was identified to be an upregulated gene in IBI by microarray-based gene expression profiling. Additionally, upregulation of CXCL1 and promoted inflammatory response was also found in MCAO rats. miR-181c-3p was downregulated in OGD-treated cortical neurons and exosomes derived from OGD-treated cortical neurons. Exosomes derived from OGD-treated cortical neurons decreased the expression of CXCL1 and inflammatory factors in astrocytes, and exosomes delivered miR-181c-3p to decrease CXCL1 expression in astrocytes. CXCL1 was a target gene of miR-181c-3p. Delivery with miR-181c-3p mimic and siRNA against CXCL1 (si-CXCL1) was shown to inhibit inflammation in astrocytes by downregulating CXCL1. CONCLUSION Collectively, exosomal miR-181c-3p derived from cortical neurons exerts protective effects on neuroinflammation in astrocytes via downregulation of CXCL1 in an IBI rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Song
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China,
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, China,
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis, Shijiazhuang, China,
| | - Rong Chen
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiangyong Miao
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hui Ji
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
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156
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Abstract
Exosomes and ectosomes, two distinct types of extracellular vesicles generated by all types of cell, play key roles in intercellular communication. The formation of these vesicles depends on local microdomains assembled in endocytic membranes for exosomes and in the plasma membrane for ectosomes. These microdomains govern the accumulation of proteins and various types of RNA associated with their cytosolic surface, followed by membrane budding inward for exosome precursors and outward for ectosomes. A fraction of endocytic cisternae filled with vesicles - multivesicular bodies - are later destined to undergo regulated exocytosis, leading to the extracellular release of exosomes. In contrast, the regulated release of ectosomes follows promptly after their generation. These two types of vesicle differ in size - 50-150 nm for exosomes and 100-500 nm for ectosomes - and in the mechanisms of assembly, composition, and regulation of release, albeit only partially. For both exosomes and ectosomes, the surface and luminal cargoes are heterogeneous when comparing vesicles released by different cell types or by single cells in different functional states. Upon release, the two types of vesicle navigate through extracellular fluid for varying times and distances. Subsequently, they interact with recognized target cells and undergo fusion with endocytic or plasma membranes, followed by integration of vesicle membranes into their fusion membranes and discharge of luminal cargoes into the cytosol, resulting in changes to cellular physiology. After fusion, exosome/ectosome components can be reassembled in new vesicles that are then recycled to other cells, activating effector networks. Extracellular vesicles also play critical roles in brain and heart diseases and in cancer, and are useful as biomarkers and in the development of innovative therapeutic approaches.
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157
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Than UTT, Leavesley DI, Parker TJ. Characteristics and roles of extracellular vesicles released by epidermal keratinocytes. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33:2264-2272. [PMID: 31403744 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes, which constitute 90% of the cells in the epidermis of the skin, have been demonstrated to communicate with other skin cells such as fibroblasts, melanocytes and immune cells through extracellular vesicles (EVs). This communication is facilitated by the enriched EV biomolecular cargo which regulates multiple biological processes within skin tissue, including cell proliferation, cell migration, anti-apoptosis, pigmentation transfer and extracellular matrix remodelling. This review will provide an overview of the current literature and advances in the field of keratinocyte-derived EV research with particular regard to the interactions and communication between keratinocytes and other skin cells, mediated by EVs and EV components. Importantly, this information may shed some light on the potential for keratinocyte-derived EVs in future biomedical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- U T T Than
- Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, Vinmec International Hospital, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - D I Leavesley
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - T J Parker
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Qld, Australia
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158
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Vinaiphat A, Sze SK. Clinical implications of extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2019; 19:813-824. [PMID: 31429341 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2019.1657407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by neural cells play a crucial role in intracellular communication in both physiological and pathological states. Recent studies have shown that the neuropathogenic manifestation of many progressive nervous system diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's diseases (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These diseases are frequently found to be associated with the accumulation of misfolded proteins, exploit EVs for the spread of aggregates to naive cells in a prion-like mechanism. Therefore, characterization of EVs and understanding their mechanism of action could open a window of opportunity to discover biomarkers and therapeutic targets in a disease-specific manner. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the role of neural cells-derived EVs in normal and disease states. We also highlight their biomedical potential in modern medicine, including the use of circulating EVs as biomarkers for diagnosis with a special focus on newly-identified potential biomarkers in neurodegenerative disease, and novel methodologies in EVs isolation. Expert opinion: Systematic and comprehensive analysis of EVs in different biofluid sources is needed. Considering the potential for tremendous clinical benefits of EVs research in neurodegenerative disease, there is also an urgent need to standardize neural cells-derived EV enrichment protocols for consensus results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arada Vinaiphat
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore Singapore
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore Singapore
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159
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Distinct Profiles of Cell-Free MicroRNAs in Plasma of Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8070963. [PMID: 31277223 PMCID: PMC6678393 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8070963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in body fluids has been reported in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Recent studies of various diseases showed that extracellular vesicles (EV) in body fluids can provide different spectra of circulating miRNAs and disease-associated signatures from whole fluid or EV-depleted fraction. However, the association of miRNAs in EVs to PTSD has not been studied. In this study, we performed a comprehensive profiling of miRNAs in whole plasma, extracellular vesicles (EV) and EV-depleted plasma (EVD) samples collected from combat veterans with PTSD and matched controls by utilizing a next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform. In total, 520 circulating miRNAs were quantified from 24 male Iraq and Afghanistan combat veterans with (n = 12) and without (n = 12) PTSD. The overall miRNA profiles in whole plasma, EV and EVD fractions were different and miRNAs affected by PTSD were also distinct in each sample type. The concentration changes of miR-203a-3p in EV and miR-339-5p in EVD were confirmed in an independent validation cohort that consisted of 20 veterans (10 with and 10 without PTSD) using qPCR. The target genes of these two miRNAs were involved in signaling pathways and comorbid conditions associated with PTSD (e.g., neurotransmitter systems such as dopaminergic and serotonergic signaling, inflammatory response, and cardiovascular diseases). Our findings suggest that PTSD may have different impacts on miRNAs encapsulated in vesicles and outside of vesicles. Further studies using larger samples are needed to evaluate the utility of these miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for PTSD.
