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Xie J, Chen X, Zheng J, Li C, Stacy S, Holzenberger M, Hu X, Zhang CC. IGF-IR determines the fates of BCR/ABL leukemia. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:3. [PMID: 25648584 PMCID: PMC4320836 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tyrosine kinase receptor insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-IR) contributes to the initiation and progression of many types of malignancies. We previously showed that IGF-2, which binds IGF-IR, is an extrinsic factor that supports the ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). We also demonstrated that IGF-IR is not required for HSC activity in vivo. Methods and results Here we investigated the role of IGF-IR in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) using the retroviral BCR/ABL transplantation mouse model. Existing antibodies against IGF-IR are not suitable for flow cytometry; therefore, we generated a fusion of the human IgG Fc fragment with mutant IGF-2 that can bind to IGF-IR. We used this fusion protein to evaluate mouse primary hematopoietic populations. Through transplantation assays with IGF-IR+ and IGF-IR− cells, we demonstrated that IGF-IR is expressed on all mouse HSCs. The expression of IGF-IR is much higher on CML cells than on acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. The depletion of IGF-IR expression in BCR/ABL+ cells led to the development of ALL (mostly T cell ALL) but not CML. Lack of IGF-IR resulted in decreased self-renewal of the BCR/ABL+ CML cells in the serial replating assay. Conclusion IGF-IR regulates the cell fate determination of BCR/ABL+ leukemia cells and supports the self-renewal of CML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xie
- Taishan Scholar Immunology Program, Binzhou Medical University, 264003, Yantai, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Departments of Physiology and Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 75390, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Junke Zheng
- Departments of Physiology and Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 75390, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Chunling Li
- Taishan Scholar Immunology Program, Binzhou Medical University, 264003, Yantai, Shandong, China.
| | - Satomi Stacy
- Departments of Physiology and Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 75390, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Martin Holzenberger
- INSERM and Sorbonne Universities, UPMC, Research Center UMR938, 75012, Paris, France.
| | - Xuemei Hu
- Taishan Scholar Immunology Program, Binzhou Medical University, 264003, Yantai, Shandong, China.
| | - Cheng Cheng Zhang
- Taishan Scholar Immunology Program, Binzhou Medical University, 264003, Yantai, Shandong, China. .,Departments of Physiology and Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 75390, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Courties G, Herisson F, Sager HB, Heidt T, Ye Y, Wei Y, Sun Y, Severe N, Dutta P, Scharff J, Scadden DT, Weissleder R, Swirski FK, Moskowitz MA, Nahrendorf M. Ischemic stroke activates hematopoietic bone marrow stem cells. Circ Res 2015; 116:407-17. [PMID: 25362208 PMCID: PMC4312511 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The mechanisms leading to an expanded neutrophil and monocyte supply after stroke are incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in mice leads to activation of hematopoietic bone marrow stem cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Serial in vivo bioluminescence reporter gene imaging in mice with tMCAO revealed that bone marrow cell cycling peaked 4 days after stroke (P<0.05 versus pre tMCAO). Flow cytometry and cell cycle analysis showed activation of the entire hematopoietic tree, including myeloid progenitors. The cycling fraction of the most upstream hematopoietic stem cells increased from 3.34%±0.19% to 7.32%±0.52% after tMCAO (P<0.05). In vivo microscopy corroborated proliferation of adoptively transferred hematopoietic progenitors in the bone marrow of mice with stroke. The hematopoietic system's myeloid bias was reflected by increased expression of myeloid transcription factors, including PU.1 (P<0.05), and by a decline in lymphocyte precursors. In mice after tMCAO, tyrosine hydroxylase levels in sympathetic fibers and bone marrow noradrenaline levels rose (P<0.05, respectively), associated with a decrease of hematopoietic niche factors that promote stem cell quiescence. In mice with genetic deficiency of the β3 adrenergic receptor, hematopoietic stem cells did not enter the cell cycle in increased numbers after tMCAO (naive control, 3.23±0.22; tMCAO, 3.74±0.33, P=0.51). CONCLUSIONS Ischemic stroke activates hematopoietic stem cells via increased sympathetic tone, leading to a myeloid bias of hematopoiesis and higher bone marrow output of inflammatory Ly6C(high) monocytes and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Courties
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.C., H.B.S., T.H., Y.Y., Y.S., P.D., J.S., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (F.H., Y.W., M.A.M.); Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (N.S., D.T.S.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Fanny Herisson
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.C., H.B.S., T.H., Y.Y., Y.S., P.D., J.S., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (F.H., Y.W., M.A.M.); Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (N.S., D.T.S.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Hendrik B Sager
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.C., H.B.S., T.H., Y.Y., Y.S., P.D., J.S., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (F.H., Y.W., M.A.M.); Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (N.S., D.T.S.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Timo Heidt
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.C., H.B.S., T.H., Y.Y., Y.S., P.D., J.S., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (F.H., Y.W., M.A.M.); Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (N.S., D.T.S.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Yuxiang Ye
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.C., H.B.S., T.H., Y.Y., Y.S., P.D., J.S., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (F.H., Y.W., M.A.M.); Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (N.S., D.T.S.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Ying Wei
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.C., H.B.S., T.H., Y.Y., Y.S., P.D., J.S., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (F.H., Y.W., M.A.M.); Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (N.S., D.T.S.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Yuan Sun
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.C., H.B.S., T.H., Y.Y., Y.S., P.D., J.S., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (F.H., Y.W., M.A.M.); Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (N.S., D.T.S.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Nicolas Severe
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.C., H.B.S., T.H., Y.Y., Y.S., P.D., J.S., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (F.H., Y.W., M.A.M.); Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (N.S., D.T.S.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Partha Dutta
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.C., H.B.S., T.H., Y.Y., Y.S., P.D., J.S., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (F.H., Y.W., M.A.M.); Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (N.S., D.T.S.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Jennifer Scharff
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.C., H.B.S., T.H., Y.Y., Y.S., P.D., J.S., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (F.H., Y.W., M.A.M.); Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (N.S., D.T.S.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - David T Scadden
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.C., H.B.S., T.H., Y.Y., Y.S., P.D., J.S., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (F.H., Y.W., M.A.M.); Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (N.S., D.T.S.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.C., H.B.S., T.H., Y.Y., Y.S., P.D., J.S., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (F.H., Y.W., M.A.M.); Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (N.S., D.T.S.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Filip K Swirski
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.C., H.B.S., T.H., Y.Y., Y.S., P.D., J.S., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (F.H., Y.W., M.A.M.); Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (N.S., D.T.S.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Michael A Moskowitz
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.C., H.B.S., T.H., Y.Y., Y.S., P.D., J.S., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (F.H., Y.W., M.A.M.); Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (N.S., D.T.S.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (G.C., H.B.S., T.H., Y.Y., Y.S., P.D., J.S., R.W., F.K.S., M.N.); Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown (F.H., Y.W., M.A.M.); Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (N.S., D.T.S.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.).
