201
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Kang J, Li Y, Zhao Z, Zhang H. Differentiation between thyroid-associated orbitopathy and Graves' disease by iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:1930-1940. [PMID: 33934566 PMCID: PMC8255837 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Graves' ophthalmopathy, also known as thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO), is the most common inflammatory eye disease in adults. The most common etiology for TAO is Graves' disease (GD); however, proteomic research focusing on differences between GD and TAO is limited. This study aimed to identify differentially expressed proteins between thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) and GD. Furthermore, we sought to explore the pathogenesis of TAO and elucidate the differentiation process via specific markers. Serum samples of three patients with TAO, GD, and healthy controls, respectively, were collected. These samples were measured using the iTRAQ technique coupled with mass spectrometry. Differentially expressed proteins in TAO and GD were identified by proteomics; 3172 quantified proteins were identified. Compared with TAO, we identified 110 differential proteins (27 proteins were upregulated and 83 were downregulated). In addition, these differentially expressed proteins were closely associated with cellular processes, metabolic processes, macromolecular complexes, signal transduction, and the immune system. The corresponding functions were protein, calcium ion, and nucleic acid binding. Among the differential proteins, MYH11, P4HB, and C4A were markedly upregulated in TAO patients and have been reported to participate in apoptosis, autophagy, the inflammatory response, and the immune system. A protein-protein interaction network analysis was performed. Proteomics demonstrated valuable large-scale protein-related information for expounding the pathogenic mechanism underlying TAO. This research provides new insights and potential targets for studying GD with TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshu Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China.,Yunnan Eye Institute, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmologya, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Center, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, Kunming, China
| | - Yunqin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China.,Yunnan Eye Institute, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmologya, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Center, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, Kunming, China
| | - Zhijian Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China.,Yunnan Eye Institute, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmologya, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Center, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, Kunming, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China.,Yunnan Eye Institute, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmologya, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Center, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Eye Disease Clinical Medical Research Center, Kunming, China
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202
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Tognetti M, Gabor A, Yang M, Cappelletti V, Windhager J, Rueda OM, Charmpi K, Esmaeilishirazifard E, Bruna A, de Souza N, Caldas C, Beyer A, Picotti P, Saez-Rodriguez J, Bodenmiller B. Deciphering the signaling network of breast cancer improves drug sensitivity prediction. Cell Syst 2021; 12:401-418.e12. [PMID: 33932331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One goal of precision medicine is to tailor effective treatments to patients' specific molecular markers of disease. Here, we used mass cytometry to characterize the single-cell signaling landscapes of 62 breast cancer cell lines and five lines from healthy tissue. We quantified 34 markers in each cell line upon stimulation by the growth factor EGF in the presence or absence of five kinase inhibitors. These data-on more than 80 million single cells from 4,000 conditions-were used to fit mechanistic signaling network models that provide insight into how cancer cells process information. Our dynamic single-cell-based models accurately predicted drug sensitivity and identified genomic features associated with drug sensitivity, including a missense mutation in DDIT3 predictive of PI3K-inhibition sensitivity. We observed similar trends in genotype-drug sensitivity associations in patient-derived xenograft mouse models. This work provides proof of principle that patient-specific single-cell measurements and modeling could inform effective precision medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tognetti
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zürich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Molecular Life Science PhD Program, Life Science Zürich Graduate School, ETH Zürich and University of Zürich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Attila Gabor
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Joint Research Centre for Computational Biomedicine (JRC-COMBINE), Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mi Yang
- Joint Research Centre for Computational Biomedicine (JRC-COMBINE), Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jonas Windhager
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zürich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Systems Biology PhD Program, Life Science Zürich Graduate School, ETH Zürich and University of Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oscar M Rueda
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Konstantina Charmpi
- Cologne Excellence Cluster Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Medical Faculty and Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany
| | - Elham Esmaeilishirazifard
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK; Bioscience, R&D Oncology, Astra Zeneca, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Alejandra Bruna
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Natalie de Souza
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zürich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK; Cambridge Breast Unit, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre at Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Andreas Beyer
- Cologne Excellence Cluster Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Medical Faculty and Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany; Institute for Genetics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany
| | - Paola Picotti
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Joint Research Centre for Computational Biomedicine (JRC-COMBINE), Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernd Bodenmiller
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zürich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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203
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Dagdelen DN, Akkulak A, Donmez Yalcin G. The investigation of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) degradation pathway in glioblastoma cells. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3495-3502. [PMID: 34003424 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiform is a primary brain tumor derived from glial cells. The aim of this study is to investigate how glutamate metabolism is regulated by glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) degradation pathway in glioblastoma and glial cell lines. The protein expression levels of GLT-1, total ubiquitin, protein kinase C (PKC) proteins involved in the GLT-1 degradation pathway were measured by the western blot technique. Additionally, in glial and glioblastoma cells, the level of glutamate accumulated in the medium and the lysates was measured with the glutamate assay. GLT-1 protein expression was increased significantly in glioblastoma cells. The expression levels of the PKC protein and total ubiquitin were found to be decreased in glioblastoma cells although not significantly. The glutamate accumulated in the medium and lysates of glioblastoma cells is reduced compared to glial cells. Further research regarding excitotoxicity in glioblastoma focusing on GLT-1 degradation or activation pathway may create new opportunities of drug and treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duriye Nur Dagdelen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Aysenur Akkulak
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Gizem Donmez Yalcin
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey.
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204
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Dias Gomes M, Iden S. Orchestration of tissue-scale mechanics and fate decisions by polarity signalling. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106787. [PMID: 33998017 PMCID: PMC8204866 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic development relies on dynamic cell shape changes and segregation of fate determinants to achieve coordinated compartmentalization at larger scale. Studies in invertebrates have identified polarity programmes essential for morphogenesis; however, less is known about their contribution to adult tissue maintenance. While polarity‐dependent fate decisions in mammals utilize molecular machineries similar to invertebrates, the hierarchies and effectors can differ widely. Recent studies in epithelial systems disclosed an intriguing interplay of polarity proteins, adhesion molecules and mechanochemical pathways in tissue organization. Based on major advances in biophysics, genome editing, high‐resolution imaging and mathematical modelling, the cell polarity field has evolved to a remarkably multidisciplinary ground. Here, we review emerging concepts how polarity and cell fate are coupled, with emphasis on tissue‐scale mechanisms, mechanobiology and mammalian models. Recent findings on the role of polarity signalling for tissue mechanics, micro‐environmental functions and fate choices in health and disease will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martim Dias Gomes
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Iden
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,CMMC, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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205
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Damato M, Cardon T, Wisztorski M, Fournier I, Pieragostino D, Cicalini I, Salzet M, Vergara D, Maffia M. Protein Kinase C Activation Drives a Differentiation Program in an Oligodendroglial Precursor Model through the Modulation of Specific Biological Networks. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5245. [PMID: 34063504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) activation induces cellular reprogramming and differentiation in various cell models. Although many effectors of PKC physiological actions have been elucidated, the molecular mechanisms regulating oligodendrocyte differentiation after PKC activation are still unclear. Here, we applied a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) approach to provide a comprehensive analysis of the proteome expression changes in the MO3.13 oligodendroglial cell line after PKC activation. Our findings suggest that multiple networks that communicate and coordinate with each other may finally determine the fate of MO3.13 cells, thus identifying a modular and functional biological structure. In this work, we provide a detailed description of these networks and their participating components and interactions. Such assembly allows perturbing each module, thus describing its physiological significance in the differentiation program. We applied this approach by targeting the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) in PKC-activated cells. Overall, our findings provide a resource for elucidating the PKC-mediated network modules that contribute to a more robust knowledge of the molecular dynamics leading to this cell fate transition.
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206
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Sun G, Shvab A, Leclerc GJ, Li B, Beckedorff F, Shiekhattar R, Barredo JC. Protein Kinase D-Dependent Downregulation of Immediate Early Genes through Class IIA Histone Deacetylases in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:1296-1307. [PMID: 33980612 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a leading cause of cancer-related death in children and adolescents, and cure rates for relapsed/refractory ALL remain dismal, highlighting the need for novel targeted therapies. To identify genome-wide metabolic-stress regulated genes, we used RNA-sequencing in ALL cells treated with AICAR, an AMPK activator. RNA-sequencing identified the immediate early genes (IEGs) as a subset of genes downregulated by AICAR. We show that AICAR-induced IEGs downregulation was blocked by an adenosine uptake inhibitor indicating AICAR was responsible for IEGs reprogramming. Using pharmacologic and genetic models we established this mechanism was AMPK-independent. Further investigations using kinase assays, PKD/PKC inhibitors and rescue experiments, demonstrated that AICAR directly inhibited PKD kinase activity and identified PKD as responsible for IEGs downregulation. Mechanistically, PKD inhibition suppressed phosphorylation and nuclear export of class IIa HDACs, which lowered histone H3 acetylation and decreased NFκB(p65) recruitment to IEGs promoters. Finally, PKD inhibition induced apoptosis via DUSP1/DUSP6 downregulation eliciting a DNA damage response. More importantly, ALL patient cells exhibited the same PKD-HDACs-IEGs-mediated mechanism. As proof of principle of the therapeutic potential of targeting PKD, we established the in vivo relevance of our findings using an NSG ALL mouse model. In conclusion, we identified a previously unreported PKD-dependent survival mechanism in response to AICAR-induced cellular stress in ALL through regulation of DUSPs and IEGs' expression. IMPLICATIONS: PKD mediates early transcriptional responses in ALL cells as an adaptive survival mechanism to overcome cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Anna Shvab
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Guy J Leclerc
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Bin Li
- Stemsynergy Therapeutics, Inc, Miami, Florida
| | - Felipe Beckedorff
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ramin Shiekhattar
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Julio C Barredo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida. .,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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207
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Tovell H, Newton AC. PHLPPing the balance: restoration of protein kinase C in cancer. Biochem J 2021; 478:341-55. [PMID: 33502516 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20190765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase signalling, which transduces external messages to mediate cellular growth and metabolism, is frequently deregulated in human disease, and specifically in cancer. As such, there are 77 kinase inhibitors currently approved for the treatment of human disease by the FDA. Due to their historical association as the receptors for the tumour-promoting phorbol esters, PKC isozymes were initially targeted as oncogenes in cancer. However, a meta-analysis of clinical trials with PKC inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy revealed that these treatments were not advantageous, and instead resulted in poorer outcomes and greater adverse effects. More recent studies suggest that instead of inhibiting PKC, therapies should aim to restore PKC function in cancer: cancer-associated PKC mutations are generally loss-of-function and high PKC protein is protective in many cancers, including most notably KRAS-driven cancers. These recent findings have reframed PKC as having a tumour suppressive function. This review focusses on a potential new mechanism of restoring PKC function in cancer - through targeting of its negative regulator, the Ser/Thr protein phosphatase PHLPP. This phosphatase regulates PKC steady-state levels by regulating the phosphorylation of a key site, the hydrophobic motif, whose phosphorylation is necessary for the stability of the enzyme. We also consider whether the phosphorylation of the potent oncogene KRAS provides a mechanism by which high PKC expression may be protective in KRAS-driven human cancers.