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160
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You Y, Ikezu T. Emerging roles of extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 130:104512. [PMID: 31229685 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous cell-derived membranous vesicles which carry a large diversity of molecules such as proteins and RNA species. They are now considered to be a general mode of intercellular communication by direct transfer of biomolecules. Emerging evidence demonstrates that EVs are involved in multiple pathological processes of brain diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we investigate the current knowledge about EV biology. We also provide an overview of the roles of EVs in related brain diseases, particularly in neurodegenerative disorders. Finally, we discuss their potential applications as novel biomarkers as well as the developments of EV-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang You
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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161
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Lee S, Mankhong S, Kang JH. Extracellular Vesicle as a Source of Alzheimer's Biomarkers: Opportunities and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071728. [PMID: 30965555 PMCID: PMC6479979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory decline and cognitive dysfunction. Although the primary causes of AD are not clear, it is widely accepted that the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) and consecutive hyper-phosphorylation of tau, synaptic loss, oxidative stress and neuronal death might play a vital role in AD pathogenesis. Recently, it has been widely suggested that extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are released from virtually all cell types, are a mediator in regulating AD pathogenesis. Clinical evidence for the diagnostic performance of EV-associated biomarkers, particularly exosome biomarkers in the blood, is also emerging. In this review, we briefly introduce the biological function of EVs in the central nervous system and discuss the roles of EVs in AD pathogenesis. In particular, the roles of EVs associated with autophagy and lysosomal degradation systems in AD proteinopathy and in disease propagation are discussed. Next, we summarize candidates for biochemical AD biomarkers in EVs, including proteins and miRNAs. The accumulating data brings hope that the application of EVs will be helpful for early diagnostics and the identification of new therapeutic targets for AD. However, at the same time, there are several challenges in developing valid EV biomarkers. We highlight considerations for the development of AD biomarkers from circulating EVs, which includes the standardization of pre-analytical sources of variability, yield and purity of isolated EVs and quantification of EV biomarkers. The development of valid EV AD biomarkers may be facilitated by collaboration between investigators and the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongju Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
- Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
| | - Sakulrat Mankhong
- Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
| | - Ju-Hee Kang
- Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
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162
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Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Jeyaraj M, Qasim M, Kim JH. Review of the Isolation, Characterization, Biological Function, and Multifarious Therapeutic Approaches of Exosomes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040307. [PMID: 30987213 PMCID: PMC6523673 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 683] [Impact Index Per Article: 136.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that contain a specific composition of proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. They are derived from endocytic membranes and can transfer signals to recipient cells, thus mediating a novel mechanism of cell-to-cell communication. They are also thought to be involved in cellular waste disposal. Exosomes play significant roles in various biological functions, including the transfer of biomolecules such as RNA, proteins, enzymes, and lipids and the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes in various diseases. Because of these properties, they are considered to be promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases and may contribute to the development of minimally invasive diagnostics and next generation therapies. The biocompatible nature of exosomes could enhance the stability and efficacy of imaging probes and therapeutics. Due to their potential use in clinical applications, exosomes have attracted much research attention on their roles in health and disease. To explore the use of exosomes in the biomedical arena, it is essential that the basic molecular mechanisms behind the transport and function of these vesicles are well-understood. Herein, we discuss the history, biogenesis, release, isolation, characterization, and biological functions of exosomes, as well as the factors influencing their biogenesis and their technical and biological challenges. We conclude this review with a discussion on the future perspectives of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Muniyandi Jeyaraj
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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163
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Saeedi S, Israel S, Nagy C, Turecki G. The emerging role of exosomes in mental disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:122. [PMID: 30923321 PMCID: PMC6438960 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0459-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin, which are released by cells and are accessible in biofluids, such as saliva, urine, and plasma. These vesicles are enriched with small RNA, and they play a role in many physiological processes. In the brain, they are involved in processes including synaptic plasticity, neuronal stress response, cell-to-cell communication and neurogenesis. While exosomes have been implicated previously in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, research regarding their role in mental disorders remains scarce. Given their functional significance in the brain, investigation in this field is warranted. Additionally, because exosomes can cross the blood-brain barrier, they may serve as accessible biomarkers of neural dysfunction. Studying exosomes may provide information towards diagnosis and therapeutic intervention, and specifically those derived from the brain may provide a mechanistic view of the disease phenotype. This review will discuss the roles of exosomes in the brain, and relate novel findings to current insights into mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumeh Saeedi
- 0000 0004 1936 8649grid.14709.3bMcGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,0000 0004 1936 8649grid.14709.3bDepartment of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Sonia Israel
- 0000 0004 1936 8649grid.14709.3bMcGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Corina Nagy
- 0000 0004 1936 8649grid.14709.3bMcGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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164
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Schwarzenbach H, Gahan PB. MicroRNA Shuttle from Cell-To-Cell by Exosomes and Its Impact in Cancer. Noncoding RNA 2019; 5:E28. [PMID: 30901915 PMCID: PMC6468647 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna5010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of exosomes, their link to multivesicular bodies and their potential role as a messenger vehicle between cancer and healthy cells opens up a new approach to the study of intercellular signaling. Furthermore, the fact that their main cargo is likely to be microRNAs (miRNAs) provides the possibility of the transfer of such molecules to control activities in the recipient cells. This review concerns a brief overview of the biogenesis of both exosomes and miRNAs together with the movement of such structures between cells. The possible roles of miRNAs in the development and progression of breast, ovarian and prostate cancers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Schwarzenbach
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Peter B Gahan
- Fondazione "Enrico Puccinelli" Onlus, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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165
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Grimaldi A, Serpe C, Chece G, Nigro V, Sarra A, Ruzicka B, Relucenti M, Familiari G, Ruocco G, Pascucci GR, Guerrieri F, Limatola C, Catalano M. Microglia-Derived Microvesicles Affect Microglia Phenotype in Glioma. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:41. [PMID: 30853898 PMCID: PMC6395438 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular-released vesicles (EVs), such as microvesicles (MV) and exosomes (Exo) provide a new type of inter-cellular communication, directly transferring a ready to use box of information, consisting of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. In the nervous system, EVs participate to neuron-glial cross-talk, a bidirectional communication important to preserve brain homeostasis and, when dysfunctional, involved in several CNS diseases. We investigated whether microglia-derived EVs could be used to transfer a protective phenotype to dysfunctional microglia in the context of a brain tumor. When MV, isolated from microglia stimulated with LPS/IFNγ were brain injected in glioma-bearing mice, we observed a phenotype switch of tumor associated myeloid cells (TAMs) and a reduction of tumor size. Our findings indicate that the MV cargo, which contains upregulated transcripts for several inflammation-related genes, can transfer information in the brain of glioma bearing mice modifying microglial gene expression, reducing neuronal death and glioma invasion, thus promoting the recovery of brain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Grimaldi
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia@Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Serpe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Chece
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Nigro
- Department of Physics, Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Sarra
- Department of Science, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Ruzicka
- Department of Physics, Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Relucenti
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Familiari
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Ruocco
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia@Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Guerrieri
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia@Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Myriam Catalano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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166
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Malloci M, Perdomo L, Veerasamy M, Andriantsitohaina R, Simard G, Martínez MC. Extracellular Vesicles: Mechanisms in Human Health and Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:813-856. [PMID: 29634347 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are now considered veritable entities for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics. These structures are able to interact with target cells and modify their phenotype and function. Recent Advances: Since composition of EVs depends on the cell type of origin and the stimulation that leads to their release, the analysis of EV content remains an important input to understand the potential effects of EVs on target cells. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we review recent data related to the mechanisms involved in the formation of EVs and the methods allowing specific EV isolation and identification. Also, we analyze the potential use of EVs as biomarkers in different pathologies such as diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Besides, their role in these diseases is discussed. Finally, we consider EVs enriched in microRNA or drugs as potential therapeutic cargo able to deliver desirable information to target cells/tissues. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We underline the importance of the homogenization of the parameters of isolation of EVs and their characterization, which allow considering EVs as excellent biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Malloci
