151
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Farnworth MS, Eckermann KN, Ahmed HMM, Mühlen DS, He B, Bucher G. The Red Flour Beetle as Model for Comparative Neural Development: Genome Editing to Mark Neural Cells in Tribolium Brain Development. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2047:191-217. [PMID: 31552656 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9732-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With CRISPR/Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated) scientists working with Tribolium castaneum can now generate transgenic lines with site-specific insertions at their region of interest. We present two methods to generate in vivo imaging lines suitable for marking subsets of neurons with fluorescent proteins. The first method relies on homologous recombination and uses a 2A peptide to create a bicistronic mRNA. In such lines, the target and the marker proteins are not fused but produced at equal amounts. This work-intensive method is compared with creating gene-specific enhancer traps that do not rely on homologous recombination. These are faster to generate but reflect the expression of the target gene less precisely. Which method to choose, strongly depends on the aims of each research project and in turn impacts of how neural cells and their development are marked. We describe the necessary steps from designing constructs and guide RNAs to embryonic injection and making homozygous stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max S Farnworth
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Genetics, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute, GZMB, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. .,Göttingen Graduate Center for Molecular Biosciences, Neurosciences and Biophysics, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Kolja N Eckermann
- Göttingen Graduate Center for Molecular Biosciences, Neurosciences and Biophysics, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Developmental Biology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute, GZMB, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hassan M M Ahmed
- Department of Developmental Biology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute, GZMB, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Khartoum-North, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Dominik S Mühlen
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Genetics, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute, GZMB, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Göttingen Graduate Center for Molecular Biosciences, Neurosciences and Biophysics, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bicheng He
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Genetics, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute, GZMB, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gregor Bucher
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Genetics, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute, GZMB, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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152
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Lapart JA, Gottardo M, Cortier E, Duteyrat JL, Augière C, Mangé A, Jerber J, Solassol J, Gopalakrishnan J, Thomas J, Durand B. Dzip1 and Fam92 form a ciliary transition zone complex with cell type specific roles in Drosophila. eLife 2019; 8:49307. [PMID: 31821146 PMCID: PMC6904220 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are conserved eukaryotic organelles essential for cellular signaling and motility. Cilia dysfunctions cause life-threatening ciliopathies, many of which are due to defects in the transition zone (TZ), a complex structure of the ciliary base. Therefore, understanding TZ assembly, which relies on ordered interactions of multiprotein modules, is of critical importance. Here, we show that Drosophila Dzip1 and Fam92 form a functional module which constrains the conserved core TZ protein, Cep290, to the ciliary base. We identify cell type specific roles of this functional module in two different tissues. While it is required for TZ assembly in all Drosophila ciliated cells, it also regulates basal-body growth and docking to the plasma membrane during spermatogenesis. We therefore demonstrate a novel regulatory role for Dzip1 and Fam92 in mediating membrane/basal-body interactions and show that these interactions exhibit cell type specific functions in basal-body maturation and TZ organization. Many animal cells have hair-like structures called cilia on their surface, which help them to sense and interact with their surroundings. The cilia are supported by protein filaments and must assemble correctly because faulty cilia can lead to several life-threatening diseases. Problems in an area at the base of the cilia, known as the ‘transition zone’, account for the most severe forms of these diseases in humans. The transition zone is responsible for selecting which proteins are allowed in and out of the cilia. The transition zone itself is made up of many proteins that work together to determine the cilia composition. But not all of these proteins are known, and it is unclear how those that are known affect cilia structure. One protein found in transition zones of several animals, including fruit flies and mice, is called Cby. Lapart et al. set out to understand which other proteins interact with Cby in fruit flies to better understand what this protein does in the transition zone. A series of experiments showed that Cby interacts with two proteins called Dzip1 and Fam92 to regulate the assembly of transition zones. Together these three proteins constrain a core component of the transition zone, a fourth protein called Cep290, to the base of the cilia. Fruit flies only have cilia on cells in their sensory organs and testes and, in both types of tissue, cilia could only form properly when Dzip1 and Fam92 were present. Lapart et al. also showed that, in the fruit fly testes, Dzip1 and Fam92 helped to anchor the newly forming cilia to the cell surface. This anchoring role was particularly important for the fruit flies’ sperm to grow their characteristic whip-like tails, which are a specialized type of cilia that allow sperm cells to move. Overall, the findings show how some transition zone proteins work together and that they can have different effects in different tissues. Understanding the mechanisms behind healthy cilia assembly will likely be key to tackling cilia-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-André Lapart
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Marco Gottardo
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Cortier
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Duteyrat
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Céline Augière
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Alain Mangé
- IRCM, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Jerber
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Solassol
- IRCM, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jay Gopalakrishnan
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joëlle Thomas
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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153
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Link N, Chung H, Jolly A, Withers M, Tepe B, Arenkiel BR, Shah PS, Krogan NJ, Aydin H, Geckinli BB, Tos T, Isikay S, Tuysuz B, Mochida GH, Thomas AX, Clark RD, Mirzaa GM, Lupski JR, Bellen HJ. Mutations in ANKLE2, a ZIKA Virus Target, Disrupt an Asymmetric Cell Division Pathway in Drosophila Neuroblasts to Cause Microcephaly. Dev Cell 2019; 51:713-729.e6. [PMID: 31735666 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The apical Par complex, which contains atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), Bazooka (Par-3), and Par-6, is required for establishing polarity during asymmetric division of neuroblasts in Drosophila, and its activity depends on L(2)gl. We show that loss of Ankle2, a protein associated with microcephaly in humans and known to interact with Zika protein NS4A, reduces brain volume in flies and impacts the function of the Par complex. Reducing Ankle2 levels disrupts endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nuclear envelope morphology, releasing the kinase Ballchen-VRK1 into the cytosol. These defects are associated with reduced phosphorylation of aPKC, disruption of Par-complex localization, and spindle alignment defects. Importantly, removal of one copy of ballchen or l(2)gl suppresses Ankle2 mutant phenotypes and restores viability and brain size. Human mutational studies implicate the above-mentioned genes in microcephaly and motor neuron disease. We suggest that NS4A, ANKLE2, VRK1, and LLGL1 define a pathway impinging on asymmetric determinants of neural stem cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole Link
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hyunglok Chung
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Angad Jolly
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD/PhD Medical Scientist Training Program and MHG Graduate program, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marjorie Withers
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Burak Tepe
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin R Arenkiel
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Priya S Shah
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hatip Aydin
- Center of Genetics Diagnosis, Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children's Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilgen B Geckinli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tulay Tos
- Department of Medical Genetics, Dr. Sami Ulus Research and Training Hospital of Women's and Children's Health and Diseases, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sedat Isikay
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Hasan Kalyoncu University, School of Health Sciences, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Beyhan Tuysuz
- Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ganesh H Mochida
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ajay X Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Section of Child Neurology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robin D Clark
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Ghayda M Mirzaa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD/PhD Medical Scientist Training Program and MHG Graduate program, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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154
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Wang ZH, Liu Y, Chaitankar V, Pirooznia M, Xu H. Electron transport chain biogenesis activated by a JNK-insulin-Myc relay primes mitochondrial inheritance in Drosophila. eLife 2019; 8:49309. [PMID: 31612862 PMCID: PMC6809605 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oogenesis features an enormous increase in mitochondrial mass and mtDNA copy number, which are required to furnish mature eggs with an adequate supply of mitochondria and to curb the transmission of deleterious mtDNA variants. Quiescent in dividing germ cells, mtDNA replication initiates upon oocyte determination in the Drosophila ovary, which necessitates active mitochondrial respiration. However, the underlying mechanism for this dynamic regulation remains unclear. Here, we show that an feedforward insulin-Myc loop promotes mitochondrial respiration and biogenesis by boosting the expression of electron transport chain subunits and of factors essential for mtDNA replication and expression, and for the import of mitochondrial proteins. We further reveal that transient activation of JNK enhances the expression of the insulin receptor and initiates the insulin-Myc signaling loop. This signaling relay promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in the ovary, and thereby plays a role in limiting the transmission of deleterious mtDNA mutations. Our study demonstrates cellular mechanisms that couple mitochondrial biogenesis and inheritance with oocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Heng Wang
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Yi Liu
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Vijender Chaitankar
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Mehdi Pirooznia
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Hong Xu
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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155
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Sauerwald J, Backer W, Matzat T, Schnorrer F, Luschnig S. Matrix metalloproteinase 1 modulates invasive behavior of tracheal branches during entry into Drosophila flight muscles. eLife 2019; 8:48857. [PMID: 31577228 PMCID: PMC6795481 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubular networks like the vasculature extend branches throughout animal bodies, but how developing vessels interact with and invade tissues is not well understood. We investigated the underlying mechanisms using the developing tracheal tube network of Drosophila indirect flight muscles (IFMs) as a model. Live imaging revealed that tracheal sprouts invade IFMs directionally with growth-cone-like structures at branch tips. Ramification inside IFMs proceeds until tracheal branches fill the myotube. However, individual tracheal cells occupy largely separate territories, possibly mediated by cell-cell repulsion. Matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) is required in tracheal cells for normal invasion speed and for the dynamic organization of growth-cone-like branch tips. MMP1 remodels the CollagenIV-containing matrix around branch tips, which show differential matrix composition with low CollagenIV levels, while Laminin is present along tracheal branches. Thus, tracheal-derived MMP1 sustains branch invasion by modulating the dynamic behavior of sprouting branches as well as properties of the surrounding matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sauerwald
- Institute for Zoophysiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion (CiM), Münster, Germany
| | - Wilko Backer
- Institute for Zoophysiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion (CiM), Münster, Germany
| | - Till Matzat
- Institute for Zoophysiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion (CiM), Münster, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Luschnig
- Institute for Zoophysiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion (CiM), Münster, Germany
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156