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208
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Abstract
In humans, the glutathione S-transferases (GST) protein family is composed of seven members that present remarkable structural similarity and some degree of overlapping functionalities. GST proteins are crucial antioxidant enzymes that regulate stress-induced signaling pathways. Interestingly, overactive GST proteins are a frequent feature of many human cancers. Recent evidence has revealed that the biology of most GST proteins is complex and multifaceted and that these proteins actively participate in tumorigenic processes such as cell survival, cell proliferation, and drug resistance. Structural and pharmacological studies have identified various GST inhibitors, and these molecules have progressed to clinical trials for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. In this review, we discuss recent findings in GST protein biology and their roles in cancer development, their contribution in chemoresistance, and the development of GST inhibitors for cancer treatment.
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209
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Abstract
![]()
Rac1 is a small GTPase
that plays key roles in actin reorganization,
cell motility, and cell survival/growth as well as in various cancer
types and neurodegenerative diseases. Similar to other Ras superfamily
GTPases, Rac1 switches between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound
states. Switch I and II regions open and close during GDP/GTP exchange.
P29S and A159V (paralogous to K-RasA146) mutations are
the two most common somatic mutations of Rac1. Rac1P29S is a known hotspot for melanoma, whereas Rac1A159V most
commonly occurs in head and neck cancer. To investigate how these
substitutions induce the Rac1 dynamics, we used atomistic molecular
dynamics simulations on the wild-type Rac1 and two mutant systems
(P29S and A159V) in the GTP bound state, and on the wild-type Rac1
and P29S mutated system in the GDP bound state. Here, we show that
P29S and A159V mutations activate Rac1 with different mechanisms.
In Rac1P29S-GTP, the substitution increases the flexibility
of Switch I based on RMSF and dihedral angle calculations and leads
to an open conformation. We propose that the open Switch I conformation
is one of the underlying reasons for rapid GDP/GTP exchange of Rac1P29S. On the other hand, in Rac1A159V-GTP, some
of the contacts of the guanosine ring of GTP with Rac1 are temporarily
lost, enabling the guanosine ring to move toward Switch I and subsequently
close the switch. Rac1A159V-GTP adopts a Ras state 2 like
conformation, where both switch regions are in closed conformation
and Thr35 forms a hydrogen bond with the nucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simge Senyuz
- Computational Science and Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ozlem Keskin
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Attila Gursoy
- Computer Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
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210
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Lu P, Ma Y, Wei S, Liang X. The dual role of complement in cancers, from destroying tumors to promoting tumor development. Cytokine 2021; 143:155522. [PMID: 33849765 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Complement is an important branch of innate immunity; however, its biological significance goes far beyond the scope of simple nonspecific defense and involves a variety of physiological functions, including the adaptive immune response. In this review, to unravel the complex relationship between complement and tumors, we reviewed the high diversity of complement components in cancer and the heterogeneity of their production and activation pathways. In the tumor microenvironment, complement plays a dual regulatory role in the occurrence and development of tumors, affecting the outcomes of the immune response. We explored the differential expression levels of various complement components in human cancers via the Oncomine database. The gene expression profiling interactive analysis (GEPIA) tool and Kaplan-Meier plotter (K-M plotter) confirmed the correlation between differentially expressed complement genes and tumor prognosis. The tumor immune estimation resource (TIMER) database was used to statistically analyze the effect of complement on tumor immune infiltration. Finally, with a view to the role of complement in regulating T cell metabolism, complement could be a potential target for immunotherapies. Targeting complement to regulate the antitumor immune response seems to have potential for future treatment strategies. However, there are still many complex problems, such as who will benefit from this therapy and how to select the right therapeutic target and determine the appropriate drug concentration. The solutions to these problems depend on a deeper understanding of complement generation, activation, and regulatory and control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, the Seventh Clinical School Affiliated of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of HuBei Province, Wuhan, China; Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifei Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, the Seventh Clinical School Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of HuBei Province, Wuhan, China; Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaozhong Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, the Seventh Clinical School Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of HuBei Province, Wuhan, China; Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xinjun Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, the Seventh Clinical School Affiliated of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of HuBei Province, Wuhan, China; Colorectal Cancer Clinical Research Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, China.
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211
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Abstract
The complement system was discovered at the end of the 19th century as a heat-labile plasma component that "complemented" the antibodies in killing microbes, hence the name "complement." Complement is also part of the innate immune system, protecting the host by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. However, complement is multifunctional far beyond infectious defense. It contributes to organ development, such as sculpting neuron synapses, promoting tissue regeneration and repair, and rapidly engaging and synergizing with a number of processes, including hemostasis leading to thromboinflammation. Complement is a double-edged sword. Although it usually protects the host, it may cause tissue damage when dysregulated or overactivated, such as in the systemic inflammatory reaction seen in trauma and sepsis and severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Damage-associated molecular patterns generated during ischemia-reperfusion injuries (myocardial infarction, stroke, and transplant dysfunction) and in chronic neurologic and rheumatic disease activate complement, thereby increasing damaging inflammation. Despite the long list of diseases with potential for ameliorating complement modulation, only a few rare diseases are approved for clinical treatment targeting complement. Those currently being efficiently treated include paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome, myasthenia gravis, and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Rare diseases, unfortunately, preclude robust clinical trials. The increasing evidence for complement as a pathogenetic driver in many more common diseases suggests an opportunity for future complement therapy, which, however, requires robust clinical trials; one ongoing example is COVID-19 disease. The current review aims to discuss complement in disease pathogenesis and discuss future pharmacological strategies to treat these diseases with complement-targeted therapies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The complement system is the host's defense friend by protecting it from invading pathogens, promoting tissue repair, and maintaining homeostasis. Complement is a double-edged sword, since when dysregulated or overactivated it becomes the host's enemy, leading to tissue damage, organ failure, and, in worst case, death. A number of acute and chronic diseases are candidates for pharmacological treatment to avoid complement-dependent damage, ranging from the well established treatment for rare diseases to possible future treatment of large patient groups like the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark, and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.G.); Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Neurobiology and Behavior, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California (A.J.T.); and Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway, Faculty of Health Sciences, K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway (T.E.M.); Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (T.E.M.); and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.E.M.)
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark, and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.G.); Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Neurobiology and Behavior, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California (A.J.T.); and Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway, Faculty of Health Sciences, K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway (T.E.M.); Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (T.E.M.); and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.E.M.)
| | - Tom E Mollnes
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark, and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.G.); Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Neurobiology and Behavior, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California (A.J.T.); and Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway, Faculty of Health Sciences, K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway (T.E.M.); Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (T.E.M.); and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (T.E.M.)
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212
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Zhang GF, Wu JC, Wang HY, Jiang WD, Qiu L. Overexpression of microRNA-205-5p exerts suppressive effects on stem cell drug resistance in gallbladder cancer by down-regulating PRKCE. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20194509. [PMID: 32869841 DOI: 10.1042/BSR20194509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Some microRNAs (miRs or miRNAs) have been reported to function as tumor suppressors in gallbladder cancer (GBC). However, the specific effect of miR-205-5p on GBC remains unclear. The objective of the present study was to unravel the effects of miR-205-5p on the drug resistance in GBC. For this purpose, the expression of miR-205-5p and protein kinase C ϵ (PRKCE) was quantified in the peripheral blood sample harvested from GBC patients and healthy volunteers. Then the relationship between miR-205-5p and PRKCE was validated. After isolating the GBC stem cells, ectopic expression and depletion experiments were conducted to analyze the effect of miR-205-5p and PRKCE on cell proliferation, drug resistance, apoptosis, and colony formation rate as well as the expression of apoptotic factors (Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and cleaved caspase 3). Finally, the mouse xenograft model of GBC was established to verify the function of miR-205-5p in vivo. Intriguingly, our results manifested that miR-205-5p was down-regulated, while PRKCE was up-regulated in peripheral blood samples and stem cells of patients with GBC. Moreover, miR-205-5p targeted PRKCE and negatively regulated its expression. The overexpression of miR-205-5p or silencing of PRKCE inhibited the drug resistance, proliferation, and colony formation rate while promoting apoptosis of GBC stem cells. Additionally, the overexpression of miR-205-5p attenuated drug resistance to gemcitabine but promoted the gemcitabine-induced cell apoptosis by inhibiting the PRKCE in vivo. Overall, an intimate correlation between miR-205-5p and PRKCE is a key determinant of drug resistance of GBC stem cells, thus, suggesting a novel miR-205-5p-based clinical intervention target for GBC patients.