- 1 INSERM UMR 1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, UNIV Angers, Université Bretagne Loire, Angers, France
| | - Liliana Perdomo
- 1 INSERM UMR 1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, UNIV Angers, Université Bretagne Loire, Angers, France
| | - Maëva Veerasamy
- 1 INSERM UMR 1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, UNIV Angers, Université Bretagne Loire, Angers, France
| | - Ramaroson Andriantsitohaina
- 1 INSERM UMR 1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, UNIV Angers, Université Bretagne Loire, Angers, France.,2 Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Gilles Simard
- 1 INSERM UMR 1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, UNIV Angers, Université Bretagne Loire, Angers, France.,2 Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - M Carmen Martínez
- 1 INSERM UMR 1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, UNIV Angers, Université Bretagne Loire, Angers, France.,2 Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
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167
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Yuan L, Li JY. Exosomes in Parkinson's Disease: Current Perspectives and Future Challenges. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:964-972. [PMID: 30664350 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, which are lipid bilayer membrane vesicles, have been implicated as carriers of biological macromolecules. In recent years, the functions of exosomes in the spreading of pathological conversion of proteins among neurons have drawn particular attention in Parkinson's disease research. Extracellular α-synuclein is proven to be associated with exosomes in vivo and in vitro. The contents of these exosomes may be altered during the pathological and clinical processes, serving as a potential target for biomarker development in Parkinson's disease. This Review highlights the current understanding of biogenesis and pathophysiological roles of exosomes. Meanwhile, exosomes are promising delivery vehicles. Artificial exosomes can be loaded with defined therapeutically active molecules, such as drugs, small interfering RNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and proteins to the brain, ensuring the site-specific targeting strategy to the recipient cells. Therefore, we will also discuss the potential applications of exosomes in developing modified exosome-based drug carrier systems to halt the pathologic propagation of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yuan
- Institute of Health Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Institute of Health Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 22184 Lund, Sweden
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168
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Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:9-17. [PMID: 30602770 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2278] [Impact Index Per Article: 455.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of exosomes to transfer cargo from donor to acceptor cells, thereby triggering phenotypic changes in the latter, has generated substantial interest in the scientific community. However, the extent to which exosomes differ from other extracellular vesicles in terms of their biogenesis and functions remains ill-defined. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the specificities of exosomes and other types of extracellular vesicles, and their roles as important agents of cell-to-cell communication.
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169
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Mu W, Wang Z, Zöller M. Ping-Pong-Tumor and Host in Pancreatic Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1359. [PMID: 31921628 PMCID: PMC6927459 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of high pancreatic cancer (PaCa) mortality and trials dampening PaCa mortality rates are not satisfying. Tumor progression is driven by the crosstalk between tumor cells, predominantly cancer-initiating cells (CIC), and surrounding cells and tissues as well as distant organs, where tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEX) are of major importance. A strong stroma reaction, recruitment of immunosuppressive leukocytes, perineural invasion, and early spread toward the peritoneal cavity, liver, and lung are shared with several epithelial cell-derived cancer, but are most prominent in PaCa. Here, we report on the state of knowledge on the PaCIC markers Tspan8, alpha6beta4, CD44v6, CXCR4, LRP5/6, LRG5, claudin7, EpCAM, and CD133, which all, but at different steps, are engaged in the metastatic cascade, frequently via PaCIC-TEX. This includes the contribution of PaCIC markers to TEX biogenesis, targeting, and uptake. We then discuss PaCa-selective features, where feedback loops between stromal elements and tumor cells, including distorted transcription, signal transduction, and metabolic shifts, establish vicious circles. For the latter particularly pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) are responsible, furnishing PaCa to cope with poor angiogenesis-promoted hypoxia by metabolic shifts and direct nutrient transfer via vesicles. Furthermore, nerves including Schwann cells deliver a large range of tumor cell attracting factors and Schwann cells additionally support PaCa cell survival by signaling receptor binding. PSC, tumor-associated macrophages, and components of the dysplastic stroma contribute to perineural invasion with signaling pathway activation including the cholinergic system. Last, PaCa aggressiveness is strongly assisted by the immune system. Although rich in immune cells, only immunosuppressive cells and factors are recovered in proximity to tumor cells and hamper effector immune cells entering the tumor stroma. Besides a paucity of immunostimulatory factors and receptors, immunosuppressive cytokines, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T-cells, and M2 macrophages as well as PSC actively inhibit effector cell activation. This accounts for NK cells of the non-adaptive and cytotoxic T-cells of the adaptive immune system. We anticipate further deciphering the molecular background of these recently unraveled intermingled phenomena may turn most lethal PaCa into a curatively treatable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Mu
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong, Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Margot Zöller
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong, Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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170
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Abraham WC, Jones OD, Glanzman DL. Is plasticity of synapses the mechanism of long-term memory storage? NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2019; 4:9. [PMID: 31285847 PMCID: PMC6606636 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-019-0048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been 70 years since Donald Hebb published his formalized theory of synaptic adaptation during learning. Hebb's seminal work foreshadowed some of the great neuroscientific discoveries of the following decades, including the discovery of long-term potentiation and other lasting forms of synaptic plasticity, and more recently the residence of memories in synaptically connected neuronal assemblies. Our understanding of the processes underlying learning and memory has been dominated by the view that synapses are the principal site of information storage in the brain. This view has received substantial support from research in several model systems, with the vast majority of studies on the topic corroborating a role for synapses in memory storage. Yet, despite the neuroscience community's best efforts, we are still without conclusive proof that memories reside at synapses. Furthermore, an increasing number of non-synaptic mechanisms have emerged that are also capable of acting as memory substrates. In this review, we address the key findings from the synaptic plasticity literature that make these phenomena such attractive memory mechanisms. We then turn our attention to evidence that questions the reliance of memory exclusively on changes at the synapse and attempt to integrate these opposing views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wickliffe C. Abraham
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Box 56, Dunedin, 9010 New Zealand
| | - Owen D. Jones
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Box 56, Dunedin, 9010 New Zealand
| | - David L. Glanzman
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Physiology, and Neurobiology, and the Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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171
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained increasing attention as underexplored intercellular communication mechanisms in basic science and as potential diagnostic tools in translational studies, particularly those related to cancers and neurological disorders. This article summarizes accumulated findings in the basic biology of EVs, EV research methodology, and the roles of EVs in brain cell function and dysfunction, as well as emerging EV studies in human brain disorders. Further research on EVs in neurobiology and psychiatry may open the door to a better understanding of intercellular communications in healthy and diseased brains, and the discovery of novel biomarkers and new therapeutic strategies in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Kano
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, US; tel: 410-955-6871, e-mail:
| | - Eisuke Dohi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Indigo V L Rose
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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172
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Gurwitz D. Genomics and the future of psychopharmacology: MicroRNAs offer novel therapeutics
. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 21:131-148. [PMID: 31636487 PMCID: PMC6787538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding RNAs functioning as regulators of the transcription of protein-coding genes in eukaryotes. During the last two decades, studies on miRNAs indicate that they have potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for a wide range of cancers. Research interest in miRNAs has moved to embrace further medical disciplines, including neuropsychiatric disorders, comparing miRNA expression and mRNA targets between patient and control blood samples and postmortem brain tissues, as well as in animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. This manuscript reviews recent findings on miRNAs implicated in the pathology of mood disorders, schizophrenia, and autism, as well as their diagnostic potential, and their potential as tentative targets for future therapeutics. The plausible contribution of X chromosome miRNAs to the larger prevalence of major depression among women is also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gurwitz
- Author affiliations: Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Address for correspondence: David Gurwitz, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978 Israel.
