2401
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Wetzel N, Schröger E, Widmann A. Distraction by Novel and Pitch-Deviant Sounds in Children. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1949. [PMID: 28018281 PMCID: PMC5156737 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of attention is an important part of our executive functions and enables us to focus on relevant information and to ignore irrelevant information. The ability to shield against distraction by task-irrelevant sounds is suggested to mature during school age. The present study investigated the developmental time course of distraction in three groups of children aged 7–10 years. Two different types of distractor sounds that have been frequently used in auditory attention research—novel environmental and pitch-deviant sounds—were presented within an oddball paradigm while children performed a visual categorization task. Reaction time measurements revealed decreasing distractor-related impairment with age. Novel environmental sounds impaired performance in the categorization task more than pitch-deviant sounds. The youngest children showed a pronounced decline of novel-related distraction effects throughout the experimental session. Such a significant decline as a result of practice was not observed in the pitch-deviant condition and not in older children. We observed no correlation between cross-modal distraction effects and performance in standardized tests of concentration and visual distraction. Results of the cross-modal distraction paradigm indicate that separate mechanisms underlying the processing of novel environmental and pitch-deviant sounds develop with different time courses and that these mechanisms develop considerably within a few years in middle childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wetzel
- Cognitive and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erich Schröger
- Cognitive and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Widmann
- Cognitive and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
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2402
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Cichocka A. Understanding defensive and secure in-group positivity: The role of collective narcissism. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2016.1252530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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2403
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The interplay between feedback-related negativity and individual differences in altruistic punishment: An EEG study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 16:276-88. [PMID: 26530245 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-015-0388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To date, the interplay betwexen neurophysiological and individual difference factors in altruistic punishment has been little understood. To examine this issue, 45 individuals participated in a Dictator Game with punishment option while the feedback-related negativity (FRN) was derived from the electroencephalogram (EEG). Unlike previous EEG studies on the Dictator Game, we introduced a third party condition to study the effect of fairness norm violations in addition to employing a first person perspective. For the first time, we also examined the role of individual differences, specifically fairness concerns, positive/negative affectivity, and altruism/empathy as well as recipients' financial situation during altruistic punishment. The main results show that FRN amplitudes were more pronounced for unfair than for fair assignments in both the first person and third party perspectives. These findings suggest that FRN amplitudes are sensitive to fairness norm violations and play a crucial role in the recipients' evaluation of dictator assignments. With respect to individual difference factors, recipients' current financial situation affected the FRN fairness effect in the first person perspective, indicating that when being directly affected by the assignments, more affluent participants experienced stronger violations of expectations in altruistic punishment decisions. Regarding individual differences in trait empathy, in the third party condition FRN amplitudes were more pronounced for those who scored lower in empathy. This may suggest empathy as another motive in third party punishment. Independent of the perspective taken, higher positive affect was associated with more punishment behavior, suggesting that positive emotions may play an important role in restoring violated fairness norms.
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2404
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Syllabic tone articulation influences the identification and use of words during Chinese sentence reading: Evidence from ERP and eye movement recordings. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 16:72-92. [PMID: 26311442 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-015-0368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In two experiments, we examined the contribution of articulation-specific features to visual word recognition during the reading of Chinese. In spoken Standard Chinese, a syllable with a full tone can be tone-neutralized through sound weakening and pitch contour change, and there are two types of two-character compound words with respect to their articulation variation. One type requires articulation of a full tone for each constituent character, and the other requires a full- and a neutral-tone articulation for the first and second characters, respectively. Words of these two types with identical first characters were selected and embedded in sentences. Native speakers of Standard Chinese were recruited to read the sentences. In Experiment 1, the individual words of a sentence were presented serially at a fixed pace while event-related potentials were recorded. This resulted in less-negative N100 and anterior N250 amplitudes and in more-negative N400 amplitudes when targets contained a neutral tone. Complete sentences were visible in Experiment 2, and eye movements were recorded while participants read. Analyses of oculomotor activity revealed shorter viewing durations and fewer refixations on-and fewer regressive saccades to-target words when their second syllable was articulated with a neutral rather than a full tone. Together, the results indicate that readers represent articulation-specific word properties, that these representations are routinely activated early during the silent reading of Chinese sentences, and that the representations are also used during later stages of word processing.
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2405
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Tabbaa M, Paedae B, Liu Y, Wang Z. Neuropeptide Regulation of Social Attachment: The Prairie Vole Model. Compr Physiol 2016; 7:81-104. [PMID: 28135000 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Social attachments are ubiquitous among humans and integral to human health. Although great efforts have been made to elucidate the neural underpinnings regulating social attachments, we still know relatively little about the neuronal and neurochemical regulation of social attachments. As a laboratory animal research model, the socially monogamous prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) displays behaviors paralleling human social attachments and thus has provided unique insights into the neural regulation of social behaviors. Research in prairie voles has particularly highlighted the significance of neuropeptidergic regulation of social behaviors, especially of the roles of oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP). This article aims to review these findings. We begin by discussing the role of the OT and AVP systems in regulating social behaviors relevant to social attachments, and thereafter restrict our discussion to studies in prairie voles. Specifically, we discuss the role of OT and AVP in adult mate attachments, biparental care, social isolation, and social buffering as informed by studies utilizing the prairie vole model. Not only do these studies offer insight into social attachments in humans, but they also point to dysregulated mechanisms in several mental disorders. We conclude by discussing these implications for human health. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:81-104, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Tabbaa
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Brennan Paedae
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Zuoxin Wang
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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2406
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Hering A, Wild-Wall N, Gajewski PD, Falkenstein M, Kliegel M, Zinke K. The role of cue detection for prospective memory development across the lifespan. Neuropsychologia 2016; 93:289-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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2407
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Harricharan S, Rabellino D, Frewen PA, Densmore M, Théberge J, McKinnon MC, Schore AN, Lanius RA. fMRI functional connectivity of the periaqueductal gray in PTSD and its dissociative subtype. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00579. [PMID: 28032002 PMCID: PMC5167004 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with hyperarousal and active fight or flight defensive responses. By contrast, the dissociative subtype of PTSD, characterized by depersonalization and derealization symptoms, is frequently accompanied by additional passive or submissive defensive responses associated with autonomic blunting. Here, the periaqueductal gray (PAG) plays a central role in defensive responses, where the dorsolateral (DL-PAG) and ventrolateral PAG (VL-PAG) are thought to mediate active and passive defensive responses, respectively. METHODS We examined PAG subregion (dorsolateral and ventrolateral) resting-state functional connectivity in three groups: PTSD patients without the dissociative subtype (n = 60); PTSD patients with the dissociative subtype (n = 37); and healthy controls (n = 40) using a seed-based approach via PickAtlas and SPM12. RESULTS All PTSD patients showed extensive DL- and VL-PAG functional connectivity at rest with areas associated with emotional reactivity and defensive action as compared to controls (n = 40). Although all PTSD patients demonstrated DL-PAG functional connectivity with areas associated with initiation of active coping strategies and hyperarousal (e.g., dorsal anterior cingulate; anterior insula), only dissociative PTSD patients exhibited greater VL-PAG functional connectivity with brain regions linked to passive coping strategies and increased levels of depersonalization (e.g., temporoparietal junction; rolandic operculum). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest greater defensive posturing in PTSD patients even at rest and demonstrate that those with the dissociative subtype show unique patterns of PAG functional connectivity when compared to those without the subtype. Taken together, these findings represent an important first step toward identifying neural and behavioral targets for therapeutic interventions that address defensive strategies in trauma-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Rabellino
- Department of Psychiatry University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| | - Paul A Frewen
- Department of Psychiatry University of Western Ontario London ON Canada; Department of Psychology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| | - Maria Densmore
- Imaging Division Lawson Health Research Institute London ON Canada
| | - Jean Théberge
- Imaging Division Lawson Health Research Institute London ON Canada; Departments of Medical Imaging and Medical Biophysics Western University London ON Canada
| | - Margaret C McKinnon
- Mood Disorders Program St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton ON Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada; Homewood Research Institute Guelph ON Canada
| | - Allan N Schore
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Ruth A Lanius
- Department of Neuroscience University of Western Ontario London ON Canada; Department of Psychiatry University of Western Ontario London ON Canada; Imaging Division Lawson Health Research Institute London ON Canada
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2408
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Association Between Sarcopenia and Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2016; 17:1164.e7-1164.e15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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2409
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Dixon LE, Ahles E, Marques L. Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Diverse Settings: Recent Advances and Challenges for the Future. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2016; 18:108. [PMID: 27771824 PMCID: PMC5533577 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-016-0748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Racial and ethnic minorities are at high risk for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after experiencing a traumatic event and are less likely to receive evidence-based treatment for their symptoms. There is a growing body of literature showing that culturally appropriate interventions result in greater uptake, symptom reduction, and sustained treatment gains. This article review explores new findings in the cultural understanding of PTSD among racial and ethnic minorities. We first review recent advances in the understanding of PTSD symptomotology. Next, we provide overview of trials demonstrating efficacy and effectiveness of cognitive processing therapy (CPT), prolonged exposure (PE), and trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) in diverse communities. Then, we discuss specific implementation strategies common across intervention trials used to increase feasibility, acceptability, adoption, and sustainability. Last, we discuss areas for future research and dissemination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E. Dixon
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
| | - Emily Ahles
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 70 Everett Ave., Suite 516, Chelsea, MA 02150, USA
| | - Luana Marques
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 70 Everett Ave., Suite 516, Chelsea, MA, 02150, USA.