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Dong W, Lu J, Zhang X, Wu Y, Lettieri K, Hammond GR, Hong Y. A polybasic domain in aPKC mediates Par6-dependent control of membrane targeting and kinase activity. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151883. [PMID: 32580209 PMCID: PMC7337507 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201903031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms coupling the atypical PKC (aPKC) kinase activity to its subcellular localization are essential for cell polarization. Unlike other members of the PKC family, aPKC has no well-defined plasma membrane (PM) or calcium binding domains, leading to the assumption that its subcellular localization relies exclusively on protein–protein interactions. Here we show that in both Drosophila and mammalian cells, the pseudosubstrate region (PSr) of aPKC acts as a polybasic domain capable of targeting aPKC to the PM via electrostatic binding to PM PI4P and PI(4,5)P2. However, physical interaction between aPKC and Par-6 is required for the PM-targeting of aPKC, likely by allosterically exposing the PSr to bind PM. Binding of Par-6 also inhibits aPKC kinase activity, and such inhibition can be relieved through Par-6 interaction with apical polarity protein Crumbs. Our data suggest a potential mechanism in which allosteric regulation of polybasic PSr by Par-6 couples the control of both aPKC subcellular localization and spatial activation of its kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Juan Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Xuejing Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yan Wu
- Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaela Lettieri
- First Experience in Research Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Gerald R Hammond
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yang Hong
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA
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214
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Samsel Z, Sekretarska J, Osinka A, Wloga D, Joachimiak E. Central Apparatus, the Molecular Kickstarter of Ciliary and Flagellar Nanomachines. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3013. [PMID: 33809498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia and homologous organelles, the flagella, are an early evolutionarily invention, enabling primitive eukaryotic cells to survive and reproduce. In animals, cilia have undergone functional and structural speciation giving raise to typical motile cilia, motile nodal cilia, and sensory immotile cilia. In contrast to other cilia types, typical motile cilia are able to beat in complex, two-phase movements. Moreover, they contain many additional structures, including central apparatus, composed of two single microtubules connected by a bridge-like structure and assembling numerous complexes called projections. A growing body of evidence supports the important role of the central apparatus in the generation and regulation of the motile cilia movement. Here we review data concerning the central apparatus structure, protein composition, and the significance of its components in ciliary beating regulation.
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215
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Debreczeni ML, Németh Z, Kajdácsi E, Farkas H, Cervenak L. Molecular Dambusters: What Is Behind Hyperpermeability in Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 60:318-47. [PMID: 33725263 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, a substantial body of evidence underlined the pivotal role of bradykinin in certain types of angioedema. The formation and breakdown of bradykinin has been studied thoroughly; however, numerous questions remained open regarding the triggering, course, and termination of angioedema attacks. Recently, it became clear that vascular endothelial cells have an integrative role in the regulation of vessel permeability. Apart from bradykinin, a great number of factors of different origin, structure, and mechanism of action are capable of modifying the integrity of vascular endothelium, and thus, may participate in the regulation of angioedema formation. Our aim in this review is to describe the most important permeability factors and the molecular mechanisms how they act on endothelial cells. Based on endothelial cell function, we also attempt to explain some of the challenging findings regarding bradykinin-mediated angioedema, where the function of bradykinin itself cannot account for the pathophysiology. By deciphering the complex scenario of vascular permeability regulation and edema formation, we may gain better scientific tools to be able to predict and treat not only bradykinin-mediated but other types of angioedema as well.
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216
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Kim S, Han Y, Kim SI, Lee J, Jo H, Wang W, Cho U, Park WY, Rando TA, Dhanasekaran DN, Song YS. Computational modeling of malignant ascites reveals CCL5-SDC4 interaction in the immune microenvironment of ovarian cancer. Mol Carcinog 2021; 60:297-312. [PMID: 33721368 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity is commonly found in advanced-stage ovarian cancer patients, which creates a specialized tumor microenvironment for cancer progression. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of ascites cells from five patients with ovarian cancer, we identified seven cell types, including heterogeneous macrophages and ovarian cancer cells. We resolved a distinct polarization state of macrophages by MacSpectrum analysis and observed subtype-specific enrichment of pathways associated with their functions. The communication between immune and cancer cells was predicted through a putative ligand-receptor pair analysis using NicheNet. We found that CCL5, a chemotactic ligand, is enriched in immune cells (T cells and NK cells) and mediates ovarian cancer cell survival in the ascites, possibly through SDC4. Moreover, SDC4 expression correlated with poor overall survival in ovarian cancer patients. Our study highlights the potential role of T cells and NK cells in long-term survival patients with ovarian cancer, indicating SDC4 as a potential prognostic marker in ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soochi Kim
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Youngjin Han
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,WCU Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Ik Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juwon Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,WCU Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - HyunA Jo
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,WCU Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenyu Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Untack Cho
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Danny N Dhanasekaran
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Yong Sang Song
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,WCU Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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217
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Li H, Liang J, Wang J, Han J, Li S, Huang K, Liu C. Mex3a promotes oncogenesis through the RAP1/MAPK signaling pathway in colorectal cancer and is inhibited by hsa-miR-6887-3p. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:472-491. [PMID: 33638620 PMCID: PMC8211350 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although Mex3 RNA‐binding family member A (Mex3a) has demonstrated an important role in multiple cancers, its role and regulatory mechanism in CRC is unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role and clinical significance of Mex3a in CRC and to explore its underlying mechanism. Methods Western blotting and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) were performed to detect the expression levels of genes. 5‐Ethynyl‐2'‐deoxyuridine (EDU) and transwell assays were utilized to examine CRC cell proliferation and metastatic ability. The R software was used to do hierarchical clustering analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Overexpression and rescue experiments which included U0126, a specific mitogen activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular regulated protein kinase (MEK/ERK) inhibitor, and PX‐478, a hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 subunit alpha (HIF‐1α) inhibitor, were used to study the molecular mechanisms of Mex3a in CRC cells. Co‐immunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) assay was performed to detect the interaction between two proteins. Bioinformatics analysis including available public database and Starbase software (starbase.sysu.edu.cn) were used to evaluate the expression and prognostic significance of genes. TargetScan (www.targetscan.org) and the miRDB (mirdb.org) website were used to predict the combination site between microRNA and target mRNA. BALB/c nude mice were used to study the function of Mex3a and hsa‐miR‐6887‐3p in vivo. Results Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical (IHC) studies of 101 CRC tissues and 79 normal tissues demonstrated that Mex3a was a significant prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) in CRC patients. Mex3a knockdown substantially inhibited the migration, invasion, and proliferation of CRC cells. Transcriptome analysis and mechanism verification showed that Mex3a regulated the RAP1 GTPase activating protein (RAP1GAP)/MEK/ERK/HIF‐1α pathway. Furthermore, RAP1GAP was identified to interact with Mex3a in Co‐IP experiments. Bioinformatics and dual‐luciferase reporter experiments revealed that hsa‐miR‐6887‐3p could bind to the 3'‐untranslated regions (3'‐UTR) of the Mex3a mRNA. hsa‐miR‐6887‐3p downregulated Mex3a expression and inhibited the tumorigenesis of CRC both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that the hsa‐miR‐6887‐3p/Mex3a/RAP1GAP signaling axis was a key regulator of CRC and Mex3a has the potential to be a new diagnostic marker and treatment target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Jinghui Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, 261000, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Chuanyong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P. R. China.,Provincial Key Lab of Mental Disorder, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P. R. China
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Jacinto JGP, Häfliger IM, Borel N, Zanolari P, Drögemüller C, Veiga IMB. Clinicopathological and Genomic Characterization of a Simmental Calf with Generalized Bovine Juvenile Angiomatosis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030624. [PMID: 33652974 PMCID: PMC7996833 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Vascular anomalies represent a heterogeneous group of rare disorders encompassing both vascular malformations and tumors, which can be congenital or arise shortly after birth. They often pose a diagnostic challenge in human and veterinary medicine, and the referring nomenclature is equivocal. Bovine juvenile angiomatosis (BJA), a clinical condition belonging to this group of disorders, encompasses vascular malformations and tumors arising in calves. Usually, such vascular anomalies are not further investigated on a molecular genetic level, mainly because of a lack of resources and diagnostic tools, as well as the low value and short lifespan of the affected animals. Here we report the clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical, and genetic features of a Simmental calf that displayed multiple cutaneous, subcutaneous, and visceral vascular hamartomas compatible with a generalized form of BJA. Whole-genome sequencing identified six coding variants, including four heterozygous variants in the PREX1, UBE3B, PCDHGA2, and ZSWIM6 genes, which occurred only in the BJA-affected calf and were absent in the global control cohort of more than 4500 cattle. Assuming a germline mutation as etiology, one of these variants might be responsible for the vascular malformations identified in this calf. Abstract Bovine juvenile angiomatosis (BJA) comprises a group of single or multiple proliferative vascular anomalies in the skin and viscera of affected calves. The purpose of this study was to characterize the clinicopathological phenotype of a 1.5-month-old Simmental calf with multiple cutaneous, subcutaneous, and visceral vascular hamartomas, which were compatible with a generalized form of BJA, and to identify genetic cause for this phenotype by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). The calf was referred to the clinics as a result of its failure to thrive and the presence of multiple cutaneous and subcutaneous nodules, some of which bled abundantly following spontaneous rupture. Gross pathology revealed similar lesions at the inner thoracic wall, diaphragm, mediastinum, pericardium, inner abdominal wall, and mesentery. Histologically, variably sized cavities lined by a single layer of plump cells and supported by a loose stroma with occasional acute hemorrhage were observed. Determined by immunochemistry, the plump cells lining the cavities displayed a strong cytoplasmic signal for PECAM-1, von Willebrand factor, and vimentin. WGS revealed six private protein-changing variants affecting different genes present in the calf and absent in more than 4500 control genomes. Assuming a spontaneous de novo mutation event, one of the identified variants found in the PREX1, UBE3B, PCDHGA2, and ZSWIM6 genes may represent a possible candidate pathogenic variant for this rare form of vascular malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana G. P. Jacinto
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy;
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Irene M. Häfliger
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Patrik Zanolari
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-31-631-2529
| | - Inês M. B. Veiga
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
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Bjanes E, Nizet V. More than a Pore: Nonlytic Antimicrobial Functions of Complement and Bacterial Strategies for Evasion. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 85:e00177-20. [PMID: 33504655 DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00177-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an evolutionarily ancient defense mechanism against foreign substances. Consisting of three proteolytic activation pathways, complement converges on a common effector cascade terminating in the formation of a lytic pore on the target surface. The classical and lectin pathways are initiated by pattern recognition molecules binding to specific ligands, while the alternative pathway is constitutively active at low levels in circulation. Complement-mediated killing is essential for defense against many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, and genetic deficiencies in complement can render individuals highly susceptible to infection, for example, invasive meningococcal disease. In contrast, Gram-positive bacteria are inherently resistant to the direct bactericidal activity of complement due to their thick layer of cell wall peptidoglycan. However, complement also serves diverse roles in immune defense against all bacteria by flagging them for opsonization and killing by professional phagocytes, synergizing with neutrophils, modulating inflammatory responses, regulating T cell development, and cross talk with coagulation cascades. In this review, we discuss newly appreciated roles for complement beyond direct membrane lysis, incorporate nonlytic roles of complement into immunological paradigms of host-pathogen interactions, and identify bacterial strategies for complement evasion.