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173
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Mathieu M, Martin-Jaular L, Lavieu G, Théry C. Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication. Nat Cell Biol 2019. [PMID: 30602770 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0250-259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability of exosomes to transfer cargo from donor to acceptor cells, thereby triggering phenotypic changes in the latter, has generated substantial interest in the scientific community. However, the extent to which exosomes differ from other extracellular vesicles in terms of their biogenesis and functions remains ill-defined. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the specificities of exosomes and other types of extracellular vesicles, and their roles as important agents of cell-to-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Mathieu
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | - Grégory Lavieu
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France.
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174
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Gonda A, Kabagwira J, Senthil GN, Wall NR. Internalization of Exosomes through Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 17:337-347. [PMID: 30487244 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is replete with factors secreted and internalized by surrounding cells. Exosomes are nano-sized, protein-embedded, membrane-bound vesicles that are released in greater quantities from cancer than normal cells and taken up by a variety of cell types. These vesicles contain proteins and genetic material from the cell of origin and in the case of tumor-derived exosomes, oncoproteins and oncogenes. With increasing understanding of the role exosomes play in basic biology, a more clear view of the potential exosomes are seen to have in cancer therapeutics emerges. However, certain essential aspects of exosome function, such as the uptake mechanisms, are still unknown. Various methods of cell-exosome interaction have been proposed, but this review focuses on the protein-protein interactions that facilitate receptor-mediated endocytosis, a broadly used mechanism by a variety of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Gonda
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California.,Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Janviere Kabagwira
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California.,Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Girish N Senthil
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Nathan R Wall
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California. .,Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
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175
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Zagrean AM, Hermann DM, Opris I, Zagrean L, Popa-Wagner A. Multicellular Crosstalk Between Exosomes and the Neurovascular Unit After Cerebral Ischemia. Therapeutic Implications. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:811. [PMID: 30459547 PMCID: PMC6232510 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Restorative strategies after stroke are focused on the remodeling of cerebral endothelial cells and brain parenchymal cells. The latter, i.e., neurons, neural precursor cells and glial cells, synergistically interact with endothelial cells in the ischemic brain, providing a neurovascular unit (NVU) remodeling that can be used as target for stroke therapies. Intercellular communication and signaling within the NVU, the multicellular brain-vessel-blood interface, including its highly selective blood-brain barrier, are fundamental to the central nervous system homeostasis and function. Emerging research designates cell-derived extracellular vesicles and especially the nano-sized exosomes, as a complex mean of cell-to-cell communication, with potential use for clinical applications. Through their richness in active molecules and biological information (e.g., proteins, lipids, genetic material), exosomes contribute to intercellular signaling, a condition particularly required in the central nervous system. Cerebral endothelial cells, perivascular astrocytes, pericytes, microglia and neurons, all part of the NVU, have been shown to release and uptake exosomes. Also, exosomes cross the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers, allowing communication between periphery and brain, in normal and disease conditions. As such exosomes might be a powerful diagnostic tool and a promising therapeutic shuttle of natural nanoparticles, but also a means of disease spreading (e.g., immune system modulation, pro-inflammatory action, propagation of neurodegenerative factors). This review highlights the importance of exosomes in mediating the intercellular crosstalk within the NVU and reveals the restorative therapeutic potential of exosomes harvested from multipotent mesenchymal stem cells in ischemic stroke, a frequent neurologic condition lacking an efficient therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Zagrean
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Ioan Opris
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Leon Zagrean
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Department of Neurology, Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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176
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Karnati HK, Garcia JH, Tweedie D, Becker RE, Kapogiannis D, Greig NH. Neuronal Enriched Extracellular Vesicle Proteins as Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:975-987. [PMID: 30039737 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of injury-related death throughout the world and lacks effective treatment. Surviving TBI patients often develop neuropsychiatric symptoms, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuronal damage and recovery following TBI are not well understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanoparticles that are divided into exosomes (originating in the endosomal/multi-vesicular body [MVB] system) and microvesicles (larger EVs produced through budding of the plasma membrane). Both types of EVs are generated by all cells and are secreted into the extracellular environment, and participate in cell-to-cell communication and protein and RNA delivery. EVs enriched for neuronal origin can be harvested from peripheral blood samples and their contents quantitatively examined as a window to follow potential changes occurring in brain. Recent studies suggest that the levels of exosomal proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs) may represent novel biomarkers to support the clinical diagnosis and potential response to treatment for neurological disorders. In this review, we focus on the biogenesis of EVs, their molecular composition, and recent advances in research of their contents as potential diagnostic tools for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanuma Kumar Karnati
- 1 Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph H Garcia
- 1 Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David Tweedie
- 1 Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert E Becker
- 1 Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Aristea Translational Medicine Corporation, Park City, Utah
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- 3 Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nigel H Greig
- 1 Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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177
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Greening DW, Simpson RJ. Understanding extracellular vesicle diversity – current status. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:887-910. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1537788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David W. Greening
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University , Melbourne, Australia
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178
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DeLeo AM, Ikezu T. Extracellular Vesicle Biology in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Tauopathy. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:292-308. [PMID: 29185187 PMCID: PMC5972041 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are physiological vesicles secreted from most eukaryotes and contain cargos of their cell of origin. EVs, and particularly a subset of EV known as exosomes, are emerging as key mediators of cell to cell communication and waste management for cells both during normal organismal function and in disease. In this review, we investigate the rapidly growing field of exosome biology, their biogenesis, cargo loading, and uptake by other cells. We particularly consider the role of exosomes in Alzheimer's disease, both as a pathogenic agent and as a disease biomarker. We also explore the emerging role of exosomes in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Finally, we highlight open questions in these fields and the possible use of exosomes as therapeutic targets and agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina M DeLeo
- Laboratory of Molecular NeuroTherapeutics, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, L-606, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Laboratory of Molecular NeuroTherapeutics, Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, L-606, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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179
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Reciprocal control of excitatory synapse numbers by Wnt and Wnt inhibitor PRR7 secreted on exosomes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3434. [PMID: 30143647 PMCID: PMC6109165 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05858-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted Wnts play crucial roles in synaptogenesis and synapse maintenance, but endogenous factors promoting synapse elimination in central neurons remain unknown. Here we show that proline-rich 7 (PRR7) induces specific removal of excitatory synapses and acts as a Wnt inhibitor. Remarkably, transmembrane protein PRR7 is activity-dependently released by neurons via exosomes. Exosomal PRR7 is uptaken by neurons through membrane fusion and eliminates excitatory synapses in neighboring neurons. Conversely, PRR7 knockdown in sparse neurons greatly increases excitatory synapse numbers in all surrounding neurons. These non-cell autonomous effects of PRR7 are effectively negated by augmentation or blockade of Wnt signaling. PRR7 exerts its effect by blocking the exosomal secretion of Wnts, activation of GSK3β, and promoting proteasomal degradation of PSD proteins. These data uncover a proximity-dependent, reciprocal mechanism for the regulation of excitatory synapse numbers in local neurons and demonstrate the significance of exosomes in inter-neuronal signaling in the vertebrate brain. Wnts are important for synapse formation and maintenance. Here, the authors show that proline-rich 7 (PRR7) is a Wnt inhibitor that is secreted via exosomes to regulate excitatory synapse numbers.