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2410
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Francis SM, Kim SJ, Kistner-Griffin E, Guter S, Cook EH, Jacob S. ASD and Genetic Associations with Receptors for Oxytocin and Vasopressin- AVPR1A, AVPR1B, and OXTR. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:516. [PMID: 27920663 PMCID: PMC5118619 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There are limited treatments available for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Studies have reported significant associations between the receptor genes of oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) and ASD diagnosis, as well as ASD-related phenotypes. Researchers have also found the manipulation of these systems affects social and repetitive behaviors, core characteristics of ASD. Consequently, research involving the oxytocin/vasopressin pathways as intervention targets has increased. Therefore, further examination into the relationship between these neuropeptides and ASD was undertaken. In this study, we examined associations between variants in the receptor genes of vasopressin (AVPR1A, AVPR1B), oxytocin (OXTR), and ASD diagnosis along with related subphenotypes. Methods: Probands were assessed using Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, and clinical DSM-IV-TR criteria. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in AVPR1B and OXTR, and microsatellites in AVPR1A were genotyped in ~200 families with a proband with ASD. Family-based association testing (FBAT) was utilized to determine associations between variants and ASD. Haplotypes composed of OXTR SNPs (i.e., rs53576-rs2254298-rs2268493) were also analyzed due to previously published associations. Results: Using the additive inheritance model in FBAT we found associations between AVPR1B SNPs (rs28632197, p = 0.005, rs35369693, p = 0.025) and diagnosis. As in other studies, OXTR rs2268493 (p = 0.050) was associated with diagnosis. rs2268493 was also associated with ASD subphenotypes of social withdrawal (p = 0.013) and Insistence on Sameness (p = 0.039). Further analyses demonstrated that the haplotype, rs2254298–rs2268493 was found to be significantly associated with diagnosis (A-T; p = 0.026). FBAT was also used to analyze AVPR1A microsatellites (RS1 and RS3). Both length variants were found to be associated with restrictive, repetitive behaviors, but not overall diagnosis. Correction for multiple comparisons was performed for SNPs tested in each gene region, only AVPR1B SNPs remained significantly associated with ASD diagnosis. Conclusions: Autism is a heterogeneous disorder with many genes and pathways that contribute to its development. SNPs and microsatellites in the receptor genes of OT and AVP are associated with ASD diagnosis and measures of social behavior as well as restricted repetitive behaviors. We reported a novel association with ASD and AVPR1B SNPs. Understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships may be helpful in the development of pharmacological interventions for the OT/AVP system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday M Francis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Soo-Jeong Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington WA, USA
| | - Emily Kistner-Griffin
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Stephen Guter
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Edwin H Cook
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Suma Jacob
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
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2411
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Keus van de Poll M, Sörqvist P. Effects of Task Interruption and Background Speech on Word Processed Writing. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 30:430-439. [PMID: 27818574 PMCID: PMC5074307 DOI: 10.1002/acp.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Task interruptions and background speech, both part of the everyday situation in office environments, impair cognitive performance. The current experiments explored the combined effects of background speech and task interruptions on word processed writing—arguably, a task representative of office work. Participants wrote stories, in silence or in the presence of background speech (monologues, halfalogues and dialogues), and were occasionally interrupted by a secondary task. Writing speed was comparably low during the immediate period after the interruption (Experiments 1 and 2); it took 10–15 s to regain full writing speed. Background speech had only a small effect on performance (Experiment 1), but a dialogue was more disruptive than a halfalogue (Experiment 2). Background speech did not add to the cost caused by task interruptions. However, subjective measures suggested that speech, just as interruptions, contributed to perceived workload. The findings are discussed in view of attentional capture and interference‐by‐process mechanisms.© 2016 The Authors. Applied Cognitive Psychology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrik Sörqvist
- Department of Building, Energy, and Environmental Engineering University of Gävle Gävle Sweden
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2412
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Tusch ES, Alperin BR, Holcomb PJ, Daffner KR. Increased Early Processing of Task-Irrelevant Auditory Stimuli in Older Adults. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165645. [PMID: 27806081 PMCID: PMC5091907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory deficit hypothesis of cognitive aging posits that older adults' inability to adequately suppress processing of irrelevant information is a major source of cognitive decline. Prior research has demonstrated that in response to task-irrelevant auditory stimuli there is an age-associated increase in the amplitude of the N1 wave, an ERP marker of early perceptual processing. Here, we tested predictions derived from the inhibitory deficit hypothesis that the age-related increase in N1 would be 1) observed under an auditory-ignore, but not auditory-attend condition, 2) attenuated in individuals with high executive capacity (EC), and 3) augmented by increasing cognitive load of the primary visual task. ERPs were measured in 114 well-matched young, middle-aged, young-old, and old-old adults, designated as having high or average EC based on neuropsychological testing. Under the auditory-ignore (visual-attend) task, participants ignored auditory stimuli and responded to rare target letters under low and high load. Under the auditory-attend task, participants ignored visual stimuli and responded to rare target tones. Results confirmed an age-associated increase in N1 amplitude to auditory stimuli under the auditory-ignore but not auditory-attend task. Contrary to predictions, EC did not modulate the N1 response. The load effect was the opposite of expectation: the N1 to task-irrelevant auditory events was smaller under high load. Finally, older adults did not simply fail to suppress the N1 to auditory stimuli in the task-irrelevant modality; they generated a larger response than to identical stimuli in the task-relevant modality. In summary, several of the study's findings do not fit the inhibitory-deficit hypothesis of cognitive aging, which may need to be refined or supplemented by alternative accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich S. Tusch
- Center for Brain/Mind Medicine, Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
| | - Brittany R. Alperin
- Department of Psychology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, United States of America
| | - Phillip J. Holcomb
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, United States of America
| | - Kirk R. Daffner
- Center for Brain/Mind Medicine, Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America
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2413
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Mood-congruent recollection and anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease. Cortex 2016; 84:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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2414
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Cheah SY, Lurie JK, Lawford BR, Young RM, Morris CP, Voisey J. Interaction of multiple gene variants and their effects on schizophrenia phenotypes. Compr Psychiatry 2016; 71:63-70. [PMID: 27636509 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a clinically heterogeneous disorder and may be explained by its complex genetic architecture. Many schizophrenia susceptibility genes were identified but the picture remains unclear due to inconsistent or contradictory genetic association studies. This confusion may, in part, be because symptoms result from the combined interaction of many genes and these interacting genes are associated with specific sub-phenotypes of schizophrenia rather than schizophrenia as a whole. This study investigates the relationship between schizophrenia susceptibility genes and schizophrenia sub-phenotypes by identifying multiple gene variant interactions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty SNPs from 21 genes were genotyped in 235 Australian participants with schizophrenia screened for various phenotypes. Schizophrenia participants were grouped into relevant phenotype clusters using cluster analysis and normalized phenotype cluster scores were calculated for each patient. The relationship between genotypes and normalized phenotype cluster scores were analyzed by linear regression analysis. RESULTS Three phenotype clusters were identified. There was some overlap in symptoms between phenotype clusters, particularly for depression. However, cluster 1 appears to be characterized by speech disorder and affective behavior symptoms, cluster 2 has predominantly hallucination symptoms and cluster 3 has mainly delusion symptoms. Interaction of five SNPs was found to have an effect on cluster 1 symptoms; ten SNPs on cluster 2 symptoms; and eight SNPs on cluster 3 symptoms. CONCLUSION The interaction of specific susceptibility genes is likely to lead to specific clinical sub-phenotypes of schizophrenia. Larger patient cohorts with more extensive clinical data will improve the detection of gene interactions and the resultant schizophrenia clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sern-Yih Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Janine K Lurie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Bruce R Lawford