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220
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Vandendriessche S, Cambier S, Proost P, Marques PE. Complement Receptors and Their Role in Leukocyte Recruitment and Phagocytosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:624025. [PMID: 33644062 PMCID: PMC7905230 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.624025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is deeply embedded in our physiology and immunity. Complement activation generates a multitude of molecules that converge simultaneously on the opsonization of a target for phagocytosis and activation of the immune system via soluble anaphylatoxins. This response is used to control microorganisms and to remove dead cells, but also plays a major role in stimulating the adaptive immune response and the regeneration of injured tissues. Many of these effects inherently depend on complement receptors expressed on leukocytes and parenchymal cells, which, by recognizing complement-derived molecules, promote leukocyte recruitment, phagocytosis of microorganisms and clearance of immune complexes. Here, the plethora of information on the role of complement receptors will be reviewed, including an analysis of how this functionally and structurally diverse group of molecules acts jointly to exert the full extent of complement regulation of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Vandendriessche
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seppe Cambier
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pedro E Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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Chen Z, Duan Y, Wang H, Tang H, Wang S, Wang X, Liu J, Fang X, Ouyang K. Atypical protein kinase C is essential for embryonic vascular development in mice. Genesis 2021; 59:e23412. [PMID: 33547760 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The atypical PKC (aPKC) subfamily constitutes PKCζ and PKCλ in mice, and both aPKC isoforms have been proposed to be involved in regulating various endothelial cell (EC) functions. However, the physiological function of aPKC in ECs during embryonic development has not been well understood. To address this question, we utilized Tie2-Cre to delete PKCλ alone (PKCλ-SKO) or both PKCλ and PKCζ (DKO) in ECs, and found that all DKO mice died at around the embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5), whereas a small proportion of PKCλ-SKO mice survived till birth. PKCλ-SKO embryos also exhibited less phenotypic severity than DKO embryos at E10.5 and E11.5, suggesting a potential compensatory role of PKCζ for PKCλ in embryonic ECs. We then focused on DKO embryos and investigated the effects of aPKC deficiency on embryonic vascular development. At E9.5, deletion of both aPKC isoforms reduced the diameters of vitelline artery and vein, and decreased branching from both vitelline vessels in yolk sac. Ablation of both aPKC isoforms also disrupted embryonic angiogenesis in head and trunk at the same stage, increasing apoptosis of both ECs and non-ECs. Taken together, our results demonstrated that aPKC in ECs plays an essential role in regulating cell apoptosis, angiogenesis, and embryonic survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zee Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaoyun Duan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huayuan Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shijia Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xi Fang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kunfu Ouyang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
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Han X, de la Fuente M, Nieman MT. Complement factor C4a does not activate protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) or PAR4 on human platelets. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2021; 5:104-110. [PMID: 33537534 PMCID: PMC7845074 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protease‐activated receptor (PAR) 1 and PAR4 are key thrombin signal mediators for human platelet activation and aggregation in response to vascular injury. They are primarily activated by thrombin cleavage of the N‐terminus to expose a tethered ligand. In addition to the canonical activation by thrombin, a growing panel of proteases can also elicit PAR1‐ or PAR4‐mediated signal transduction. Recently, complement factor C4a was reported as the first endogenous agonist for both PAR1 and PAR4. Further, it is the first endogenous nontethered ligand that activates PAR1 and PAR4. These studies were conducted with human microvascular cells; the impact of C4a on platelet PARs is unknown. Objectives The goal of this study was to interrogate PAR1 and PAR4 activation by C4a on human platelets. Methods Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) was isolated from healthy donors. PRP was stimulated with C4a, and the platelet aggregation was measured. Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 Flp‐In T‐rex cells were used to further test if C4a stimulation can initiate PAR1‐ or PAR4‐mediated Gαq signaling, which was measured by intracellular calcium mobilization. Results C4a failed to elicit platelet aggregation via PAR1‐ or PAR4‐mediated manner. In addition, no PAR1‐ or PAR4‐mediated calcium mobilization was observed upon C4a stimulation on HEK293 cells. Conclusions Complement factor C4a does not activate PAR1 or PAR4 on human platelets. These data show that PAR1 and PAR4 activation by C4a on microvascular cells likely requires a cofactor, which reinforces the concept of cell type–specific regulation of protease signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Department of Pharmacology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA
| | - Maria de la Fuente
- Department of Pharmacology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA
| | - Marvin T Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA
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Abstract
Despite the decline in death rate from breast cancer and recent advances in targeted therapies and combinations for the treatment of metastatic disease, metastatic breast cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer-associated death in U.S. women. The invasion-metastasis cascade involves a number of steps and multitudes of proteins and signaling molecules. The pathways include invasion, intravasation, circulation, extravasation, infiltration into a distant site to form a metastatic niche, and micrometastasis formation in a new environment. Each of these processes is regulated by changes in gene expression. Noncoding RNAs including microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in breast cancer tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis by post-transcriptional regulation of target gene expression. miRNAs can stimulate oncogenesis (oncomiRs), inhibit tumor growth (tumor suppressors or miRsupps), and regulate gene targets in metastasis (metastamiRs). The goal of this review is to summarize some of the key miRNAs that regulate genes and pathways involved in metastatic breast cancer with an emphasis on estrogen receptor α (ERα+) breast cancer. We reviewed the identity, regulation, human breast tumor expression, and reported prognostic significance of miRNAs that have been documented to directly target key genes in pathways, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributing to the metastatic cascade. We critically evaluated the evidence for metastamiRs and their targets and miRNA regulation of metastasis suppressor genes in breast cancer progression and metastasis. It is clear that our understanding of miRNA regulation of targets in metastasis is incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda J Petri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Carolyn M Klinge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
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224
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Lippert LG, Ma N, Ritt M, Jain A, Vaidehi N, Sivaramakrishnan S. Kinase inhibitors allosterically disrupt a regulatory interaction to enhance PKCα membrane translocation. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100339. [PMID: 33508318 PMCID: PMC7949123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic kinase domain has multiple intrinsically disordered regions whose conformation dictates kinase activity. Small molecule kinase inhibitors (SMKIs) rely on disrupting the active conformations of these disordered regions to inactivate the kinase. While SMKIs are selected for their ability to cause this disruption, the allosteric effects of conformational changes in disordered regions is limited by a lack of dynamic information provided by traditional structural techniques. In this study, we integrated multiscale molecular dynamics simulations with FRET sensors to characterize a novel allosteric mechanism that is selectively triggered by SMKI binding to the protein kinase Cα domain. The indole maleimide inhibitors BimI and sotrastaurin were found to displace the Gly-rich loop (G-loop) that normally shields the ATP-binding site. Displacement of the G-loop interferes with a newly identified, structurally conserved binding pocket for the C1a domain on the N lobe of the kinase domain. This binding pocket, in conjunction with the N-terminal regulatory sequence, masks a diacylglycerol (DAG) binding site on the C1a domain. SMKI-mediated displacement of the G-loop released C1a and exposed the DAG binding site, enhancing protein kinase Cα translocation both to synthetic lipid bilayers and to live cell membranes in the presence of DAG. Inhibitor chemotype determined the extent of the observed allosteric effects on the kinase domain and correlated with the extent of membrane recruitment. Our findings demonstrate the allosteric effects of SMKIs beyond the confines of kinase catalytic conformation and provide an integrated computational-experimental paradigm to investigate parallel mechanisms in other kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa G Lippert
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Michael Ritt
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Abhinandan Jain
- The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Nagarajan Vaidehi
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA.