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203
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Mauer J, Denson JL, Brüning JC. Versatile functions for IL-6 in metabolism and cancer. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:92-101. [PMID: 25616716 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its abundance in inflammatory settings, interleukin IL-6 is frequently viewed as a proinflammatory cytokine, with functions that parallel those of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IL-1β in the context of inflammation. However, accumulating evidence points to a broader role for IL-6 in a variety of (patho)physiological conditions, including functions related to the resolution of inflammation. We review recent findings on the complex biological functions governed by IL-6 signaling, focusing on its role in inflammation-associated cancer and metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We propose that the anti-inflammatory functions of IL-6 may extend to multiple settings and cell types, and suggest that these dimensions should be incorporated in therapeutic approaches to these diseases. Finally, we outline important areas of inquiry towards understanding this pleiotropic cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mauer
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Jesse L Denson
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.
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204
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Kleppe M, Kwak M, Koppikar P, Riester M, Keller M, Bastian L, Hricik T, Bhagwat N, McKenney AS, Papalexi E, Abdel-Wahab O, Rampal R, Marubayashi S, Chen JJ, Romanet V, Fridman JS, Bromberg J, Teruya-Feldstein J, Murakami M, Radimerski T, Michor F, Fan R, Levine RL. JAK-STAT pathway activation in malignant and nonmalignant cells contributes to MPN pathogenesis and therapeutic response. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:316-31. [PMID: 25572172 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The identification of JAK2/MPL mutations in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) has led to the clinical development of JAK kinase inhibitors, including ruxolitinib. Ruxolitinib reduces splenomegaly and systemic symptoms in myelofibrosis and improves overall survival; however, the mechanism by which JAK inhibitors achieve efficacy has not been delineated. Patients with MPN present with increased levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines, which are mitigated by JAK inhibitor therapy. We sought to elucidate mechanisms by which JAK inhibitors attenuate cytokine-mediated pathophysiology. Single-cell profiling demonstrated that hematopoietic cells from myelofibrosis models and patient samples aberrantly secrete inflammatory cytokines. Pan-hematopoietic Stat3 deletion reduced disease severity and attenuated cytokine secretion, with similar efficacy as observed with ruxolitinib therapy. In contrast, Stat3 deletion restricted to MPN cells did not reduce disease severity or cytokine production. Consistent with these observations, we found that malignant and nonmalignant cells aberrantly secrete cytokines and JAK inhibition reduces cytokine production from both populations. SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrate that JAK-STAT3-mediated cytokine production from malignant and nonmalignant cells contributes to MPN pathogenesis and that JAK inhibition in both populations is required for therapeutic efficacy. These findings provide novel insight into the mechanisms by which JAK kinase inhibition achieves therapeutic efficacy in MPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kleppe
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Minsuk Kwak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Priya Koppikar
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Markus Riester
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew Keller
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lennart Bastian
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Todd Hricik
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Neha Bhagwat
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York
| | - Anna Sophia McKenney
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York. Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, New York
| | - Efthymia Papalexi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Raajit Rampal
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sachie Marubayashi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan J Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Vincent Romanet
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jacqueline Bromberg
- Breast Cancer Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Masato Murakami
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Radimerski
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Michor
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Ross L Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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205
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Stefan-van Staden RI, Gugoaşă LA, Badulescu M, Surdu-Bob CC. Novel textile material based disposable sensors for biomedical analysis. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04777c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Textile veils modified with carbon-like diamond and maltodextrins detect IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB
- National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter
- Bucharest-6
- Romania
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science
| | - Livia Alexandra Gugoaşă
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB
- National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter
- Bucharest-6
- Romania
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science
| | - Marius Badulescu
- Low Temperature Plasma Laboratory
- National Institute for Lasers
- Plasma and Radiation Physics (NILPRP)
- Magurele
- Romania
| | - Carmen Cristina Surdu-Bob
- Low Temperature Plasma Laboratory
- National Institute for Lasers
- Plasma and Radiation Physics (NILPRP)
- Magurele
- Romania
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206
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Taylor SJ, Thien CBF, Dagger SA, Duyvestyn JM, Grove CS, Lee BH, Gilliland DG, Langdon WY. Loss of c-Cbl E3 ubiquitin ligase activity enhances the development of myeloid leukemia in FLT3-ITD mutant mice. Exp Hematol 2014; 43:191-206.e1. [PMID: 25534201 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) occur frequently in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), with the most common involving internal tandem duplication (ITD) within the juxtamembrane domain. Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3-ITD mutations result in a mislocalized and constitutively activated receptor, which aberrantly phosphorylates signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) and upregulates the expression of its target genes. c-Cbl is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that negatively regulates RTKs, including FLT3, but whether it can downregulate mislocalized FLT3-ITD remains to be resolved. To help clarify this, we combined a FLT3-ITD mutation with a loss-of-function mutation in the RING finger domain of c-Cbl that abolishes its E3 ligase activity. Mice transplanted with hematopoietic stem cells expressing both mutations rapidly develop myeloid leukemia, indicating strong cooperation between the two. Although the c-Cbl mutation was shown to cause hyperactivation of another RTK, c-Kit, it had no effect on enhancing FLT3-ITD protein levels or STAT5 activation. This indicates that c-Cbl does not downregulate FLT3-ITD and that the leukemia is driven by independent pathways involving FLT3-ITD's activation of STAT5 and mutant c-Cbl's activation of other RTKs, such as c-Kit. This study highlights the importance of c-Cbl's negative regulation of wild-type RTKs in suppressing FLT3-ITD-driven myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Taylor
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christine B F Thien
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Samantha A Dagger
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Johanna M Duyvestyn