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Ross McD Young
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Charles P Morris
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Joanne Voisey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
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2415
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Kawai N, He H. Breaking Snake Camouflage: Humans Detect Snakes More Accurately than Other Animals under Less Discernible Visual Conditions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164342. [PMID: 27783686 PMCID: PMC5081170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans and non-human primates are extremely sensitive to snakes as exemplified by their ability to detect pictures of snakes more quickly than those of other animals. These findings are consistent with the Snake Detection Theory, which hypothesizes that as predators, snakes were a major source of evolutionary selection that favored expansion of the visual system of primates for rapid snake detection. Many snakes use camouflage to conceal themselves from both prey and their own predators, making it very challenging to detect them. If snakes have acted as a selective pressure on primate visual systems, they should be more easily detected than other animals under difficult visual conditions. Here we tested whether humans discerned images of snakes more accurately than those of non-threatening animals (e.g., birds, cats, or fish) under conditions of less perceptual information by presenting a series of degraded images with the Random Image Structure Evolution technique (interpolation of random noise). We find that participants recognize mosaic images of snakes, which were regarded as functionally equivalent to camouflage, more accurately than those of other animals under dissolved conditions. The present study supports the Snake Detection Theory by showing that humans have a visual system that accurately recognizes snakes under less discernible visual conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kawai
- Department of Cognitive Science, Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Furo-cho, Nagoya, JAPAN, 464-8601
- * E-mail:
| | - Hongshen He
- Department of Cognitive Science, Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Furo-cho, Nagoya, JAPAN, 464-8601
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2416
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Bao Y, Yang T, Lin X, Fang Y, Wang Y, Pöppel E, Lei Q. Aesthetic Preferences for Eastern and Western Traditional Visual Art: Identity Matters. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1596. [PMID: 27812339 PMCID: PMC5071313 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Western and Chinese artists have different traditions in representing the world in their paintings. While Western artists start since the Renaissance to represent the world with a central perspective and focus on salient objects in a scene, Chinese artists concentrate on context information in their paintings, mainly before the mid-19th century. We investigated whether the different typical representations influence the aesthetic preference for traditional Chinese and Western paintings in the different cultural groups. Traditional Chinese and Western paintings were presented randomly for an aesthetic evaluation to Chinese and Western participants. Both Chinese and Western paintings included two categories: landscapes and people in different scenes. Results showed a significant interaction between the source of the painting and the cultural group. For Chinese and Western paintings, a reversed pattern of aesthetic preference was observed: while Chinese participants gave higher aesthetic scores to traditional Chinese paintings than to Western paintings, Western participants tended to give higher aesthetic scores to traditional Western paintings than to Chinese paintings. We interpret this observation as indicator that personal identity is supported and enriched within cultural belongingness. Another important finding was that landscapes were more preferable than people in a scene across different cultural groups indicating a universal principle of preferences for landscapes. Thus, our results suggest that, on the one hand, the way that artists represent the world in their paintings influences the way that culturally embedded viewers perceive and appreciate paintings, but on the other hand, independent of the cultural background, anthropological universals are disclosed by the preference of landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; Human Science Center, Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversityMunich, Germany; Parmenides Center for Art and SciencePullach, Germany
| | - Taoxi Yang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; Human Science Center, Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - Xiaoxiong Lin
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University Beijing, China
| | - Ernst Pöppel
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; Human Science Center, Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversityMunich, Germany; Parmenides Center for Art and SciencePullach, Germany
| | - Quan Lei
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, USA
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2417
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Chen T, Liu LL, Cui JF, Chen XJ, Wang Y. Developmental trajectory of time perspective: From children to older adults. Psych J 2016; 5:245-255. [PMID: 27718341 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Time perspective is a fundamental dimension of the psychological time construct, with a pervasive and powerful influence on human behavior. However, the developmental trajectory of time perspective across a human lifespan remains unclear. The current study aimed to portray the developmental trajectory of all dimensions of time perspectives from children to older adults in a large sample. A total of 1,901 individuals (aged 9-84 years) completed measures of time perspective. They were then divided into five age groups: children, teenagers, young adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults. Results suggested that each time perspective showed a unique developmental pattern across the lifespan. Moreover, perceived economic situation and education were related to some dimensions of time perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Humanities, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu-Lu Liu
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Humanities, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Fang Cui
- Information Center, National Institute of Education Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing-Jie Chen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ya Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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2418
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Labad J, Gutiérrez-Zotes A, Creus M, Montalvo I, Cabezas Á, Solé M, Ortega L, Algora MJ, Sánchez-Gistau V, Vilella E. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis measures and cognitive abilities in early psychosis: Are there sex differences? Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 72:54-62. [PMID: 27344379 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Measures of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity such as increased diurnal cortisol levels or a blunted cortisol awakening response (CAR) have been associated with cognitive impairments in people with psychotic disorders. We aimed to explore whether there are sex differences in the relationship between HPA axis measures and cognition in early psychosis (EP). METHODS 60 EP outpatients and 50 healthy subjects (HS) were assessed with the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery. Saliva cortisol levels were determined at the neuropsychological assessment and on another day at 6 sampling times: awakening; 30' and 60' post-awakening; and 10:00h, 23:00h and 10:00h the day after the administration of 0.25mg of dexamethasone, which occurred at 23:00h. Three HPA axis measures were calculated: CAR, cortisol diurnal slope and cortisol suppression ratio of the dexamethasone suppression test (DST). Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to explore the relationship between HPA axis measures and cognitive tasks while adjusting for covariates (education level, smoking, cannabis use, and cortisol levels at the cognitive assessment). Interactions between female sex, EP diagnosis and HPA axis measures were examined. RESULTS An increased CAR was associated with a poorer cognitive performance in EP women in processing speed and verbal memory. In contrast, a more flattened diurnal cortisol slope was associated with poorer functioning in the spatial working memory of EP women. DST suppression ratio was associated with better visual memory, without sex differences. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that there are sex differences in the relationship between HPA axis measures and cognitive abilities in EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Labad
- Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. CIBERSAM, Sabadell, Spain.
