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Lorenzo D, Piulats JM, Ochoa M, Arias L, Gutiérrez C, Català J, Cobos E, Garcia-Bru P, Dias B, Padrón-Pérez N, Caminal JM. Clinical predictors of survival in metastatic uveal melanoma. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2019; 63:197-209. [PMID: 30796549 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-019-00656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the clinical factors that influence survival in patients with metastatic uveal melanoma. STUDY DESIGN Single-center, retrospective review of patients' medical records. METHODS The following data of ninety-nine consecutive patients (49 men, 50 women) with metastatic uveal melanoma were registered: patient demographics; primary tumor characteristics; features of first melanoma-related metastasis; symptoms and patient status at distant disease debut and metastasis treatment. Overall survival was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier estimates. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was applied to identify independent predictors associated with survival. RESULTS Mean patient age at metastatic diagnosis was 60.7 years (standard deviation, 12.8). The liver was the first metastatic site in most (92.9%) cases. The median disease-free interval was 26 months (interquartile range, 34). Median overall survival after detection of the first metastasis was 8 months (interquartile range, 14). The baseline characteristics of the primary uveal melanoma were not associated with survival in patients with stage IV disease. In the multivariate analysis, the following factors at first metastatic diagnosis were associated with improved overall survival: disease-free interval > 36 months; better performance status; and normal serum lactate dehydrogenase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase levels. Overall survival was not influenced by specific metastatic treatment. CONCLUSION Although metastatic uveal melanoma has a poor prognosis, this study reveals the existence of several independent prognostic factors for prolonged overall survival. These findings may help improve survival estimates in patients with advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lorenzo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Feixa Llarga, s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - María Ochoa
- Department of Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Arias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Feixa Llarga, s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Gutiérrez
- Department of Brachytherapy, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Català
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Feixa Llarga, s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estefanía Cobos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Feixa Llarga, s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Garcia-Bru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Feixa Llarga, s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bruno Dias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Feixa Llarga, s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noel Padrón-Pérez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Feixa Llarga, s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Caminal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Feixa Llarga, s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Kokane G, Nagarkar R, Roy S, Wagh A, Adhav A, Pawar S. Ocular melanoma: A rare entity. JOURNAL OF HEAD & NECK PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/jhnps.jhnps_26_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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153
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Fry MV, Augsburger JJ, Hall J, Corrêa ZM. Posterior uveal melanoma in adolescents and children: current perspectives. Clin Ophthalmol 2018; 12:2205-2212. [PMID: 30464381 PMCID: PMC6228084 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s142984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognizing that <1% of all uveal melanomas occur in young persons, and that very few clinicians encounter more than a few such cases over an extended career, we felt that a retrospective review of literature and sharing of our clinical experience would be appropriate to remind readers about this age subgroup of patients with posterior uveal melanoma. This interest stems from the increase in reported cases of uveal melanoma in younger individuals and recent advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew V Fry
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James J Augsburger
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - June Hall
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,
| | - Zélia M Corrêa
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,
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154
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Do Largest Basal Tumor Diameter and the American Joint Committee on Cancer's Cancer Staging Influence Prognostication by Gene Expression Profiling in Choroidal Melanoma. Am J Ophthalmol 2018; 195:83-92. [PMID: 30081017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the prognostication of choroidal melanoma (CM) by the gene expression profiling (GEP) test. DESIGN Cohort study. METHODS Retrospective review of 293 CM patients from 2 centers. RESULTS Of 293 patients, 132 (45%) were class 1A by GEP, 63 (22%) were class 1B, and 98 (33%) were class 2. Class 2 tumors had more ciliary body involvement and greater largest basal dimension (LBD), and were thicker. GEP results and increasing LBD were independently predictive of time to metastasis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis estimated the probability of 3-year metastasis-free survival (MFS) of 0.99 in class 1A, 0.90 in class 1B, and 0.60 in class 2. The probability of 3-year MFS was 0.49 in class 2 patients with LBD ≥ 12 mm vs 1.00 in those with LBD < 12 mm, 0.89 in class 1B with LBD ≥ 12 mm vs 0.93 in those with LBD < 12 mm, and 0.99 in class 1A with LBD ≥ 12 mm vs 1.00 in those with LBD < 12 mm. In American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage I CMs, the probability of 3-year MFS was 1.0 for class 1A and 1B, and 0.79 for class 2. In stage II CMs, the probability of 3-year MFS was 0.99 for class 1A, 0.89 for class 1B, and 0.61 for class 2. In stage III CM, the probability of 3-year MFS was 1.0 for class 1A, 0.60 for class 1B, and 0.41 for class 2. CONCLUSIONS GEP testing provided significant prognostic information for CM. Class 2 tumors with LBD ≥ 12 mm and class 2 and 1B tumors with AJCC stage III showed significantly worse prognosis.