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180
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Kuharić J, Grabušić K, Tokmadžić VS, Štifter S, Tulić K, Shevchuk O, Lučin P, Šustić A. Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Induces Early Changes in the Physical Properties and Protein Composition of Intracranial Extracellular Vesicles. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:190-200. [PMID: 29690821 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanostructures that can indicate undergoing processes in organs and thus help in diagnostics and prognostics. They are secreted by all cells, contained in body fluids, and able to transfer proteins, lipids and nucleic acids to distant cells. Intracranial EVs were shown to change their composition after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and therefore to have biomarker potential to evaluate brain events. Properties of intracranial EVs early after TBI, however, have not been characterized. Here, we assessed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) up to seven days after isolated severe TBI for physical properties of EVs and their proteins associated with neuroregeneration. These findings were compared with healthy controls and correlated to patient outcome. The study included 17 patients with TBI and 18 healthy controls. EVs in TBI-CSF were visualized by electron microscopy and confirmed by immunoblotting for membrane associated Flotillin-1 and Flotillin-2. Using nanoparticle tracking analysis, we detected the highest range in EV concentration at day 1 after injury and significantly increased EV size at days 4-7. CSF concentrations of neuroregeneration associated proteins Flotillin-1, ADP-ribosylation Factor 6 (Arf6), and Ras-related protein Rab7a (Rab7a) were monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Flotillin-1 was detected solely in TBI-CSF in about one third of tested patients. Unfavorable outcomes included decreasing Arf6 concentrations and a delayed Rab7a concentration increase in CSF. CSF concentrations of Arf6 and Rab7a were negatively correlated. Our data suggest that the brain response within several days after severe TBI includes shedding of EVs associated with neuroplasticity. Extended studies with a larger number of participants and CSF collected at shorter intervals are necessary to further evaluate neuroregeneration biomarker potential of Rab7a, Arf6, and Flotillin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janja Kuharić
- 1 Department of Anaesthesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,2 Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Kristina Grabušić
- 3 Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vlatka Sotošek Tokmadžić
- 1 Department of Anaesthesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,2 Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,4 Department of Clinical Medical Sciences II, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sanja Štifter
- 5 Department of General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,6 Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ksenija Tulić
- 7 Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Olga Shevchuk
- 8 Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, ISAS Campus, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pero Lučin
- 7 Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Alan Šustić
- 1 Department of Anaesthesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,2 Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,4 Department of Clinical Medical Sciences II, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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181
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Derkow K, Rössling R, Schipke C, Krüger C, Bauer J, Fähling M, Stroux A, Schott E, Ruprecht K, Peters O, Lehnardt S. Distinct expression of the neurotoxic microRNA family let-7 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200602. [PMID: 30011310 PMCID: PMC6047809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs originally involved in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. We have shown in previous work that the miRNA let-7b can act as a signalling molecule for Toll-like receptor 7, thereby initiating innate immune pathways and apoptosis in the central nervous system. Here, we investigated whether different members of the miRNA family let-7, abundantly expressed in the brain, are released into the human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and whether quantitative differences in let-7 copies exist in neurodegenerative diseases. RNA isolated from CSF of patients with Alzheimer´s disease (AD) and from control patients with frontotemporal lobe dementia (FTLD), major depressive episode (MDE) without clinical or neurobiological signs of AD, and healthy individuals, was reverse transcribed with primers against nine let-7 family members, and miRNAs were quantified and analyzed comparatively by quantitative PCR. let-7 miRNAs were present in CSF from patients with AD, FTLD, MDE, and healthy controls. However, the amount of individual let-7 miRNAs in the CSF varied substantially. CSF from AD patients contained higher amounts of let-7b and let-7e compared to healthy controls, while no differences were observed regarding the other let-7 miRNAs. No increase in let-7b and let-7e was detected in CSF from FTLD patients, while in CSF from MDE patients, let-7b and let-7e copy levels were elevated. In CSF from AD patients, let-7b and let-7e were associated with extracellular vesicles. let-7 family members present in the CSF mediated neurotoxicity in vitro, albeit to a variable extent. Taken together, neurotoxic let-7 miRNAs are differentially and specifically released in AD, but also in MDE patients. Thus, these miRNAs may mirror common neuropathological paths and by this serve to unscramble mechanisms of different neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Derkow
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosa Rössling
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carola Schipke
- Institute of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Krüger
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Bauer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fähling
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Stroux
- Institute for Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin / Berlin Institute of health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckart Schott
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Peters
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Seija Lehnardt
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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182
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Ramirez SH, Andrews AM, Paul D, Pachter JS. Extracellular vesicles: mediators and biomarkers of pathology along CNS barriers. Fluids Barriers CNS 2018; 15:19. [PMID: 29960602 PMCID: PMC6026502 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-018-0104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous, nano-sized vesicles that are shed into the blood and other body fluids, which disperse a variety of bioactive molecules (e.g., protein, mRNA, miRNA, DNA and lipids) to cellular targets over long and short distances. EVs are thought to be produced by nearly every cell type, however this review will focus specifically on EVs that originate from cells at the interface of CNS barriers. Highlighted topics include, EV biogenesis, the production of EVs in response to neuroinflammation, role in intercellular communication and their utility as a therapeutic platform. In this review, novel concepts regarding the use of EVs as biomarkers for BBB status and as facilitators for immune neuroinvasion are also discussed. Future directions and prospective are covered along with important unanswered questions in the field of CNS endothelial EV biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servio H Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Shriners Hospital Pediatric Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Center for Substance Abuse Research, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Allison M Andrews
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Center for Substance Abuse Research, The Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Debayon Paul
- Department of Immunology, Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory & Laser Capture Microdissection Core, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06070, USA
| | - Joel S Pachter
- Department of Immunology, Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory & Laser Capture Microdissection Core, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06070, USA.