| | - Alfonso Gutiérrez-Zotes
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili. CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Marta Creus
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili. CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Itziar Montalvo
- Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. CIBERSAM, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Ángel Cabezas
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili. CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Montse Solé
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili. CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Laura Ortega
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili. CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Maria José Algora
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili. CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Vanessa Sánchez-Gistau
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili. CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Elisabet Vilella
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili. CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
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2419
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Groom MJ, Young Z, Hall CL, Gillott A, Hollis C. The incremental validity of a computerised assessment added to clinical rating scales to differentiate adult ADHD from autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry Res 2016; 243:168-73. [PMID: 27400220 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is a clinical need for objective evidence-based measures that are sensitive and specific to ADHD when compared with other neurodevelopmental disorders. This study evaluated the incremental validity of adding an objective measure of activity and computerised cognitive assessment to clinical rating scales to differentiate adult ADHD from Autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Adults with ADHD (n=33) or ASD (n=25) performed the QbTest, comprising a Continuous Performance Test with motion-tracker to record physical activity. QbTest parameters measuring inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity were combined to provide a summary score ('QbTotal'). Binary stepwise logistic regression measured the probability of assignment to the ADHD or ASD group based on scores on the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale-subscale E (CAARS-E) and Autism Quotient (AQ10) in the first step and then QbTotal added in the second step. The model fit was significant at step 1 (CAARS-E, AQ10) with good group classification accuracy. These predictors were retained and QbTotal was added, resulting in a significant improvement in model fit and group classification accuracy. All predictors were significant. ROC curves indicated superior specificity of QbTotal. The findings present preliminary evidence that adding QbTest to clinical rating scales may improve the differentiation of ADHD and ASD in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine J Groom
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Zoe Young
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK; NIHR MindTech Healthcare Technology Co-operative, Institute of Mental Health and Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Charlotte L Hall
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK; CLAHRC-EM, Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK.
| | - Alinda Gillott
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Service, Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Chris Hollis
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK; CLAHRC-EM, Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK; NIHR MindTech Healthcare Technology Co-operative, Institute of Mental Health and Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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2420
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Sander TH, Zhou B. Linking neuroimaging signals to behavioral responses in single cases: Challenges and opportunities. Psych J 2016; 5:161-9. [DOI: 10.1002/pchj.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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2421
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Zhou B, Pöppel E, Wang L, Yang T, Zaytseva Y, Bao Y. Seeing without knowing: Operational principles along the early visual pathway. Psych J 2016; 5:145-60. [PMID: 27678480 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Ernst Pöppel
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health; Peking University; Beijing China
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - Lingyan Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Taoxi Yang
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - Yuliya Zaytseva
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
- Department of National IT System of Mental Health and Brain Monitoring; National Institute of Mental Health; Klecany Czech Republic
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health; Peking University; Beijing China
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Human Science Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
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2422
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Perrotta V, Graffeo M, Bonini N, Gottfried JA. The Putative Chemosignal Androstadienone Makes Women More Generous. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:88-99. [PMID: 27668033 DOI: 10.1037/npe0000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Putative human chemosignals have been shown to influence mood states and emotional processing, but the connection between these effects and higher-order cognitive processing is not well established. This study utilized an economic game (Dictator Game) to test whether androstadienone (AND), an odorous compound derived from testosterone, impacts on altruistic behavior. We predicted that the female participants would act more generously in the AND condition, exhibiting a significant interaction effect between gender and AND on Dictator Game contributions. We also expected that the presence of AND should increase the positive mood of the female participants, compared to a control odor condition and also compared to the mood of the male participants. The results confirm our hypotheses: for women the subliminal perception of AND led to larger monetary donations, compared to a control odor, and also increased positive mood. These effects were absent or significantly weaker in men. Our findings highlight the capacity of human putative chemosignals to influence emotions and higher cognitive processes - in particular the processes used in the context of economic decisions - in a gender-specific way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Perrotta
- Department of Knowledge, Autonomous Province of Trento, via Gilli, 3, I-38122 Trento TN, Italy
| | - Michele Graffeo
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Trento, Via Inama 5, I-38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Nicolao Bonini
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Trento, Via Inama 5, I-38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Jay A Gottfried
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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2423
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Pavlova MA. Sex and gender affect the social brain: Beyond simplicity. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:235-250. [PMID: 27688155 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Pavlova
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Medical School; Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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2424
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Abstract
Depression is common in older home health patients and increases their risk of adverse outcomes. Depression screening is required by Medicare's Outcome and Assessment Information Set. The Depression Care for Patients at Home (CAREPATH) was developed as a feasible strategy for home health nurses to manage depression in their patients. The protocol builds on nurses' existing clinical skills and is designed to fit within routine home visits. Major components include ongoing clinical assessment, care coordination, medication management, education, and goal setting. In a randomized trial, Depression CAREPATH patients had greater improvement in depressive symptoms compared to usual care. The difference between groups was significant at 3 months, growing larger and more clinically meaningful over 1 year. The intervention had no impact on patient length of stay, number of home visits, or duration of visits. Thus, nurses can play a pivotal role in the long-term course and outcomes of patients with depression.
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2425
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Petsas T, Harrison J, Kashino M, Furukawa S, Chait M. The effect of distraction on change detection in crowded acoustic scenes. Hear Res 2016; 341:179-189. [PMID: 27598040 PMCID: PMC5090045 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this series of behavioural experiments we investigated the effect of distraction on the maintenance of acoustic scene information in short-term memory. Stimuli are artificial acoustic ‘scenes’ composed of several (up to twelve) concurrent tone-pip streams (‘sources’). A gap (1000 ms) is inserted partway through the ‘scene’; Changes in the form of an appearance of a new source or disappearance of an existing source, occur after the gap in 50% of the trials. Listeners were instructed to monitor the unfolding ‘soundscapes’ for these events. Distraction was measured by presenting distractor stimuli during the gap. Experiments 1 and 2 used a dual task design where listeners were required to perform a task with varying attentional demands (‘High Demand’ vs. ‘Low Demand’) on brief auditory (Experiment 1a) or visual (Experiment 1b) signals presented during the gap. Experiments 2 and 3 required participants to ignore distractor sounds and focus on the change detection task. Our results demonstrate that the maintenance of scene information in short-term memory is influenced by the availability of attentional and/or processing resources during the gap, and that this dependence appears to be modality specific. We also show that these processes are susceptible to bottom up driven distraction even in situations when the distractors are not novel, but occur on each trial. Change detection performance is systematically linked with the, independently determined, perceptual salience of the distractor sound. The findings also demonstrate that the present task may be a useful objective means for determining relative perceptual salience. Distraction is measured by presenting distractor stimuli during a scene gap. Scene maintenance in memory depends on availability of resources during the gap. This dependence appears to be modality specific. Scene maintenance also prone to bottom up distraction even when distractors not novel. Performance depends on the perceptual salience of the distractor sound.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Makio Kashino
- Human Information Science Laboratory, NTT Communication Science Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1, Morinosato-Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shigeto Furukawa
- Human Information Science Laboratory, NTT Communication Science Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1, Morinosato-Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Maria Chait
- UCL Ear Institute, 332 Gray's Inn Rd, London, UK.