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155
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Maziarz M, Leyme A, Marivin A, Luebbers A, Patel PP, Chen Z, Sprang SR, Garcia-Marcos M. Atypical activation of the G protein Gα q by the oncogenic mutation Q209P. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19586-19599. [PMID: 30352874 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The causative role of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway mutations in uveal melanoma (UM) has been well-established. Nearly all UMs bear an activating mutation in a GPCR pathway mediated by G proteins of the Gq/11 family, driving tumor initiation and possibly metastatic progression. Thus, targeting this pathway holds therapeutic promise for managing UM. However, direct targeting of oncogenic Gαq/11 mutants, present in ∼90% of UMs, is complicated by the belief that these mutants structurally resemble active Gαq/11 WT. This notion is solidly founded on previous studies characterizing Gα mutants in which a conserved catalytic glutamine (Gln-209 in Gαq) is replaced by leucine, which leads to GTPase function deficiency and constitutive activation. Whereas Q209L accounts for approximately half of GNAQ mutations in UM, Q209P is as frequent as Q209L and also promotes oncogenesis, but has not been characterized at the molecular level. Here, we characterized the biochemical and signaling properties of Gαq Q209P and found that it is also GTPase-deficient and activates downstream signaling as efficiently as Gαq Q209L. However, Gαq Q209P had distinct molecular and functional features, including in the switch II region of Gαq Q209P, which adopted a conformation different from that of Gαq Q209L or active WT Gαq, resulting in altered binding to effectors, Gβγ, and regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins. Our findings reveal that the molecular properties of Gαq Q209P are fundamentally different from those in other active Gαq proteins and could be leveraged as a specific vulnerability for the ∼20% of UMs bearing this mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Maziarz
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Anthony Leyme
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Arthur Marivin
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Alex Luebbers
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Prachi P Patel
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Zhe Chen
- the Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, and
| | - Stephen R Sprang
- the Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812
| | - Mikel Garcia-Marcos
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118,
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156
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Case Report: Importance of B-scan Ultrasonography for the Detection of Choroidal Melanoma. Optom Vis Sci 2018; 95:971-974. [DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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157
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Slater K, Hoo PS, Buckley AM, Piulats JM, Villanueva A, Portela A, Kennedy BN. Evaluation of oncogenic cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 as a therapeutic target for uveal melanoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2018; 37:335-345. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-018-9751-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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158
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Miguel D, de Frutos-Baraja JM, López-Lara F, Saornil MA, García-Álvarez C, Alonso P, Diezhandino P. Radiobiological doses, tumor, and treatment features influence on outcomes after epiescleral brachytherapy. A 20-year retrospective analysis from a single-institution: part II. J Contemp Brachytherapy 2018; 10:347-359. [PMID: 30237818 PMCID: PMC6142647 DOI: 10.5114/jcb.2018.77955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the influence of the radiobiological doses, tumor, and treatment features on retinopathy, cataracts, retinal detachment, optic neuropathy, vitreous hemorrhage, and neovascular glaucoma at the authors' institution after brachytherapy for posterior uveal melanoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS Medical records of 243 eyes with uveal melanoma, treated by iodine brachytherapy between 1996 and 2016 at a single center were analyzed. Clinical and radiotherapy data were extracted from a dedicated database. Biologically effective dose (BED) was included in survival analysis performed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regressions. Relative survival rates were estimated, and univariate/multivariate regression models were constructed for predictive factors of each item. Hazard ratio and confidence interval at 95% were determined. Variables statistically significant were analyzed and compared by log-rank tests. RESULTS The median follow-up was 73.9 months (range, 3-202 months). Cumulative probabilities of survival by Kaplan-Meier analysis at 3 and 5 years, respectively, were: 59% and 48% for retinopathy; 71% and 55% for cataracts; 63% and 57% for retinal detachment; 88% and 79% for optic neuropathy; 87% and 83% for vitreous hemorrhage; 92% and 89% for neovascular glaucoma, respectively. Using multivariate analysis, statistically significant risk factors were: age, tumor apical height, dose to foveola, and location of anterior border for retinopathy; age, dose to lens, type of plaque, and tumor shape, for cataracts; age, tumor apical height, and size of the plaque for retinal detachment; age, plaque shape, longest basal dimension, and BED to optic nerve for optic neuropathy; age, tumor apical height, and tumor shape for vitreous hemorrhage; tumor apical height and BED to foveola for neovascular glaucoma. CONCLUSIONS Tumor factors in addition to radiation treatment may contribute to secondary effects. Enhanced clinical optimization should evaluate radiobiological doses delivered to the tumor volume and surrounding normal ocular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Miguel
- Intraocular Tumor Unit, Hospital Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid
- University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jesús María de Frutos-Baraja
- Intraocular Tumor Unit, Hospital Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid
- University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Francisco López-Lara
- Intraocular Tumor Unit, Hospital Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid
- University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - María Antonia Saornil
- Intraocular Tumor Unit, Hospital Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid
- University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ciro García-Álvarez
- Intraocular Tumor Unit, Hospital Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid
- University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pilar Alonso
- Intraocular Tumor Unit, Hospital Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid
- University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Patricia Diezhandino
- Intraocular Tumor Unit, Hospital Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid
- University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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159