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Sanchez JA, Mesquita D, Ingaramo MC, Ariel F, Milán M, Dekanty A. Eiger/TNFα-mediated Dilp8 and ROS production coordinate intra-organ growth in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008133. [PMID: 31425511 PMCID: PMC6715248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated intra- and inter-organ growth during animal development is essential to ensure a correctly proportioned individual. The Drosophila wing has been a valuable model system to reveal the existence of a stress response mechanism involved in the coordination of growth between adjacent cell populations and to identify a role of the fly orthologue of p53 (Dmp53) in this process. Here we identify the molecular mechanisms used by Dmp53 to regulate growth and proliferation in a non-autonomous manner. First, Dmp53-mediated transcriptional induction of Eiger, the fly orthologue of TNFα ligand, leads to the cell-autonomous activation of JNK. Second, two distinct signaling events downstream of the Eiger/JNK axis are induced in order to independently regulate tissue size and cell number in adjacent cell populations. Whereas expression of the hormone dILP8 acts systemically to reduce growth rates and tissue size of adjacent cell populations, the production of Reactive Oxygen Species—downstream of Eiger/JNK and as a consequence of apoptosis induction—acts in a non-cell-autonomous manner to reduce proliferation rates. Our results unravel how local and systemic signals act concertedly within a tissue to coordinate growth and proliferation, thereby generating well-proportioned organs and functionally integrated adults. The coordination of growth between the parts of a given developing organ is an absolute requirement for the generation of functionally integrated structures during animal development. Although this question has fascinated biologists for centuries, the molecular mechanisms responsible have remained elusive to date. In this work, we used the developing wing primordium of Drosophila to identify the molecular mechanisms and signaling molecules that mediate communication between adjacent cell populations upon a targeted reduction of growth rate. We first present evidence that the activation of Dmp53 in the growth-depleted territory induces the expression of the fly TNF ligand Eiger, which activates the JNK stress signaling pathway in a cell-autonomous manner. While JNK-dependent expression of the systemic hormone dILP8 reduces the growth and final size of adjacent territories, the production of Reactive Oxygen Species downstream of JNK and the apoptotic machinery act locally to regulate the proliferation of adjacent epithelial cells. Our data reveal how different signals, acting both locally and systemically, can regulate tissue growth and cell proliferation in an independent manner to coordinate the tissue size and cell number of different parts of an organ, ultimately giving rise to well-proportioned adult structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Sanchez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Duarte Mesquita
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María C. Ingaramo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Federico Ariel
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marco Milán
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (MM); (AD)
| | - Andrés Dekanty
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
- * E-mail: (MM); (AD)
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157
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Sengupta S, Crowe LB, You S, Roberts MA, Jackson FR. A Secreted Ig-Domain Protein Required in Both Astrocytes and Neurons for Regulation of Drosophila Night Sleep. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2547-2554.e2. [PMID: 31353186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous rhythmic behaviors are evolutionarily conserved and essential for life. In mammalian and invertebrate models, well-characterized neuronal circuits and evolutionarily conserved mechanisms regulate circadian behavior and sleep [1-4]. In Drosophila, neuronal populations located in multiple brain regions mediate arousal, sleep drive, and homeostasis (reviewed in [3, 5-7]). Similar to mammals [8], there is also evidence that fly glial cells modulate the neuronal circuits controlling rhythmic behaviors, including sleep [1]. Here, we describe a novel gene (CG14141; aka Nkt) that is required for normal sleep. NKT is a 162-amino-acid protein with a single IgC2 immunoglobulin (Ig) domain and a high-quality signal peptide [9], and we show evidence that it is secreted, similar to its C. elegans ortholog (OIG-4) [10]. We demonstrate that Nkt-null flies or those with selective knockdown in either neurons or glia have decreased and fragmented night sleep, indicative of a non-redundant requirement in both cell types. We show that Nkt is required in fly astrocytes and in a specific set of wake-promoting neurons-the mushroom body (MB) α'β' cells that link sleep to memory consolidation [11]. Importantly, Nkt gene expression is required in the adult nervous system for normal sleep, consistent with a physiological rather than developmental function for the Ig-domain protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Sengupta
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Lauren B Crowe
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Samantha You
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Mary A Roberts
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - F Rob Jackson
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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158
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Reproduction disrupts stem cell homeostasis in testes of aged male Drosophila via an induced microenvironment. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008062. [PMID: 31295251 PMCID: PMC6622487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells rely on instructive cues from their environment. Alterations in microenvironments might contribute to tissue dysfunction and disease pathogenesis. Germline stem cells (GSCs) and cyst stem cells (CySC) in Drosophila testes are normally maintained in the apical area by the testicular hub. In this study, we found that reproduction leads to accumulation of early differentiating daughters of CySCs and GSCs in the testes of aged male flies, due to hyperactivation of Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling to maintain self-renewal gene expression in the differentiating cyst cells. JNK activity is normally required to maintain CySCs in the apical niche. A muscle sheath surrounds the Drosophila testis to maintain its long coiled structure. Importantly, reproduction triggers accumulation of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) Eiger in the testis muscle to activate JNK signaling via the TNF receptor Grindelwald in the cyst cells. Reducing Eiger activity in the testis muscle sheath suppressed reproduction-induced differentiation defects, but had little effect on testis homeostasis of unmated males. Our results reveal that reproduction in males provokes a dramatic shift in the testicular microenvironment, which impairs tissue homeostasis and spermatogenesis in the testes. Proper differentiation of stem cell progeny is necessary for preservation of tissue homeostasis. In Drosophila testes, somatic cyst cells derived from the cyst stem cells (CySCs) control the differentiation of the neighboring germ cells. Disruption of CySC daughter cyst cell differentiation leads to failure in sperm production. Interestingly, we found that reproduction triggers hyperactivation of Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling to sustain CySC self-renewal gene expression in differentiating cyst cells, leading to accumulation of immature cyst cell and germ cells at the expense of mature cells in the testes of aged males. Endogenous JNK signaling is also required for CySC maintenance. Moreover, we found that the JNK signaling is hyperactivated via reproduction-induced accumulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in testicular smooth muscle that surrounds the testis to support its long coiled structure. The reproduction-induced phenotypes were only observed in the testes of aged and mated males, but not in testes form young mated males or aged unmated males, indicating that it is a combined effect of reproduction and aging. Our results reveal that reproduction impedes sperm production in aged males, and identify testicular muscle as an inducible signaling center for spermatogenesis in Drosophila.
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159
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González-Morales N, Marsh TW, Katzemich A, Marescal O, Xiao YS, Schöck F. Different Evolutionary Trajectories of Two Insect-Specific Paralogous Proteins Involved in Stabilizing Muscle Myofibrils. Genetics 2019; 212:743-755. [PMID: 31123042 PMCID: PMC6614898 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alp/Enigma family members have a unique PDZ domain followed by zero to four LIM domains, and are essential for myofibril assembly across all species analyzed so far. Drosophila melanogaster has three Alp/Enigma family members, Zasp52, Zasp66, and Zasp67. Ortholog search and phylogenetic tree analysis suggest that Zasp genes have a common ancestor, and that Zasp66 and Zasp67 arose by duplication in insects. While Zasp66 has a conserved domain structure across orthologs, Zasp67 domains and lengths are highly variable. In flies, Zasp67 appears to be expressed only in indirect flight muscles, where it colocalizes with Zasp52 at Z-discs. We generated a CRISPR null mutant of Zasp67, which is viable but flightless. We can rescue all phenotypes by re-expressing a Zasp67 transgene at endogenous levels. Zasp67 mutants show extended and broken Z-discs in adult flies, indicating that the protein helps stabilize the highly regular myofibrils of indirect flight muscles. In contrast, a Zasp66 CRISPR null mutant has limited viability, but only mild indirect flight muscle defects illustrating the diverging evolutionary paths these two paralogous genes have taken since they arose by duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas W Marsh
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Anja Katzemich
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Océane Marescal
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Yu Shu Xiao
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Frieder Schöck
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada
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160
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Bailetti AA, Negrón-Piñeiro LJ, Dhruva V, Harsh S, Lu S, Bosula A, Bach EA. Enhancer of Polycomb and the Tip60 complex repress hematological tumor initiation by negatively regulating JAK/STAT pathway activity. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.038679. [PMID: 31072879 PMCID: PMC6550037 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.038679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are clonal hematopoietic disorders that cause excessive production of myeloid cells. Most MPN patients have a point mutation in JAK2 (JAK2V617F), which encodes a dominant-active kinase that constitutively triggers JAK/STAT signaling. In Drosophila, this pathway is simplified, with a single JAK, Hopscotch (Hop), and a single STAT transcription factor, Stat92E. The hopTumorous-lethal [hopTum] allele encodes a dominant-active kinase that induces sustained Stat92E activation. Like MPN patients, hopTum mutants have significantly more myeloid cells, which form invasive tumors. Through an unbiased genetic screen, we found that heterozygosity for Enhancer of Polycomb [E(Pc)], a component of the Tip60 lysine acetyltransferase complex (also known as KAT5 in humans), significantly increased tumor burden in hopTum animals. Hematopoietic depletion of E(Pc) or other Tip60 components in an otherwise wild-type background also induced blood cell tumors. The E(Pc) tumor phenotype was dependent on JAK/STAT activity, as concomitant depletion of hop or Stat92E inhibited tumor formation. Stat92E target genes were significantly upregulated in E(Pc)-mutant myeloid cells, indicating that loss of E(Pc) activates JAK/STAT signaling. Neither the hop nor Stat92E gene was upregulated upon hematopoietic E(Pc) depletion, suggesting that the regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway by E(Pc) is dependent on substrates other than histones. Indeed, E(Pc) depletion significantly increased expression of Hop protein in myeloid cells. This study indicates that E(Pc) works as a tumor suppressor by attenuating Hop protein expression and ultimately JAK/STAT signaling. Since loss-of-function mutations in the human homologs of E(Pc) and Tip60 are frequently observed in cancer, our work could lead to new treatments for MPN patients. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Editor's choice: Using Drosophila as a low-complexity model for human myeloproliferative neoplasms, the authors identified a conserved mechanism by which the Tip60 lysine acetyltransferase acts as a tumor suppressor by repressing JAK protein expression in a histone-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro A Bailetti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lenny J Negrón-Piñeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Vishal Dhruva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sneh Harsh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sean Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Aisha Bosula
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Erika A Bach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA .,Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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161
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Mihajlovic Z, Tanasic D, Bajgar A, Perez-Gomez R, Steffal P, Krejci A. Lime is a new protein linking immunity and metabolism in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2019; 452:83-94. [PMID: 31085193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation, differentiation and function of immune cells in vertebrates, as well as in the invertebrates, is regulated by distinct signalling pathways and crosstalk with systemic and cellular metabolism. We have identified the Lime gene (Linking Immunity and Metabolism, CG18446) as one such connecting factor, linking hemocyte development with systemic metabolism in Drosophila. Lime is expressed in larval plasmatocytes and the fat body and regulates immune cell type and number by influencing the size of hemocyte progenitor populations in the lymph gland and in circulation. Lime mutant larvae exhibit low levels of glycogen and trehalose energy reserves and they develop low number of hemocytes. The low number of hemocytes in Lime mutants can be rescued by Lime overexpression in the fat body. It is well known that immune cell metabolism is tightly regulated with the progress of infection and it must be supported by systemic metabolic changes. Here we demonstrate that Lime mutants fails to induce such systemic metabolic changes essential for the larval immune response. Indeed, Lime mutants are not able to sustain high numbers of circulating hemocytes and are compromised in the number of lamellocytes produced during immune system challenge, using a parasitic wasp infection model. We therefore propose the Lime gene as a novel functional link between systemic metabolism and Drosophila immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorana Mihajlovic
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Dajana Tanasic
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Adam Bajgar
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Raquel Perez-Gomez
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Steffal
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Alena Krejci
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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162
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Dudzic JP, Hanson MA, Iatsenko I, Kondo S, Lemaitre B. More Than Black or White: Melanization and Toll Share Regulatory Serine Proteases in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2019; 27:1050-1061.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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163
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The Exchangeable Apolipoprotein Nplp2 Sustains Lipid Flow and Heat Acclimation in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2019; 27:886-899.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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164
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Imaging Flies by Fluorescence Microscopy: Principles, Technologies, and Applications. Genetics 2019; 211:15-34. [PMID: 30626639 PMCID: PMC6325693 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of fluorescent labels and powerful imaging technologies in the last two decades has revolutionized the field of fluorescence microscopy, which is now widely used in diverse scientific fields from biology to biomedical and materials science. Fluorescence microscopy has also become a standard technique in research laboratories working on Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. Here, we review the principles of fluorescence microscopy technologies from wide-field to Super-resolution microscopy and its application in the Drosophila research field.