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2426
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Hoyt LT, Ehrlich KB, Cham H, Adam EK. Balancing scientific accuracy and participant burden: testing the impact of sampling intensity on diurnal cortisol indices. Stress 2016; 19:476-85. [PMID: 27353215 PMCID: PMC9420386 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2016.1206884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing popularity of incorporating salivary cortisol measurement into health and social science research, relatively little empirical work has been conducted on the number of saliva samples across the day required to capture key features of the diurnal cortisol rhythm, such as the diurnal cortisol slope, the area under the curve (AUC), and the cortisol awakening response (CAR). The primary purpose of this study is to compare slope, AUC, and CAR measures obtained from an intensive sampling protocol with estimates from less intensive protocols, to identify sampling protocols with minimal participant burden that still provide reasonably accurate assessment of each of these measures. Twenty-four healthy adults provided samples four times in the first hour awake, and then every hour throughout the rest of the day until bedtime (M = 17.8 samples/day; SD = 2.0), over two consecutive days (N = 862 total samples). We compared measures calculated from this maximum intensity protocol to measures calculated from two to six sampling points per day. Overall, results show that salivary cortisol protocols with two fixed samples (waking and bedtime) and three additional daily samples, closely approximates the full cortisol decline (slope). Abbreviated sampling protocols of total cortisol exposure across the day (AUC), however, were not well approximated by reduced sampling protocols. CAR measures based on only two samples, including waking cortisol and a second sample measured at a fixed time point between 30 and 60 min after waking, provided a measure of the CAR that closely approximated CAR measures obtained from 3 or 4 sampling points.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heining Cham
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Emma K. Adam
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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2427
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate Hong Kong nationals' ability to recognize 13 different mental disorders and to examine whether there may be a relationship between their mental health literacy (MHL) and their tendency to describe/explain symptoms of mental disorders in physical terms. METHODS A total of 299 participants took part in this study and the vignettes depict post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), dependent personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, bipolar disorder, social phobia, panic disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder. RESULTS Overall, OCD was the best identified and the personality disorders were the worst. A significant negative correlation was found between participants' MHL and the rate of offering a 'physical' rather than a 'psychological' explanation. Some mental disorders were better recognized than others such as OCD (40.1%) and depression (36.3%). However, the majority of the other disorders were very poorly recognized and labelled with the rest having 'correct response' rates of lower than 15%. Over half of the mental disorders had 'correct' response rates of lower than 5%. CONCLUSION In accordance with many other studies in the area, this study found Asian participants poor at recognizing mental disorders. This is probably due to the fact that mental illnesses of all kinds remain a taboo topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lui
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cheuk Wong
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adrian Furnham
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
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2428
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Feng B, Zhang ZJ, Zhu RM, Yuan GZ, Luo LY, McAlonan GM, Xu FZ, Chen J, Liu LY, Lv YY, Wong HK, Zhang Y, Zhu LX. Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation as an adjunct therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomized controlled study. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 80:30-37. [PMID: 27281260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) is thought to have potential to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether adding TEAS to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and clomipramine would improve the efficacy of these conventional treatments in OCD. METHODS In this randomized controlled trial, 360 OCD patients were assigned to receive TEAS combined with CBT plus clomipramine (Group A, n = 120), TEAS combined with CBT plus placebo (Group B, n = 120), and simulated (placebo) TEAS combined with CBT plus clomipramine (Group C, n = 120) for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was measured using the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). RESULTS OCD symptoms in all patients reduced over time, however Groups A and B had a significantly greater reduction in Y-BOCS total score and the subscale for obsession and compulsion between week 2 and week 12 compared to Group C. Groups A and B had similar scores on these measures. Both groups had significantly higher rates of clinical response than Group C (88.3% and 81.7% vs. 67.5%, respectively, p < 0.001); and higher rates of remission (30.0% and 22.5% vs. 9.2%, respectively, p < 0.001). Group B experienced fewer adverse events than the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS TEAS enhances the efficacy of conventional OCD interventions and avoids the adverse effects associated with conventional pharmacological treatment. It can be considered as an effective adjunct intervention for OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Feng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhang-Jin Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Rui-Ming Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yiwu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guo-Zhen Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Yuan Luo
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Grainne M McAlonan
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Fang-Zhong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lan-Ying Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang-Yang Lv
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hei Kiu Wong
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Xia Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yiwu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
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2429
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Wang L, Lin X, Zhou B, Pöppel E, Bao Y. Rubberband Effect in Temporal Control of Mismatch Negativity. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1299. [PMID: 27642285 PMCID: PMC5015478 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mismatch negativity (MMN) is a difference event-related potential (ERP) wave reflecting the brain’s automatic reaction to deviant sensory stimuli, and it has been proven to be a useful tool in research on cognitive functions or clinical disorders. In most MMN studies, amplitude, peak latency, or the integral of the responses, in rare cases also the slopes of the responses, have been employed as parameters of the ERP responses for quantitative analyses. However, little is known about correlations between these parameters. To better understand the relations between different ERP parameters, we extracted and correlated several different parameters characterizing the MMN waves. We found an unexpected correlation which gives new insight into the temporal control of MMN: response amplitudes are positively correlated with downside slopes, whereas barely correlated with upside slopes. This result suggests an efficient feedback mechanism for the MMN to return to the baseline within a predefined time window, contradicting an exponential decay function as one might expect. As a metaphor we suggest a rubberband effect for the MMN responses, i.e., the larger the distance of the response from neural equilibrium, the stronger the return force to equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; Departments of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, HoustonTX, USA
| | - Xiaoxiong Lin
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Ernst Pöppel
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; Institute of Medical Psychology and Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking UniversityBeijing, China; Institute of Medical Psychology and Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversityMunich, Germany
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2430
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Li J, Li Y, Zhang B, Shen X, Zhao H. Why depression and pain often coexist and mutually reinforce: Role of the lateral habenula. Exp Neurol 2016; 284:106-113. [PMID: 27554829 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The interrelation of depression and pain is increasingly coming under scrutiny. Although the lateral habenula (LHb) is widely implicated in the pathogenesis of depression and pain, its role in the interaction of depression and pain remains unknown. Thus, the aim of current study was to investigate the role of LHb in rat depression-pain comorbidity. Single extracellular firing recording and immunofluorescence methods were used to compare firing rates and c-Fos expression of the LHb neurons in normal and model rats. Following subcutaneous injection of formalin into the hind paw to simulate natural pain, we assessed pain behavior in rats subjected to the chronic, unpredictable mild stress procedure (CUMS, a model of depression). Pain sensitivity in the model rats was increased over that of controls. These rats showed a significant increase in the firing activity of LHb neurons compared with normal rats. Significantly, about 73% of neurons with high discharge frequency in LHb of model rats were pain-activated neurons (PANs), and the firing rates of PANs were inhibited by intraperitoneal injection of a tricyclic antidepressant, clomipramine. Immunofluorescence showed that the percentage of c-Fos positive cells in LHb was significantly increased in rats receiving CUMS alone, rats receiving pain stimulation alone, and rats receiving both CUMS and pain stimulation, but especially the last. The interaction effect was inhibited by injection of clomipramine. The LHb lesion can improve both depression-like behavior and pain sensitivity in depression model rats with pain. These suggest that hyperactivity of the LHb neurons contributes to depression-pain comorbidity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Beilin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Xiangfeng Shen
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China.
