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Fernandes MP, Inada NM, Chiaratti MR, Araújo FFB, Meirelles FV, Correia MTS, Coelho LCBB, Alves MJM, Gadelha FR, Vercesi AE. Mechanism of Trypanosoma cruzi death induced by Cratylia mollis seed lectin. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2010; 42:69-78. [PMID: 20155390 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-010-9268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Incubation of T. cruzi epimastigotes with the lectin Cramoll 1,4 in Ca(2+) containing medium led to agglutination and inhibition of cell proliferation. The lectin (50 microg/ml) induced plasma membrane permeabilization followed by Ca(2+) influx and mitochondrial Ca(2+) accumulation, a result that resembles the classical effect of digitonin. Cramoll 1,4 stimulated (five-fold) mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, significantly decreased the electrical mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta Psi(m)) and impaired ADP phosphorylation. The rate of uncoupled respiration in epimastigotes was not affected by Cramoll 1,4 plus Ca(2+) treatment, but oligomycin-induced resting respiration was 65% higher in treated cells than in controls. Experiments using T. cruzi mitochondrial fractions showed that, in contrast to digitonin, the lectin significantly decreased Delta Psi(m) by a mechanism sensitive to EGTA. In agreement with the results showing plasma membrane permeabilization and impairment of oxidative phosphorylation by the lectin, fluorescence microscopy experiments using propidium iodide revealed that Cramoll 1,4 induced epimastigotes death by necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Fernandes
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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202
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Trypanosoma cruzi: In vitro effect of aspirin with nifurtimox and benznidazole. Exp Parasitol 2010; 124:167-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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203
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Novel ruthenium complexes as potential drugs for Chagas's disease: enzyme inhibition and in vitro/in vivo trypanocidal activity. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:260-9. [PMID: 20105182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The discovery of the pharmacological functions of nitric oxide has led to the development of NO donor compounds as therapeutic agents. A new generation of ruthenium NO donors, cis-[Ru(NO)(bpy)(2)L]X(n), has been developed, and our aim was to show that these complexes are able to lyse Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH NO donors were incubated with T. cruzi and their anti-T. cruzi activities evaluated as the percentage of lysed parasites compared to the negative control. In vivo, trypanocidal activity was evaluated by observing the levels of parasitaemia, survival rate and elimination of amastigotes in mouse myocardial tissue. The inhibition of GAPDH was monitored by the biochemical reduction of NAD(+) to NADH. KEY RESULTS The NO donors cis-[Ru(NO)(bpy)(2)L]X(n) presented inhibitory effects on T. cruzi GAPDH (IC(50) ranging from 89 to 153 microM). The crystal structure of the enzyme shows that the inhibitory mechanism is compatible with S-nitrosylation of the active cysteine (cys166) site. Compounds cis-[Ru(NO)(bpy)(2)imN](PF(6))(3) and cis-[Ru(NO)(bpy)(2)SO(3)]PF(6), at a dose of 385 nmol.kg(-1), yielded survival rates of 80 and 60%, respectively, in infected mice, and eradicated any amastigotes from their myocardial tissue. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The ruthenium compounds exhibited potent in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal activities at doses up to 1000-fold lower than the clinical dose for benznidazole. Furthermore, one mechanism of action of these compounds is via the S-nitrosylation of Cys166 of T. cruzi GAPDH. Thus, these compounds show huge potential as candidates for the development of new drugs for the treatment of Chagas's disease.
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Boscardin SB, Torrecilhas ACT, Manarin R, Revelli S, Rey EG, Tonelli RR, Silber AM. Chagas' disease: an update on immune mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14:1373-84. [PMID: 20070438 PMCID: PMC3829005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The final decade of the 20th century was marked by an alarming resurgence in infectious diseases caused by tropical parasites belonging to the kinetoplastid protozoan order. Among the pathogenic trypanosomatids, some species are of particular interest due to their medical importance. These species include the agent responsible for Chagas’ disease, Trypanosoma cruzi. Approximately 8 to 10 million people are infected in the Americas, and approximately 40 million are at risk. In the present review, we discuss in detail the immune mechanisms elicited during infection by T. cruzi and the effects of chemotherapy in controlling parasite proliferation and on the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Beatriz Boscardin
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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205
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dos Santos DAP, Braga PADC, da Silva MFDGF, Fernandes JB, Vieira PC, Magalhães AF, Magalhães EG, Marsaioli AJ, Moraes VRDS, Rattray L, Croft SL. Anti-African trypanocidal and antimalarial activity of natural flavonoids, dibenzoylmethanes and synthetic analogues. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.02.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The known anti-protozoal activity of flavonoids has stimulated the testing of other derivatives from natural and synthetic sources.