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165
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Ugur B, Bao H, Stawarski M, Duraine LR, Zuo Z, Lin YQ, Neely GG, Macleod GT, Chapman ER, Bellen HJ. The Krebs Cycle Enzyme Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 3A Couples Mitochondrial Metabolism to Synaptic Transmission. Cell Rep 2019; 21:3794-3806. [PMID: 29281828 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmission is a tightly regulated Ca2+-dependent process. Upon Ca2+ influx, Synaptotagmin1 (Syt1) promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles (SVs) with the plasma membrane. This requires regulation at multiple levels, but the role of metabolites in SV release is unclear. Here, we uncover a role for isocitrate dehydrogenase 3a (idh3a), a Krebs cycle enzyme, in neurotransmission. Loss of idh3a leads to a reduction of the metabolite, alpha-ketoglutarate (αKG), causing defects in synaptic transmission similar to the loss of syt1. Supplementing idh3a flies with αKG suppresses these defects through an ATP or neurotransmitter-independent mechanism. Indeed, αKG, but not glutamate, enhances Syt1-dependent fusion in a reconstitution assay. αKG promotes interaction between the C2-domains of Syt1 and phospholipids. The data reveal conserved metabolic regulation of synaptic transmission via αKG. Our studies provide a synaptic role for αKG, a metabolite that has been proposed as a treatment for aging and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrak Ugur
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huan Bao
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Michal Stawarski
- Department of Biological Sciences and Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Lita R Duraine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yong Qi Lin
- The Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - G Gregory Neely
- The Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Gregory T Macleod
- Department of Biological Sciences and Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Edwin R Chapman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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166
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Şentürk M, Lin G, Zuo Z, Mao D, Watson E, Mikos AG, Bellen HJ. Ubiquilins regulate autophagic flux through mTOR signalling and lysosomal acidification. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:384-396. [PMID: 30804504 PMCID: PMC6534127 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although the aetiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) remains poorly understood, impaired proteostasis is a common feature of different forms of ALS. Mutations in genes encoding ubiquilins, UBQLN2 and UBQLN4, cause familial ALS. The role of ubiquilins in proteasomal degradation is well established, but their role in autophagy-lysosomal clearance is poorly defined. Here, we describe a crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum stress, mTOR signalling and autophagic flux in Drosophila and mammalian cells lacking ubiquilins. We found that loss of ubiquilins leads to endoplasmic reticulum stress, impairs mTORC1 activity, promotes autophagy and causes the demise of neurons. We show that ubiquilin mutants display defective autophagic flux due to reduced lysosome acidification. Ubiquilins are required to maintain proper levels of the V0a/V100 subunit of the vacuolar H+-ATPase and lysosomal pH. Feeding flies acidic nanoparticles alleviates defective autophagic flux in ubiquilin mutants. Hence, our studies reveal a conserved role for ubiquilins as regulators of autophagy by controlling vacuolar H+-ATPase activity and mTOR signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mümine Şentürk
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guang Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dongxue Mao
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emma Watson
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, BCM, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antonios G Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, BCM, Houston, TX, USA.
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167
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Bertran MT, Mouilleron S, Zhou Y, Bajaj R, Uliana F, Kumar GS, van Drogen A, Lee R, Banerjee JJ, Hauri S, O'Reilly N, Gstaiger M, Page R, Peti W, Tapon N. ASPP proteins discriminate between PP1 catalytic subunits through their SH3 domain and the PP1 C-tail. Nat Commun 2019; 10:771. [PMID: 30770806 PMCID: PMC6377682 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08686-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine/threonine phosphatases such as PP1 lack substrate specificity and associate with a large array of targeting subunits to achieve the requisite selectivity. The tumour suppressor ASPP (apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53) proteins associate with PP1 catalytic subunits and are implicated in multiple functions from transcriptional regulation to cell junction remodelling. Here we show that Drosophila ASPP is part of a multiprotein PP1 complex and that PP1 association is necessary for several in vivo functions of Drosophila ASPP. We solve the crystal structure of the human ASPP2/PP1 complex and show that ASPP2 recruits PP1 using both its canonical RVxF motif, which binds the PP1 catalytic domain, and its SH3 domain, which engages the PP1 C-terminal tail. The ASPP2 SH3 domain can discriminate between PP1 isoforms using an acidic specificity pocket in the n-Src domain, providing an exquisite mechanism where multiple motifs are used combinatorially to tune binding affinity to PP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Bertran
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Stéphane Mouilleron
- Structural Biology - Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Yanxiang Zhou
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Rakhi Bajaj
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Arizona, 1041 E. Lowell Street, Biosciences West, 517, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Federico Uliana
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ganesan Senthil Kumar
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Arizona, 1041 E. Lowell Street, Biosciences West, 517, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Audrey van Drogen
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Lee
- Structural Biology - Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jennifer J Banerjee
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Simon Hauri
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicola O'Reilly
- Peptide Chemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Matthias Gstaiger
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Page
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Arizona, 1041 E. Lowell Street, Biosciences West, 517, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Wolfgang Peti
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Arizona, 1041 E. Lowell Street, Biosciences West, 517, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Nicolas Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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168
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Castells-Nobau A, Eidhof I, Fenckova M, Brenman-Suttner DB, Scheffer-de Gooyert JM, Christine S, Schellevis RL, van der Laan K, Quentin C, van Ninhuijs L, Hofmann F, Ejsmont R, Fisher SE, Kramer JM, Sigrist SJ, Simon AF, Schenck A. Conserved regulation of neurodevelopmental processes and behavior by FoxP in Drosophila. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211652. [PMID: 30753188 PMCID: PMC6372147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXP proteins form a subfamily of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors involved in the development and functioning of several tissues, including the central nervous system. In humans, mutations in FOXP1 and FOXP2 have been implicated in cognitive deficits including intellectual disability and speech disorders. Drosophila exhibits a single ortholog, called FoxP, but due to a lack of characterized mutants, our understanding of the gene remains poor. Here we show that the dimerization property required for mammalian FOXP function is conserved in Drosophila. In flies, FoxP is enriched in the adult brain, showing strong expression in ~1000 neurons of cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic nature. We generate Drosophila loss-of-function mutants and UAS-FoxP transgenic lines for ectopic expression, and use them to characterize FoxP function in the nervous system. At the cellular level, we demonstrate that Drosophila FoxP is required in larvae for synaptic morphogenesis at axonal terminals of the neuromuscular junction and for dendrite development of dorsal multidendritic sensory neurons. In the developing brain, we find that FoxP plays important roles in α-lobe mushroom body formation. Finally, at a behavioral level, we show that Drosophila FoxP is important for locomotion, habituation learning and social space behavior of adult flies. Our work shows that Drosophila FoxP is important for regulating several neurodevelopmental processes and behaviors that are related to human disease or vertebrate disease model phenotypes. This suggests a high degree of functional conservation with vertebrate FOXP orthologues and established flies as a model system for understanding FOXP related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Castells-Nobau
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ilse Eidhof
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Michaela Fenckova
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jolanda M. Scheffer-de Gooyert
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sheren Christine
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rosa L. Schellevis
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kiran van der Laan
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Christine Quentin
- Genetics, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa van Ninhuijs
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Falko Hofmann
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Radoslaw Ejsmont
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
| | - Simon E. Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute of Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jamie M. Kramer
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan J. Sigrist
- Genetics, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne F. Simon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annette Schenck
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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169
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Papadopoulos DK, Skouloudaki K, Engström Y, Terenius L, Rigler R, Zechner C, Vukojević V, Tomancak P. Control of Hox transcription factor concentration and cell-to-cell variability by an auto-regulatory switch. Development 2019; 146:dev.168179. [PMID: 30642837 PMCID: PMC6602345 DOI: 10.1242/dev.168179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The variability in transcription factor concentration among cells is an important developmental determinant, yet how variability is controlled remains poorly understood. Studies of variability have focused predominantly on monitoring mRNA production noise. Little information exists about transcription factor protein variability, as this requires the use of quantitative methods with single-molecule sensitivity. Using Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS), we have characterized the concentration and variability of 14 endogenously tagged TFs in live Drosophila imaginal discs. For the Hox TF Antennapedia, we investigated whether protein variability results from random stochastic events or is developmentally regulated. We found that Antennapedia transitioned from low concentration/high variability early, to high concentration/low variability later, in development. FCS and temporally resolved genetic studies uncovered that Antennapedia itself is necessary and sufficient to drive a developmental regulatory switch from auto-activation to auto-repression, thereby reducing variability. This switch is controlled by progressive changes in relative concentrations of preferentially activating and repressing Antennapedia isoforms, which bind chromatin with different affinities. Mathematical modeling demonstrated that the experimentally supported auto-regulatory circuit can explain the increase of Antennapedia concentration and suppression of variability over time. Summary: Preferentially repressing and activating isoforms of the Hox transcription factor Antennapedia elicit a developmental regulatory switch from auto-activation to auto-repression that increases concentration and suppresses cell-to-cell variability over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kassiani Skouloudaki
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ylva Engström