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carolyn S Grove
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; PathWest Division of Clinical Pathology, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin H Lee
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D Gary Gilliland
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wallace Y Langdon
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
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207
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Yu H, Lee H, Herrmann A, Buettner R, Jove R. Revisiting STAT3 signalling in cancer: new and unexpected biological functions. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:736-46. [PMID: 25342631 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1548] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinases (JAKs) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins, particularly STAT3, are among the most promising new targets for cancer therapy. In addition to interleukin-6 (IL-6) and its family members, multiple pathways, including G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and microRNAs were recently identified to regulate JAK-STAT signalling in cancer. Well known for its role in tumour cell proliferation, survival, invasion and immunosuppression, JAK-STAT3 signalling also promotes cancer through inflammation, obesity, stem cells and the pre-metastatic niche. In addition to its established role as a transcription factor in cancer, STAT3 regulates mitochondrion functions, as well as gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms. Newly identified regulators and functions of JAK-STAT3 in tumours are important targets for potential therapeutic strategies in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yu
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Heehyoung Lee
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Ralf Buettner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Richard Jove
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, USA
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208
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Yeh ES, Vernon-Grey A, Martin H, Chodosh LA. Tetracycline-regulated mouse models of cancer. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2014; 2014:pdb.top069823. [PMID: 25275112 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top069823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) have proven essential to the study of mammalian gene function in both development and disease. However, traditional constitutive transgenic mouse model systems are limited by the temporal and spatial characteristics of the experimental promoter used to drive transgene expression. To address this limitation, considerable effort has been dedicated to developing conditional and inducible mouse model systems. Although a number of approaches to generating inducible GEMMs have been pursued, several have been restricted by toxic or undesired physiological side effects of the compounds used to activate gene expression. The development of tetracycline (tet)-dependent regulatory systems has allowed for circumvention of these issues resulting in the widespread adoption of these systems as an invaluable tool for modeling the complex nature of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Yeh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Ann Vernon-Grey
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Heather Martin
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Lewis A Chodosh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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209
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Pro-inflammatory cytokines: emerging players regulating HSC function in normal and diseased hematopoiesis. Exp Cell Res 2014; 329:248-54. [PMID: 25149680 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is the hierarchical process in which all lineages of blood cells are produced by self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow (BM). While the regulatory factors that maintain proper HSC function and lineage output under normal conditions are well understood, significantly less is known about how HSC fate is regulated in response to inflammation or disease. As many blood disorders are associated with overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, significant interest has emerged in understanding the impact of these factors on HSC function. In this review we highlight key advances demonstrating the impact of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the biology of HSCs and the BM niche, and address ongoing questions regarding their role in normal and pathogenic hematopoiesis.
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210
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Li ZP, Zeng ZL. Interleukin-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 in hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:3225-3231. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i22.3225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma is a complex process involving progressive abnormalities of cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. The progress of molecular biology techniques and the advances in research of malignant tumor cell receptors and proliferation regulation at the molecular level have led to the development of molecular targeted therapy. In recent years, many studies suggest that interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels are correlated with the development and prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma. A more detailed understanding of the roles of cytokines may provide new therapeutic targets for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. In this paper, we review the progress in research of IL-6 and COX in hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
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211
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Regulation of hematopoietic and leukemic stem cells by the immune system. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:187-98. [PMID: 24992931 PMCID: PMC4291501 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are rare, multipotent cells that generate via progenitor and precursor cells of all blood lineages. Similar to normal hematopoiesis, leukemia is also hierarchically organized and a subpopulation of leukemic cells, the leukemic stem cells (LSCs), is responsible for disease initiation and maintenance and gives rise to more differentiated malignant cells. Although genetically abnormal, LSCs share many characteristics with normal HSCs, including quiescence, multipotency and self-renewal. Normal HSCs reside in a specialized microenvironment in the bone marrow (BM), the so-called HSC niche that crucially regulates HSC survival and function. Many cell types including osteoblastic, perivascular, endothelial and mesenchymal cells contribute to the HSC niche. In addition, the BM functions as primary and secondary lymphoid organ and hosts various mature immune cell types, including T and B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages that contribute to the HSC niche. Signals derived from the HSC niche are necessary to regulate demand-adapted responses of HSCs and progenitor cells after BM stress or during infection. LSCs occupy similar niches and depend on signals from the BM microenvironment. However, in addition to the cell types that constitute the HSC niche during homeostasis, in leukemia the BM is infiltrated by activated leukemia-specific immune cells. Leukemic cells express different antigens that are able to activate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. It is well documented that activated T cells can contribute to the control of leukemic cells and it was hoped that these cells may be able to target and eliminate the therapy-resistant LSCs. However, the actual interaction of leukemia-specific T cells with LSCs remains ill-defined. Paradoxically, many immune mechanisms that evolved to activate emergency hematopoiesis during infection may actually contribute to the expansion and differentiation of LSCs, promoting leukemia progression. In this review, we summarize mechanisms by which the immune system regulates HSCs and LSCs.