Methods
As part of our efforts to find potential lead compounds, a number of flavonoids isolated from Neoraputia paraensis, N. magnifica, Murraya paniculata, (Rutaceae), Lonchocarpus montanus, L. latifolius, L. subglaucescens, L. atropurpureus, L. campestris, Deguelia hatschbachii (Leguminosae), dibenzoylmethanes from L. subglaucescens and synthetic analogues were tested for in-vitro activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense bloodstream form trypomastigotes. An assay withKB cells has been developed inorder tocompare in-vitro cytotoxicityof flavonoids with a selective action on the parasites.
Key findings
Thirteen of the compounds tested had IC50 values ranging from 4.6 to 9.9 μM against T. brucei rhodesiense. In contrast, a small number of compounds showed significant activity against P. falciparum; seven of those tested had IC50 values ranging from 2.7 to 9.5 μM. Among the flavones only one had IC50 < 10 μM (7.6 μM), whereas against T. brucei rhodesiense seven had IC50 < 10 μM. Synthetic dibenzoylmethanes were the most active in terms of number (five) of compounds and the IC50 values (2.7–9.5 μM) against P. falciparum.
Conclusions
Dibenzoylmethanes represent a novel class of compounds tested for the first time as antimalarial and trypanocidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - João B Fernandes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Vieira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Eva G Magalhães
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Anita J Marsaioli
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Lauren Rattray
- Department of Infections and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Simon L Croft
- Department of Infections and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Giarolla J, Rando DG, Pasqualoto KF, Zaim MH, Ferreira EI. Molecular modeling as a promising tool to study dendrimer prodrugs delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2009.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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207
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González IJ, Miles MA, Perkins MD. Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis). Infect Dis (Lond) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04579-7.00118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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208
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Alves-Ferreira M, Guimarães ACR, Capriles PVDSZ, Dardenne LE, Degrave WM. A new approach for potential drug target discovery through in silico metabolic pathway analysis using Trypanosoma cruzi genome information. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104:1100-10. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000800006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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209
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Pagano M, Demoro B, Toloza J, Boiani L, González M, Cerecetto H, Olea-Azar C, Norambuena E, Gambino D, Otero L. Effect of ruthenium complexation on trypanocidal activity of 5-nitrofuryl containing thiosemicarbazones. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:4937-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Barriga G, Olea-Azar C, Norambuena E, Castro A, Porcal W, Gerpe A, González M, Cerecetto H. New heteroaryl nitrones with spin trap properties: Identification of a 4-furoxanyl derivative with excellent properties to be used in biological systems. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 18:795-802. [PMID: 20031416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new series of heteroaryl nitrones, 1-7, bearing furoxanyl and thiadiazolyl moieties, were evaluated for their free radical-trapping properties. The physicochemical characterization by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) demonstrated its capability to trap and stabilize oxygen-, carbon-, sulfur-, and nitrogen-centered free radicals. The 4-furoxanyl nitrone 3 (FxBN), alpha(Z)-(3-methylfuroxan-4-yl)-N-tert-butylnitrone, showed appropriate solubility in aqueous solution and taking into account that this physicochemical property is very important for biological applications, we studied it deeply in terms of its trapping and kinetic behaviors. For this, kinetic studies of the hydroxyl adduct decay gave rate constants k(ST) of 1.22x10(10)dm(3)mol(-1)s(-1) and half-live up to 7200s at physiological pH, without any artifactual signals. The ability of FxBN to directly traps and stabilizes superoxide free radical, with a half-life of 1620s at physiological pH, was also demonstrated. Besides, FxBN-hydroxyl and -superoxide adducts exhibited distinct and characteristic EPR spectral patterns. Finally, we confirmed the ability of FxBN to act as spin trap in a specific biological system, that is, in the free radical production of experimental anti-trypanosomatid drugs using Trypanosoma cruzi microsomes as biological system. Moreover, previous observations of low FxBN toxicity transform it in a good candidate for in vivo spin trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Barriga
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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211
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Pérez-Molina JA, Pérez-Ayala A, Moreno S, Fernández-González MC, Zamora J, López-Velez R. Use of benznidazole to treat chronic Chagas' disease: a systematic review with a meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64:1139-47. [PMID: 19819909 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The recent significant increase in the number of immigrants entering the European Union from South and Central America means that chronic Chagas' disease is an increasingly frequent diagnosis among immigrants in Europe. Our objectives were to evaluate published evidence on the treatment of chronic Chagas' disease with benznidazole and on the potential benefits of this drug in the chronic phase of the disease. METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis by means of an electronic search of the published literature, with no language restrictions, until October 2008. We included studies on chronically infected patients of any age who were in the indeterminate phase or had visceral involvement and for whom treatment with benznidazole was compared with placebo or no treatment. The primary endpoint was response to therapy (whether serological, parasitological or clinical), as it was measured in each of the studies included. Clinical response to therapy was also analysed. RESULTS We identified 696 studies, from which we chose 9: 3 clinical trials and 6 observational studies. Compared with placebo or no treatment, benznidazole increases 18-fold the probability of a response to therapy [global odds ratio (OR), 18.