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Terenius
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rudolf Rigler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.,Laboratory of Biomedical Optics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Zechner
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Vladana Vukojević
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pavel Tomancak
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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170
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Alejevski F, Saint-Charles A, Michard-Vanhée C, Martin B, Galant S, Vasiliauskas D, Rouyer F. The HisCl1 histamine receptor acts in photoreceptors to synchronize Drosophila behavioral rhythms with light-dark cycles. Nat Commun 2019; 10:252. [PMID: 30651542 PMCID: PMC6335465 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, the clock that controls rest-activity rhythms synchronizes with light-dark cycles through either the blue-light sensitive cryptochrome (Cry) located in most clock neurons, or rhodopsin-expressing histaminergic photoreceptors. Here we show that, in the absence of Cry, each of the two histamine receptors Ort and HisCl1 contribute to entrain the clock whereas no entrainment occurs in the absence of the two receptors. In contrast to Ort, HisCl1 does not restore entrainment when expressed in the optic lobe interneurons. Indeed, HisCl1 is expressed in wild-type photoreceptors and entrainment is strongly impaired in flies with photoreceptors mutant for HisCl1. Rescuing HisCl1 expression in the Rh6-expressing photoreceptors restores entrainment but it does not in other photoreceptors, which send histaminergic inputs to Rh6-expressing photoreceptors. Our results thus show that Rh6-expressing neurons contribute to circadian entrainment as both photoreceptors and interneurons, recalling the dual function of melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in the mammalian retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faredin Alejevski
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alexandra Saint-Charles
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institut de la Vision, Univ. P. & M. Curie, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Christine Michard-Vanhée
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Béatrice Martin
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sonya Galant
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Daniel Vasiliauskas
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - François Rouyer
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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171
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Skouloudaki K, Papadopoulos DK, Tomancak P, Knust E. The apical protein Apnoia interacts with Crumbs to regulate tracheal growth and inflation. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007852. [PMID: 30645584 PMCID: PMC6333334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organs of multicellular organisms are built from epithelial tubes. To exert their functions, tubes rely on apico-basal polarity, on junctions, which form a barrier to separate the inside from the outside, and on a proper lumen, required for gas or liquid transport. Here we identify apnoia (apn), a novel Drosophila gene required for tracheal tube elongation and lumen stability at larval stages. Larvae lacking Apn show abnormal tracheal inflation and twisted airway tubes, but no obvious defects in early steps of tracheal maturation. apn encodes a transmembrane protein, primarily expressed in the tracheae, which exerts its function by controlling the localization of Crumbs (Crb), an evolutionarily conserved apical determinant. Apn physically interacts with Crb to control its localization and maintenance at the apical membrane of developing airways. In apn mutant tracheal cells, Crb fails to localize apically and is trapped in retromer-positive vesicles. Consistent with the role of Crb in apical membrane growth, RNAi-mediated knockdown of Crb results in decreased apical surface growth of tracheal cells and impaired axial elongation of the dorsal trunk. We conclude that Apn is a novel regulator of tracheal tube expansion in larval tracheae, the function of which is mediated by Crb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassiani Skouloudaki
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail: (EK); (KS)
| | | | - Pavel Tomancak
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail: (EK); (KS)
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172
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Kaya-Çopur A, Schnorrer F. RNA Interference Screening for Genes Regulating Drosophila Muscle Morphogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1889:331-348. [PMID: 30367424 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8897-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is the method of choice to systematically test for gene function in an intact organism. The model organism Drosophila has the advantage that RNAi is cell autonomous, meaning it does not spread from one cell to the next. Hence, RNAi can be performed in a tissue-specific manner by expressing short or long inverted repeat constructs (hairpins) designed to target mRNAs from one specific target gene. This achieves tissue-specific knock-down of a target gene of choice. Here, we detail the methodology to test gene function in Drosophila muscle tissue by expressing hairpins in a muscle-specific manner using the GAL4-UAS system. We further discuss the systematic RNAi resource collections available which also permit large scale screens in a muscle-specific manner. The full power of such screens is revealed by combination of high-throughput assays followed by detailed morphological assays. Together, this chapter should be a practical guide to enable the reader to either test a few candidate genes, or large gene sets for particular functions in Drosophila muscle tissue and provide first insights into the biological process the gene might be important for in muscle.
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173
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Lehmann M, Knust E, Hebbar S. Drosophila melanogaster: A Valuable Genetic Model Organism to Elucidate the Biology of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1834:221-249. [PMID: 30324448 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8669-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a complex inherited disease. It is associated with mutations in a wide variety of genes with many different functions. These mutations impact the integrity of rod photoreceptors and ultimately result in the progressive degeneration of rods and cone photoreceptors in the retina, leading to complete blindness. A hallmark of this disease is the variable degree to which symptoms are manifest in patients. This is indicative of the influence of the environment, and/or of the distinct genetic makeup of the individual.The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has effectively proven to be a great model system to better understand interconnected genetic networks. Unraveling genetic interactions and thereby different cellular processes is relatively easy because more than a century of research on flies has enabled the creation of sophisticated genetic tools to perturb gene function. A remarkable conservation of disease genes across evolution and the similarity of the general organization of the fly and vertebrate photoreceptor cell had prompted research on fly retinal degeneration. To date six fly models for RP, including RP4, RP11, RP12, RP14, RP25, and RP26, have been established, and have provided useful information on RP disease biology. In this chapter, an outline of approaches and experimental specifications are described to enable utilizing or developing new fly models of RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Lehmann
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Sarita Hebbar
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
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174
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Schnaitmann C, Haikala V, Abraham E, Oberhauser V, Thestrup T, Griesbeck O, Reiff DF. Color Processing in the Early Visual System of Drosophila. Cell 2018; 172:318-330.e18. [PMID: 29328919 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Color vision extracts spectral information by comparing signals from photoreceptors with different visual pigments. Such comparisons are encoded by color-opponent neurons that are excited at one wavelength and inhibited at another. Here, we examine the circuit implementation of color-opponent processing in the Drosophila visual system by combining two-photon calcium imaging with genetic dissection of visual circuits. We report that color-opponent processing of UVshort/blue and UVlong/green is already implemented in R7/R8 inner photoreceptor terminals of "pale" and "yellow" ommatidia, respectively. R7 and R8 photoreceptors of the same type of ommatidia mutually inhibit each other directly via HisCl1 histamine receptors and receive additional feedback inhibition that requires the second histamine receptor Ort. Color-opponent processing at the first visual synapse represents an unexpected commonality between Drosophila and vertebrates; however, the differences in the molecular and cellular implementation suggest that the same principles evolved independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Schnaitmann
- Department for Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology I, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Väinö Haikala
- Department for Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology I, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva Abraham
- Department for Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology I, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vitus Oberhauser
- Department for Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology I, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Thestrup
- Tools for Bio-Imaging, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Oliver Griesbeck
- Tools for Bio-Imaging, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dierk F Reiff
- Department for Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology I, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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175
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Ramon-Cañellas P, Peterson HP, Morante J. From Early to Late Neurogenesis: Neural Progenitors and the Glial Niche from a Fly's Point of View. Neuroscience 2018; 399:39-52. [PMID: 30578972 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is an important model organism used to study the brain development of organisms ranging from insects to mammals. The central nervous system in fruit flies is formed primarily in two waves of neurogenesis, one of which occurs in the embryo and one of which occurs during larval stages. In order to understand neurogenesis, it is important to research the behavior of progenitor cells that give rise to the neural networks which make up the adult nervous system. This behavior has been shown to be influenced by different factors including interactions with other cells within the progenitor niche, or local tissue microenvironment. Glial cells form a crucial part of this niche and play an active role in the development of the brain. Although in the early years of neuroscience it was believed that glia were simply scaffolding for neurons and passive components of the nervous system, their importance is nowadays recognized. Recent discoveries in progenitors and niche cells have led to new understandings of how the developing brain shapes its diverse regions. In this review, we attempt to summarize the distinct neural progenitors and glia in the Drosophila melanogaster central nervous system, from embryo to late larval stages, and make note of homologous features in mammals. We also outline the recent advances in this field in order to define the impact that glial cells have on progenitor cell niches, and we finally emphasize the importance of communication between glia and progenitor cells for proper brain formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Ramon-Cañellas
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), and Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Campus de Sant Joan, Apartado 18, 03550 Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
| | - Hannah Payette Peterson
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), and Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Campus de Sant Joan, Apartado 18, 03550 Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
| | - Javier Morante
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), and Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Campus de Sant Joan, Apartado 18, 03550 Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain.