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212
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Gustafsson K, Jamalpour M, Trinh C, Kharas MG, Welsh M. The Src homology-2 protein Shb modulates focal adhesion kinase signaling in a BCR-ABL myeloproliferative disorder causing accelerated progression of disease. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:45. [PMID: 24952416 PMCID: PMC4074852 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-7-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Src homology-2 domain protein B (Shb) is an adapter protein operating downstream of several tyrosine kinase receptors and consequently Shb regulates various cellular responses. Absence of Shb was recently shown to reduce hematopoietic stem cell proliferation through activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and thus we sought to investigate Shb’s role in the progression of leukemia. Methods Wild type and Shb knockout bone marrow cells were transformed with a retroviral BCR-ABL construct and subsequently transplanted to wild type or Shb knockout recipients. Disease latency, bone marrow and peripheral blood cell characteristics, cytokine expression, signaling characteristics and colony formation were determined by flow cytometry, qPCR, western blotting and methylcellulose colony forming assays. Results It was observed that Shb knockout BCR-ABL-transformed bone marrow cells produced a disease with death occurring at earlier time points compared with corresponding wild type controls due to elevated proliferation of transformed bone marrow cells. Moreover, significantly elevated interleukin-6 and granulocyte colony-stimulation factor mRNA levels were observed in Shb knockout c-Kit + leukemic bone marrow cells providing a plausible explanation for the concurrent peripheral blood neutrophilia. Shb knockout leukemic bone marrow cells also showed increased ability to form colonies in methylcellulose devoid of cytokines that was dependent on the concomitantly observed increased activity of FAK. Transplanting BCR-ABL-transformed Shb knockout bone marrow cells to Shb knockout recipients revealed decreased disease latency without neutrophilia, thus implicating the importance of niche-derived cues for the increase of blood granulocytes. Conclusions Absence of Shb accelerates disease progression by exerting dual roles in BCR-ABL-induced leukemia: increased cell expansion due to elevated FAK activity and neutrophilia in peripheral blood, the latter dependent on the genetic background of the leukemic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael Welsh
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
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214
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Hong B, Li H, Zhang M, Xu J, Lu Y, Zheng Y, Qian J, Chang JT, Yang J, Yi Q. p38 MAPK inhibits breast cancer metastasis through regulation of stromal expansion. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:34-43. [PMID: 24806617 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
p38 MAPK signaling controls cell growth, proliferation and the cell cycle under stress conditions. However, the function of p38 activation in tumor metastasis is still not well understood. We report that p38 activation in breast cancer cells inhibits tumor metastasis but does not substantially modulate primary tumor growth. Stable p38 knockdown in breast cancer cells suppressed NF-κB p65 activation, inhibiting miR-365 expression and resulting in increased IL-6 secretion. The inhibitory effect of p38 signaling on metastasis was mediated by suppression of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) migration to the primary tumor and sites of metastasis, where MSCs can differentiate into cancer-associated fibroblasts to promote tumor metastasis. The migration of MSCs to these sites relies on CXCR4-SDF1 signaling in the tumor microenvironment. Analysis of human primary and metastatic breast cancer tumors showed that p38 activation was inversely associated with IL-6 and vimentin expression. This study suggests that combination analysis of p38 MAPK and IL-6 signaling in patients with breast cancer may improve prognosis and treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangxing Hong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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215
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JAK2V617F homozygosity drives a phenotypic switch in myeloproliferative neoplasms, but is insufficient to sustain disease. Blood 2014; 123:3139-51. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-06-510222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
JAK2V617F homozygosity drives a phenotypic switch between myeloproliferative neoplasms. JAK2V617F homozygosity is insufficient to sustain clonal expansion.
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216
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Kong G, Wunderlich M, Yang D, Ranheim EA, Young KH, Wang J, Chang YI, Du J, Liu Y, Tey SR, Zhang X, Juckett M, Mattison R, Damnernsawad A, Zhang J, Mulloy JC, Zhang J. Combined MEK and JAK inhibition abrogates murine myeloproliferative neoplasm. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2762-73. [PMID: 24812670 DOI: 10.1172/jci74182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Overactive RAS signaling is prevalent in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) and the myeloproliferative variant of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (MP-CMML) in humans, and both are refractory to conventional chemotherapy. Conditional activation of a constitutively active oncogenic Nras (NrasG12D/G12D) in murine hematopoietic cells promotes an acute myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) that recapitulates many features of JMML and MP-CMML. We found that NrasG12D/G12D-expressing HSCs, which serve as JMML/MP-CMML-initiating cells, show strong hyperactivation of ERK1/2, promoting hyperproliferation and depletion of HSCs and expansion of downstream progenitors. Inhibition of the MEK pathway alone prolonged the presence of NrasG12D/G12D-expressing HSCs but failed to restore their proper function. Consequently, approximately 60% of NrasG12D/G12D mice treated with MEK inhibitor alone died within 20 weeks, and the remaining animals continued to display JMML/MP-CMML-like phenotypes. In contrast, combined inhibition of MEK and JAK/STAT signaling, which is commonly hyperactivated in human and mouse CMML, potently inhibited human and mouse CMML cell growth in vitro, rescued mutant NrasG12D/G12D-expressing HSC function in vivo, and promoted long-term survival without evident disease manifestation in NrasG12D/G12D animals. These results provide a strong rationale for further exploration of combined targeting of MEK/ERK and JAK/STAT in treating patients with JMML and MP-CMML.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Genes, ras
- Humans
- Janus Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Juvenile/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Juvenile/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Juvenile/genetics
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/drug therapy
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/enzymology
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/pathology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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217
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Dominant-negative Ikaros cooperates with BCR-ABL1 to induce human acute myeloid leukemia in xenografts. Leukemia 2014; 29:177-87. [PMID: 24791856 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Historically, our understanding of mechanisms underlying human leukemogenesis are inferred from genetically engineered mouse models. Relatively, few models that use primary human cells recapitulate the full leukemic transformation as assayed in xenografts and myeloid transformation is infrequent. We report a humanized experimental leukemia model where xenografts develop aggressive acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with disseminated myeloid sarcomas within 4 weeks following transplantation of cord blood transduced with vectors expressing BCR-ABL1 and a dominant-negative isoform of IKAROS, Ik6. Ik6 induced transcriptional programs in BCR-ABL1-transduced progenitors that contained repressed B-cell progenitor programs, along with strong stemness, proliferation and granulocyte-monocytic progenitor (GMP) signatures-a novel combination not induced in control groups. Thus, wild-type IKAROS restrains stemness properties and has tumor suppressor activity in BCR-ABL1-initiated leukemia. Although IKAROS mutations/deletions are common in lymphoid transformation, they are found also at low frequency in AML that progress from a prior myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) state. Our experimental system provides an excellent model to gain insight into these rare cases of AML transformation and the properties conferred by IKAROS loss of function as a secondary mutation. More generally, our data points to the importance of deregulated stemness/lineage commitment programs in human myeloid leukemogenesis.