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 5.2-68.3]. This effect was mainly observed in clinical trials (OR, 70.8; 95% CI, 16-314), whereas in observational studies it was much less marked (OR, 7.8; 95% CI, 2.1-28.9), and even less so when only observational studies in adults were considered (OR, 6.3; 95% CI, 1.6-24.7). Patients treated with benznidazole had a significantly lower risk of clinical events (OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.16-0.53). Up to 18% of patients discontinued treatment due to toxicity (cutaneous reactions followed by gastrointestinal disturbances); this was less common in children than in adults. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of available information reveals that the efficacy of treatment in late chronic infection is doubtful. Although data generally point to a beneficial effect, this could be marginal. This uncertainty is largely the result of differences in the study populations, endpoints and follow-up periods, and the fact that almost all of the information on treatment in the late chronic phase comes from non-randomized studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Pérez-Molina
- Tropical Medicine Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
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212
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Cossy Isasi S, Condat CA, Sibona GJ. Why does GM1 induce a potent beneficial response to experimental Chagas disease? HFSP JOURNAL 2009; 3:142-51. [PMID: 19794814 DOI: 10.2976/1.3067922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Being one of the world's neglected diseases, Chagas has neither a vaccine nor a satisfactory therapy. Inoculation of murine models with the ganglioside GM1 has shown a strikingly nonlinear effect, leading to a strong decrease in parasite load at low doses but reverting to a load increase at high doses. Cardiocyte destruction concomitant with the disease is also significantly reduced by a moderate application of GM1. A mathematical model for the interaction between the parasite and the immune system is shown to explain these effects and is used to predict an optimal dosage that maximizes parasite removal with minimal cardiocyte destruction.
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213
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Castro D, Boiani L, Benitez D, Hernández P, Merlino A, Gil C, Olea-Azar C, González M, Cerecetto H, Porcal W. Anti-trypanosomatid benzofuroxans and deoxygenated analogues: synthesis using polymer-supported triphenylphosphine, biological evaluation and mechanism of action studies. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:5055-65. [PMID: 19837489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid vinylthio-, vinylsulfinyl-, vinylsulfonyl- and vinylketo-benzofuroxans developed as anti-trypanosomatid agents, against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp., have showed low micromolar IC(50) values. The synthetic route to access to these derivatives was an efficient Wittig reaction performed in mild conditions with polymer-supported triphenylphosphine (PS-TPP). Additionally, the benzofurozan analogues, deoxygenated benzofuroxans, were prepared using PS-TPP as reductive reagent in excellent yields. The trypanosomicidal and leishmanocidal activities of the benzofuroxan derivatives were measured and also some aspects of their mechanism of action studied. In this sense, inhibition of mitochondrial dehydrogenases activities, production of intra-parasite free radicals and cruzipain inhibition were studied as biological target for the anti-trypanosomatid identified compounds. The trypanosomicidal activity could be the result of both the parasite-mitochondrion function interference and production of oxidative stress into the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Castro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
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214
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Electrochemical study and analytical applications for new biologically active 2-nitrophenylbenzimidazole derivatives. Talanta 2009; 79:687-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2009.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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215
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Antioxidant therapy attenuates oxidative insult caused by benzonidazole in chronic Chagas' heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2009; 145:27-33. [PMID: 19625091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic chagasic cardiac patients are exposed to oxidative stress that apparently contributes to disease progression. Benznidazole (BZN) is the main drug used for the treatment of chagasic patients and its action involves the generation of reactive species. 41 patients with Chagas' heart disease were selected and biomarkers of oxidative stress were measured before and after 2 months of BZN treatment (5 mg/kg/day) and the subsequent antioxidant supplementation with vitamin E (800 UI/day) and C (500 mg/day) during 6 months. Patients were classified according to the modified Los Andes clinical hemodynamic classification in groups IA, IB, II and III, and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as the contents of reduced glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), protein carbonyl (PC), vitamin E and C and nitric oxide (NO), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities were measured in their blood. Excepting in group III, after BZN treatment SOD, CAT, GPx and GST activities as well as PC levels were enhanced while vitamin E levels were decreased in these groups. After antioxidant supplementation the activities of SOD, GPx and GR were decreased whereas PC, TBARS, NO, and GSH levels were decreased. In conclusion, BZN treatment promoted an oxidative insult in such patients while the antioxidant supplementation was able to attenuate this effect by increasing vitamin E levels, decreasing PC and TBARS levels, inhibiting SOD, GPx and GR activities as well as inflammatory markers, mainly in stages with less cardiac involvement.