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176
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Ramos-Lewis W, LaFever KS, Page-McCaw A. A scar-like lesion is apparent in basement membrane after wound repair in vivo. Matrix Biol 2018; 74:101-120. [PMID: 29981372 PMCID: PMC6250587 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Basement membrane is a highly conserved sheet-like extracellular matrix in animals, underlying simple and complex epithelia, and wrapping around tissues like muscles and nerves. Like the tissues they support, basement membranes become damaged by environmental insults. Although it is clear that basement membranes are repaired after damage, virtually nothing is known about this process. For example, it is not known how repaired basement membranes compare to undamaged ones, whether basement membrane components are necessary for epithelial wound closure, or whether there is a hierarchy of assembly that repairing basement membranes follow, similar to the hierarchy of assembly of embryonic basement membranes. In this report, we address these questions using the basement membrane of the Drosophila larval epidermis as a model system. By analyzing the four main basement membrane proteins - laminin, collagen IV, perlecan, and nidogen - we find that although basement membranes are repaired within a day after mechanical damage in vivo, thickened and disorganized matrix scars are evident with all four protein components. The new matrix proteins that repair damaged basement membranes are provided by distant adipose and muscle tissues rather than by the local epithelium, the same distant tissues that provide matrix proteins for growth of unwounded epithelial basement membranes. To identify a hierarchy of repair, we tested the dependency of each of the basement membrane proteins on the others for incorporation after damage. For proper incorporation after damage, nidogen requires laminin, and perlecan requires collagen IV, but surprisingly collagen IV does not to depend on laminin. Thus, the rules of basement membrane repair are subtly different than those of de novo assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ramos-Lewis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Program in Developmental Biology, Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kimberly S LaFever
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Program in Developmental Biology, Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Program in Developmental Biology, Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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177
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Eagle WVI, Yeboah-Kordieh DK, Niepielko MG, Gavis ER. Distinct cis-acting elements mediate targeting and clustering of Drosophila polar granule mRNAs. Development 2018; 145:dev.164657. [PMID: 30333216 DOI: 10.1242/dev.164657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Specification and development of Drosophila germ cells depend on molecular determinants within the germ plasm, a specialized cytoplasmic domain at the posterior of the embryo. Localization of numerous mRNAs to the germ plasm occurs by their incorporation, as single-transcript ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles, into complex RNP granules called polar granules. Incorporation of mRNAs into polar granules is followed by recruitment of additional like transcripts to form discrete homotypic clusters. The cis-acting localization signals that target mRNAs to polar granules and promote homotypic clustering remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we show that the polar granule component (pgc) and germ cell-less (gcl) 3' untranslated regions contain complex localization signals comprising multiple, independently weak and partially functionally redundant localization elements (LEs). We demonstrate that targeting of pgc to polar granules and self-assembly into homotypic clusters are functionally separable processes mediated by distinct classes of LEs. We identify a sequence motif shared by other polar granule mRNAs that contributes to homotypic clustering. Our results suggest that mRNA localization signal complexity may be a feature required by the targeting and self-recruitment mechanism that drives germ plasm mRNA localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitby V I Eagle
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Matthew G Niepielko
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Gavis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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178
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Jiang J, Yan M, Li D, Li J. Genome tagging project: tag every protein in mice through ‘artificial spermatids’. Natl Sci Rev 2018; 6:394-396. [PMID: 34691888 PMCID: PMC8291390 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwy136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Meng Yan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Dangsheng Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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179
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Lin G, Lee PT, Chen K, Mao D, Tan KL, Zuo Z, Lin WW, Wang L, Bellen HJ. Phospholipase PLA2G6, a Parkinsonism-Associated Gene, Affects Vps26 and Vps35, Retromer Function, and Ceramide Levels, Similar to α-Synuclein Gain. Cell Metab 2018; 28:605-618.e6. [PMID: 29909971 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in PLA2G6 (PARK14) cause neurodegenerative disorders in humans, including autosomal recessive neuroaxonal dystrophy and early-onset parkinsonism. We show that loss of iPLA2-VIA, the fly homolog of PLA2G6, reduces lifespan, impairs synaptic transmission, and causes neurodegeneration. Phospholipases typically hydrolyze glycerol phospholipids, but loss of iPLA2-VIA does not affect the phospholipid composition of brain tissue but rather causes an elevation in ceramides. Reducing ceramides with drugs, including myriocin or desipramine, alleviates lysosomal stress and suppresses neurodegeneration. iPLA2-VIA binds the retromer subunits Vps35 and Vps26 and enhances retromer function to promote protein and lipid recycling. Loss of iPLA2-VIA impairs retromer function, leading to a progressive increase in ceramide. This induces a positive feedback loop that affects membrane fluidity and impairs retromer function and neuronal function. Similar defects are observed upon loss of vps26 or vps35 or overexpression of α-synuclein, indicating that these defects may be common in Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pei-Tseng Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kuchuan Chen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dongxue Mao
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kai Li Tan
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wen-Wen Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Liping Wang
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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180
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Dissection of Nidogen function in Drosophila reveals tissue-specific mechanisms of basement membrane assembly. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007483. [PMID: 30260959 PMCID: PMC6177204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are thin sheet-like specialized extracellular matrices found at the basal surface of epithelia and endothelial tissues. They have been conserved across evolution and are required for proper tissue growth, organization, differentiation and maintenance. The major constituents of BMs are two independent networks of Laminin and Type IV Collagen in addition to the proteoglycan Perlecan and the glycoprotein Nidogen/entactin (Ndg). The ability of Ndg to bind in vitro Collagen IV and Laminin, both with key functions during embryogenesis, anticipated an essential role for Ndg in morphogenesis linking the Laminin and Collagen IV networks. This was supported by results from cultured embryonic tissue experiments. However, the fact that elimination of Ndg in C. elegans and mice did not affect survival strongly questioned this proposed linking role. Here, we have isolated mutations in the only Ndg gene present in Drosophila. We find that while, similar to C.elegans and mice, Ndg is not essential for overall organogenesis or viability, it is required for appropriate fertility. We also find, alike in mice, tissue-specific requirements of Ndg for proper assembly and maintenance of certain BMs, namely those of the adipose tissue and flight muscles. In addition, we have performed a thorough functional analysis of the different Ndg domains in vivo. Our results support an essential requirement of the G3 domain for Ndg function and unravel a new key role for the Rod domain in regulating Ndg incorporation into BMs. Furthermore, uncoupling of the Laminin and Collagen IV networks is clearly observed in the larval adipose tissue in the absence of Ndg, indeed supporting a linking role. In light of our findings, we propose that BM assembly and/or maintenance is tissue-specific, which could explain the diverse requirements of a ubiquitous conserved BM component like Nidogen. Basement membranes (BMs) are thin layers of specialized extracellular matrices present in every tissue of the human body. Its main constituents are two networks of laminin and Type IV Collagen linked by Nidogen (Ndg) and proteoglycans. They form an organized scaffold that regulates organ morphogenesis and function. Mutations affecting BM components are associated with organ dysfunction and several congenital diseases. Thus, a better comprehension of BM assembly and maintenance will not only help to learn more about organogenesis but also to a better understanding and, hopefully, treatment of these diseases. Here, we have used the fruit fly Drosophila to analyse the role of Ndg in BM formation in vivo. Elimination of Ndg in worms and mice does not affect survival, strongly questioning its proposed linking role, derived from in vitro experiments. Here, we show that in the fly, Ndg is dispensable for BM assembly and preservation in many tissues, but absolutely required in others. Furthermore, our functional study of the different Ndg domains challenges the significance of some interactions between BM components derived from in vitro experiments, while confirming others, and reveals a new key requirement for the Rod domain in Ndg function and incorporation into BMs.
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181
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Ovečka M, von Wangenheim D, Tomančák P, Šamajová O, Komis G, Šamaj J. Multiscale imaging of plant development by light-sheet fluorescence microscopy. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:639-650. [PMID: 30185982 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0238-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) methods collectively represent the major breakthrough in developmental bio-imaging of living multicellular organisms. They are becoming a mainstream approach through the development of both commercial and custom-made LSFM platforms that are adjusted to diverse biological applications. Based on high-speed acquisition rates under conditions of low light exposure and minimal photo-damage of the biological sample, these methods provide ideal means for long-term and in-depth data acquisition during organ imaging at single-cell resolution. The introduction of LSFM methods into biology extended our understanding of pattern formation and developmental progress of multicellular organisms from embryogenesis to adult body. Moreover, LSFM imaging allowed the dynamic visualization of biological processes under almost natural conditions. Here, we review the most important, recent biological applications of LSFM methods in developmental studies of established and emerging plant model species, together with up-to-date methods of data editing and evaluation for modelling of complex biological processes. Recent applications in animal models push LSFM into the forefront of current bio-imaging approaches. Since LSFM is now the single most effective method for fast imaging of multicellular organisms, allowing quantitative analyses of their long-term development, its broader use in plant developmental biology will likely bring new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Ovečka
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel von Wangenheim
- Plant Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | - Pavel Tomančák
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - George Komis
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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182
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De Las Heras JM, García-Cortés C, Foronda D, Pastor-Pareja JC, Shashidhara LS, Sánchez-Herrero E. The Drosophila Hox gene Ultrabithorax controls appendage shape by regulating extracellular matrix dynamics. Development 2018; 145:dev.161844. [PMID: 29853618 DOI: 10.1242/dev.161844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the specific form of an organ is frequently important for its function, the mechanisms underlying organ shape are largely unknown. In Drosophila, the wings and halteres, homologous appendages of the second and third thoracic segments, respectively, bear different forms: wings are flat, whereas halteres are globular, and yet both characteristic shapes are essential for a normal flight. The Hox gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx) governs the difference between wing and haltere development, but how Ubx function in the appendages prevents or allows flat or globular shapes is unknown. Here, we show that Ubx downregulates Matrix metalloproteinase 1 (Mmp1) expression in the haltere pouch at early pupal stage, which in turn prevents the rapid clearance of Collagen IV compared with the wing disc. This difference is instrumental in determining cell shape changes, expansion of the disc and apposition of dorsal and ventral layers, all of these phenotypic traits being characteristic of wing pouch development. Our results suggest that Ubx regulates organ shape by controlling Mmp1 expression, and the extent and timing of extracellular matrix degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M De Las Heras
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Celia García-Cortés
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - David Foronda
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | | | - L S Shashidhara
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Ernesto Sánchez-Herrero
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
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183
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Ogura Y, Wen FL, Sami MM, Shibata T, Hayashi S. A Switch-like Activation Relay of EGFR-ERK Signaling Regulates a Wave of Cellular Contractility for Epithelial Invagination. Dev Cell 2018; 46:162-172.e5. [PMID: 29983336 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling underlies its versatile functions in cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and cell motility. Classical studies in Drosophila established that a gradient of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-ERK signaling is essential for these cellular responses. However, we challenge this view by the real-time monitoring of ERK activation; we show that a switch-like ERK activation is essential for the invagination movement of the Drosophila tracheal placode. This switch-like ERK activation stems from the positive feedback regulation of the EGFR-ERK signaling and a resultant relay of EGFR-ERK signaling among tracheal cells. A key transcription factor Trachealess (Trh) permissively regulates the iteration of the relay, and the ERK activation becomes graded in trh mutant. A mathematical model based on these observations and a molecular link between ERK activation dynamics and myosin shows that the relay mechanism efficiently promotes epithelial invagination while the gradient mechanism does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ogura
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Fu-Lai Wen
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Mustafa M Sami
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shibata
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shigeo Hayashi
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.