| | - Sivaraj Sivaramakrishnan
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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225
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Kim Y, Sengupta S, Sim T. Natural and Synthetic Lactones Possessing Antitumor Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031052. [PMID: 33494352 PMCID: PMC7865919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally, accounting for an estimated 8 million deaths each year. As a result, there have been urgent unmet medical needs to discover novel oncology drugs. Natural and synthetic lactones have a broad spectrum of biological uses including anti-tumor, anti-helminthic, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Particularly, several natural and synthetic lactones have emerged as anti-cancer agents over the past decades. In this review, we address natural and synthetic lactones focusing on their anti-tumor activities and synthetic routes. Moreover, we aim to highlight our journey towards chemical modification and biological evaluation of a resorcylic acid lactone, L-783277 (4). We anticipate that utilization of the natural and synthetic lactones as novel scaffolds would benefit the process of oncology drug discovery campaigns based on natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghoon Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea;
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science (Brain Korea 21 Project), College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Sandip Sengupta
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science (Brain Korea 21 Project), College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Taebo Sim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea;
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science (Brain Korea 21 Project), College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2228-0797
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226
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Saarbach J, Barluenga S, Winssinger N. PNA-Encoded Synthesis (PES) and DNA Display of Small Molecule Libraries. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2105:119-139. [PMID: 32088867 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0243-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
DNA-encoded library technologies have emerged as a powerful platform to rapidly screen for binders to a protein of interest. These technologies are underpinned by the ability to encode a rich diversity of small molecules. While large libraries are accessible by cycles of mix and split synthesis, libraries based on single chemistries tend to be redundant. Furthermore, the quality of libraries generally decreases with the number of synthetic transformations performed in its synthesis. An alternative approach is to use hybridization to program the combinatorial assembly of fragment pairs onto a library of DNA templates. A broad molecular diversity is more easily sampled since it arises from the pairing of diverse fragments. Upon identification of productive fragment pairs, a focused library covalently linking the fragments is prepared. This focused library includes linker of different length and geometry and offers the opportunity to enrich the selected fragment set with close neighbors. Herein we describe detailed protocols to covalently link diverse fragments and screen fragment-based libraries using commercially available microarray platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Saarbach
- Department of Organic Chemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sofia Barluenga
- Department of Organic Chemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Winssinger
- Department of Organic Chemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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227
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Shabani Z, Ghadiri T, Karimipour M, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Mahmoudi J, Mehrad H, Farhoudi M. Modulatory properties of extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans on neural stem cells behavior: Highlights on regenerative potential and bioactivity. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 171:366-81. [PMID: 33422514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the poor regenerative capacity of the adult central nervous system (CNS) in mammals, two distinct regions, subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ), continue to generate new functional neurons throughout life which integrate into the pre-existing neuronal circuitry. This process is not fixed but highly modulated, revealing many intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms by which this performance can be optimized for a given environment. The capacity for self-renewal, proliferation, migration, and multi-lineage potency of neural stem cells (NSCs) underlines the necessity of controlling stem cell fate. In this context, the native and local microenvironment plays a critical role, and the application of this highly organized architecture in the CNS has been considered as a fundamental concept in the generation of new effective therapeutic strategies in tissue engineering approaches. The brain extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of biomacromolecules, including glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins that provide various biological actions through biophysical and biochemical signaling pathways. Herein, we review predominantly the structure and function of the mentioned ECM composition and their regulatory impact on multiple and diversity of biological functions, including neural regeneration, survival, migration, differentiation, and final destiny of NSCs.
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228
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Silva de França F, Gabrili JJM, Mathieu L, Burgher F, Blomet J, Tambourgi DV. Bothrops lanceolatus snake (Fer-de-lance) venom triggers inflammatory mediators' storm in human blood. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1129-38. [PMID: 33398417 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic increased inflammatory mediators' levels are a hallmark in a plethora of pathological conditions, including thrombotic diseases as the envenomation by Bothrops lanceolatus snake. Multiple organ infarctions, which are not prevented by anticoagulant therapy, are the main cause of death on this envenomation. However, the potential mechanisms involved in these systemic reactions are underexplored. This study aimed to explore the potential systemic events which could contribute to thrombotic reactions on the envenomation by B. lanceolatus in an ex vivo human whole-blood model. B. lanceolatus venom elicited an inflammatory reaction, which was characterized by a strong complement activation, since we detected high C3a, C4a and C5a anaphylatoxins levels. Besides, the venom promoted soluble Terminal Complement Complex (sTCC) assembly. Complement activation was accompanied by intense lipid mediators' release, which included LTB4, PGE2 and TXB2. In addition, in the blood exposed to B. lanceolatus venom, we detected IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α interleukins production. Chemokines, including CCL2, CCL5 and CXCL8 were upregulated in the venom presence. These outcomes show that B. lanceolatus venom causes a strong inflammatory reaction in the blood favoring a potential setting to thrombi formation. Thus, inhibiting inflammatory mediators or their receptors may help in the envenomed patients' management.
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229
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Van AAN, Kunkel MT, Baffi TR, Lordén G, Antal CE, Banerjee S, Newton AC. Protein kinase C fusion proteins are paradoxically loss of function in cancer. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100445. [PMID: 33617877 PMCID: PMC8008189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the AGC kinase superfamily, gene fusions resulting from chromosomal rearrangements have been most frequently described for protein kinase C (PKC), with gene fragments encoding either the C-terminal catalytic domain or the N-terminal regulatory moiety fused to other genes. Kinase fusions that eliminate regulatory domains are typically gain of function and often oncogenic. However, several quality control pathways prevent accumulation of aberrant PKC, suggesting that PKC fusions may paradoxically be loss of function. To explore this topic, we used biochemical, cellular, and genome editing approaches to investigate the function of fusions that retain the portion of the gene encoding either the catalytic domain or regulatory domain of PKC. Overexpression studies revealed that PKC catalytic domain fusions were constitutively active but vulnerable to degradation. Genome editing of endogenous genes to generate a cancer-associated PKC fusion resulted in cells with detectable levels of fusion transcript but no detectable protein. Hence, PKC catalytic domain fusions are paradoxically loss of function as a result of their instability, preventing appreciable accumulation of protein in cells. Overexpression of a PKC regulatory domain fusion suppressed both basal and agonist-induced endogenous PKC activity, acting in a dominant-negative manner by competing for diacylglycerol. For both catalytic and regulatory domain fusions, the PKC component of the fusion proteins mediated the effects of the full-length fusions on the parameters examined, suggesting that the partner protein is dispensable in these contexts. Taken together, our findings reveal that PKC gene fusions are distinct from oncogenic fusions and present a mechanism by which loss of PKC function occurs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Angela N Van
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Maya T Kunkel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Timothy R Baffi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gema Lordén
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Corina E Antal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sourav Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alexandra C Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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230
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Kozak J, Forma A, Czeczelewski M, Kozyra P, Sitarz E, Radzikowska-Büchner E, Sitarz M, Baj J. Inhibition or Reversal of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Gastric Cancer: Pharmacological Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010277. [PMID: 33383973 PMCID: PMC7795012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) constitutes one of the hallmarks of carcinogenesis consisting in the re-differentiation of the epithelial cells into mesenchymal ones changing the cellular phenotype into a malignant one. EMT has been shown to play a role in the malignant transformation and while occurring in the tumor microenvironment, it significantly affects the aggressiveness of gastric cancer, among others. Importantly, after EMT occurs, gastric cancer patients are more susceptible to the induction of resistance to various therapeutic agents, worsening the clinical outcome of patients. Therefore, there is an urgent need to search for the newest pharmacological agents targeting EMT to prevent further progression of gastric carcinogenesis and potential metastases. Therapies targeted at EMT might be combined with other currently available treatment modalities, which seems to be an effective strategy to treat gastric cancer patients. In this review, we have summarized recent advances in gastric cancer treatment in terms of targeting EMT specifically, such as the administration of polyphenols, resveratrol, tangeretin, luteolin, genistein, proton pump inhibitors, terpenes, other plant extracts, or inorganic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kozak
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Alicja Forma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Marcin Czeczelewski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Paweł Kozyra
- Student Research Group, Independent Radiopharmacy Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, PL-20093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Sitarz
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Gluska Street 1, 20-439 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Radzikowska-Büchner
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior in Warsaw, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Monika Sitarz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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231
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Tyagi K, Roy A. Evaluating the current status of protein kinase C (PKC)-protein kinase D (PKD) signalling axis as a novel therapeutic target in ovarian cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188496. [PMID: 33383102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer, especially high grade serous ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal gynaecological malignancies with high relapse rate and patient death. Notwithstanding development of several targeted treatment and immunotherapeutic approaches, researchers fail to turn ovarian cancer into a manageable disease. Protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase D (PKD) are families of evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinases that can be activated by a plethora of extracellular stimuli such as hormones, growth factors and G-protein coupled receptor agonists. Recent literature suggests that a signalling cascade initiated by these two protein kinases regulates a battery of cellular and physiological processes involved in tumorigenesis including cell proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis. In an urgent need to discover novel therapeutic interventions against a deadly pathology like ovarian cancer, we have discussed the status quo of PKC/PKD signalling axis in context of this disease. Additionally, apart from discussing the structural properties and activation mechanisms of PKC/PKD, we have provided a comprehensive review of the recent reports on tumor promoting functions of PKC isoforms and discussed the potential of PKC/PKD signalling axis as a novel target in this lethal pathology. Furthermore, in this review, we have discussed the significance of several recent clinical trials and development of small molecule inhibitors that target PKC/PKD signalling axis in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Tyagi
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
| | - Adhiraj Roy
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India.