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2431
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Isbell LA, Etting SF. Scales drive detection, attention, and memory of snakes in wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus). Primates 2016; 58:121-129. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-016-0562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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2432
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Halin N. Distracted While Reading? Changing to a Hard-to-Read Font Shields against the Effects of Environmental Noise and Speech on Text Memory. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1196. [PMID: 27555834 PMCID: PMC4977310 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the distractive effects of background speech, aircraft noise and road traffic noise on text memory and particularly to examine if displaying the texts in a hard-to-read font can shield against the detrimental effects of these types of background sounds. This issue was addressed in an experiment where 56 students read shorter texts about different classes of fictitious creatures (i.e., animals, fishes, birds, and dinosaurs) against a background of the aforementioned background sounds respectively and silence. For half of the participants the texts were displayed in an easy-to-read font (i.e., Times New Roman) and for the other half in a hard-to-read font (i.e., Haettenschweiler). The dependent measure was the proportion correct answers on the multiple-choice tests that followed each sound condition. Participants’ performance in the easy-to-read font condition was significantly impaired by all three background sound conditions compared to silence. In contrast, there were no effects of the three background sound conditions compared to silence in the hard-to-read font condition. These results suggest that an increase in task demand—by displaying the text in a hard-to-read font—shields against various types of distracting background sounds by promoting a more steadfast locus-of-attention and by reducing the processing of background sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Halin
- Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Gävle Gävle, Sweden
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2433
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Cruz G, Miyakoshi M, Makeig S, Kilborn K, Evans J. ERPs and their brain sources in perceptual and conceptual prospective memory tasks: Commonalities and differences between the two tasks. Neuropsychologia 2016; 91:173-185. [PMID: 27520471 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined whether Event-Related Potential (ERP) components and their neural generators are common to perceptual and conceptual prospective memory (PM) tasks or specific to the form of PM cue involved. We used Independent Component Analysis (ICA) to study the contributions of brain source activities to scalp ERPs across the different phases of two event-based PM-tasks: (1) holding intentions during a delay (monitoring) (2) detecting the correct context to perform the delayed intention (cue detection) and (3) carrying out the action (realisation of delayed intentions). Results showed that monitoring for both perceptual and conceptual PM-tasks was characterised by an enhanced early occipital negativity (N200). In addition the conceptual PM-task showed a long-lasting effect of monitoring significant around 700ms. Perceptual PM-task cues elicited an N300 enhancement associated with cue detection, whereas a midline N400-like response was evoked by conceptual PM-task cues. The Prospective Positivity associated with realisation of delayed intentions was observed in both conceptual and perceptual tasks. A common frontal-midline brain source contributed to the Prospective Positivity in both tasks and a strong contribution from parieto-frontal brain sources was observed only for the perceptually cued PM-task. These findings support the idea that: (1) The enhanced N200 can be understood as a neural correlate of a 'retrieval mode' for perceptual and conceptual PM-tasks, and additional strategic monitoring is implemented according the nature of the PM task; (2) ERPs associated with cue detection are specific to the nature of the PM cues; (3) Prospective Positivity reflects a general PM process, but the specific brain sources contributing to it depend upon the nature of the PM task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Cruz
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Escuela de Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Makoto Miyakoshi
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Scott Makeig
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kerry Kilborn
- School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonathan Evans
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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2434
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Simon SS, Tusch ES, Holcomb PJ, Daffner KR. Increasing Working Memory Load Reduces Processing of Cross-Modal Task-Irrelevant Stimuli Even after Controlling for Task Difficulty and Executive Capacity. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:380. [PMID: 27536226 PMCID: PMC4971070 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The classic account of the load theory (LT) of attention suggests that increasing cognitive load leads to greater processing of task-irrelevant stimuli due to competition for limited executive resource that reduces the ability to actively maintain current processing priorities. Studies testing this hypothesis have yielded widely divergent outcomes. The inconsistent results may, in part, be related to variability in executive capacity (EC) and task difficulty across subjects in different studies. Here, we used a cross-modal paradigm to investigate whether augmented working memory (WM) load leads to increased early distracter processing, and controlled for the potential confounders of EC and task difficulty. Twenty-three young subjects were engaged in a primary visual WM task, under high and low load conditions, while instructed to ignore irrelevant auditory stimuli. Demands of the high load condition were individually titrated to make task difficulty comparable across subjects with differing EC. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to measure neural activity in response to stimuli presented in both the task relevant modality (visual) and task-irrelevant modality (auditory). Behavioral results indicate that the load manipulation and titration procedure of the primary visual task were successful. ERPs demonstrated that in response to visual target stimuli, there was a load-related increase in the posterior slow wave, an index of sustained attention and effort. Importantly, under high load, there was a decrease of the auditory N1 in response to distracters, a marker of early auditory processing. These results suggest that increased WM load is associated with enhanced attentional engagement and protection from distraction in a cross-modal setting, even after controlling for task difficulty and EC. Our findings challenge the classic LT and offer support for alternative models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon S Simon
- Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Center for Brain/Mind Medicine - Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, BostonMA, USA; Old Age Research Group (PROTER), Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo School of MedicineSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erich S Tusch
- Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Center for Brain/Mind Medicine - Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | | | - Kirk R Daffner
- Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Center for Brain/Mind Medicine - Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
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2435
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Li M. Antipsychotic-induced sensitization and tolerance: Behavioral characteristics, developmental impacts, and neurobiological mechanisms. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:749-70. [PMID: 27371498 PMCID: PMC4944179 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116654697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotic sensitization and tolerance refer to the increased and decreased drug effects due to past drug use, respectively. Both effects reflect the long-term impacts of antipsychotic treatment on the brain and result from the brain's adaptive response to the foreign property of the drug. In this review, clinical evidence of the behavioral aspect of antipsychotic sensitization and tolerance is selectively reviewed, followed by an overview of preclinical literature that examines these behavioral characteristics and the related pharmacological and nonpharmacological factors. Next, recent work on the developmental impacts of adolescent antipsychotic sensitization and tolerance is presented and recent research that delineates the neurobiological mechanisms of antipsychotic sensitization and tolerance is summarized. A theoretical framework based on "drug learning and memory" principles is proposed to account for the phenomena of antipsychotic sensitization and tolerance. It is maintained that antipsychotic sensitization and tolerance follow basic principles of learning or acquisition ("induction") and memory ("expression"). The induction and expression of both effects reflect the consequences of associative and nonassociative processing and are strongly influenced by various pharmacological, environmental, and behavioral factors. Drug-induced neuroplasticity, such as functional changes of striatal dopamine D2 and prefrontal serotonin (5-HT)2A receptors and their mediated signaling pathways, in principle, is responsible for antipsychotic sensitization and tolerance. Understanding the behavioral characteristics and neurobiological underpinnings of antipsychotic sensitization and tolerance has greatly enhanced our understanding of mechanisms of antipsychotic action, and may have important implications for future drug discovery and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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2436
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Suppiej A, Nosadini M, Zuliani L, Pelizza MF, Toldo I, Bertossi C, Tison T, Zoccarato M, Marson P, Giometto B, Dale RC, Sartori S. Plasma exchange in pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis: A systematic review. Brain Dev 2016; 38:613-22. [PMID: 26926399 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the most frequent modalities of use of plasma exchange (PE) in pediatric anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis and to establish the most effective association with other immunotherapies. METHODS Systematic literature review on PE in pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis (2007-2015). RESULTS Seventy-one articles were included (mostly retrospective), reporting a total of 242 subjects (73.2%, 93/127 females; median age at onset 12years, range 1-18). Median time to immunotherapy was 21days (range 0-190). In most cases, PE was given with steroids and IVIG (69.5%, 89/128), or steroids only (18%, 23/128); in a minority, it was associated with IVIG only (7%, 9/128), or was the only first-line treatment (5.5%, 7/128). In 54.5% (65/119), PE was the third treatment after steroids and IVIG, in 31.1% (37/119) the second after steroids or IVIG; only in 14.3% (17/119) was it the first treatment. Second-line immunotherapies were administered in 71.9% (100/139). Higher rates of full/substantial recovery at follow-up were observed with immunotherapy given ⩽30days from onset (69.4%, 25/36) compared to later (59.2%, 16/27), and when PE was associated with steroids (66.7%, 70/105) rather than not (46.7%, 7/15). Significant adverse reactions to PE were reported in 6 patients. CONCLUSION Our review disclosed a paucity of quality data on PE in pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis. PE use in this condition has been increasingly reported, most often with steroids and IVIG. Despite the limited number of patients, our data seem to confirm the trend towards a better outcome when PE was administered early, and when given with steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Suppiej
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Italy.