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216
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Experimental chemotherapy against Trypanosoma cruzi infection using ruthenium nitric oxide donors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:4414-21. [PMID: 19581464 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00104-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ruthenium NO donors of the group trans-[Ru(NO)(NH3)4L]n+, where the ligand (L) is N-heterocyclic H2O, SO(3)(2-), or triethyl phosphite, are able to lyse Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro and in vivo. Using half-maximal (50%) inhibitory concentrations against bloodstream trypomastigotes (IC50try) and cytotoxicity data on mammalian V-79 cells (IC50V79), the in vitro therapeutic indices (TIs) (IC50V79/IC50try) for these compounds were calculated. Compounds that exhibited an in vitro TI of > or = 10 and trypanocidal activity against both epimastigotes and trypomastigotes with an IC50(try/epi) of < or = 100 microM were assayed in a mouse model for acute Chagas' disease, using two different routes (intraperitoneal and oral) for drug administration. A dose-effect relationship was observed, and from that, the ideal dose of 400 nmol/kg of body weight for both trans-[Ru(NO)(NH3)4isn](BF4)3 (isn, isonicotinamide) and trans-[Ru(NO)(NH3)4imN](BF4)3 (imN, imidazole) and median (50%) effective doses (ED50) of 86 and 190 nmol/kg, respectively, were then calculated. Since the 50% lethal doses (LD50) for both compounds are higher than 125 micromol/kg, the in vivo TIs (LD50/ED50) of the compounds are 1,453 for trans-[Ru(NO)(NH3)4isn](BF4)3 and 658 for trans-[Ru(NO)(NH3)4imN](BF4)3. Although these compounds exhibit a marked trypanocidal activity and are able to react with cysteine, they exhibit very low activity in T. cruzi-glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase tests, suggesting that this enzyme is not their target. The trans-[Ru(NO)(NH3)4isn](BF4)3 and trans-[Ru(NO)(NH3)4imN](BF4)3 compounds are able to eliminate amastigote nests in myocardium tissue at 400-nmol/kg doses and ensure the survival of all infected mice, thus opening a novel set of therapies to try against trypanosomatids.
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217
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Cossy Isasi S, Rodríguez M, Pereira B, Díaz-luján C, Fretes R, Haüen D. Trypanosoma cruzi: Altered parasites after in vitro treatment with gangliosides, a therapeutic agent in experimental Chagas’ disease. Exp Parasitol 2009; 122:218-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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218
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Reduction of parasite levels in blood improves pregnancy outcome during experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Parasitology 2009; 136:627-39. [PMID: 19366478 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009005770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Infection with a myotropic Trypanosoma cruzi clone induces maternal fertility failure. In the current work, we evaluated whether reduction of maternal parasitaemia before mating has beneficial effects on pregnancy outcome. Female mice were subjected to benznidazole (Bz) treatment after infection. On day 30 of therapy, mating was assessed and pregnancy outcome was determined on day 14 of gestation. Fetal resorptions diminished in T. cruzi-infected Bz-treated mice compared with T. cruzi-infected untreated mice. This was in agreement with the reduction in the blood/solid tissue parasite load and with the percentage of necrotic foci in placental samples from T. cruzi-infected Bz-treated females. To study eventual changes in the immune homeostasis of T. cruzi-infected Bz-treated mice, activation of the immune system was evaluated at the end of Bz therapy and before mating. We found specific IgG1 reduction resulting in a predominance of specific IgG2a, reduced numbers of CD69+ CD4+ cells and diminished frequency and numbers of CD44+ T cells. Concanavalin A-stimulated splenocytes from T. cruzi-infected Bz-treated mice produced higher amounts of IFN-gamma than T. cruzi-infected untreated mice. These results indicate that reduction of maternal parasite load improves pregnancy outcome. These findings correlate with a favourable modulation of the immune response.