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Miguel D, de Frutos-Baraja JM, López-Lara F, Saornil MA, García-Álvarez C, Alonso P, Diezhandino P. Radiobiological doses, tumor, and treatment features influence on local control, enucleation rates, and survival after epiescleral brachytherapy. A 20-year retrospective analysis from a single-institution: part I. J Contemp Brachytherapy 2018; 10:337-346. [PMID: 30237817 PMCID: PMC6142652 DOI: 10.5114/jcb.2018.77849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess influence of the radiobiological doses, tumor, and treatment features on local control, enucleation rates, overall and disease-specific survival rates after brachytherapy for posterior uveal melanoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS Local control, enucleation, overall and disease-specific survival rates were evaluated on the base of 243 patients from 1996 through 2016, using plaques loaded with iodine sources. Clinical and radiotherapy data were extracted from a dedicated prospective database. Biologically effective dose (BED) was included in survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regressions. The 3-, 5-, 10-, and 15-year relative survival rates were estimated, and univariate/multivariate regression models were constructed for predictive factors of each item. Hazard ratio (HR) and confidence interval at 95% (CI) were determined. RESULTS The median follow-up was 73.9 months (range, 3-202 months). Cumulative probabilities of survival by Kaplan-Meier analysis at 3, 5, 10 and 15 years were respectively: 96%, 94%, 93%, and 87%, for local control; 93%, 88%, 81%, and 73% for globe preservation; 98%, 93%, 84%, and 73% for overall survival, and 98%, 96%, 92%, and 87% for disease-specific survival. By multivariate analysis, we concluded variables as significant: for local control failure - the longest basal diameter and the juxtapapillary location; for globe preservation failure - the longest basal dimension, the mushroom shape, the location in ciliary body, and the dose to the foveola; for disease-specific survival - the longest basal dimension. Some radiobiological doses were significant in univariate models but not in multivariate ones for the items studied. CONCLUSIONS The results show as predictive factors of local control, enucleation, and disease-specific survival rates those related with the features of the tumor, specifically the longest basal dimension. There is no clear relation between radiobiological doses or treatment parameters in patients after brachytherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Miguel
- Intraocular Tumor Unit, Hospital Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid
- University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jesús María de Frutos-Baraja
- Intraocular Tumor Unit, Hospital Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid
- University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Francisco López-Lara
- Intraocular Tumor Unit, Hospital Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid
- University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - María Antonia Saornil
- Intraocular Tumor Unit, Hospital Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid
- University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ciro García-Álvarez
- Intraocular Tumor Unit, Hospital Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid
- University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pilar Alonso
- Intraocular Tumor Unit, Hospital Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid
- University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Patricia Diezhandino
- Intraocular Tumor Unit, Hospital Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid
- University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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160
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Seibel I, Riechardt AI, Erb-Eigner K, Böker A, Cordini D, Heufelder J, Joussen AM. Proton Beam Irradiation: A Safe Procedure in Postequatorial Extraocular Extension From Uveal Melanoma. Am J Ophthalmol 2018; 191:49-53. [PMID: 29655645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was performed to show long-term outcomes concerning metastasis rates and local recurrence rates after primary proton beam therapy in uveal melanoma with posterior extraocular extension (EOE) with the main focus on optic nerve invasion. DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS All patients treated with primary proton beam therapy for choroidal or ciliary body melanoma with posterior EOE between July 1998 and August 2010 were included. EOE was detected either upon sonography at primary examination or during the surgical application of tantalum clips onto the sclera. Ultrasound was performed in each patient before surgery, and if EOE was detected, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan was performed to confirm EOE. All patients with tumors exceeding 6 mm in thickness or abutting the optic disc received a 1.5 Tesla MRI scan after clip surgery. To assess EOE during follow-up, either ultrasound examinations or-if initially detected only by MRI-MRI scans were performed during follow-up. RESULTS A total of 27 patients underwent primary proton beam therapy. The EOE was separated into 3 growth types: optic nerve infiltration in 10 patients, vortex vein infiltration in 9 patients, and transscleral growth postequatorially in 8 patients. No local recurrences were found during the overall median follow-up of 80 months (11-168 months). Metastasis rates correlated with AJCC stages but not EOE volume. CONCLUSION This study shows that posterior EOE can safely be treated by proton beam therapy, even if the optic nerve is infiltrated. MRI enables safe detection of optic nerve invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Seibel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Aline I Riechardt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Böker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dino Cordini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; BerlinProtonen am Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Heufelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; BerlinProtonen am Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia M Joussen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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161
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Abstract
Melanomas affecting different components of the uvea occur with differing frequencies and clinical presentations. Uveal melanoma is diagnosed via funduscopic exam and ancillary tests. These lesions may present with visual findings or incidental findings on physical exam. Metastasis occurs in approximately half of all patients with primary uveal melanoma. The liver is the most common site of metastasis. Enucleation was at one time considered the definitive local treatment for primary uveal melanoma, but has been largely replaced by other therapeutic procedures that aim to prevent metastasis while preserving vision. Unfortunately, metastasis of uveal melanoma almost always proves to be fatal. The current treatment of metastatic uveal melanoma is limited by the intrinsic resistance of uveal melanoma to conventional systemic therapies. Advancements in molecular biology have resulted in the identification of a number of promising prognostic and therapeutic targets. Early detection and therapy are important factors in disease survival. It is imperative that the treating physician be familiar with the clinical features of uveal melanoma and distinguish it from mimickers in order to ensure effective and timely treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priya Durairaj
- Department of Ocular Oncology, The Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jensen Yeung
- Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Mitsch C, Zehetmayer M, Gleiss A, Georg D, Dieckmann K, Pötter R, Sayegh R, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Dunavoelgyi R. Early ultrasonographic tumor regression after linear accelerator stereotactic fractionated photon radiotherapy of choroidal melanoma as a predictor for metastatic spread. Radiother Oncol 2018; 127:385-391. [PMID: 29747872 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE During extended follow-up (of up to 15 years), approximately fifty percent of patients with choroidal melanoma will develop metastatic disease and eventually die. Thus, continuing research on prognostic factors, early detection and treatment is necessary. Height regression rates both after plaque brachytherapy and proton beam irradiation have been shown to have prognostic value. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of early tumor regression rate after treatment of choroidal melanoma with LINAC stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy (SFRT) as an independent risk factor for metastasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS 256 patients with choroidal melanoma treated with LINAC SFRT were included. Follow-up included standardized echography yielding apical height, smallest and largest basal linear diameter, tumor volume and mean reflectivity. The influence of baseline measurements and of a longitudinal, normalized area under the curve coefficient (NAC) of the latter marker on metastasis risk was assessed. RESULTS NAC for tumor thickness at months 3, 6, and 12 had a statistically significant (p < 0.001) non-linear effect on risk of metastasis. Additionally, ultrasonographic baseline tumor dimensions, but not internal reflectivity were found to be statistically significant risk factors for metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a non-linear influence of regression rate of choroidal melanoma as independent risk factor of metastatic disease after LINAC SFRT. These prove the clinical experience that, in comparison to rather slow regressions, very quick and very slow early tumor responses to LINAC SFRT are associated with a significantly higher metastasis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Mitsch
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Zehetmayer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andreas Gleiss
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Georg
- Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Dieckmann
- Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Pötter
- Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ramzi Sayegh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Roman Dunavoelgyi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Shields CL, Pefkianaki M, Mashayekhi A, Shields JA, Ganguly A. Cytogenetic results of choroidal nevus growth into melanoma in 55 consecutive cases. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2018; 32:28-32. [PMID: 29755268 PMCID: PMC5944020 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the cytogenetic results of choroidal nevus with photographically-documented transformation into choroidal melanoma. Methods Retrospective analysis of 55 consecutive patients who underwent fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for DNA isolation and whole genome array based assay for chromosomes 3, 6, and 8 analysis prior to plaque radiotherapy. Tumors with abnormalities in chromosomes 3 and 8 were considered high-risk for metastasis. Results At diagnosis of choroidal nevus the mean patient age was 57 years (median 57, range 10–83 years). All patients were Caucasian and 36 (65%) were female. At the time of nevus diagnosis, the mean tumor basal diameter was 7.4 mm (median 6.5, range 1.5–18.0 mm) and tumor thickness was 2.2 mm (median 2.2, range 0.5–3.9 mm). The mean interval between diagnosis of choroidal nevus and transformation into choroidal melanoma was 58 months (median 42, range 3–238 months). At the time of melanoma diagnosis, the mean tumor basal diameter was 9.7 mm (median 9.0, range 5.0–19.0) and tumor thickness was 3.5 mm (median 3.4, range 1.3–8.1). Cytogenetic analysis of FNAB-isolated melanoma revealed 25 patients (45%) with high-risk and 30 (55%) with low-risk cytogenetic findings. The rate of tumor growth into melanoma was inversely related to high-risk cytogenetic profile (p = 0.03) as those with fast transformation ≤ 1 year showed high-risk in 80% compared to those with slow transformation > 1 year whoshowed high-risk profile in only 38%. Fast transformation into melanoma conferred a relative risk (RR) of 2.116 for high-risk cytogenetic profile, compared to slow transformation. Conclusions Choroidal nevus with rapid transformation into melanoma within 1 year is significantly more likely to demonstrate high-risk cytogenetic profile, at risk for metastatic disease, compared to those with slow transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L. Shields
- Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corresponding author at: Ocular Oncology Service, 840 Walnut Street, Suite 1440, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. Fax: +1 (215) 928 1140.
| | - Maria Pefkianaki
- Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arman Mashayekhi
- Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jerry A. Shields
- Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arupa Ganguly
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Afzal MZ, Mabaera R, Shirai K. Metastatic uveal melanoma showing durable response to anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 combination therapy after experiencing progression on anti-PD-1 therapy alone. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:13. [PMID: 29433557 PMCID: PMC5809910 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Uveal melanoma accounts for 85% of the ocular melanomas and has an increased risk of hematogenous spread, most commonly to the liver. After curative intent therapy like surgery and radiation, fifty percent of patients present with distant metastasis. Metastatic uveal melanoma (MUM) does not harbor typically targetable mutations, e.g., BRAF as in cutaneous melanoma. As a result, there is no proven therapy for MUM. Various chemotherapy and immunotherapy regimens have been tried and only partial response (PR) is the best that has been achieved in most of the cases. Here, we present a case of MUM treated with combination immune checkpoint therapy (ipilimumab and nivolumab) following the progression with single-agent nivolumab and demonstrating a durable response without recurrence more than 22 months from the last treatment. Case Presentation A 72-year-old Caucasian man presented with ciliary body melanoma of the left eye and underwent curative-intent enucleation but six months later developed diffuse hepatic metastases. He initially was treated with nivolumab 3 mg/kg every two weeks for four cycles but restaging scan showed a significant progression of the disease with increasing LDH. With the FDA approval for the combination of nivolumab 1mg/kg with Ipilimumab 3 mg/kg every three weeks for metastatic melanoma, this combination was given for four cycles with continuous rise in LDH to 993 unit/L (110-220 unit/L) until finishing cycle four of the treatment. Three weeks later, maintainence nivolumab 3mg/kg was initiated but two weeks later, he developed grade 4 liver toxicity with ALT 1565 unit/L (0-55 unit/L). A presumptive diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis was made, nivolumab was stopped and oral prednisone 1mg/kg was started with quick resolution of elevated transaminases. Restaging abdominal MRI one month after the first and last dose of maintenance nivolumab showed PR and continuous shrinkage of the metastatic lesions with no hypermetabolic activity even on PET/CT. He is 22 months' post-treatment and continues to do well without any evidence of active disease. Conclusion Although, limited response has been shown to single agent immune checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapy, our patient showed durable response with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 combination therapy in MUM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zubair Afzal