| | - Margherita Nosadini
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Zuliani
- Department of Neurology, Ospedale Ca' Foncello, Treviso, Italy
| | - Maria Federica Pelizza
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Italy
| | - Irene Toldo
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Italy
| | - Chiara Bertossi
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Italy
| | - Tiziana Tison
- Immunotransfusion Section, University Hospital of Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Zoccarato
- Department of Neurology, Ospedale Ca' Foncello, Treviso, Italy
| | - Piero Marson
- Immunotransfusion Section, University Hospital of Padua, Italy
| | - Bruno Giometto
- Department of Neurology, Ospedale Ca' Foncello, Treviso, Italy
| | - Russell C Dale
- Neuroimmunology group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Stefano Sartori
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Italy
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2437
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Perham N, Marsh JE, Clarkson M, Lawrence R, Sörqvist P. Distraction of Mental Arithmetic by Background Speech. Exp Psychol 2016; 63:141-9. [PMID: 27404982 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
When solving mental arithmetic problems, one can easily be distracted by someone speaking in the background and this distraction is greater if the speech comprises numbers. We explored the basis of this disruption by asking participants to solve mental addition problems (e.g., "45 + 17 = ?") in three different conditions: background speech comprising numbers in ascending order (e.g., "61, 62, 63, 64, 65"), background speech comprising numbers in descending order (e.g., "65, 64, 63, 62, 61"), and quiet. Performance was best in quiet, worse in the descending numbers condition, and poorest in the ascending numbers condition. In view of these findings, we suggest that disruption arises as a by-product of preventing the primed, but inaccurate, candidate responses from assuming the control of action. Alternative explanations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Perham
- 1 Department of Applied Psychology, Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK
| | - John E Marsh
- 2 School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK.,3 Department of Building, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, University of Gävle, Sweden
| | - Martin Clarkson
- 1 Department of Applied Psychology, Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK
| | - Rosie Lawrence
- 1 Department of Applied Psychology, Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK
| | - Patrik Sörqvist
- 3 Department of Building, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, University of Gävle, Sweden
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2438
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Patel VP, Zambrana A, Walker LAS, Herrmann N, Feinstein A. Distraction adds to the cognitive burden in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2016; 23:106-113. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458516641208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis (MS) causes numerous limitations in activities of daily living. Objectives: To develop an improved method of cognitive assessment in people with MS using novel real-world distracters. Methods: A sample of 99 people with MS and 55 demographically matched healthy controls underwent testing with the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Functioning in Multiple Sclerosis (MACFIMS) and a modified version of the computerized Symbol Digit Modalities Test (c-SDMT). Half of the subjects completed the c-SDMT with built-in real-world distracters and half without. Results: The mean time on the c-SDMT was significantly greater in MS subjects than healthy controls for both distracter ( p = 0.001) and non-distracter ( p < 0.001) versions. Significantly more MS subjects were impaired on the c-SDMT with distracters than the traditional SDMT (47.1% vs 30.3%, p = 0.04). There were no differences in impairment between the c-SDMT with and without distracters (47.1% vs 37.5%, p = 0.34). The distracter version had a sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 88% in detecting global cognitive impairment. Conclusions: The incorporation of distracters improves the sensitivity of a validated computerized version of the SDMT relative to the non-distracter and traditional versions and offers a quick and easy means of detecting cognitive impairment in people with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viral P Patel
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada/University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Lisa AS Walker
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada/University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada/Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada/University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony Feinstein
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada/University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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2439
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Zhou H, Li R, Ma Z, Rossi S, Zhu X, Li J. Smaller gray matter volume of hippocampus/parahippocampus in elderly people with subthreshold depression: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:219. [PMID: 27389007 PMCID: PMC4936263 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hippocampal/parahippocampal structural changes accompany major depressive disorders in the elderly, but whether subthreshold depression (StD) at an advanced age is also accompanied by similar changes in hippocampal/parahippocampal volumes is still unknown. By using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis of the gray matter, we explored whether there are structural alterations of the hippocampus/parahippocampus and the correlations between its volume and participants' self-reported depressive symptoms. METHODS Participants were 19 community-dwelling older adults with StD assessed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D) scores. We collected magnetic resonance images of their brain compared to images of 17 healthy aged-matched adults. We used VBM to analyze differences in gray matter volume (GMV) of the hippocampus/parahippocampus between the two groups. Moreover, we examined the correlation between the GMV of the hippocampus/parahippocampus and participants' self-reported depressive symptoms. RESULTS VBM revealed that elderly individuals with StD had substantially reduced volumes of the right parahippocampus compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, the volumes of the hippocampus/parahippocampus were significantly associated with participants' self-reported depressive symptoms in StD. CONCLUSIONS Gray matter volume alterations in the hippocampus/parahippocampus are correlated with subthreshold depression suggesting that early structural changes in the hippocampus/parahippocampus can constitute a risk indicator of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Zhou
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Rui Li
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Zhenling Ma
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,School of Nursing, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sonja Rossi
- Clinic for Hearing-, Speech- and Voice Disorders, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Xinyi Zhu
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Juan Li
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
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2440
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Przepiorka A, Blachnio A. Time perspective in Internet and Facebook addiction. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2441
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Schulte-Rüther M, Otte E, Adigüzel K, Firk C, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Koch I, Konrad K. Intact mirror mechanisms for automatic facial emotions in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2016; 10:298-310. [DOI: 10.1002/aur.1654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schulte-Rüther
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen; Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM 3), Research Center Jülich; Germany
- Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-Brain); Germany
| | - Ellen Otte
- Cognitive and Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Kübra Adigüzel
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen; Germany
- Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-Brain); Germany
| | - Christine Firk
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen; Germany
| | - Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann
- Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-Brain); Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
| | - Iring Koch
- Cognitive and Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Kerstin Konrad
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen; Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM 3), Research Center Jülich; Germany
- Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-Brain); Germany
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2442
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Gao H, Jia Z. Detection of Threats under Inattentional Blindness and Perceptual Load. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-016-9460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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2443
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Kiosses DN. Innovative Research on Prevention of Common Mental Disorders in Older Adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2016; 24:417-20. [PMID: 27067070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2016.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris N Kiosses
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Westchester Division, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY.