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219
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Valdez RH, Tonin LTD, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias Filho BP, Morgado-Diaz JA, Sarragiotto MH, Nakamura CV. Biological activity of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxamides against Trypanosoma cruzi. Acta Trop 2009; 110:7-14. [PMID: 19063858 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 10/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several beta-carboline compounds were evaluated for in vitro trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi and their potential toxic effects was also assessed. beta-Carboline derivative 4 showed good activity against epimastigote, trypomastigote, and amastigote forms of T. cruzi, with a dose-dependent inhibitory effect. It showed an IC(50) of 14.9 microM against the epimastigote form and an EC(50) of 45 microM and 33 microM against trypomastigote and amastigote forms, respectively. Additionally, 4 was able to be active on mammalian cell-protozoan interaction, reducing the number of infected cells and the number of internalized parasites. The compound showed low cytotoxicity, with a selective index 31 times higher to the parasite than for mammalian cells. In human red-blood cells beta-Carboline 4 at 14.9 microM not caused haemolysis. Observed at electron microscopy 4-treated epimastigotes showed abnormal swelling of the mitochondrion, a diffuse kinetoplast, and distortions of the parasite cell body. The present data support the potential effect of this class of compounds against T. cruzi and encourage further experiments in vitro to evaluate the action mechanism of this drug and also with in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Hinojosa Valdez
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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220
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Pascutti MF, Campodonico G, García F, Manarin R, Bottasso O, Revelli S, Serra E. Novel cytostatic activity of the trypanocidal drug Benznidazole. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:739-45. [PMID: 19285576 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that Benznidazole (BZL), a compound with well documented trypanocidal activity, possesses anti-inflammatory properties and inhibits the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). Given the relationship between this transcription factor and cell growth, in this study we address the role of NF-kappaB blockade by BZL in the proliferation of different cell lines. Our studies demonstrate that this compound significantly reduced proliferation of RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line, as assessed by trypan blue exclusion, MTT reduction and [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation, at a concentration shown to inhibit NF-kappaB. Treatment with BZL also led to growth arrest in CHO, MDCK and HeLa cells. Interestingly, growth inhibition was found to be a reversible process, not accompanied by significant cell death, indicating that the drug behaves mainly as a cytostatic compound. As this effect might be related to NF-kappaB inhibition, we next evaluated whether other NF-kappaB inhibitors could induce growth arrest in RAW 264.7 and HeLa cells. We found that IKK inhibition led to growth arrest in both cell lines, indicating that NF-kappaB inhibition may be the potential mechanism by which BZL inhibits cell proliferation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an anti-proliferative activity of the trypanocidal drug against different cell lines and provides a mechanistic insight that may help understand some of the adverse effects associated with prolonged treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Pascutti
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina.
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de Molfetta FA, de Freitas RF, da Silva ABF, Montanari CA. Docking and molecular dynamics simulation of quinone compounds with trypanocidal activity. J Mol Model 2009; 15:1175-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-009-0468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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222
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Freitas RF, Prokopczyk IM, Zottis A, Oliva G, Andricopulo AD, Trevisan MTS, Vilegas W, Silva MGV, Montanari CA. Discovery of novel Trypanosoma cruzi glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:2476-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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223
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Chen CK, Doyle PS, Yermalitskaya LV, Mackey ZB, Ang KKH, McKerrow JH, Podust LM. Trypanosoma cruzi CYP51 inhibitor derived from a Mycobacterium tuberculosis screen hit. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e372. [PMID: 19190730 PMCID: PMC2629123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The two front-line drugs for chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infections are limited by adverse side-effects and declining efficacy. One potential new target for Chagas' disease chemotherapy is sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51), a cytochrome P450 enzyme involved in biosynthesis of membrane sterols. Methodology/Principal Finding In a screening effort targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis CYP51 (CYP51Mt), we previously identified the N-[4-pyridyl]-formamide moiety as a building block capable of delivering a variety of chemotypes into the CYP51 active site. In that work, the binding modes of several second generation compounds carrying this scaffold were determined by high-resolution co-crystal structures with CYP51Mt. Subsequent assays against the CYP51 orthologue in T. cruzi, CYP51Tc, demonstrated that two of the compounds tested in the earlier effort bound tightly to this enzyme. Both were tested in vitro for inhibitory effects against T. cruzi and the related protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness. One of the compounds had potent, selective anti–T. cruzi activity in infected mouse macrophages. Cure of treated host cells was confirmed by prolonged incubation in the absence of the inhibiting compound. Discrimination between T. cruzi and T. brucei CYP51 by the inhibitor was largely based on the variability (phenylalanine versus isoleucine) of a single residue at a critical position in the active site. Conclusions/Significance CYP51Mt-based crystal structure analysis revealed that the functional groups of the two tightly bound compounds are likely to occupy different spaces in the CYP51 active site, suggesting the possibility