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Dr., Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Rodwell Mabaera
- Hematology/Oncology, Norris cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Dr., Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Keisuke Shirai
- Hematology/Oncology, Norris cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Dr., Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
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165
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Liu C, Liu X, Qi J, Pant OP, Lu CW, Hao J. DJ-1 in Ocular Diseases: A Review. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:430-435. [PMID: 29559831 PMCID: PMC5859765 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.23428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein deglycase DJ-1 (Parkinson disease protein 7) is a 20 kDa protein encoded by PARK7 gene. It is also known as a redox-sensitive chaperone and sensor that protect cells against oxidative stress-induced cell death in many human diseases. Though increasing evidence implicates that DJ-1 may also participate in ocular diseases, the overview of DJ-1 in ocular diseases remains elusive. In this review, we discuss the role as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms of DJ-1 in ocular diseases, including Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cataracts, and ocular neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting that DJ-1 may serve as a very striking therapeutic target for ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cheng-wei Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Jilong Hao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
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166
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Singh M, Tyagi SC. Genes and genetics in eye diseases: a genomic medicine approach for investigating hereditary and inflammatory ocular disorders. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:117-134. [PMID: 29376001 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.01.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Past 25y have witnessed an exponential increase in knowledge and understanding of ocular diseases and their respective genetic underpinnings. As a result, scientists have mapped many genes and their variants that can influence vision and health of our eyes. Based on these findings, it is becoming clear that an early diagnosis employing genetic testing can help evaluate patients' conditions for instituting treatment plan(s) and follow-up care to avoid vision complications later. For example, knowing family history becomes crucial for inherited eye diseases as it can benefit members in family who may have similar eye diseases or predispositions. Therefore, gathering information from an elaborate examination along with complete assessment of past medical illness by ophthalmologists followed by consultation with geneticists can help create a roadmap for making diagnosis and treatment precise and beneficial. In this review, we present an update on ocular genomic medicine that we believe has tremendous potential towards unraveling genetic implications in ocular diseases and patients' susceptibilities. We also discuss translational aspects of genetic ophthalmology and genome engineering that may help advance molecular diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahavir Singh
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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167
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Ness C, Garred Ø, Eide NA, Kumar T, Olstad OK, Bærland TP, Petrovski G, Moe MC, Noer A. Multicellular tumor spheroids of human uveal melanoma induce genes associated with anoikis resistance, lipogenesis, and SSXs. Mol Vis 2017; 23:680-694. [PMID: 29033534 PMCID: PMC5632686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Uveal melanoma (UM) has a high propensity for metastatic spread, and approximately 40-50% of patients die of metastatic disease. Metastases can be found at the time of diagnosis but also several years after the tumor has been removed. The survival of disseminated cancer cells is known to be linked to anchorage independence, anoikis resistance, and an adaptive cellular metabolism. The cultivation of cancer cells as multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) by anchorage-independent growth enriches for a more aggressive phenotype. The present study examines the differential gene expression of adherent cell cultures, non-adherent MCTS cultures, and uncultured tumor biopsies from three patients with UM. We elucidate the biochemical differences between the culture conditions to find whether the culture of UM as non-adherent MCTS could be linked to an anchorage-independent and more aggressive phenotype, thus unravelling potential targets for treatment of UM dissemination. METHODS The various culture conditions were evaluated with microarray analysis, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), RNAscope, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) followed by gene expression bioinformatics. RESULTS The MCTS cultures displayed traits associated with anoikis resistance demonstrated by ANGPTL4 upregulation, and a shift toward a lipogenic profile by upregulation of ACOT1 (lipid metabolism), FADS1 (biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids), SC4MOL, DHCR7, LSS (cholesterol biosynthesis), OSBPL9 (intracellular lipid receptor), and PLIN2 (lipid storage). Additionally, the present study shows marked upregulation of synovial sarcoma X breakpoint proteins (SSXs), transcriptional repressors related to the Polycomb group (PcG) proteins that modulate epigenetic silencing of genes. CONCLUSIONS The MCTS cultures displayed traits associated with anoikis resistance, a metabolic shift toward a lipogenic profile, and upregulation of SSXs, related to the PcG proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Ness
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Øystein Garred
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Nils A. Eide
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Theresa Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Ole K. Olstad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Thomas P. Bærland
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Goran Petrovski
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Morten C. Moe
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Agate Noer
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
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168