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218
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Evi1 defines leukemia-initiating capacity and tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia. Oncogene 2014; 33:5028-38. [PMID: 24747972 PMCID: PMC4217142 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Relapse of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is triggered by stem cells with a reconstituting capacity similar to that of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and CML stem cells are a source of resistance in drug therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Ecotropic viral integration site 1 (EVI1), a key transcription factor in HSC regulation, is known to predict poor outcomes in myeloid malignancies, however, incapability of prospective isolation of EVI1-high leukemic cells precludes the functional evaluation of intraindividual EVI1-high cells. Introduction of CML into Evi1-internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in mice, a versatile HSC-reporter strain, enables us to separate Evi1-high CML cells from the individual. Evi1-IRES-GFP allele models of CML in chronic phase (CML-CP), by retroviral overexpression of BCR-ABL and by crossing BCR-ABL transgenic mice, revealed that Evi1 is predominantly enriched in the stem cell fraction and associated with an enhanced proliferative as well as a leukemia-initiating capacity and that Evi1-high CML-CP cells exhibit resistance to TKIs. Overexpressing BCR-ABL and NUP98-HOXA9 in Evi1-IRES-GFP knock-in mice to model CML in blast crisis (CML-BC), in which Evi1-high cells turned to be a major population as opposed to a minor population in CML-CP models, showed that Evi1-high CML-BC cells have a greater potential to recapitulate the disease and appear resistant to TKIs. Furthermore, given that Evi1 heterozygosity ameliorates CML-CP and CML-BC development and that the combination of Evi1 and BCR-ABL causes acute myeloid leukemia resembling CML-BC, Evi1 could regulate CML development as a potent driver. In addition, in human CML-CP cases, we show that EVI1 is highly expressed in stem cell-enriched CD34+CD38-CD90+ fraction at single-cell level. This is the first report to clarify directly that Evi1-high leukemic cells themselves possess the superior potential to Evi1-low cells in oncogenic self-renewal, which highlights the role of Evi1 as a valuable and a functional marker of CML stem cells.
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219
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The IL-2/CD25 axis maintains distinct subsets of chronic myeloid leukemia-initiating cells. Blood 2014; 123:2540-9. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-07-517847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Points
CD25+ CML LICs have high LIC capacity and secrete cytokines that constitute the LIC niche. Targeting the IL-2/CD25 axis effectively eliminates CML LICs and improves the survival of CML model mice.
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220
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Abstract
The impact of myeloid malignancies on the nonhematopoietic components of the bone marrow remains poorly understood. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Schepers et al. (2013) describe how malignant myeloid cells alter the endosteal hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche, resulting in the expansion of osteoblastic lineage cells that preferentially support malignant HSCs.