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232
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Chapelle J, Baudino A, Torelli F, Savino A, Morellato A, Angelini C, Salemme V, Centonze G, Natalini D, Gai M, Poli V, Kähne T, Turco E, Defilippi P. The N-terminal domain of the adaptor protein p140Cap interacts with Tiam1 and controls Tiam1/Rac1 axis. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:4308-4324. [PMID: 33415001 PMCID: PMC7783762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The p140Cap adaptor protein, encoded by the SRCIN1 gene, negatively controls tumor progression, as demonstrated in the subgroup of HER2-amplified breast cancers and in neuroblastoma patients, where high p140Cap expression predicts a decreased probability of developing metastasis, with a significantly prolonged survival. In NeuT mice, a preclinical model or Her2-positive breast cancer, we previously reported that p140Cap counteracts Her2-dependent breast cancer progression, associating with the specific Rac1 Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor, Tiam1, and limiting the activation of both Tiam1 and Rac1. Here, we show that in TUBO breast cancer cells derived from the NeuT tumors, p140Cap expression causes Tiam1 redistribution along the apicobasal junctional axis. Furthermore, p140Cap and Tiam1 interact with E-cadherin, a member of the adherence junction, with a concomitant increase of E-cadherin at the cell membrane. We characterized biochemically the interaction between p140Cap and Tiam1, showing that the amino terminal region of p140Cap (1-287 amino acids) is sufficient to associate with full length Tiam1, and with the truncated catalytic domain of Tiam1, with a concomitant decrease of the Tiam1 activity. Moreover, in a large cohort of Her2 positive breast cancer, high levels of SRCIN1 expression positively correlates with increased survival in patients with high TIAM1 expression. Overall, our findings sustain a protective role of p140Cap in Her2 positive breast cancer, where p140Cap can associate with Tiam1 and negatively regulate the Tiam1/Rac1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Chapelle
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of TorinoTorino 10126, Italy
| | - Annalisa Baudino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of TorinoTorino 10126, Italy
| | - Federico Torelli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of TorinoTorino 10126, Italy
| | - Aurora Savino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of TorinoTorino 10126, Italy
| | - Alessandro Morellato
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of TorinoTorino 10126, Italy
| | - Costanza Angelini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of TorinoTorino 10126, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Salemme
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of TorinoTorino 10126, Italy
| | - Giorgia Centonze
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of TorinoTorino 10126, Italy
| | - Dora Natalini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of TorinoTorino 10126, Italy
| | - Marta Gai
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of TorinoTorino 10126, Italy
| | - Valeria Poli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of TorinoTorino 10126, Italy
| | - Thilo Kähne
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke UniversityMagdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Emilia Turco
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of TorinoTorino 10126, Italy
| | - Paola Defilippi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of TorinoTorino 10126, Italy
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233
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Tang F, Tie Y, Hong W, Wei Y, Tu C, Wei X. Targeting Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells for Premetastatic Niche Disruption After Tumor Resection. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 28:4030-4048. [PMID: 33258011 PMCID: PMC7703739 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-09371-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Surgical resection is a common therapeutic option for primary solid tumors. However, high cancer recurrence and metastatic rates after resection are the main cause of cancer related mortalities. This implies the existence of a “fertile soil” following surgery that facilitates colonization by circulating cancer cells. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are essential for premetastatic niche formation, and may persist in distant organs for up to 2 weeks after surgery. These postsurgical persistent lung MDSCs exhibit stronger immunosuppression compared with presurgical MDSCs, suggesting that surgery enhances MDSC function. Surgical stress and trauma trigger the secretion of systemic inflammatory cytokines, which enhance MDSC mobilization and proliferation. Additionally, damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) directly activate MDSCs through pattern recognition receptor-mediated signals. Surgery also increases vascular permeability, induces an increase in lysyl oxidase and extracellular matrix remodeling in lungs, that enhances MDSC mobilization. Postsurgical therapies that inhibit the induction of premetastatic niches by MDSCs promote the long-term survival of patients. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and β-blockade, or their combination, may minimize the impact of surgical stress on MDSCs. Anti-DAMPs and associated inflammatory signaling inhibitors also are potential therapies. Existing therapies under tumor-bearing conditions, such as MDSCs depletion with low-dose chemotherapy or tyrosine kinase inhibitors, MDSCs differentiation using all-trans retinoic acid, and STAT3 inhibition merit clinical evaluation during the perioperative period. In addition, combining low-dose epigenetic drugs with chemokine receptors, reversing immunosuppression through the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocol, repairing vascular leakage, or inhibiting extracellular matrix remodeling also may enhance the long-term survival of curative resection patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Tang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopeadics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tie
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqi Hong
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongqi Tu
- Department of Orthopeadics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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234
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Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is a dynamic network that regulates cellular behavior from development to disease. By rearranging the actin cytoskeleton, cells are capable of migrating and invading during developmental processes; however, many of these cellular properties are hijacked by cancer cells to escape primary tumors and disseminate to distant organs in the body. In this review article, we highlight recent work describing how cancer cells regulate the actin cytoskeleton to achieve efficient invasion and metastatic colonization. We also review new imaging technologies that are capable of revealing the complex architecture and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton during motility and invasion of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrani Mondal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Julie S Di Martino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jose Javier Bravo-Cordero
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
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235
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Tisi R, Gaponenko V, Vanoni M, Sacco E. Natural Products Attenuating Biosynthesis, Processing, and Activity of Ras Oncoproteins: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1535. [PMID: 33182807 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RAS genes encode signaling proteins, which, in mammalian cells, act as molecular switches regulating critical cellular processes as proliferation, growth, differentiation, survival, motility, and metabolism in response to specific stimuli. Deregulation of Ras functions has a high impact on human health: gain-of-function point mutations in RAS genes are found in some developmental disorders and thirty percent of all human cancers, including the deadliest. For this reason, the pathogenic Ras variants represent important clinical targets against which to develop novel, effective, and possibly selective pharmacological inhibitors. Natural products represent a virtually unlimited resource of structurally different compounds from which one could draw on for this purpose, given the improvements in isolation and screening of active molecules from complex sources. After a summary of Ras proteins molecular and regulatory features and Ras-dependent pathways relevant for drug development, we point out the most promising inhibitory approaches, the known druggable sites of wild-type and oncogenic Ras mutants, and describe the known natural compounds capable of attenuating Ras signaling. Finally, we highlight critical issues and perspectives for the future selection of potential Ras inhibitors from natural sources.
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Jain S, Samal AG, Das B, Pradhan B, Sahu N, Mohapatra D, Behera PK, Satpathi PS, Mohanty AK, Satpathi S, Senapati S. Escherichia coli, a common constituent of benign prostate hyperplasia-associated microbiota induces inflammation and DNA damage in prostate epithelial cells. Prostate 2020; 80:1341-1352. [PMID: 32835423 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of microbiota in the pathophysiology of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), especially in creating an inflammatory milieu may not be avoided. The major objectives of this study were to investigate the microbial composition of BPH tissues, its association with inflammation and check the effect of clinically isolated bacteria on prostate epithelial cells. METHODS The study includes 36 patients with a pathological diagnosis of BPH. Following strict aseptic measures, tissues were collected after transurethral resection of prostate, multiple pieces of the resected tissues were subjected to histopathological analysis, bacterial culture and genomic DNA extraction. Microbial composition was analyzed by culture and/or next-generation sequencing methods. Annotation of operational taxonomy unit has been done with an in-house algorithm. The extent of inflammation was scored through histological evaluation of tissue sections. The effect of clinical isolates on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity and induction of DNA-damage in the prostate epithelial cells were evaluated. RESULTS Histopathological analysis of the BPH tissues showed the presence of inflammation in almost all the tissues with a varied level at different regions of the same tissue section and the level of overall inflammation was different from patients to patients. Microbial culture of tissue samples showed the presence of live bacteria in 55.5% (20 out of 36) of the patient tissues. Majority of the isolates were coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, E. coli and Micrococcus spp. Further, V3 16S rRNA sequencing of the DNA isolated from BPH tissues showed the presence of multiple bacteria and the most common phylum in the BPH tissues were found to be Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. The E. coli, isolated from one of the tissue was able to activate NF-κB and induce DNA damage in prostate epithelial cells. Phospho-histone γH2A.X staining confirmed the presence of cells with damaged DNA lesion in BPH tissues and also correlated with the severity of inflammation. CONCLUSION Our study has shown that the BPH tissues do have a divergent microbial composition including the commonly found E. coli (phylum Proteobacteria), and these bacteria might contribute to the BPH-associated inflammation and/or tissue damage. The BPH-associated E. coli induced NF-κB signaling and DNA damage in prostate epithelial cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Jain
- Division of Cancer Biology, Tumor Microenvironment and Animal Models Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ajit Gopal Samal
- Department of Surgery, Hitech Medical College, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Biswajit Das
- Division of Cancer Biology, Tumor Microenvironment and Animal Models Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Biswaranjan Pradhan
- School of Basic Sciences, S. K. Dash Center of Excellence of Biosciences and Engineering & Technology (SKBET), Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Nilanjan Sahu
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Debasish Mohapatra
- Division of Cancer Biology, Tumor Microenvironment and Animal Models Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | | | - Akshaya K Mohanty
- Infectious Disease Biology Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sanghamitra Satpathi
- Department of Pathology, Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela, Odisha, India
- Department of Pathology, Hitech Medical College and Hospital, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Shantibhusan Senapati
- Division of Cancer Biology, Tumor Microenvironment and Animal Models Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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237
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Musaogullari A, Chai YC. Redox Regulation by Protein S-Glutathionylation: From Molecular Mechanisms to Implications in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218113. [PMID: 33143095 PMCID: PMC7663550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
S-glutathionylation, the post-translational modification forming mixed disulfides between protein reactive thiols and glutathione, regulates redox-based signaling events in the cell and serves as a protective mechanism against oxidative damage. S-glutathionylation alters protein function, interactions, and localization across physiological processes, and its aberrant function is implicated in various human diseases. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of S-glutathionylation and describe the changing levels of expression of S-glutathionylation in the context of aging, cancer, cardiovascular, and liver diseases.