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184
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Diaz-de-la-Loza MDC, Ray RP, Ganguly PS, Alt S, Davis JR, Hoppe A, Tapon N, Salbreux G, Thompson BJ. Apical and Basal Matrix Remodeling Control Epithelial Morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2018; 46:23-39.e5. [PMID: 29974861 PMCID: PMC6035286 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues can elongate in two dimensions by polarized cell intercalation, oriented cell division, or cell shape change, owing to local or global actomyosin contractile forces acting in the plane of the tissue. In addition, epithelia can undergo morphogenetic change in three dimensions. We show that elongation of the wings and legs of Drosophila involves a columnar-to-cuboidal cell shape change that reduces cell height and expands cell width. Remodeling of the apical extracellular matrix by the Stubble protease and basal matrix by MMP1/2 proteases induces wing and leg elongation. Matrix remodeling does not occur in the haltere, a limb that fails to elongate. Limb elongation is made anisotropic by planar polarized Myosin-II, which drives convergent extension along the proximal-distal axis. Subsequently, Myosin-II relocalizes to lateral membranes to accelerate columnar-to-cuboidal transition and isotropic tissue expansion. Thus, matrix remodeling induces dynamic changes in actomyosin contractility to drive epithelial morphogenesis in three dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert P Ray
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Poulami S Ganguly
- Theoretical Physics of Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Silvanus Alt
- Theoretical Physics of Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, Berlin-Buch 13125, Germany
| | - John R Davis
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andreas Hoppe
- Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Nic Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- Theoretical Physics of Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Barry J Thompson
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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185
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Sánchez-Sánchez BJ, Urbano JM, Comber K, Dragu A, Wood W, Stramer B, Martín-Bermudo MD. Drosophila Embryonic Hemocytes Produce Laminins to Strengthen Migratory Response. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1461-1470. [PMID: 29117553 PMCID: PMC5695906 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The most prominent developmental function attributed to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is cell migration. While cells in culture can produce ECM to migrate, the role of ECM in regulating developmental cell migration is classically viewed as an exogenous matrix presented to the moving cells. In contrast to this view, we show here that Drosophila embryonic hemocytes deposit their own laminins in streak-like structures to migrate efficiently throughout the embryo. With the help of transplantation experiments, live microscopy, and image quantification, we demonstrate that autocrine-produced laminin regulates hemocyte migration by controlling lamellipodia dynamics, stability, and persistence. Proper laminin deposition is regulated by the RabGTPase Rab8, which is highly expressed and required in hemocytes for lamellipodia dynamics and migration. Our results thus support a model in which, during embryogenesis, the Rab8-regulated autocrine deposition of laminin reinforces directional and effective migration by stabilizing cellular protrusions and strengthening otherwise transient adhesion states. Drosophila embryonic hemocytes use autocrine-produced laminins for their migration Autocrine laminins regulate lamellipodia dynamics, stability, and persistence Rab8 regulates laminin deposition and lamellipodia dynamics in migrating hemocytes Laminins deposit in tracks around hemocytes and in a fibrillar mesh over the VNC
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Affiliation(s)
- Besaiz J Sánchez-Sánchez
- CABD (CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-JA), Sevilla 41013, Spain; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE5 9AP, UK
| | - José M Urbano
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Kate Comber
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Anca Dragu
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE5 9AP, UK
| | - Will Wood
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Brian Stramer
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE5 9AP, UK
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186
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Hochapfel F, Denk L, Maaßen C, Zaytseva Y, Rachel R, Witzgall R, Krahn MP. Electron microscopy of
Drosophila
garland cell nephrocytes: Optimal preparation, immunostaining and STEM tomography. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:8011-8021. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hochapfel
- Molecular and Cellular AnatomyUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik DUniversitätsklinikum MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Lucia Denk
- Molecular and Cellular AnatomyUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Christine Maaßen
- Molecular and Cellular AnatomyUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Yulia Zaytseva
- Molecular and Cellular AnatomyUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Reinhard Rachel
- Molecular and Cellular AnatomyUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Ralph Witzgall
- Molecular and Cellular AnatomyUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Michael P. Krahn
- Molecular and Cellular AnatomyUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik DUniversitätsklinikum MünsterMünsterGermany
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187
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Şentürk M, Bellen HJ. Genetic strategies to tackle neurological diseases in fruit flies. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 50:24-32. [PMID: 29128849 PMCID: PMC5940587 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is a genetic model organism that has contributed to the discovery of numerous genes whose human homologues are associated with diseases. The development of sophisticated genetic tools to manipulate its genome accelerates the discovery of the genetic basis of undiagnosed human diseases and the elucidation of molecular pathogenic events of known and novel diseases. Here, we discuss various approaches used in flies to assess the function of the fly homologues of disease-associated genes. We highlight how systematic and combinatorial approaches based on recently established methods provide us with integrated tool sets that can be applied to the study of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mümine Şentürk
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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188
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Stochastic Seeding Coupled with mRNA Self-Recruitment Generates Heterogeneous Drosophila Germ Granules. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1872-1881.e3. [PMID: 29861136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The formation of ribonucleoprotein assemblies called germ granules is a conserved feature of germline development. In Drosophila, germ granules form at the posterior of the oocyte in a specialized cytoplasm called the germ plasm, which specifies germline fate during embryogenesis. mRNAs, including nanos (nos) and polar granule component (pgc), that function in germline development are localized to the germ plasm through their incorporation into germ granules, which deliver them to the primordial germ cells. Germ granules are nucleated by Oskar (Osk) protein and contain varying combinations and quantities of their constituent mRNAs, which are organized as spatially distinct, multi-copy homotypic clusters. The process that gives rise to such heterogeneous yet organized granules remains unknown. Here, we show that individual nos and pgc transcripts can populate the same nascent granule, and these first transcripts then act as seeds, recruiting additional like transcripts to form homotypic clusters. Within a granule, homotypic clusters grow independently of each other but depend on the simultaneous acquisition of additional Osk. Although granules can contain multiple clusters of a particular mRNA, granule mRNA content is dominated by cluster size. These results suggest that the accumulation of mRNAs in the germ plasm is controlled by the mRNAs themselves through their ability to form homotypic clusters; thus, RNA self-association drives germ granule mRNA localization. We propose that a stochastic seeding and self-recruitment mechanism enables granules to simultaneously incorporate many different mRNAs while ensuring that each becomes enriched to a functional threshold.