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221
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Uzan B, Poglio S, Gerby B, Wu CL, Gross J, Armstrong F, Calvo J, Cahu X, Deswarte C, Dumont F, Passaro D, Besnard-Guérin C, Leblanc T, Baruchel A, Landman-Parker J, Ballerini P, Baud V, Ghysdael J, Baleydier F, Porteu F, Pflumio F. Interleukin-18 produced by bone marrow-derived stromal cells supports T-cell acute leukaemia progression. EMBO Mol Med 2014; 6:821-34. [PMID: 24778454 PMCID: PMC4203358 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201303286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of novel therapies is critical for T-cell acute leukaemia (T-ALL). Here, we investigated the effect of inhibiting the MAPK/MEK/ERK pathway on T-ALL cell growth. Unexpectedly, MEK inhibitors (MEKi) enhanced growth of 70% of human T-ALL cell samples cultured on stromal cells independently of NOTCH activation and maintained their ability to propagate in vivo. Similar results were obtained when T-ALL cells were cultured with ERK1/2-knockdown stromal cells or with conditioned medium from MEKi-treated stromal cells. Microarray analysis identified interleukin 18 (IL-18) as transcriptionally up-regulated in MEKi-treated MS5 cells. Recombinant IL-18 promoted T-ALL growth in vitro, whereas the loss of function of IL-18 receptor in T-ALL blast cells decreased blast proliferation in vitro and in NSG mice. The NFKB pathway that is downstream to IL-18R was activated by IL-18 in blast cells. IL-18 circulating levels were increased in T-ALL-xenografted mice and also in T-ALL patients in comparison with controls. This study uncovers a novel role of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-18 and outlines the microenvironment involvement in human T-ALL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Uzan
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) DSV-IRCM-SCSR-LSHL Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France INSERM U967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Université Paris-Sud UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sandrine Poglio
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) DSV-IRCM-SCSR-LSHL Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France INSERM U967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Université Paris-Sud UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Bastien Gerby
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) DSV-IRCM-SCSR-LSHL Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France INSERM U967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Université Paris-Sud UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ching-Lien Wu
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) DSV-IRCM-SCSR-LSHL Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France INSERM U967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Université Paris-Sud UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Julia Gross
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) DSV-IRCM-SCSR-LSHL Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France INSERM U967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Université Paris-Sud UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Florence Armstrong
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) DSV-IRCM-SCSR-LSHL Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France INSERM U967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Université Paris-Sud UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Julien Calvo
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) DSV-IRCM-SCSR-LSHL Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France INSERM U967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Université Paris-Sud UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Xavier Cahu
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) DSV-IRCM-SCSR-LSHL Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France INSERM U967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Université Paris-Sud UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Caroline Deswarte
- Service D'hématologie Pédiatrique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital A. Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Florent Dumont
- INSERM U1016 Institut Cochin, Paris, France CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Diana Passaro
- Institut Curie Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France CNRS UMR 3306, Orsay, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1005, Orsay, France
| | - Corinne Besnard-Guérin
- INSERM U1016 Institut Cochin, Paris, France CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Leblanc
- Service D'hématologie Pédiatrique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - André Baruchel
- Service D'hématologie Pédiatrique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Judith Landman-Parker
- Service D'hématologie Pédiatrique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital A. Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Paola Ballerini
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) DSV-IRCM-SCSR-LSHL Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France INSERM U967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Université Paris-Sud UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Service D'hématologie Pédiatrique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Hôpital A. Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Baud
- INSERM U1016 Institut Cochin, Paris, France CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Ghysdael
- Institut Curie Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France CNRS UMR 3306, Orsay, France Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1005, Orsay, France
| | - Frédéric Baleydier
- Institut d'Hématologie et Oncologie Pédiatrique Hospices Civils de Lyon et Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | - Francoise Porteu
- INSERM U1016 Institut Cochin, Paris, France CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Francoise Pflumio
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) DSV-IRCM-SCSR-LSHL Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France INSERM U967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Université Paris-Sud UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Cytotoxic CD8+ T Cells Stimulate Hematopoietic Progenitors by Promoting Cytokine Release from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:460-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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223
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Braig M, Pällmann N, Preukschas M, Steinemann D, Hofmann W, Gompf A, Streichert T, Braunschweig T, Copland M, Rudolph KL, Bokemeyer C, Koschmieder S, Schuppert A, Balabanov S, Brümmendorf TH. A 'telomere-associated secretory phenotype' cooperates with BCR-ABL to drive malignant proliferation of leukemic cells. Leukemia 2014; 28:2028-39. [PMID: 24603533 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Telomere biology is frequently associated with disease evolution in human cancer and dysfunctional telomeres have been demonstrated to contribute to genetic instability. In BCR-ABL(+) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), accelerated telomere shortening has been shown to correlate with leukemia progression, risk score and response to treatment. Here, we demonstrate that proliferation of murine CML-like bone marrow cells strongly depends on telomere maintenance. CML-like cells of telomerase knockout mice with critically short telomeres (CML-iG4) are growth retarded and proliferation is terminally stalled by a robust senescent cell cycle arrest. In sharp contrast, CML-like cells with pre-shortened, but not critically short telomere lengths (CML-G2) grew most rapidly and were found to express a specific 'telomere-associated secretory phenotype', comprising secretion of chemokines, interleukins and other growth factors, thereby potentiating oncogene-driven growth. Moreover, conditioned supernatant of CML-G2 cells markedly enhanced proliferation of CML-WT and pre-senescent CML-iG4 cells. Strikingly, a similar inflammatory mRNA expression pattern was found with disease progression from chronic phase to accelerated phase in CML patients. These findings demonstrate that telomere-induced senescence needs to be bypassed by leukemic cells in order to progress to blast crisis and provide a novel mechanism by which telomere shortening may contribute to disease evolution in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Braig
- 1] Department of Oncology/Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section of Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumor-Zentrum, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany [2] Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - N Pällmann
- Department of Oncology/Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section of Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumor-Zentrum, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Preukschas
- Department of Oncology/Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section of Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumor-Zentrum, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - D Steinemann
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - W Hofmann
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Gompf
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Max-Planck-Research Group on Stem Cell Aging, Ulm, Germany
| | - T Streichert
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - T Braunschweig
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - M Copland
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - K L Rudolph
- Leibniz Institute of Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - C Bokemeyer
- Department of Oncology/Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section of Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumor-Zentrum, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - A Schuppert
- Aachen Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Science (AICES), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - S Balabanov
- 1] Department of Oncology/Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section of Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumor-Zentrum, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany [2] Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - T H Brümmendorf
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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224
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Chang Q, Daly L, Bromberg J. The IL-6 feed-forward loop: a driver of tumorigenesis. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:48-53. [PMID: 24613573 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 signaling plays a prominent role in tumorigenesis and metastasis. In this review we discuss the recent evidence describing the tumor intrinsic and extrinsic functions of this signaling pathway. Although blockade of this pathway in pre-clinical models leads to a reduction in tumor growth and metastasis, its clinical success is less evident. Thus, identifying the features of tumors/patients that predict response to anti-IL6 therapy are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chang
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Daly
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacqueline Bromberg
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College (WCMC), New York, NY, USA.