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238
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Boteanu RM, Suica VI, Ivan L, Safciuc F, Uyy E, Dragan E, Croitoru SM, Grumezescu V, Chiritoiu M, Sima LE, Vlagioiu C, Socol G, Antohe F. Proteomics of regenerated tissue in response to a titanium implant with a bioactive surface in a rat tibial defect model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18493. [PMID: 33116264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75527-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their excellent mechanical and biocompatibility properties, titanium-based implants are successfully used as biomedical devices. However, when new bone formation fails for different reasons, impaired fracture healing becomes a clinical problem and affects the patient's quality of life. We aimed to design a new bioactive surface of titanium implants with a synergetic PEG biopolymer-based composition for gradual delivery of growth factors (FGF2, VEGF, and BMP4) during bone healing. The optimal architecture of non-cytotoxic polymeric coatings deposited by dip coating under controlled parameters was assessed both in cultured cells and in a rat tibial defect model (100% viability). Notably, the titanium adsorbed polymer matrix induced an improved healing process when compared with the individual action of each biomolecules. High-performance mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that recovery after a traumatic event is governed by specific differentially regulated proteins, acting in a coordinated response to the external stimulus. Predicted protein interactions shown by STRING analysis were well organized in hub-based networks related with response to chemical, wound healing and response to stress pathways. The proposed functional polymer coatings of the titanium implants demonstrated the significant improvement of bone healing process after injury.
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Huber-Lang MS, Ignatius A, Köhl J, Mannes M, Braun CK. Complement in trauma-Traumatised complement? Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:2863-2879. [PMID: 32880897 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical trauma represents a major global burden. The trauma-induced response, including activation of the innate immune system, strives for regeneration but can also lead to post-traumatic complications. The complement cascade is rapidly activated by damaged tissue, hypoxia, exogenous proteases and others. Activated complement can sense, mark and clear both damaged tissue and pathogens. However, excessive and insufficient activation of complement can result in a dysfunctional immune and organ response. Similar to acute coagulopathy, complementopathy can develop with enhanced anaphylatoxin generation and an impairment of complement effector functions. Various remote organ effects are induced or modulated by complement activation. Frequently, established trauma treatments are double-edged. On one hand, they help stabilising haemodynamics and oxygen supply as well as injured organs and on the other hand, they also drive complement activation. Immunomodulatory approaches aim to reset trauma-induced disbalance of complement activation and thus may change surgical trauma management procedures to improve outcome. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Canonical and non-canonical functions of the complement system in health and disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus S Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institue of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammatory Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Marco Mannes
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Karl Braun
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Lang L, Loveless R, Teng Y. Emerging Links between Control of Mitochondrial Protein ATAD3A and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7917. [PMID: 33113782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spanning from the mitochondria's outer surface to the inner membrane, the nuclear-encoded protein ATAD3A maintains vital roles in regulating mitochondrial dynamics, homeostasis, metabolism, and interactions with the endoplasmic reticulum. Recently, elevated levels of ATAD3A have been reported in several types of cancer and to be tightly correlated with cancer development and progression, including increased cancer cell potential of proliferation, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In the current review, we reveal ATAD3A as the link between mitochondrial functions and cancer biology and the accumulating evidence presenting ATAD3A as an attractive target for the development of novel cancer therapy to inhibit aberrant cancer metabolism and progression.
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241
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Srijakotre N, Liu HJ, Nobis M, Man J, Yip HYK, Papa A, Abud HE, Anderson KI, Welch HCE, Tiganis T, Timpson P, McLean CA, Ooms LM, Mitchell CA. PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3-dependent Rac exchanger 1 (P-Rex1) promotes mammary tumor initiation and metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28056-67. [PMID: 33097662 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006445117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rac-GEF, P-Rex1, activates Rac1 signaling downstream of G protein-coupled receptors and PI3K. Increased P-Rex1 expression promotes melanoma progression; however, its role in breast cancer is complex, with differing reports of the effect of its expression on disease outcome. To address this we analyzed human databases, undertook gene array expression analysis, and generated unique murine models of P-Rex1 gain or loss of function. Analysis of PREX1 mRNA expression in breast cancer cDNA arrays and a METABRIC cohort revealed that higher PREX1 mRNA in ER+ve/luminal tumors was associated with poor outcome in luminal B cancers. Prex1 deletion in MMTV-neu or MMTV-PyMT mice reduced Rac1 activation in vivo and improved survival. High level MMTV-driven transgenic PREX1 expression resulted in apicobasal polarity defects and increased mammary epithelial cell proliferation associated with hyperplasia and development of de novo mammary tumors. MMTV-PREX1 expression in MMTV-neu mice increased tumor initiation and enhanced metastasis in vivo, but had no effect on primary tumor growth. Pharmacological inhibition of Rac1 or MEK1/2 reduced P-Rex1-driven tumoroid formation and cell invasion. Therefore, P-Rex1 can act as an oncogene and cooperate with HER2/neu to enhance breast cancer initiation and metastasis, despite having no effect on primary tumor growth.
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242
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Turnham DJ, Bullock N, Dass MS, Staffurth JN, Pearson HB. The PTEN Conundrum: How to Target PTEN-Deficient Prostate Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E2342. [PMID: 33105713 PMCID: PMC7690430 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), which negatively regulates the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, is strongly linked to advanced prostate cancer progression and poor clinical outcome. Accordingly, several therapeutic approaches are currently being explored to combat PTEN-deficient tumors. These include classical inhibition of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling network, as well as new approaches that restore PTEN function, or target PTEN regulation of chromosome stability, DNA damage repair and the tumor microenvironment. While targeting PTEN-deficient prostate cancer remains a clinical challenge, new advances in the field of precision medicine indicate that PTEN loss provides a valuable biomarker to stratify prostate cancer patients for treatments, which may improve overall outcome. Here, we discuss the clinical implications of PTEN loss in the management of prostate cancer and review recent therapeutic advances in targeting PTEN-deficient prostate cancer. Deepening our understanding of how PTEN loss contributes to prostate cancer growth and therapeutic resistance will inform the design of future clinical studies and precision-medicine strategies that will ultimately improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Turnham
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (D.J.T.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.)
| | - Nicholas Bullock
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (D.J.T.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.)
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
| | - Manisha S. Dass
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (D.J.T.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.)
| | - John N. Staffurth
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
| | - Helen B. Pearson
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (D.J.T.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.)
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243
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Hossain MM, Sultana A, Barua D, Islam MN, Gupta A, Gupta S. Differential expression, function and prognostic value of miR-17-92 cluster in ER-positive and triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2020; 25:100224. [PMID: 33096318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2020.100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that the miR-17-92 cluster can function either as oncogene or tumor suppressor in human cancers. The function of miR-17-92 in subtypes of breast cancer remains largely unknown. The expression of miR-17-92 is elevated in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) but reduced in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer (ERPBC). We show that increased expression of miRNAs belonging to the miR-17-92 cluster is associated with poor outcome in TNBC, whereas the expression of miR-17-92 miRNAs is with good outcome in ERPBC. We show that ectopic expression of miR-17-92 inhibited cell growth and invasion of ER-positive and HER2-enriched cells. On the contrary, miR-17-92 expression enhanced cell growth and invasion of TNBC cells. Further, we found that miR-17-92 expression sensitized MCF7 cells to chemotherapeutic compounds, whereas it rendered SKBR3 cells resistant to them. We found that expression of ADORA1 was reduced by miR-17-92-expressing breast cancer cells, specifically in ERPBC. We observed an inverse correlation between the expression of ADORA1 and miR-17-92 in human breast cancer. Treatment with DPCPX, a selective ADORA1 antagonist, abolished the difference in the growth of control and miR-17-92 overexpressing MCF7 cells and identified ADORA1 as a key functional target of miR-17-92 in ERPBC. Furthermore, increased expression of ADORA1 in ERPBC is associated with a poor outcome. Our observations underscore the context-dependent role of miR-17-92 in breast cancer subtypes and suggest that miR-17-92 could serve as novel prognostic markers in breast cancer.