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189
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Spletter ML, Barz C, Yeroslaviz A, Zhang X, Lemke SB, Bonnard A, Brunner E, Cardone G, Basler K, Habermann BH, Schnorrer F. A transcriptomics resource reveals a transcriptional transition during ordered sarcomere morphogenesis in flight muscle. eLife 2018; 7:34058. [PMID: 29846170 PMCID: PMC6005683 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscles organise pseudo-crystalline arrays of actin, myosin and titin filaments to build force-producing sarcomeres. To study sarcomerogenesis, we have generated a transcriptomics resource of developing Drosophila flight muscles and identified 40 distinct expression profile clusters. Strikingly, most sarcomeric components group in two clusters, which are strongly induced after all myofibrils have been assembled, indicating a transcriptional transition during myofibrillogenesis. Following myofibril assembly, many short sarcomeres are added to each myofibril. Subsequently, all sarcomeres mature, reaching 1.5 µm diameter and 3.2 µm length and acquiring stretch-sensitivity. The efficient induction of the transcriptional transition during myofibrillogenesis, including the transcriptional boost of sarcomeric components, requires in part the transcriptional regulator Spalt major. As a consequence of Spalt knock-down, sarcomere maturation is defective and fibers fail to gain stretch-sensitivity. Together, this defines an ordered sarcomere morphogenesis process under precise transcriptional control - a concept that may also apply to vertebrate muscle or heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Spletter
- Muscle Dynamics GroupMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Biomedical Center, Physiological ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMartinsriedGermany
| | - Christiane Barz
- Muscle Dynamics GroupMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Assa Yeroslaviz
- Computational Biology GroupMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Xu Zhang
- Muscle Dynamics GroupMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDMMarseilleFrance
- School of Life Science and EngineeringFoshan UniversityGuangdongChina
| | - Sandra B Lemke
- Muscle Dynamics GroupMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Adrien Bonnard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDMMarseilleFrance
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, TAGCMarseilleFrance
| | - Erich Brunner
- Institute of Molecular Life SciencesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Giovanni Cardone
- Imaging FacilityMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Konrad Basler
- Institute of Molecular Life SciencesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Bianca H Habermann
- Computational Biology GroupMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDMMarseilleFrance
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, TAGCMarseilleFrance
| | - Frank Schnorrer
- Muscle Dynamics GroupMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDMMarseilleFrance
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190
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Bakthavachalu B, Huelsmeier J, Sudhakaran IP, Hillebrand J, Singh A, Petrauskas A, Thiagarajan D, Sankaranarayanan M, Mizoue L, Anderson EN, Pandey UB, Ross E, VijayRaghavan K, Parker R, Ramaswami M. RNP-Granule Assembly via Ataxin-2 Disordered Domains Is Required for Long-Term Memory and Neurodegeneration. Neuron 2018; 98:754-766.e4. [PMID: 29772202 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human Ataxin-2 is implicated in the cause and progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and type 2 spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA-2). In Drosophila, a conserved atx2 gene is essential for animal survival as well as for normal RNP-granule assembly, translational control, and long-term habituation. Like its human homolog, Drosophila Ataxin-2 (Atx2) contains polyQ repeats and additional intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). We demonstrate that Atx2 IDRs, which are capable of mediating liquid-liquid phase transitions in vitro, are essential for efficient formation of neuronal mRNP assemblies in vivo. Remarkably, ΔIDR mutants that lack neuronal RNP granules show normal animal development, survival, and fertility. However, they show defects in long-term memory formation/consolidation as well as in C9ORF72 dipeptide repeat or FUS-induced neurodegeneration. Together, our findings demonstrate (1) that higher-order mRNP assemblies contribute to long-term neuronal plasticity and memory, and (2) that a targeted reduction in RNP-granule formation efficiency can alleviate specific forms of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joern Huelsmeier
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Smurfit Institute of Genetics and School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin-2, Ireland
| | | | - Jens Hillebrand
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Smurfit Institute of Genetics and School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin-2, Ireland
| | - Amanjot Singh
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Arnas Petrauskas
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Smurfit Institute of Genetics and School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin-2, Ireland
| | | | | | - Laura Mizoue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; HHMI, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Eric N Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Udai Bhan Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Eric Ross
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - K VijayRaghavan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Roy Parker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; HHMI, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Mani Ramaswami
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore 560065, India; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Smurfit Institute of Genetics and School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin-2, Ireland.
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191
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Wilmes AC, Klinke N, Rotstein B, Meyer H, Paululat A. Biosynthesis and assembly of the Collagen IV-like protein Pericardin in Drosophila melanogaster. Biol Open 2018; 7:7/4/bio030361. [PMID: 29685999 PMCID: PMC5936059 DOI: 10.1242/bio.030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, formation of the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) starts during embryogenesis. Assembly and incorporation of structural proteins such as Collagen IV, Pericardin, and Laminin A, B1, and B2 into the cardiac ECM is critical to the maintenance of heart integrity and functionality and, therefore, to longevity of the animal. The cardiac ECM connects the heart tube with the alary muscles; thus, the ECM contributes to a flexible positioning of the heart within the animal's body. Moreover, the cardiac ECM holds the larval pericardial nephrocytes in close proximity to the heart tube and the inflow tract, which is assumed to be critical to efficient haemolymph clearance. Mutations in either structural ECM constituents or ECM receptors cause breakdown of the ECM network upon ageing, with disconnection of the heart tube from alary muscles becoming apparent at larval stages. Finally, the heart becomes non-functional. Here, we characterised existing and new pericardin mutants and investigated biosynthesis, secretion, and assembly of Pericardin in matrices. We identified two new pericardin alleles, which turned out to be a null (pericardin3-548) and a hypomorphic allele (pericardin3-21). Both mutants could be rescued with a genomic duplication of a fosmid coding for the pericardin locus. Biochemical analysis revealed that Pericardin is highly glycosylated and forms redox-dependent multimers. Multimer formation is remarkably reduced in animals deficient for the prolyl-4 hydroxylase cluster at 75D3-4. Summary: We identified two new pericardin alleles. Both mutants could be rescued with a genomic duplication of a fosmid coding for the pericardin locus. Biochemical analysis revealed that Pericardin is highly glycosylated and forms redox-dependent multimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane C Wilmes
- University of Osnabrück, Biology, Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Nora Klinke
- University of Osnabrück, Biology, Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Barbara Rotstein
- University of Osnabrück, Biology, Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Heiko Meyer
- University of Osnabrück, Biology, Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Achim Paululat
- University of Osnabrück, Biology, Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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192
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Anderson EN, Gochenaur L, Singh A, Grant R, Patel K, Watkins S, Wu JY, Pandey UB. Traumatic injury induces stress granule formation and enhances motor dysfunctions in ALS/FTD models. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:1366-1381. [PMID: 29432563 PMCID: PMC6455923 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been predicted to be a predisposing factor for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurological disorders. Despite the importance of TBI in ALS progression, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are still an enigma. Here, we examined the contribution of TBI as an extrinsic factor and investigated whether TBI influences the susceptibility of developing neurodegenerative symptoms. To evaluate the effects of TBI in vivo, we applied mild to severe trauma to Drosophila and found that TBI leads to the induction of stress granules (SGs) in the brain. The degree of SGs induction directly correlates with the level of trauma. Furthermore, we observed that the level of mortality is directly proportional to the number of traumatic hits. Interestingly, trauma-induced SGs are ubiquitin, p62 and TDP-43 positive, and persistently remain over time suggesting that SGs might be aggregates and exert toxicity in our fly models. Intriguingly, TBI on animals expressing ALS-linked genes increased mortality and locomotion dysfunction suggesting that mild trauma might aggravate neurodegenerative symptoms associated with ALS. Furthermore, we found elevated levels of high molecular weight ubiquitinated proteins and p62 in animals expressing ALS-causing genes with TBI, suggesting that TBI may lead to the defects in protein degradation pathways. Finally, we observed that genetic and pharmacological induction of autophagy enhanced the clearance of SGs and promoted survival of flies in vivo. Together, our study demonstrates that trauma can induce SG formation in vivo and might enhance neurodegenerative phenotypes in the fly models of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric N Anderson
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Lauren Gochenaur
- Department of Neuroscience, Dietrich School of Arts and Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Aditi Singh
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Rogan Grant
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Krishani Patel
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Simon Watkins
- Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jane Y Wu
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Udai Bhan Pandey
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Dietrich School of Arts and Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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193
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Dohn TE, Cripps RM. Absence of the Drosophila jump muscle actin Act79B is compensated by up-regulation of Act88F. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:642-649. [PMID: 29318731 PMCID: PMC6118211 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actins are structural components of the cytoskeleton and muscle, and numerous actin isoforms are found in most organisms. However, many actin isoforms are expressed in distinct patterns allowing each actin to have a specialized function. Numerous studies have demonstrated that actin isoforms both can and cannot compensate for each other under specific circumstances. This allows for an ambiguity of whether isoforms are functionally distinct. RESULTS In this study, we analyzed mutants of Drosophila Act79B, the predominant actin expressed in the adult jump muscle. Functional and structural analysis of the Act79B mutants found the flies to have normal jumping ability and sarcomere structure. Analysis of actin gene expression determined that expression of Act88F, an actin gene normally expressed in the flight muscles, was significantly up-regulated in the jump muscles of mutants. This indicated that loss of Act79B caused expansion of Act88F expression. When we created double mutants of Act79B and Act88F, this abolished the jump ability of the flies and resulted in severe defects in myofibril formation. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that Act88F can functionally substitute for Act79B in the jump muscle, and that the functional compensation in actin expression in the jump muscles only occurs through Act88F. Developmental Dynamics 247:642-649, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy E. Dohn
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Richard M. Cripps
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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194
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Rotstein B, Post Y, Reinhardt M, Lammers K, Buhr A, Heinisch JJ, Meyer H, Paululat A. Distinct domains in the matricellular protein Lonely heart are crucial for cardiac extracellular matrix formation and heart function in Drosophila. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7864-7879. [PMID: 29599288 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.817940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomechanical properties of extracellular matrices (ECMs) are critical to many biological processes, including cell-cell communication and cell migration and function. The correct balance between stiffness and elasticity is essential to the function of numerous tissues, including blood vessels and the lymphatic system, and depends on ECM constituents (the "matrisome") and on their level of interconnection. However, despite its physiological relevance, the matrisome composition and organization remain poorly understood. Previously, we reported that the ADAMTS-like protein Lonely heart (Loh) is critical for recruiting the type IV collagen-like protein Pericardin to the cardiac ECM. Here, we utilized Drosophila as a simple and genetically amenable invertebrate model for studying Loh-mediated recruitment of tissue-specific ECM components such as Pericardin to the ECM. We focused on the functional relevance of distinct Loh domains to protein localization and Pericardin recruitment. Analysis of Loh deletion constructs revealed that one thrombospondin type 1 repeat (TSR1-1), which has an embedded WXXW motif, is critical for anchoring Loh to the ECM. Two other thrombospondin repeats, TSR1-2 and TSR1-4, the latter containing a CXXTCXXG motif, appeared to be dispensable for tethering Loh to the ECM but were crucial for proper interaction with and recruitment of Pericardin. Moreover, our results also suggested that Pericardin in the cardiac ECM primarily ensures the structural integrity of the heart, rather than increasing tissue flexibility. In conclusion, our work provides new insights into the roles of thrombospondin type 1 repeats and advances our understanding of cardiac ECM assembly and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanina Post