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Krishna Y, McCarthy C, Kalirai H, Coupland SE. Inflammatory cell infiltrates in advanced metastatic uveal melanoma. Hum Pathol 2017; 66:159-166. [PMID: 28655639 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for metastatic uveal melanoma (mUM) are limited and rarely prolong patient survival. Immunotherapy trials for mUM are few and to date have demonstrated only marginal success. High densities of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) in primary UM are associated with poor prognosis. Little is known about the immune microenvironment of mUM. Our aim was to examine the presence and distribution of TAMs and TILs in mUM within the liver. Whole-tissue sections of liver mUM (n=35) were examined by immunohistochemistry. For TAMs, monoclonal antibodies against CD68 and CD163 were used. Macrophage density and morphology were scored using previous established systems. Density and spatial distribution of TILs were highlighted using antibodies against CD3 (pan-lymphocyte marker), CD4 (T-helper cells), and CD8 (T-cytotoxic cells). CD68+ and CD163+ TAMs were seen within the tumor in all 35 specimens; their density was "moderate" in 50% of cases and "few" in 43%, and the majority showed an "indeterminate" phenotype. CD3+ TILs were noted both within mUMs and surrounding the tumor. Of these, CD8+ TILs were "few" in number within mUM but were predominantly seen peritumorally at the tumor/normal liver interface, whereas CD4+ TILs showed a high perivascular density within mUM. CD68+ and CD163+ TAMs of "indeterminate" morphology were observed in mUM, suggesting a tendency toward the protumorigenic M2 phenotype. CD4+ TILs were seen within the mUM, whereas CD8+ TILs tended to be peritumoral. The biological and functional roles of inflammatory cells in mUM require further investigation to determine if they represent potential targets for future therapies in mUM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Krishna
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Conni McCarthy
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Helen Kalirai
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Sarah E Coupland
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK; Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
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169
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Cytogenetic Abnormalities in Uveal Melanoma Based on Tumor Features and Size in 1059 Patients. Ophthalmology 2017; 124:609-618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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170
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Szalai E, Wells JR, Grossniklaus HE. Mechanisms of Optic Nerve Invasion in Primary Choroidal Melanoma. Ocul Oncol Pathol 2017; 3:267-275. [PMID: 29344479 DOI: 10.1159/000456718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to assess morphological risk factors associated with optic nerve invasion of choroidal melanoma and to identify possible mechanisms of optic nerve invasion. Methods Medical charts and histology slides of patients with primary choroidal melanoma who were treated by enucleation/exenteration and whose pathology showed optic nerve invasion were reviewed. Results Twenty-one patients (mean age: 65.67 ± 14.72 years) with primary uveal melanoma arising from the choroid were included in this analysis. A peripapillary location was present in 86% of the cases. Four types of optic nerve invasion were identified: transvitreal invasion (10%); retinal invasion (23%); direct peripapillary invasion (57%); and a combined mechanism (10%). Optic nerve invasion was prelaminar in 67%, laminar in 10%, and retrolaminar in 23% of the cases. Significantly higher largest basal diameter (p = 0.021) and tumor thickness values (p = 0.017) and higher rates of vortex vein (p = 0.022) and retinal invasion (p = 0.007) were observed in the transvitreal/retinal invasion groups when compared to the direct peripapillary invasion group. Conclusions A peripapillary tumor location was the most common mechanism of optic nerve invasion of choroidal melanoma. In 43% of the cases, other mechanisms including transvitreal and retinal invasion resulted in optic nerve invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szalai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jill R Wells
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hans E Grossniklaus
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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171
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Natarajan S. The world is your oyster! Indian J Ophthalmol 2016; 64:793. [PMID: 27958199 PMCID: PMC5200978 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.195589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sundaram Natarajan
- Editor, Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, Chairman, Managing Director, Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital Pvt. Ltd., Wadala (West), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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172
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Kaliki S, Shields CL. Uveal melanoma: relatively rare but deadly cancer. Eye (Lond) 2016; 31:241-257. [PMID: 27911450 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is a relatively rare disease, primarily found in the Caucasian population, uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults with a mean age-adjusted incidence of 5.1 cases per million per year. Tumors are located either in iris (4%), ciliary body (6%), or choroid (90%). The host susceptibility factors for uveal melanoma include fair skin, light eye color, inability to tan, ocular or oculodermal melanocytosis, cutaneous or iris or choroidal nevus, and BRCA1-associated protein 1 mutation. Currently, the most widely used first-line treatment options for this malignancy are resection, radiation therapy, and enucleation. There are two main types of radiation therapy: plaque brachytherapy (iodine-125, ruthenium-106, or palladium-103, or cobalt-60) and teletherapy (proton beam, helium ion, or stereotactic radiosurgery using cyber knife, gamma knife, or linear accelerator). The alternative to radiation is enucleation. Although these therapies achieve satisfactory local disease control, long-term survival rate for patients with uveal melanoma remains guarded, with risk for liver metastasis. There have been advances in early diagnosis over the past few years, and with the hope survival rates could improve as smaller tumors are treated. As in many other cancer indications, both early detection and early treatment could be critical for a positive long-term survival outcome in uveal melanoma. These observations call attention to an unmet medical need for the early treatment of small melanocytic lesions or small melanomas in the eye to achieve local disease control and vision preservation with the possibility to prevent metastases and improve overall patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaliki
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - C L Shields
- Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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173