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183
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Glia-to-neuron transfer of miRNAs via extracellular vesicles: a new mechanism underlying inflammation-induced synaptic alterations. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:529-550. [PMID: 29302779 PMCID: PMC5978931 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1803-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates synaptic dysfunction as an early mechanism affected in neuroinflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, which are characterized by chronic microglia activation. However, the mode(s) of action of reactive microglia in causing synaptic defects are not fully understood. In this study, we show that inflammatory microglia produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) which are enriched in a set of miRNAs that regulate the expression of key synaptic proteins. Among them, miR-146a-5p, a microglia-specific miRNA not present in hippocampal neurons, controls the expression of presynaptic synaptotagmin1 (Syt1) and postsynaptic neuroligin1 (Nlg1), an adhesion protein which play a crucial role in dendritic spine formation and synaptic stability. Using a Renilla-based sensor, we provide formal proof that inflammatory EVs transfer their miR-146a-5p cargo to neuron. By western blot and immunofluorescence analysis we show that vesicular miR-146a-5p suppresses Syt1 and Nlg1 expression in receiving neurons. Microglia-to-neuron miR-146a-5p transfer and Syt1 and Nlg1 downregulation do not occur when EV-neuron contact is inhibited by cloaking vesicular phosphatidylserine residues and when neurons are exposed to EVs either depleted of miR-146a-5p, produced by pro-regenerative microglia, or storing inactive miR-146a-5p, produced by cells transfected with an anti-miR-146a-5p. Morphological analysis reveals that prolonged exposure to inflammatory EVs leads to significant decrease in dendritic spine density in hippocampal neurons in vivo and in primary culture, which is rescued in vitro by transfection of a miR-insensitive Nlg1 form. Dendritic spine loss is accompanied by a decrease in the density and strength of excitatory synapses, as indicated by reduced mEPSC frequency and amplitude. These findings link inflammatory microglia and enhanced EV production to loss of excitatory synapses, uncovering a previously unrecognized role for microglia-enriched miRNAs, released in association to EVs, in silencing of key synaptic genes.
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184
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Xiong R, Verstraelen P, Demeester J, Skirtach AG, Timmermans JP, De Smedt SC, De Vos WH, Braeckmans K. Selective Labeling of Individual Neurons in Dense Cultured Networks With Nanoparticle-Enhanced Photoporation. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:80. [PMID: 29651235 PMCID: PMC5884872 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by subtle alterations in synaptic connections and perturbed neuronal network functionality. A hallmark of neuronal connectivity is the presence of dendritic spines, micron-sized protrusions of the dendritic shaft that compartmentalize single synapses to fine-tune synaptic strength. However, accurate quantification of spine density and morphology in mature neuronal networks is hampered by the lack of targeted labeling strategies. To resolve this, we have optimized a method to deliver cell-impermeable compounds into selected cells based on Spatially resolved NAnoparticle-enhanced Photoporation (SNAP). We show that SNAP enables efficient labeling of selected individual neurons and their spines in dense cultured networks without affecting short-term viability. We compare SNAP with widely used spine labeling techniques such as the application of lipophilic dyes and genetically encoded fluorescent markers. Using SNAP, we demonstrate a time-dependent increase in spine density in healthy cultures as well as a reduction in spine density after chemical mimicry of hypoxia. Since the sparse labeling procedure can be automated using an intelligent acquisition scheme, SNAP holds promise for high-content screening campaigns of neuronal connectivity in the context of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranhua Xiong
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Verstraelen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jo Demeester
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andre G Skirtach
- Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Winnok H De Vos
- Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Univ Lille 1, Univ Lille Nord France, IEMN, UMR 8520, Villeneuve D'Ascq, France.,Univ Lille 1, Univ Lille Nord France, Lab Phys Lasers Atomes & Mol, UMR 8523, Villeneuve D'Ascq, France
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185
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Jin EJ, Kiral FR, Hiesinger PR. The where, what, and when of membrane protein degradation in neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:283-297. [PMID: 28884504 PMCID: PMC5816708 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Membrane protein turnover and degradation are required for the function and health of all cells. Neurons may live for the entire lifetime of an organism and are highly polarized cells with spatially segregated axonal and dendritic compartments. Both longevity and morphological complexity represent challenges for regulated membrane protein degradation. To investigate how neurons cope with these challenges, an increasing number of recent studies investigated local, cargo-specific protein sorting, and degradation at axon terminals and in dendritic processes. In this review, we explore the current answers to the ensuing questions of where, what, and when membrane proteins are degraded in neurons. © 2017 The Authors Developmental Neurobiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 283-297, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Jennifer Jin
- Division of NeurobiologyInstitute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin14195 BerlinGermany
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX75390USA
| | - Ferdi Ridvan Kiral
- Division of NeurobiologyInstitute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin14195 BerlinGermany
| | - Peter Robin Hiesinger
- Division of NeurobiologyInstitute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin14195 BerlinGermany
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186
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Polanco JC, Li C, Durisic N, Sullivan R, Götz J. Exosomes taken up by neurons hijack the endosomal pathway to spread to interconnected neurons. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:10. [PMID: 29448966 PMCID: PMC5815204 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer disease and related disorders, the microtubule-associated protein tau aggregates and forms cytoplasmic lesions that impair neuronal physiology at many levels. In addition to affecting the host neuron, tau aggregates also spread to neighboring, recipient cells where the misfolded tau aggregates, in a manner similar to prions, actively corrupt the proper folding of soluble tau, and thereby impair cellular functions. One vehicle for the transmission of tau aggregates are secretory nanovesicles known as exosomes. Here, we established a simple model of a neuronal circuit using a microfluidics culture system in which hippocampal neurons A and B were seeded into chambers 1 and 2, respectively, extending axons via microgrooves in both directions and thereby interconnecting. This system served to establish two models to track exosome spreading. In the first model, we labeled the exosomal membrane by coupling tetraspanin CD9 with either a green or red fluorescent tag. This allowed us to reveal that interconnected neurons exchange exosomes only when their axons extend in close proximity. In the second model, we added exosomes isolated from the brains of tau transgenic rTg4510 mice (i.e. exogenous, neuron A-derived) to neurons in chamber 1 (neuron B) interconnected with neuron C in chamber 2. This allowed us to demonstrate that a substantial fraction of the exogenous exosomes were internalized by neuron B and passed then on to neuron C. This transportation from neuron B to C was achieved by a mechanism that is consistent with the hijacking of secretory endosomes by the exogenous exosomes, as revealed by confocal, super-resolution and electron microscopy. Together, these findings suggest that fusion events involving the endogenous endosomal secretory machinery increase the pathogenic potential and the radius of action of pathogenic cargoes carried by exogenous exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Polanco
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Chuanzhou Li
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nela Durisic
- Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Robert Sullivan
- Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jürgen Götz
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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187
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Laulagnier K, Javalet C, Hemming FJ, Chivet M, Lachenal G, Blot B, Chatellard C, Sadoul R. Amyloid precursor protein products concentrate in a subset of exosomes specifically endocytosed by neurons. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:757-773. [PMID: 28956068 PMCID: PMC11105273 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta peptide (Aβ), the main component of senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease brains, is produced by sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and of its C-terminal fragments (CTFs). An unanswered question is how amyloidogenic peptides spread throughout the brain during the course of the disease. Here, we show that small lipid vesicles called exosomes, secreted in the extracellular milieu by cortical neurons, carry endogenous APP and are strikingly enriched in CTF-α and the newly characterized CTF-η. Exosomes from N2a cells expressing human APP with the autosomal dominant Swedish mutation contain Aβ peptides as well as CTF-α and CTF-η, while those from cells expressing the non-mutated form of APP only contain CTF-α and CTF-η. APP and CTFs are sorted into a subset of exosomes which lack the tetraspanin CD63 and specifically bind to dendrites of neurons, unlike exosomes carrying CD63 which bind to both neurons and glial cells. Thus, neuroblastoma cells secrete distinct populations of exosomes carrying different cargoes and targeting specific cell types. APP-carrying exosomes can be endocytosed by receiving cells, allowing the processing of APP acquired by exosomes to give rise to the APP intracellular domain (AICD). Thus, our results show for the first time that neuronal exosomes may indeed act as vehicles for the intercellular transport of APP and its catabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Laulagnier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France.