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244
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Rui M, Bu S, Chew LY, Wang Q, Yu F. The membrane protein Raw regulates dendrite pruning via the secretory pathway. Development 2020; 147:dev.191155. [PMID: 32928906 DOI: 10.1242/dev.191155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal pruning is essential for proper wiring of the nervous systems in invertebrates and vertebrates. Drosophila ddaC sensory neurons selectively prune their larval dendrites to sculpt the nervous system during early metamorphosis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ddaC dendrite pruning remain elusive. Here, we identify an important and cell-autonomous role of the membrane protein Raw in dendrite pruning of ddaC neurons. Raw appears to regulate dendrite pruning via a novel mechanism, which is independent of JNK signaling. Importantly, we show that Raw promotes endocytosis and downregulation of the conserved L1-type cell-adhesion molecule Neuroglian (Nrg) prior to dendrite pruning. Moreover, Raw is required to modulate the secretory pathway by regulating the integrity of secretory organelles and efficient protein secretion. Mechanistically, Raw facilitates Nrg downregulation and dendrite pruning in part through regulation of the secretory pathway. Thus, this study reveals a JNK-independent role of Raw in regulating the secretory pathway and thereby promoting dendrite pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglong Rui
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604
| | - Shufeng Bu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Liang Yuh Chew
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Qiwei Wang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Fengwei Yu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604 .,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, Singapore 117456
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Chow S, Krainz T, Bettencourt CJ, Broit N, Ferguson B, Zhu M, Hull KG, Pierens GK, Bernhardt PV, Parsons PG, Romo D, Boyle GM, Williams CM. Synthetic Tigliane Intermediates Engage Thiols to Induce Potent Cell Line Selective Anti‐Cancer Activity. Chemistry 2020; 26:13372-13377. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Chow
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Tanja Krainz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Christian J. Bettencourt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Natasa Broit
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute PO Royal Brisbane Hospital Brisbane 4029 Queensland Australia
| | - Blake Ferguson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute PO Royal Brisbane Hospital Brisbane 4029 Queensland Australia
| | - Mingzhao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry CPRIT Synthesis and Drug-Lead Discovery Laboratory) Baylor University 76798 Waco Texas USA
| | - Kenneth G. Hull
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry CPRIT Synthesis and Drug-Lead Discovery Laboratory) Baylor University 76798 Waco Texas USA
| | - Gregory K. Pierens
- Centre for Advanced Imaging The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Paul V. Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Peter G. Parsons
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute PO Royal Brisbane Hospital Brisbane 4029 Queensland Australia
| | - Daniel Romo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry CPRIT Synthesis and Drug-Lead Discovery Laboratory) Baylor University 76798 Waco Texas USA
| | - Glen M. Boyle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute PO Royal Brisbane Hospital Brisbane 4029 Queensland Australia
| | - Craig M. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
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Kappes L, Amer RL, Sommerlatte S, Bashir G, Plattfaut C, Gieseler F, Gemoll T, Busch H, Altahrawi A, Al-Sbiei A, Haneefa SM, Arafat K, Schimke LF, Khawanky NE, Schulze-Forster K, Heidecke H, Kerstein-Staehle A, Marschner G, Pitann S, Ochs HD, Mueller A, Attoub S, Fernandez-Cabezudo MJ, Riemekasten G, Al-Ramadi BK, Cabral-Marques O. Ambrisentan, an endothelin receptor type A-selective antagonist, inhibits cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15931. [PMID: 32985601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72960-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies reported a central role of the endothelin type A receptor (ETAR) in tumor progression leading to the formation of metastasis. Here, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor effects of the FDA-approved ETAR antagonist, Ambrisentan, which is currently used to treat patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. In vitro, Ambrisentan inhibited both spontaneous and induced migration/invasion capacity of different tumor cells (COLO-357 metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma, OvCar3 ovarian carcinoma, MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma, and HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia). Whole transcriptome analysis using RNAseq indicated Ambrisentan’s inhibitory effects on the whole transcriptome of resting and PAR2-activated COLO-357 cells, which tended to normalize to an unstimulated profile. Finally, in a pre-clinical murine model of metastatic breast cancer, treatment with Ambrisentan was effective in decreasing metastasis into the lungs and liver. Importantly, this was associated with a significant enhancement in animal survival. Taken together, our work suggests a new therapeutic application for Ambrisentan in the treatment of cancer metastasis.
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247
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Rahimova N, Cooke M, Zhang S, Baker MJ, Kazanietz MG. The PKC universe keeps expanding: From cancer initiation to metastasis. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 78:100755. [PMID: 33017725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Classical and novel protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes (c/nPKCs), members of the PKC family that become activated by the lipid second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) and phorbol esters, exert a myriad of cellular effects that impact proliferative and motile cellular responses. While c/nPKCs have been indisputably associated with tumor promotion, their roles exceed by far their sole involvement as promoter kinases. Indeed, this original dogma has been subsequently redefined by the introduction of several new concepts: the identification of tumor suppressing roles for c/nPKCs, and their participation in early and late stages of carcinogenesis. This review dives deep into the intricate roles of c/nPKCs in cancer initiation as well as in the different stages of the metastatic cascade, with great emphasis in their involvement in cancer cell motility via regulation of small Rho GTPases, the production of extracellular matrix (ECM)-degrading proteases, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program required for the acquisition of highly invasive traits. Here, we highlight functional interplays between either PKCα or PKCε and mesenchymal features that may ultimately contribute to anticancer drug resistance in cellular and animal models. We also introduce the novel hypothesis that c/nPKCs may be implicated in the control of immune evasion through the regulation of immune checkpoint protein expression. In summary, dissecting the colossal complexity of c/nPKC signaling in the wide spectrum of cancer progression may bring new opportunities for the development of meaningful tools aiding for cancer prognosis and therapy.
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248
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Qiu W, Chang Y, Liu J, Yang X, Yu Y, Li J, Liang Q, Sun G. Identification of P-Rex1 in the Regulation of Liver Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration via HGF/c-Met/Akt Pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:9481-9495. [PMID: 33061433 PMCID: PMC7522411 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s265592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rho-GTPases and their activators, guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), are increasingly being recognized as essential mediators of oncogenic signaling. Although it is known that P-Rex1, a member of the Dbl family of GEFs for the Rac small GTPase, contributes to the migration of cancer cells, its exact role in liver cancer and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Materials and Methods Public datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO) and clinical liver cancer samples were analyzed to explore the expression of P-Rex1. P-Rex1 knockdown and overexpression cell lines were established using a recombinant lentiviral transfection system. BrdU and colony formation assays were performed to determine cell viability. Migratory capacity was analyzed using a transwell migration assay and an in vitro wound-healing assay. Nude mice bearing subcutaneous xenograft tumors were established to determine the effects of P-Rex1 on tumorigenesis in vivo. The role of P-Rex1 in hepatocarcinogenesis was determined through Western blot and co-immunoprecipitation. Results Induced expression of endogenous P-Rex1 was identified in liver cancer tumors when compared with adjacent nonmalignant tissues from clinical data. In response to HGF treatment, P-Rex1-knockdown cells displayed reduced proliferation and migration in vitro as well as reduced xenograft tumor growth in vivo. Overexpression of P-Rex1 promoted liver cancer cell proliferation and migration. P-Rex1 primarily acts as a downstream effector of GPCR signaling. This study demonstrated that downregulation of P-Rex1 led to a significant decrease in the phosphorylation of Akt and Erk1/2 by reducing the phosphorylation of the tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met. Furthermore, a physical association between P-Rex1 and c-Met was observed after HGF treatment, suggesting that P-Rex1 may be involved in the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway. Conclusion These results support the role of P-Rex1 as a novel player in liver cancer, which suggest that targeting P-Rex1 may provide a potential strategy for liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wancheng Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Chang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangchun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Smit MJ, Schlecht-Louf G, Neves M, van den Bor J, Penela P, Siderius M, Bachelerie F, Mayor F. The CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 Axis in the Tumor Microenvironment: Signaling, Crosstalk, and Therapeutic Targeting. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 61:541-563. [PMID: 32956018 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Elevated expression of the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and ACKR3 and of their cognate ligand CXCL12 is detected in a wide range of tumors and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Yet, the molecular mechanisms by which the CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 axis contributes to the pathogenesis are complex and not fully understood. To dissect the role of this axis in cancer, we discuss its ability to impinge on canonical and less conventional signaling networks in different cancer cell types; its bidirectional crosstalk, notably with receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and other factors present in the TME; and the infiltration of immune cells that supporttumor progression. We discuss current and emerging avenues that target the CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 axis. Coordinately targeting both RTKs and CXCR4/ACKR3 and/or CXCL12 is an attractive approach to consider in multitargeted cancer therapies. In addition, inhibiting infiltrating immune cells or reactivating the immune system along with modulating the CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 axis in the TME has therapeutic promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine J Smit
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands;
| | - Géraldine Schlecht-Louf
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140 Clamart, France
| | - Maria Neves
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140 Clamart, France.,Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC/UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jelle van den Bor
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands;
| | - Petronila Penela
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC/UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Siderius
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands;
| | - Françoise Bachelerie
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140 Clamart, France
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC/UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Sakane F, Hoshino F, Murakami C. New Era of Diacylglycerol Kinase, Phosphatidic Acid and Phosphatidic Acid-Binding Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6794. [PMID: 32947951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) phosphorylates diacylglycerol (DG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA). Mammalian DGK consists of ten isozymes (α–κ) and governs a wide range of physiological and pathological events, including immune responses, neuronal networking, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, fragile X syndrome, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. DG and PA comprise diverse molecular species that have different acyl chains at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. Because the DGK activity is essential for phosphatidylinositol turnover, which exclusively produces 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-DG, it has been generally thought that all DGK isozymes utilize the DG species derived from the turnover. However, it was recently revealed that DGK isozymes, except for DGKε, phosphorylate diverse DG species, which are not derived from phosphatidylinositol turnover. In addition, various PA-binding proteins (PABPs), which have different selectivities for PA species, were recently found. These results suggest that DGK–PA–PABP axes can potentially construct a large and complex signaling network and play physiologically and pathologically important roles in addition to DGK-dependent attenuation of DG–DG-binding protein axes. For example, 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-PA produced by DGKδ interacts with and activates Praja-1, the E3 ubiquitin ligase acting on the serotonin transporter, which is a target of drugs for obsessive-compulsive and major depressive disorders, in the brain. This article reviews recent research progress on PA species produced by DGK isozymes, the selective binding of PABPs to PA species and a phosphatidylinositol turnover-independent DG supply pathway.
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