of combining the beneficial features of both inhibitors in a third generation of compounds to achieve more potent and selective inhibition of CYP51Tc. Enzyme sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) is a well-established target for anti-fungal therapy and is a prospective target for Chagas' disease therapy. We previously identified a chemical scaffold capable of delivering a variety of chemical structures into the CYP51 active site. In this work the binding modes of several second generation compounds carrying this scaffold were determined in high-resolution co-crystal structures with CYP51 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Subsequent assays against CYP51 in Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease, demonstrated that two of the compounds bound tightly to the enzyme. Both were tested for inhibitory effects against T. cruzi and the related protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. One of the compounds had potent, selective anti–T. cruzi activity in infected mouse macrophages. This compound is currently being evaluated in animal models of Chagas' disease. Discrimination between T. cruzi and T. brucei CYP51 by the inhibitor was largely based on the variability of a single amino acid residue at a critical position in the active site. Our work is aimed at rational design of potent and highly selective CYP51 inhibitors with potential to become therapeutic drugs. Drug selectivity to prevent host–pathogen cross-reactivity is pharmacologically important, because CYP51 is present in human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Kuang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Patricia S. Doyle
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Zachary B. Mackey
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kenny K. H. Ang
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Larissa M. Podust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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224
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Uchiyama N. Antichagasic Activities of Natural Products against Trypanosoma cruzi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.55.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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225
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Soeiro MNC, de Castro SL. Trypanosoma cruzitargets for new chemotherapeutic approaches. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 13:105-21. [DOI: 10.1517/14728220802623881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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226
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Irigoín F, Cibils L, Comini MA, Wilkinson SR, Flohé L, Radi R. Insights into the redox biology of Trypanosoma cruzi: Trypanothione metabolism and oxidant detoxification. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:733-42. [PMID: 18588970 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 05/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas' disease, an infection that affects several million people in Latin America. With no immediate prospect of a vaccine and problems associated with current chemotherapies, the development of new treatments is an urgent priority. Several aspects of the redox metabolism of this parasite differ enough from those in the mammalian host to be considered targets for drug development. Here, we review the information about a trypanosomatid-specific molecule centrally involved in redox metabolism, the dithiol trypanothione, and the main effectors of cellular antioxidant defense. We focus mainly on data from T. cruzi, making comparisons with other trypanosomatids whenever possible. In these parasites trypanothione participates in crucial thiol-disulfide exchange reactions and serves as electron donor in different metabolic pathways, from synthesis of DNA precursors to oxidant detoxification. Interestingly, the levels of several enzymes involved in trypanothione metabolism and oxidant detoxification increase during the transformation of T. cruzi to its mammalian-infective form and the overexpression of some of them has been associated with increased resistance to macrophage-dependent oxidative killing. Together, the evidence suggests a central role of the trypanothione-dependent antioxidant systems in the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Irigoín
- Departmento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
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227
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Vonlaufen N, Kanzok SM, Wek RC, Sullivan WJ. Stress response pathways in protozoan parasites. Cell Microbiol 2008; 10:2387-99. [PMID: 18647172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Diseases caused by protozoan parasites have a dramatic impact on world health. Emerging drug resistance and a general lack of experimental understanding has created a void in the medicine cabinet used to treat these widespread infections. A novel therapeutic idea that is receiving more attention is centred on targeting the microbe's response to the multitude of environmental stresses it encounters. Protozoan pathogens have complex life cycles, often having to transition from one host to another, or survive in a cyst form in the environment until a new host arrives. The need to respond to environmental cues and stress, and endure in less than optimal conditions, is paramount to their viability and successful progression through their life cycle. This review summarizes the research on parasitic stress responses for Apicomplexa, kinetoplastids and anaerobic protozoa, with an eye towards how these processes may be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vonlaufen
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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228
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Brain-Isasi S, Quezada C, Pessoa H, Morello A, Kogan MJ, Álvarez-Lueje A. Determination and characterization of new benzimidazoles with activity against Trypanosoma cruzi by UV spectroscopy and HPLC. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:7622-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nogueira Silva JJ, Pavanelli WR, Salazar Gutierrez FR, Alves Lima FC, Ferreira da Silva AB, Santana Silva J, Wagner Franco D. Complexation of the anti-Trypanosoma cruzi Drug Benznidazole Improves Solubility and Efficacy. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4104-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701306r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Jerley Nogueira Silva