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France.
| | - Charlotte Javalet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Fiona J Hemming
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Mathilde Chivet
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute Lab of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Gaëlle Lachenal
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Béatrice Blot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Chatellard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Rémy Sadoul
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France.
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France.
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188
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Gillet V, Hunting DJ, Takser L. Turing Revisited: Decoding the microRNA Messages in Brain Extracellular Vesicles for Early Detection of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Curr Environ Health Rep 2018; 3:188-201. [PMID: 27301443 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-016-0093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prevention of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) of prenatal origin suffers from the lack of objective tools for early detection of susceptible individuals and the long time lag, usually in years, between the neurotoxic exposure and the diagnosis of mental dysfunction. Human data on the effects of alcohol, lead, and mercury and experimental data from animals on developmental neurotoxins and their long-term behavioral effects have achieved a critical mass, leading to the concept of the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD). However, there is currently no way to evaluate the degree of brain damage early after birth. We propose that extracellular vesicles (EVs) and particularly exosomes, released by brain cells into the fetal blood, may offer us a non-invasive means of assessing brain damage by neurotoxins. We are inspired by the strategy applied by Alan Turing (a cryptanalyst working for the British government), who created a first computer to decrypt German intelligence communications during World War II. Given the growing evidence that microRNAs (miRNAs), which are among the molecules carried by EVs, are involved in cell-cell communication, we propose that decrypting messages from EVs can allow us to detect damage thus offering an opportunity to cure, reverse, or prevent the development of NDD. This review summarizes recent findings on miRNAs associated with selected environmental toxicants known to be involved in the pathophysiology of NDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Gillet
- Département Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine et Sciences de la Santé de l'Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ème avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Darel John Hunting
- Département Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine et Sciences de la Santé de l'Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ème avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Larissa Takser
- Département Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine et Sciences de la Santé de l'Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ème avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4.
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189
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Rao PSS, O'Connell K, Finnerty TK. Potential Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathophysiology of Drug Addiction. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6906-6913. [PMID: 29363042 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles secreted by cells and are known to carry sub-cellular components including microRNA, proteins, and lipids. Due to their ability to transport cargo between cells, EVs have been identified as important regulators of various pathophysiological conditions and can therefore influence treatment outcomes. In particular, the significance of microRNAs in EV-mediated cell-cell communication is well-documented. While the influence of EVs and the cargo delivered by EVs has been extensively reviewed in other neurological disorders, the available literature on the potential role of EVs in the pathophysiology of drug addiction has not been reviewed. Hence, in this article, the known effects of commonly abused drugs (ethanol, nicotine, opiates, cocaine, and cannabinoids) on EV secretion have been reviewed. In addition, the potential role of drugs of abuse in affecting the delivery of EV-packaged microRNAs, and the subsequent impact on neuronal health and continued drug dependence, has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S S Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Findlay, 1000 N. Main Street, Findlay, OH, 45840, USA.
| | - Kelly O'Connell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Findlay, 1000 N. Main Street, Findlay, OH, 45840, USA
| | - Thomas Kyle Finnerty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Findlay, 1000 N. Main Street, Findlay, OH, 45840, USA
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190
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van Niel G, D'Angelo G, Raposo G. Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018; 19:213-228. [PMID: 29339798 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4753] [Impact Index Per Article: 792.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous structures comprising exosomes and microvesicles, which originate from the endosomal system or which are shed from the plasma membrane, respectively. They are present in biological fluids and are involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes. Extracellular vesicles are now considered as an additional mechanism for intercellular communication, allowing cells to exchange proteins, lipids and genetic material. Knowledge of the cellular processes that govern extracellular vesicle biology is essential to shed light on the physiological and pathological functions of these vesicles as well as on clinical applications involving their use and/or analysis. However, in this expanding field, much remains unknown regarding the origin, biogenesis, secretion, targeting and fate of these vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume van Niel
- Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, INSERM U895, Paris 75014, France
| | - Gisela D'Angelo
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris F-75005, France
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191
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Guo H, Chitiprolu M, Roncevic L, Javalet C, Hemming FJ, Trung MT, Meng L, Latreille E, Tanese de Souza C, McCulloch D, Baldwin RM, Auer R, Côté J, Russell RC, Sadoul R, Gibbings D. Atg5 Disassociates the V 1V 0-ATPase to Promote Exosome Production and Tumor Metastasis Independent of Canonical Macroautophagy. Dev Cell 2018; 43:716-730.e7. [PMID: 29257951 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy and autophagy-related genes (Atg) have been attributed prominent roles in tumorigenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. Extracellular vesicles called exosomes are also implicated in cancer metastasis. Here, we demonstrate that exosome production is strongly reduced in cells lacking Atg5 and Atg16L1, but this is independent of Atg7 and canonical autophagy. Atg5 specifically decreases acidification of late endosomes where exosomes are produced, disrupting the acidifying V1V0-ATPase by removing a regulatory component, ATP6V1E1, into exosomes. The effect of Atg5 on exosome production promotes the migration and in vivo metastasis of orthotopic breast cancer cells. These findings uncover mechanisms controlling exosome release and identify means by which autophagy-related genes can contribute to metastasis in autophagy-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huishan Guo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 3131 Roger Guindon Hall, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Maneka Chitiprolu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 3131 Roger Guindon Hall, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Luc Roncevic
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 3131 Roger Guindon Hall, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Charlotte Javalet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042 Grenoble, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Fiona J Hemming
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042 Grenoble, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - My Tran Trung
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 3131 Roger Guindon Hall, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Lingrui Meng
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 3131 Roger Guindon Hall, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Elyse Latreille
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 3131 Roger Guindon Hall, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | | | - Danielle McCulloch
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 3131 Roger Guindon Hall, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - R Mitchell Baldwin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 3131 Roger Guindon Hall, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Rebecca Auer
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Côté
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 3131 Roger Guindon Hall, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ryan Charles Russell
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 3131 Roger Guindon Hall, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Rémy Sadoul
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042 Grenoble, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Derrick Gibbings
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 3131 Roger Guindon Hall, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada; Ottawa Institute for System Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada.