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Brovkina AF, Stoyukhina AS, Chesalin IP. [Size-based classification of choroidal melanoma and its role in treatment decision-making]. Vestn Oftalmol 2016; 132:4-7. [PMID: 27213790 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma201613224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To specify indications for brachytherapy (BT) in large choroidal melanoma (CM) so that tumor size and vital prognosis were considered. MATERIAL AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed data from 161 CM patients who were treated with BT and followed-up at either the Ophthalmological Clinical Hospital or some other Moscow medical facility and also registered by the City Cancer Registry. RESULTS Patient age at the time of starting the treatment lied within the range of 17 to 84 years and averaged 56.89±1.93 years. During the follow-up period (12-275 months, 95.65±8.4 months on average) hematogenous metastases were found in 23 (14.29%) patients. Liver involvement was diagnosed in 8 patients within the average of 23.13 months after treatment. Their average survival time was 11 months. A total of 142 patients were followed up for more than 36 months (104.87 months on average). Of them, 15 patients were diagnosed with metastatic CM within 37-167 months after BT (80.27 months on average). Despite metastatic disease they generally survived 2.8 time longer than the aforementioned patients (30.8 months). The cases were then divided into 3 groups according to J. Shields classification of CM. Small melanoma patients did not develop metastases within 99.96±12.47 months of follow-up. In medium melanomas, as many as 13.35% of cases were metastatic (with the average survival time of 20.66 months); in large melanomas - 19.51% (with the average survival time of 13.5 months). CONCLUSION Treatment modality and follow-up periods being the same (7-8 years after BT), larger choroidal melanomas has been shown to be associated with higher risk of hematogenous metastases. For local treatment to be successive, the maximal diameter of the tumor should not exceed 10 mm. Every fifth patient of those with CM larger than 15 mm is likely to develop hematogenous metastases. The results obtained indicate the necessity of decreasing the size thresholds for choroidal melanomas, small and medium in the first place.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Brovkina
- Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2/1 Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 123995
| | - A S Stoyukhina
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11 A, B, Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021
| | - I P Chesalin
- Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2/1 Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 123995
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174
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Stei MM, Loeffler KU, Kurts C, Hoeller T, Pfarrer C, Holz FG, Herwig-Carl MC. Impact of macrophages on tumor growth characteristics in a murine ocular tumor model. Exp Eye Res 2016; 151:9-18. [PMID: 27426931 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages (TAM), mean vascular density (MVD), PAS positive extravascular matrix patterns, and advanced patients' age are associated with a poor prognosis in uveal melanoma. These correlations may be influenced by M2 macrophages and their cytokine expression pattern. Thus, the effect of TAM and their characteristic cytokines on histologic tumor growth characteristics were studied under the influence of age. Ninety five CX3CR1(+/GFP) mice (young 8-12weeks, old 10-12months) received an intravitreal injection of 1 × 10(5) HCmel12 melanoma cells. Subgroups were either systemically macrophage-depleted by Clodronate liposomes (n = 23) or received melanoma cells, which were pre-incubated with the supernatant of M1- or M2-polarized macrophages (n = 26). Eyes were processed histologically/immunohistochemically (n = 75), or for flow cytometry (n = 20) to analyze tumor size, mean vascular density (MVD), extravascular matrix patterns, extracellular matrix (ECM) and the presence/polarization of TAM. Prognostically significant extravascular matrix patterns (parallels with cross-linkings, loops, networks) were found more frequently in tumors of untreated old compared to tumors of untreated young mice (p = 0.024); as well as in tumors of untreated mice compared to tumors of macrophage-depleted mice (p = 0.014). Independent from age, M2-conditioned tumors showed more TAM (p = 0.001), increased collagen IV levels (p = 0.024) and a higher MVD (p = 0.02) than M1-conditioned tumors. Flow cytometry revealed a larger proportion of M2-macrophages in old than in young mice. The results indicate that TAM and their cytokines appear to be responsible for a more aggressive tumor phenotype. Tumor favoring and pro-angiogenic effects can be directly attributed to a M2-dominated tumor microenvironment rather than to age-dependent factors alone. However, an aged immunoprofile with an increased number of M2-macrophages may provide a tumor-favoring basis. Further, old mice represent a more suitable tumor model instead of young mice since their histologic tumor pattern better resembles human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M Stei
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | | | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Hoeller
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane Pfarrer
- Department of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank G Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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175
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Heyer LJ, Metz C, Flühs D, Heyer CM, Bornfeld N. [Uveal and iridociliary melanomas in young patients : A retrospective analysis of 57 cases]. Ophthalmologe 2016; 113:1046-1050. [PMID: 27286673 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-016-0285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uveal melanomas (UM) are rare malignancies in young patients. It is unknown if UM in young patients significantly differs from those in older patients concerning tumor size and localization, metastasis and genetics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical course and tumor characteristics in young patients with UM. MATERIAL AND METHODS All patients with UM below the age of 32 years who had been treated at our hospital were included in the study. Patient age and sex, duration of symptoms, visual impairment, tumor size and location, genetics, therapy, follow-up interventions and tumor-associated deaths were documented. RESULTS A total of 57 patients (67 % male, mean age 24.7 years) were included in the study with an average symptomatic course of 5 months. Of the patients 8 (14 %) had an initial visual acuity of ≥ 0.9, 16 (28 %) 0.5-0.8, 22 (39 %) 0.05-0.4 and 9 (16 %) < 0.05 (no data for 2 patients, 4 %). After therapy visual acuity was < 0.05 in 54 % and 53 % of the tumors were choroidal UM (70 % juxtapapillary/circumpapillary), whereas 47 % were ciliochoroidal (54 % with iridociliary involvement). The average tumor size was 12.7 ± 3.6 mm with an average prominence of 6.2 ± 3.2 mm. Genetic evaluation (n = 16) revealed disomy 3 in 64 % and 54 % of the patients received radiotherapy with local application of ruthenium 106. In 46 % of cases follow-up interventions were neccessary including 70 % due to radiogenic retinopathy. CONCLUSION In young patients UM did not show any preferred localization. The majority of genetically evaluated tumors revealed disomy 3 with no significant correlation to tumor location. Independent of tumor size, location and therapy, approximately half of the patients needed follow-up interventions, predominantly due to radiogenic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Heyer
- Klinik für Erkrankungen des hinteren Augenabschnittes, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Deutschland
| | - C Metz
- Klinik für Erkrankungen des hinteren Augenabschnittes, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Deutschland
| | - D Flühs
- Medizinische Physik der Strahlenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Deutschland
| | - C M Heyer
- Institut für Kinderradiologie am St. Josef-Hospital, Klinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791, Bochum, Deutschland.