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP, Brazil, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP, Brazil, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fredy R. Salazar Gutierrez
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP, Brazil, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco Chagas Alves Lima
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP, Brazil, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Albérico Borges Ferreira da Silva
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP, Brazil, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - João Santana Silva
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP, Brazil, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Douglas Wagner Franco
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP, Brazil, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Eddine AN, von Kries JP, Podust MV, Warrier T, Kaufmann SHE, Podust LM. X-ray structure of 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone mimicking sterol substrate in the active site of sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51). J Biol Chem 2008; 283:15152-9. [PMID: 18367444 PMCID: PMC2397474 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801145200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A universal step in the biosynthesis of membrane sterols and steroid hormones is the oxidative removal of the 14alpha-methyl group from sterol precursors by sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51). This enzyme is a primary target in treatment of fungal infections in organisms ranging from humans to plants, and development of more potent and selective CYP51 inhibitors is an important biological objective. Our continuing interest in structural aspects of substrate and inhibitor recognition in CYP51 led us to determine (to a resolution of 1.95A) the structure of CYP51 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (CYP51(Mt)) co-crystallized with 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP), a small organic molecule previously identified among top type I binding hits in a library screened against CYP51(Mt). The newly determined CYP51(Mt)-DHBP structure is the most complete to date and is an improved template for three-dimensional modeling of CYP51 enzymes from fungal and prokaryotic pathogens. The structure demonstrates the induction of conformational fit of the flexible protein regions and the interactions of conserved Phe-89 essential for both fungal drug resistance and catalytic function, which were obscure in the previously characterized CYP51(Mt)-estriol complex. DHBP represents a benzophenone scaffold binding in the CYP51 active site via a type I mechanism, suggesting (i) a possible new class of CYP51 inhibitors targeting flexible regions, (ii) an alternative catalytic function for bacterial CYP51 enzymes, and (iii) a potential for hydroxybenzophenones, widely distributed in the environment, to interfere with sterol biosynthesis. Finally, we show the inhibition of M. tuberculosis growth by DHBP in a mouse macrophage model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nasser Eddine
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany, the Screening Unit, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, 13125, Germany, and the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Jens P. von Kries
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany, the Screening Unit, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, 13125, Germany, and the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Mikhail V. Podust
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany, the Screening Unit, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, 13125, Germany, and the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Thulasi Warrier
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany, the Screening Unit, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, 13125, Germany, and the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Stefan H. E. Kaufmann
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany, the Screening Unit, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, 13125, Germany, and the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Larissa M. Podust
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany, the Screening Unit, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, 13125, Germany, and the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
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231
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Porcal W, Hernández P, Boiani L, Boiani M, Ferreira A, Chidichimo A, Cazzulo JJ, Olea-Azar C, González M, Cerecetto H. New trypanocidal hybrid compounds from the association of hydrazone moieties and benzofuroxan heterocycle. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6995-7004. [PMID: 18547811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid compounds containing hydrazones and benzofuroxan pharmacophores were designed as potential Trypanosoma cruzi-enzyme inhibitors. The majority of the designed compounds was successfully synthesized and biologically evaluated displaying remarkable in vitro activity against different strains of T. cruzi. Unspecific cytotoxicity was evaluated using mouse macrophages, displaying isothiosemicarbazone 10 and thiosemicarbazone 12 selectivity indexes (macrophage/parasite) of 21 and 27, respectively. In addition, the mode of anti-trypanosomal action of the derivatives was investigated. Some of these derivatives were moderate inhibitors of cysteinyl active site enzymes of T. cruzi, cruzipain and trypanothione reductase. ESR experiments using T. cruzi microsomal fraction suggest that the main mechanism of action of the trypanocidal effects is the production of oxidative stress into the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Williams Porcal
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias-Facultad de Química, Igua 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Buthionine sulfoximine has anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity in a murine model of acute Chagas' disease and enhances the efficacy of nifurtimox. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:1837-9. [PMID: 18332173 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01454-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
L-buthionine (S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) at a dose of 220 mg/kg of body weight/day showed an anti-Trypanosoma cruzi effect in infected mice, increasing their survival rate and decreasing the parasitemias and parasite burden in the hearts. Treatment with BSO plus nifurtimox caused an increase in the survival rate in comparison to the rates with treatment with each drug alone.