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192
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Microglia-derived extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer's Disease: A double-edged sword. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 148:184-192. [PMID: 29305855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), based on their origin or size, can be classified as apoptotic bodies, microvesicles (MVs)/microparticles (MPs), and exosomes. EVs are one of the new emerging modes of communication between cells that are providing new insights into the pathophysiology of several diseases. EVs released from activated or apoptotic cells contain specific proteins (signaling molecules, receptors, integrins, cytokines), bioactive lipids, nucleic acids (mRNA, miRNA, small non coding RNAs, DNA) from their progenitor cells. In the brain, EVs contribute to intercellular communication through their basal release and uptake by surrounding cells, or release into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. In the central nervous system (CNS), EVs have been suggested as potential carriers in the intercellular delivery of misfolded proteins associated to neurodegenerative disorders, such as tau and amyloid β in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), α-synuclein in Parkinson's Disease (PD), superoxide dismutase (SOD)1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and huntingtin in Huntington's Disease. Multiple studies indicate that EVs are involved in the pathogenesis of AD, although their role has not been completely elucidated. The focus of this review is to analyze the new emerging role of EVs in AD progression, paying particular attention to microglia EVs. Recent data show that microglia are the first myeloid cells to be activated during neuroinflammation. Microglial EVs in fact, could have both a beneficial and a detrimental action in AD. The study of EVs may provide specific, precise information regarding the AD transition stage that may offer possibilities to intervene in order to retain cognition. In chronic neurodegenerative diseases EVs could be a novel biomarker to monitor the progression of the pathology and also represent a new therapeutical approach to CNS diseases.
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193
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Lee JY, Kim HS. Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Double-Edged Sword. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 14:667-678. [PMID: 30603519 PMCID: PMC6171665 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a heterogenous group of membrane-bound particles, are virtually secreted by all cells and play important roles in cell-cell communication. Loaded with proteins, mRNAs, non-coding RNAs and membrane lipids from their donor cells, these vesicles participate in normal physiological and pathogenic processes. In addition, these sub-cellular vesicles are implicated in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Accumulating evidence suggests that intercellular communication via EVs is responsible for the propagation of key pathogenic proteins involved in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's diseases, Alzheimer's diseases and other neurodegenerative disorders. For therapeutic perspective, EVs present advantage over other synthetic drug delivery systems or cell therapy; ability to cross biological barriers including blood brain barrier (BBB), ability to modulate inflammation and immune responses, stability and longer biodistribution with lack of tumorigenicity. In this review, we summarized the current state of EV research in central nervous system in terms of their values in diagnosis, disease pathology and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Catholic Kwandong University, 24 Beomil-ro, 579beon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 25601 Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Soo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University, 24 Beomil-ro 579beon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 25601 Republic of Korea
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194
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195
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Extracellular microRNAs as messengers in the central and peripheral nervous system. Neuronal Signal 2017; 1:NS20170112. [PMID: 32714581 PMCID: PMC7373247 DOI: 10.1042/ns20170112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small post-transcriptional regulators that play an important role in nervous system development, function and disease. More recently, microRNAs have been detected extracellularly and circulating in blood and other body fluids, where they are protected from degradation by encapsulation in vesicles, such as exosomes, or by association with proteins. These microRNAs are thought to be released from cells selectively through active processes and taken up by specific target cells within the same or in remote tissues where they are able to exert their repressive function. These characteristics make extracellular microRNAs ideal candidates for intercellular communication over short and long distances. This review aims to explore the potential mechanisms underlying microRNA communication within the nervous system and between the nervous system and other tissues. The suggested roles of extracellular microRNAs in the healthy and the diseased nervous system will be reviewed.
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196
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Rufino-Ramos D, Albuquerque PR, Carmona V, Perfeito R, Nobre RJ, Pereira de Almeida L. Extracellular vesicles: Novel promising delivery systems for therapy of brain diseases. J Control Release 2017; 262:247-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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197
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Niedergang F, Gasman S, Vitale N, Desnos C, Lamaze C. Meeting after meeting: 20 years of discoveries by the members of the Exocytosis-Endocytosis Club. Biol Cell 2017; 109:339-353. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201700026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Niedergang
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM); U1016 Institut Cochin Paris France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); UMR 8104 Paris France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
| | - Stéphane Gasman
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives; CNRS UPR3212; Université de Strasbourg; France
- INSERM; 75654 Paris Cedex 13 France
| | - Nicolas Vitale
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives; CNRS UPR3212; Université de Strasbourg; France
- INSERM; 75654 Paris Cedex 13 France
| | - Claire Desnos
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
- CNRS; UMR 8250 Paris France
| | - Christophe Lamaze
- Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche; PSL Research University; Membrane Dynamics and Mechanics of Intracellular Signaling Laboratory; Paris France
- CNRS; UMR 3666 Paris France
- INSERM; U1143 Paris France
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198
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Zhang G, Yang P. A novel cell-cell communication mechanism in the nervous system: exosomes. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:45-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guan Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 P.R. China
- Cadet Brigade; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 P.R. China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 P.R. China
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199
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Zhao Z, Zhou Y, Tian Y, Li M, Dong JF, Zhang J. Cellular microparticles and pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Protein Cell 2017; 8:801-810. [PMID: 28466387 PMCID: PMC5676589 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The finding that cellular microparticles (MPs) generated by injured cells profoundly impact on pathological courses of TBI has paved the way for new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. MPs are subcellular fragments or organelles that serve as carriers of lipids, adhesive receptors, cytokines, nucleic acids, and tissue-degrading enzymes that are unique to the parental cells. Their sub-micron sizes allow MPs to travel to areas that parental cells are unable to reach to exercise diverse biological functions. In this review, we summarize recent developments in identifying a casual role of MPs in the pathologies of TBI and suggest that MPs serve as a new class of therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of TBI and associated systemic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jing-Fei Dong
- BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA. .,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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200
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Neurons secrete miR-132-containing exosomes to regulate brain vascular integrity. Cell Res 2017; 27:882-897. [PMID: 28429770 PMCID: PMC5518987 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular integrity helps maintain brain microenvironment homeostasis, which is critical for the normal development and function of the central nervous system. It is known that neural cells can regulate brain vascular integrity. However, due to the high complexity of neurovascular interactions involved, understanding of the neural regulation of brain vascular integrity is still rudimentary. Using intact zebrafish larvae and cultured rodent brain cells, we find that neurons transfer miR-132, a highly conserved and neuron-enriched microRNA, via secreting exosomes to endothelial cells (ECs) to maintain brain vascular integrity. Following translocation to ECs through exosome internalization, miR-132 regulates the expression of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin), an important adherens junction protein, by directly targeting eukaryotic elongation factor2kinase (eef2k). Disruption of neuronal miR-132 expression or exosome secretion, or overexpression of vascular eef2k impairs VE-cadherin expression and brain vascular integrity. Our study indicates that miR-132 acts as an intercellular signal mediating neural regulation of the brain vascular integrity and suggests that the neuronal exosome is a novel avenue for neurovascular communication.
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