| | - N Bornfeld
- Klinik für Erkrankungen des hinteren Augenabschnittes, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Deutschland
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176
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Song J, Huang YF, Zhang WJ, Chen XF, Guo YM. Ocular diseases: immunological and molecular mechanisms. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:780-8. [PMID: 27275439 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.05.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many factors, such as environmental, microbial and endogenous stress, antigen localization, can trigger the immunological events that affect the ending of the diverse spectrum of ocular disorders. Significant advances in understanding of immunological and molecular mechanisms have been researched to improve the diagnosis and therapy for patients with ocular inflammatory diseases. Some kinds of ocular diseases are inadequately responsive to current medications; therefore, immunotherapy may be a potential choice as an alternative or adjunctive treatment, even in the prophylactic setting. This article first provides an overview of the immunological and molecular mechanisms concerning several typical and common ocular diseases; second, the functions of immunological roles in some of systemic autoimmunity will be discussed; third, we will provide a summary of the mechanisms that dictate immune cell trafficking to ocular local microenvironment in response to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300161, China
| | - Yi-Fei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300161, China; Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300161, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yu-Mian Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300161, China
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177
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Abstract
Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. It is associated with a high rate of distant tumor spread and consequent mortality. Unlike retinoblastoma, for which treatment advances over the last few decades have resulted in a dramatic improvement in survival, outcomes for patients with uveal melanoma remain unchanged. Despite improvement in local control of this tumor, roughly 50% of patients develop metastatic disease within 15 years. Delays in diagnosis and marked vascularity of this tumor may underlie that situation. Tumor size, location, histopathologic appearance, cytogenetic abnormalities, and molecular profiling are used in prognostication. The revised 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) manual has presented new information that may improve that process as well. Herein, we review current knowledge on uveal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Kashyap
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Rachna Meel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lata Singh
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mithalesh Singh
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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178
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Inter-device size variation of small choroidal nevi measured using stereographic projection ultra-widefield imaging and optical coherence tomography. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 254:797-808. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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179
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Bi J, Li P, Li C, He J, Wang Y, Zhang H, Fan X, Jia R, Ge S. The SDF-1/CXCR4 chemokine axis in uveal melanoma cell proliferation and migration. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:4175-82. [PMID: 26490988 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The stromal-cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1)/chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) chemokine axis plays a key role in tumor migration. Here, we analyzed the axis in uveal melanoma (UM) proliferation and migration and investigated the effect of a chemical inhibitor of CXCR4, AMD3100, on UM. We found that CXCR4 was expressed in all five UM cell lines tested as well as the retinal pigment epithelium cell line ARPE-19 cells, while CXCR7 was only detected in OM290 and VUP cell lines. SDF-1 promotes the proliferation and migration of OCM-1 and OCM431 cell lines, while AMD3100 weakens this function. Taken together, our results show that the SDF-1/CXCR4 chemokine axis plays a key role in UM cell proliferation and migration and that AMD3100 can alleviate this function, which may offer a hint for UM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Bi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanyin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
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180
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Halfed DG, Zoroquiain P, Wood HA, Blanco P, Al-Saati N, Aldrees S, Bravo-Filho V, Burnier MN. SIRT2 Expression Is Higher in Uveal Melanoma than In Ocular Melanocytes. Ocul Oncol Pathol 2015; 2:100-4. [PMID: 27171429 DOI: 10.1159/000439309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sirtuins (SIRTs) are the family of proteins associated with the cell cycle and that correlate with cancer development and progression. SIRTs have never been studied in uveal melanocytes. The aim of this study is to characterize the expression of SIRT2 in uveal melanoma (UM) cases and compare it with the expression of SIRT2 in melanocytes of the uveal tract of normal human eyes (NHE). METHODS Twenty-one formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human UM cases were immunostained for SIRT2, along with 15 NHE obtained from the Eye Bank of Canada. RESULTS SIRT2 expression was higher in melanomas than in normal melanocytes of both tumor and donor eyes (p < 0.0001). No significant difference in SIRT2 expression was found when comparing normal melanocytes in UM and NHE cases. CONCLUSIONS SIRT2 expression is significantly stronger in UM cells than in normal ocular melanocytes. This finding may indicate an important role of SIRT2 as a prognostic marker in UM progression. SIRT2 should also be investigated as a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle G Halfed
- Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Que., Canada
| | - Pablo Zoroquiain
- Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Que., Canada
| | - Henry A Wood
- Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Que., Canada
| | - Paula Blanco
- Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Que., Canada
| | - Nouf Al-Saati
- Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Que., Canada
| | - Sultan Aldrees
- Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Que., Canada
| | - Vasco Bravo-Filho
- Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Que., Canada
| | - Miguel N Burnier
- Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Que., Canada
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