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2444
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Chen L, Bao Y, Wittmann M. Editorial: Sub- and Supra-Second Timing: Brain, Learning and Development. Front Psychol 2016; 7:747. [PMID: 27242645 PMCID: PMC4870229 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lihan Chen
- Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking UniversityPeking, China; Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yan Bao
- Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking UniversityPeking, China; Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking UniversityBeijing, China; Human Science Center, Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University MunichMunich, Germany
| | - Marc Wittmann
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health Freiburg, Germany
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2445
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Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: key conceptual issues. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3:568-78. [PMID: 27183901 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For many years, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was thought to be a childhood-onset disorder that has a limited effect on adult psychopathology. However, the symptoms and impairments that define ADHD often affect the adult population, with similar responses to drugs such as methylphenidate, dexamphetamine, and atomoxetine, and psychosocial interventions, to those seen in children and adolescents. As a result, awareness of ADHD in adults has rapidly increased and new clinical practice has emerged across the world. Despite this progress, treatment of adult ADHD in Europe and many other regions of the world is not yet common practice, and diagnostic services are often unavailable or restricted to a few specialist centres. This situation is remarkable given the strong evidence base for safe and effective treatments. Here we address some of the key conceptual issues surrounding the diagnosis of ADHD relevant to practising health-care professionals working with adult populations. We conclude that ADHD should be recognised in the same way as other common adult mental health disorders, and that failure to recognise and treat ADHD is detrimental to the wellbeing of many patients seeking help for common mental health problems.
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2446
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Wang H, Lin SL, Leung GM, Schooling CM. Age at Onset of Puberty and Adolescent Depression: "Children of 1997" Birth Cohort. Pediatrics 2016; 137:peds.2015-3231. [PMID: 27230766 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-3231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Timing of onset of puberty has fallen, with profound and detrimental consequences for health. We examined the associations of earlier onset of puberty with the presence of depression in early to middle adolescence. METHODS The study examined prospective adjusted associations of age at onset of puberty, based on clinically assessed Tanner stage for breast/genitalia and pubic hair development, and self-reported presence of depression, assessed from the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire on average at 13.6 years (n = 5795 [73%]). These factors were examined by using multivariable logistic regression in a population-representative Hong Kong Chinese birth cohort (ie, the "Children of 1997"). We also assessed whether associations varied according to gender. RESULTS Association of age at onset of breast/genitalia development with the presence of depression varied according to gender. Earlier onset of breast development was associated with higher risk of the presence of depression (odds ratio, 0.83 per 1 year increase in age of onset [95% confidence interval, 0.70 to 0.98]) adjusted for age, socioeconomic position, mother's place of birth, birth order, secondhand smoke exposure, parental age, survey mode, gender-specific birth weight z score, BMI z score at 7 years, and parental marital status. In boys, similarly adjusted, age at onset of genitalia development was unrelated to the presence of depression. Earlier age at onset of pubic hair development was unrelated to the presence of depression in girls and boys. CONCLUSIONS Early onset of breast development was associated with high risk of the presence of depression. Whether these findings are indicators of the effects of hormones or transient effects of social pressures remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Shi Lin Lin
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Gabriel M Leung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China; and
| | - C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China; and Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, New York
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2447
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How do We Make Them Listen to Us? SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.16993/sjwop.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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2448
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Korhonen V, Werner S. Autistic traits and attention to speech: Evidence from typically developing individuals. LOGOP PHONIATR VOCO 2016; 42:44-50. [PMID: 27216974 DOI: 10.1080/14015439.2016.1186731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder have a preference for attending to non-speech stimuli over speech stimuli. We are interested in whether non-speech preference is only a feature of diagnosed individuals, and whether we can we test implicit preference experimentally. In typically developed individuals, serial recall is disrupted more by speech stimuli than by non-speech stimuli. Since behaviour of individuals with autistic traits resembles that of individuals with autism, we have used serial recall to test whether autistic traits influence task performance during irrelevant speech sounds. The errors made on the serial recall task during speech or non-speech sounds were counted as a measure of speech or non-speech preference in relation to no sound condition. We replicated the serial order effect and found the speech to be more disruptive than the non-speech sounds, but were unable to find any associations between the autism quotient scores and the non-speech sounds. Our results may indicate a learnt behavioural response to speech sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesa Korhonen
- a School of Educational Science and Psychology , University of Eastern Finland , Joensuu , Finland
| | - Stefan Werner
- b Philosophical Faculty, School of Humanities , Linguistics, University of Eastern Finland , Joensuu , Finland
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2449
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Causse M, Peysakhovich V, Fabre EF. High Working Memory Load Impairs Language Processing during a Simulated Piloting Task: An ERP and Pupillometry Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:240. [PMID: 27252639 PMCID: PMC4879132 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the important amount of visual and auditory linguistic information that pilots have to process, operating an aircraft generates a high working-memory load (WML). In this context, the ability to focus attention on relevant information and to remain responsive to concurrent stimuli might be altered. Consequently, understanding the effects of WML on the processing of both linguistic targets and distractors is of particular interest in the study of pilot performance. In the present work, participants performed a simplified piloting task in which they had to follow one of three colored aircraft, according to specific written instructions (i.e., the written word for the color corresponding to the color of one of the aircraft) and to ignore either congruent or incongruent concurrent auditory distractors (i.e., a spoken name of color). The WML was manipulated with an n-back sub-task. Participants were instructed to apply the current written instruction in the low WML condition, and the 2-back written instruction in the high WML condition. Electrophysiological results revealed a major effect of WML at behavioral (i.e., decline of piloting performance), electrophysiological, and autonomic levels (i.e., greater pupil diameter). Increased WML consumed resources that could not be allocated to the processing of the linguistic stimuli, as indexed by lower P300/P600 amplitudes. Also, significantly, lower P600 responses were measured in incongruent vs. congruent trials in the low WML condition, showing a higher difficulty reorienting attention toward the written instruction, but this effect was canceled in the high WML condition. This suppression of interference in the high load condition is in line with the engagement/distraction trade-off model. We propose that P300/P600 components could be reliable indicators of WML and that they allow an estimation of its impact on the processing of linguistic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Causse
- Département Conception et Conduite des Véhicules Aéronautiques et Spatiaux, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'EspaceToulouse, France; Ecole de Psychologie, Université LavalQuébec, QC, Canada
| | - Vsevolod Peysakhovich
- Département Conception et Conduite des Véhicules Aéronautiques et Spatiaux, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace Toulouse, France
| | - Eve F Fabre
- Département Conception et Conduite des Véhicules Aéronautiques et Spatiaux, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace Toulouse, France
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2450
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Erythropoietin Pathway: A Potential Target for the Treatment of Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050677. [PMID: 27164096 PMCID: PMC4881503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, accumulating evidence from both clinical and experimental studies has indicated that erythropoietin may have antidepressant effects. In addition to the kidney and liver, many organs have been identified as secretory tissues for erythropoietin, including the brain. Its receptor is expressed in cerebral and spinal cord neurons, the hypothalamus, hippocampus, neocortex, dorsal root ganglia, nerve axons, and Schwann cells. These findings may highlight new functions for erythropoietin, which was originally considered to play a crucial role in the progress of erythroid differentiation. Erythropoietin and its receptor signaling through JAK2 activate multiple downstream signaling pathways including STAT5, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and MAPK. These factors may play an important role in inflammation and neuroprogression in the nervous system. This is particularly true for the hippocampus, which is possibly related to learning, memory, neurocognitive deficits and mood alterations. Thus, the influence of erythropoietin on the downstream pathways known to be involved in the treatment of depression makes the erythropoietin-related pathway an attractive target for the development of new therapeutic approaches. Focusing on erythropoietin may help us understand the pathogenic mechanisms of depression and the molecular basis of its treatment.
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