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233
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Iyer JP, Kaprakkaden A, Choudhary ML, Shaha C. Crucial role of cytosolic tryparedoxin peroxidase in Leishmania donovani survival, drug response and virulence. Mol Microbiol 2008; 68:372-91. [PMID: 18312262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, uses a cascade of enzymes that include cytosolic tryparedoxin peroxidase (cTXNPx) for detoxification of peroxides, an event pivotal for survival of digenic parasites living in two disparate biological environments. In this study, we observed an increase in promastigote cTXNPx levels after exposure to H(2)O(2) and this group did not show any cell death; however, exposure to a combination of H(2)O(2) and nitric oxide resulted in significant reduction of cTXNPx levels accompanied by high cell death. The protective relationship between higher levels of cTXNPx and survival was further substantiated by the improved ability of L. donovani promastigotes overexpressing cTXNPx to withstand exposure to H(2)O(2) and nitric oxide combination as compared with vector transfectants. In addition, cTXNPx transfectants demonstrated increased virulence, causing higher parasite burden in macrophages as compared with vector transfectants. Interestingly, the cTXNPx transfectants as promastigotes or amastigotes were resistant to clearance by the anti-leishmanial drug antimony, suggesting a cTXNPx link to drug response. Mechanistically, cTXNPx overexpression was protective against changes in Ca(2+) homeostasis but not against mitochondrial hyperpolarization brought about by exposure to H(2)O(2) and nitric oxide. Therefore, this study provides a link between cTXNPx expression to survival, virulence and drug response in L. donovani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitesh P Iyer
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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234
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Sanz AM, Gómez-Contreras F, Navarro P, Sánchez-Moreno M, Boutaleb-Charki S, Campuzano J, Pardo M, Osuna A, Cano C, Yunta MJR, Campayo L. Efficient Inhibition of Iron Superoxide Dismutase and of Trypanosoma cruzi Growth by Benzo[g]phthalazine Derivatives Functionalized with One or Two Imidazole Rings. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1962-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701179m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Sanz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica Manuel Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3. 28006 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Gómez-Contreras
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica Manuel Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3. 28006 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Navarro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica Manuel Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3. 28006 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica Manuel Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3. 28006 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Samira Boutaleb-Charki
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica Manuel Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3. 28006 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Campuzano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica Manuel Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3. 28006 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes Pardo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica Manuel Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3. 28006 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Osuna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica Manuel Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3. 28006 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Cano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica Manuel Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3. 28006 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - María J. R. Yunta
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica Manuel Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3. 28006 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Lucrecia Campayo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica Manuel Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3. 28006 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Freitas RF, Oprea TI, Montanari CA. 2D QSAR and similarity studies on cruzain inhibitors aimed at improving selectivity over cathepsin L. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:838-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zenteno-Savín T, Beleboni RO, Hermes-Lima M. The cost of Latin American science Introduction for the second issue of CBP-Latin America. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 146:463-9. [PMID: 16962348 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2005] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Latin American researchers in science and engineering (S&E), including those in biology and biomedical sciences, are frequently exposed to unstable conditions of financial support, material and human resources, and a limited number of positions at public and private institutions. Such uncertainties impose continuous challenges for the scientific community which, in the best of cases, responds with careful planning and creativity, and in the worst scenario endures the migration of scientists to the USA or Europe. Still, the number of scientific publications from Latin American institutions in the last decade increased at a much faster rate than publications from the USA and Canada. A brief analysis per country of the gross domestic product (GDP) spent in research and development (R&D) and the S&E production reported by the Pascal bibliographic database suggests that the number and quality of S&E publications is directly proportional to the financial support for R&D. However, the investment in R&D in Latin America did not increase at the same rate (from 0.49 to 0.55% of GDP, from 1990 to 2003) at which S&E publications did in the same period (2.9-fold increase, from 1988 to 2001). In Latin America, the traditional financial support for scientific research continues to be from federal and state government funds, associated in some cases with institutional funds that are mostly directed towards administrative costs and infrastructure maintenance. The aim of this introduction is to briefly discuss the production cost of articles published in refereed S&E journals, including the cost of the scientific research behind them, and, at the same time, to increase the awareness of the high quality of scientific research in Latin American institutions despite the many challenges, especially financial constraints, faced by their scientists. The second issue of Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology dedicated to Latin America ("The Face of Latin American Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology") celebrates, by means of 26 manuscripts from five countries, the diversity and quality of biological science in the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Zenteno-Savín
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Mar Bermejo 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, Baja California Sur, C.P. 23090, Mexico.
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