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225
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Greim H, Kaden DA, Larson RA, Palermo CM, Rice JM, Ross D, Snyder R. The bone marrow niche, stem cells, and leukemia: impact of drugs, chemicals, and the environment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1310:7-31. [PMID: 24495159 PMCID: PMC4002179 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are a unique population of somatic stem cells that can both self-renew for long-term reconstitution of HSCs and differentiate into hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), which in turn give rise, in a hierarchical manner, to the entire myeloid and lymphoid lineages. The differentiation and maturation of these lineages occurs in the bone marrow (BM) niche, a microenvironment that regulates self-renewal, survival, differentiation, and proliferation, with interactions among signaling pathways in the HSCs and the niche required to establish and maintain homeostasis. The accumulation of genetic mutations and cytogenetic abnormalities within cells of the partially differentiated myeloid lineage, particularly as a result of exposure to benzene or cytotoxic anticancer drugs, can give rise to malignancies like acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Better understanding of the mechanisms driving these malignancies and susceptibility factors, both within HPCs and cells within the BM niche, may lead to the development of strategies for prevention of occupational and cancer therapy-induced disease.
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226
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Lou Y, He T, Jiang F, Shi JJ, Zhu JJ. A competitive electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of human interleukin-6 based on the electrically heated carbon electrode and silver nanoparticles functionalized labels. Talanta 2014; 122:135-9. [PMID: 24720974 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A facile one-step electrochemical reduction method was developed to prepare electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) and gold-palladium bimetallic nanoparticles (AuPdNPs) as the platform of immunosensor. A novel competitive electrochemical immunosensor was then proposed by combining the ERGO-AuPdNPs platform with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) functionalized polystyrene bionanolabel for the sensitive detection of human interleukin-6 (IL-6). An electrically heated carbon electrode (HCPE) was introduced in the detection procedure of the immunosensor, and further improved the sensitivity. The immunosensor exhibited a wide linear response to IL-6 ranging from 0.1 to 100000 pg mL(-1) with a detection limit of 0.059 pg mL(-1). The proposed method showed good precision, broad linear range, acceptable stability and high reproducibility, and could be used for the detection of IL-6 in real samples, which possessed promising application in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbing Lou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Tingting He
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China; School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Fang Jiang
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Shi
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China; School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China.
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227
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Uddin MN, Zhang Y, Harton JA, MacNamara KC, Avram D. TNF-α-dependent hematopoiesis following Bcl11b deletion in T cells restricts metastatic melanoma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:1946-53. [PMID: 24446520 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Using several tumor models, we demonstrate that mice deficient in Bcl11b in T cells, although having reduced numbers of T cells in the peripheral lymphoid organs, developed significantly less tumors compared with wild-type mice. Bcl11b(-/-) CD4(+) T cells, with elevated TNF-α levels, but not the Bcl11b(-/-) CD8(+) T cells, were required for the reduced tumor burden, as were NK1.1(+) cells, found in increased numbers in Bcl11b(F/F)/CD4-Cre mice. Among NK1.1(+) cells, the NK cell population was predominant in number and was the only population displaying elevated granzyme B levels and increased degranulation, although not increased proliferation. Although the number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells was increased in the lungs with metastatic tumors of Bcl11b(F/F)/CD4-Cre mice, their arginase-1 levels were severely reduced. The increase in NK cell and myeloid-derived suppressor cell numbers was associated with increased bone marrow and splenic hematopoiesis. Finally, the reduced tumor burden, increased numbers of NK cells in the lung, and increased hematopoiesis in Bcl11b(F/F)/CD4-Cre mice were all dependent on TNF-α. Moreover, TNF-α treatment of wild-type mice also reduced the tumor burden and increased hematopoiesis and the numbers and activity of NK cells in the lung. In vitro treatment with TNF-α of lineage-negative hematopoietic progenitors increased NK and myeloid differentiation, further supporting a role of TNF-α in promoting hematopoiesis. These studies reveal a novel role for TNF-α in the antitumor immune response, specifically in stimulating hematopoiesis and increasing the numbers and activity of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad N Uddin
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208
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228
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Ponatinib overcomes FGF2-mediated resistance in CML patients without kinase domain mutations. Blood 2014; 123:1516-24. [PMID: 24408322 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-07-518381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of resistance to kinase inhibitors remains a clinical challenge. Kinase domain mutations are a common mechanism of resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), yet the mechanism of resistance in the absence of mutations remains unclear. We tested proteins from the bone marrow microenvironment and found that FGF2 promotes resistance to imatinib in vitro. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) was uniquely capable of promoting growth in both short- and long-term assays through the FGF receptor 3/RAS/c-RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Resistance could be overcome with ponatinib, a multikinase inhibitor that targets BCR-ABL and FGF receptor. Clinically, we identified CML patients without kinase domain mutations who were resistant to multiple ABL kinase inhibitors and responded to ponatinib treatment. In comparison to CML patients with kinase domain mutations, these patients had increased FGF2 in their bone marrow when analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, FGF2 in the marrow decreased concurrently with response to ponatinib, further suggesting that FGF2-mediated resistance is interrupted by FGF receptor inhibition. These results illustrate the clinical importance of ligand-induced resistance to kinase inhibitors and support an approach of developing rational inhibitor combinations to circumvent resistance.