- From the Departments of Zoology and Developmental Biology and
| | | | - Kay Lammers
- From the Departments of Zoology and Developmental Biology and
| | - Annika Buhr
- From the Departments of Zoology and Developmental Biology and
| | - Jürgen J Heinisch
- Genetics, Faculty of Biology & Chemistry, University of Osnabrück Barbarastrasse 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Heiko Meyer
- From the Departments of Zoology and Developmental Biology and
| | - Achim Paululat
- From the Departments of Zoology and Developmental Biology and
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195
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Lee PT, Zirin J, Kanca O, Lin WW, Schulze KL, Li-Kroeger D, Tao R, Devereaux C, Hu Y, Chung V, Fang Y, He Y, Pan H, Ge M, Zuo Z, Housden BE, Mohr SE, Yamamoto S, Levis RW, Spradling AC, Perrimon N, Bellen HJ. A gene-specific T2A-GAL4 library for Drosophila. eLife 2018; 7:35574. [PMID: 29565247 PMCID: PMC5898912 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated a library of ~1000 Drosophila stocks in which we inserted a construct in the intron of genes allowing expression of GAL4 under control of endogenous promoters while arresting transcription with a polyadenylation signal 3’ of the GAL4. This allows numerous applications. First, ~90% of insertions in essential genes cause a severe loss-of-function phenotype, an effective way to mutagenize genes. Interestingly, 12/14 chromosomes engineered through CRISPR do not carry second-site lethal mutations. Second, 26/36 (70%) of lethal insertions tested are rescued with a single UAS-cDNA construct. Third, loss-of-function phenotypes associated with many GAL4 insertions can be reverted by excision with UAS-flippase. Fourth, GAL4 driven UAS-GFP/RFP reports tissue and cell-type specificity of gene expression with high sensitivity. We report the expression of hundreds of genes not previously reported. Finally, inserted cassettes can be replaced with GFP or any DNA. These stocks comprise a powerful resource for assessing gene function. Determining what role newly discovered genes play in the body is an important part of genetics. This task requires a lot of extra information about each gene, such as the specific cells where the gene is active, or what happens when the gene is deleted. To answer these questions, researchers need tools and methods to manipulate genes within a living organism. The fruit fly Drosophila is useful for such experiments because a toolbox of genetic techniques is already available. Gene editing in fruit flies allows small pieces of genetic information to be removed from or added to anywhere in the animal’s DNA. Another tool, known as GAL4-UAS, is a two-part system used to study gene activity. The GAL4 component is a protein that switches on genes. GAL4 alone does very little in Drosophila cells because it only recognizes a DNA sequence called UAS. However, if a GAL4-producing cell is also engineered to contain a UAS-controlled gene, GAL4 will switch the gene on. Lee et al. used gene editing to insert a small piece of DNA, containing the GAL4 sequence followed by a ‘stop’ signal, into many different fly genes. The insertion made the cells where each gene was normally active produce GAL4, but – thanks to the stop signal – rendered the rest of the original gene non-functional. This effectively deleted the proteins encoded by each gene, giving information about the biological processes they normally control. Lee et al. went on to use their insertion approach to make a Drosophila genetic library. This is a collection of around 1,000 different strains of fly, each carrying the GAL4/stop combination in a single gene. The library allows any gene in the collection to be studied in detail simply by combining the GAL4 with different UAS-controlled genetic tools. For example, introducing a UAS-controlled marker would pinpoint where in the body the original gene was active. Alternatively, adding UAS-controlled human versions of the gene would create humanized flies, which are a valuable tool to study potential disease-causing genes in humans. This Drosophila library is a resource that contributes new experimental tools to fly genetics. Insights gained from flies can also be applied to more complex animals like humans, especially since around 65% of genes are similar across humans and Drosophila. As such, Lee et al. hope that this resource will help other researchers shed new light on the role of many different genes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Tseng Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Jonathan Zirin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Wen-Wen Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Karen L Schulze
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - David Li-Kroeger
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Rong Tao
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Colby Devereaux
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Verena Chung
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Yuchun He
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Hongling Pan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Ming Ge
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | | | - Stephanie E Mohr
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Robert W Levis
- Department of Embryology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, United States
| | - Allan C Spradling
- Department of Embryology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, United States
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
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196
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Constance WD, Mukherjee A, Fisher YE, Pop S, Blanc E, Toyama Y, Williams DW. Neurexin and Neuroligin-based adhesion complexes drive axonal arborisation growth independent of synaptic activity. eLife 2018; 7:31659. [PMID: 29504935 PMCID: PMC5869020 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Building arborisations of the right size and shape is fundamental for neural network function. Live imaging in vertebrate brains strongly suggests that nascent synapses are critical for branch growth during development. The molecular mechanisms underlying this are largely unknown. Here we present a novel system in Drosophila for studying the development of complex arborisations live, in vivo during metamorphosis. In growing arborisations we see branch dynamics and localisations of presynaptic proteins very similar to the ‘synaptotropic growth’ described in fish/frogs. These accumulations of presynaptic proteins do not appear to be presynaptic release sites and are not paired with neurotransmitter receptors. Knockdowns of either evoked or spontaneous neurotransmission do not impact arbor growth. Instead, we find that axonal branch growth is regulated by dynamic, focal localisations of Neurexin and Neuroligin. These adhesion complexes provide stability for filopodia by a ‘stick-and-grow’ based mechanism wholly independent of synaptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Constance
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,King's-NUS Joint Studentship Program, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amrita Mukherjee
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yvette E Fisher
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Sinziana Pop
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Blanc
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yusuke Toyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Darren W Williams
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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197
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Architecture shapes contractility in actomyosin networks. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 50:79-85. [PMID: 29482169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Myosin-driven contraction of the actin cytoskeleton is at the base of cell and tissue morphogenesis. At the molecular level, myosin motors drive contraction by sliding actin filaments past one another using energy produced by ATP hydrolysis. How this microscopic sliding activity gives rise to cell-scale contractions has been an active research question first in muscle cells, and over the last few decades in non-muscle cells. While many early investigations focused on myosin motor activity, increasingly, the nanoscale architecture of the actin network emerges as a key regulator of contractility. Here we review theoretical and in vitro reconstitution studies that have uncovered some of the key mechanisms by which actin network organization controls contractile tension generation. We then discuss recent findings indicating that similar principles apply in cells.
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198
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Abstract
Muscles together with tendons and the skeleton enable animals including humans to move their body parts. Muscle morphogenesis is highly conserved from animals to humans. Therefore, the powerful Drosophila model system can be used to study concepts of muscle-tendon development that can also be applied to human muscle biology. Here, we describe in detail how morphogenesis of the adult muscle-tendon system can be easily imaged in living, developing Drosophila pupae. Hence, the method allows investigating proteins, cells and tissues in their physiological environment. In addition to a step-by-step protocol with helpful tips, we provide a comprehensive overview of fluorescently tagged marker proteins that are suitable for studying the muscle-tendon system. To highlight the versatile applications of the protocol, we show example movies ranging from visualization of long-term morphogenetic events – occurring on the time scale of hours and days – to visualization of short-term dynamic processes like muscle twitching occurring on time scale of seconds. Taken together, this protocol should enable the reader to design and perform live-imaging experiments for investigating muscle-tendon morphogenesis in the intact organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra B Lemke
- Muscle Dynamics Group, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry;
| | - Frank Schnorrer
- Muscle Dynamics Group, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry; Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM;
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199
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Myers L, Perera H, Alvarado MG, Kidd T. The Drosophila Ret gene functions in the stomatogastric nervous system with the Maverick TGFβ ligand and the Gfrl co-receptor. Development 2018; 145:dev.157446. [PMID: 29361562 DOI: 10.1242/dev.157446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The RET receptor tyrosine kinase is crucial for the development of the enteric nervous system (ENS), acting as a receptor for Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) via GFR co-receptors. Drosophila has a well-conserved RET homolog (Ret) that has been proposed to function independently of the Gfr-like co-receptor (Gfrl). We find that Ret is required for development of the stomatogastric (enteric) nervous system in both embryos and larvae, and its loss results in feeding defects. Live imaging analysis suggests that peristaltic waves are initiated but not propagated in mutant midguts. Examination of axons innervating the midgut reveals increased branching but the area covered by the branches is decreased. This phenotype can be rescued by Ret expression. Additionally, Gfrl shares the same ENS and feeding defects, suggesting that Ret and Gfrl might function together via a common ligand. We identified the TGFβ family member Maverick (Mav) as a ligand for Gfrl and a Mav chromosomal deficiency displayed similar embryonic ENS defects. Our results suggest that the Ret and Gfrl families co-evolved before the separation of invertebrate and vertebrate lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Myers
- Department of Biology/ms 314, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Hiran Perera
- Department of Biology/ms 314, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | | | - Thomas Kidd
- Department of Biology/ms 314, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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200
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Das S, Knust E. A dual role of the extracellular domain of Drosophila Crumbs for morphogenesis of the embryonic neuroectoderm. Biol Open 2018; 7:7/1/bio031435. [PMID: 29374056 PMCID: PMC5829512 DOI: 10.1242/bio.031435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelia are highly polarised tissues and several highly conserved polarity protein complexes serve to establish and maintain polarity. The transmembrane protein Crumbs (Crb), the central component of the Crb protein complex, is required, among others, for the maintenance of polarity in most epithelia in the Drosophila embryo. However, different epithelia exhibit different phenotypic severity upon loss of crb. Using a transgenomic approach allowed us to more accurately define the role of crb in different epithelia. In particular, we provide evidence that the loss of epithelial tissue integrity in the ventral epidermis of crb mutant embryos is due to impaired actomyosin activity and an excess number of neuroblasts. We demonstrate that the intracellular domain of Crb could only partially rescue this phenotype, while it is able to completely restore tissue integrity in other epithelia. Based on these results we suggest a dual role of the extracellular domain of Crb in the ventral neuroectoderm. First, it is required for apical enrichment of the Crb protein, which in turn regulates actomyosin activity and thereby ensures tissue integrity; and second, the extracellular domain of Crb stabilises the Notch receptor and thereby ensures proper Notch signalling and specification of the correct number of neuroblasts. Summary: Using a transgenomic approach we determine specific roles of the intra- and extracellular domain of the Crumbs protein for the maintenance of apico-basal epithelial polarity and epithelial morphogenesis in Drosophila embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Das
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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