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229
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Long-term cultured mesenchymal stem cells frequently develop genomic mutations but do not undergo malignant transformation. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e950. [PMID: 24309937 PMCID: PMC3877551 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cultured human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) are being tested in several clinical trials and encouraging outcomes have been observed. To determine whether in vitro expansion influences the genomic stability of hUC-MSCs, we maintained nine hUC-MSC clones in long-term culture and comparatively analyzed them at early and late passages. All of the clones senesced in culture, exhibiting decreased telomerase activity and shortened telomeres. Two clones showed no DNA copy number variations (CNVs) at passage 30 (P30). Seven clones had ≥1 CNVs at P30 compared with P3, and one of these clones appeared trisomic chromosome 10 at the late passage. No tumor developed in immunodeficient mice injected with hUC-MSCs, regardless of whether the cells had CNVs at the late passage. mRNA-Seq analysis indicated that pathways of cell cycle control and DNA damage response were downregulated during in vitro culture in hUC-MSC clones that showed genomic instability, but the same pathways were upregulated in the clones with good genomic stability. These results demonstrated that hUC-MSCs can be cultured for many passages and attain a large number of cells, but most of the cultured hUC-MSCs develop genomic alterations. Although hUC-MSCs with genomic alterations do not undergo malignant transformation, periodic genomic monitoring and donor management focusing on genomic stability are recommended before these cells are used for clinical applications.
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230
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Krause DS, Fulzele K, Catic A, Sun CC, Dombkowski D, Hurley MP, Lezeau S, Attar E, Wu JY, Lin HY, Divieti-Pajevic P, Hasserjian RP, Schipani E, Van Etten RA, Scadden DT. Differential regulation of myeloid leukemias by the bone marrow microenvironment. Nat Med 2013; 19:1513-7. [PMID: 24162813 PMCID: PMC3827980 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Like their normal hematopoietic stem cell counterparts, leukemia stem cells (LSCs) in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are presumed to reside in specific niches in the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) and may be the cause of relapse following chemotherapy. Targeting the niche is a new strategy to eliminate persistent and drug-resistant LSCs. CD44 (refs. 3,4) and interleukin-6 (ref. 5) have been implicated previously in the LSC niche. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is released during bone remodeling and plays a part in maintenance of CML LSCs, but a role for TGF-β1 from the BMM has not been defined. Here, we show that alteration of the BMM by osteoblastic cell-specific activation of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor attenuates BCR-ABL1 oncogene-induced CML-like myeloproliferative neoplasia (MPN) but enhances MLL-AF9 oncogene-induced AML in mouse transplantation models, possibly through opposing effects of increased TGF-β1 on the respective LSCs. PTH treatment caused a 15-fold decrease in LSCs in wild-type mice with CML-like MPN and reduced engraftment of immune-deficient mice with primary human CML cells. These results demonstrate that LSC niches in CML and AML are distinct and suggest that modulation of the BMM by PTH may be a feasible strategy to reduce LSCs, a prerequisite for the cure of CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S. Krause
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Keertik Fulzele
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Andre Catic
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Chia Chi Sun
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - David Dombkowski
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Michael P. Hurley
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Sanon Lezeau
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Eyal Attar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Joy Y. Wu
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Herbert Y. Lin
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | | | | | | | | | - David T. Scadden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
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231
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Graham MT, Abram CL, Hu Y, Lowell CA. Expression of the TEL-Syk fusion protein in hematopoietic stem cells leads to rapidly fatal myelofibrosis in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77542. [PMID: 24116232 PMCID: PMC3792906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The TEL-Syk fusion protein was isolated from a patient with myelodysplasia with megakaryocyte blasts. Expression of TEL-Syk transforms interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent Ba/F3 cells in vitro by deregulating STAT5-mediated signal transduction pathways. In vivo, TEL-Syk expression in pre-B cells blocks B cell differentiation, leading to lymphoid leukemia. Here, we demonstrate that TEL-Syk introduced into fetal liver hematopoietic cells, which are then adoptively transferred into lethally irradiated recipients, leads to an aggressive myelodysplasia with myelofibrosis that is lethal in mice by 60–75 days. Expression of TEL-Syk induces a short-lived myeloexpansion that is rapidly followed by bone marrow failure and extreme splenic/hepatic fibrosis accompanied by extensive apoptosis. The disease is dependent on Syk kinase activity. Analysis of serum from TEL-Syk mice reveals an inflammatory cytokine signature reminiscent of that found in the sera from patients and mouse models of myeloproliferative neoplasms. TEL-Syk expressing cells showed constitutive STAT5 phosphorylation, which was resistant to JAK inhibition, consistent with deregulated cytokine signaling. These data indicate that expression of TEL-Syk in fetal liver hematopoietic cells results in JAK-independent STAT5 phosphorylation ultimately leading to a uniquely aggressive and lethal form of myelofibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle T. Graham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Clare L. Abram
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yongmei Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Clifford A. Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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232
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Putting the brakes on anticancer therapies: suppression of innate immune pathways by tumor-associated myeloid cells. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:536-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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233
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Schepers K, Pietras EM, Reynaud D, Flach J, Binnewies M, Garg T, Wagers AJ, Hsiao EC, Passegué E. Myeloproliferative neoplasia remodels the endosteal bone marrow niche into a self-reinforcing leukemic niche. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 13:285-99. [PMID: 23850243 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) and their osteoblastic lineage cell (OBC) derivatives are part of the bone marrow (BM) niche and contribute to hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance. Here, we show that myeloproliferative neoplasia (MPN) progressively remodels the endosteal BM niche into a self-reinforcing leukemic niche that impairs normal hematopoiesis, favors leukemic stem cell (LSC) function, and contributes to BM fibrosis. We show that leukemic myeloid cells stimulate MSCs to overproduce functionally altered OBCs, which accumulate in the BM cavity as inflammatory myelofibrotic cells. We identify roles for thrombopoietin, CCL3, and direct cell-cell interactions in driving OBC expansion, and for changes in TGF-β, Notch, and inflammatory signaling in OBC remodeling. MPN-expanded OBCs, in turn, exhibit decreased expression of many HSC retention factors and severely compromised ability to maintain normal HSCs, but effectively support LSCs. Targeting this pathological interplay could represent a novel avenue for treatment of MPN-affected patients and prevention of myelofibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Schepers
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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234
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Zhao JL, Rao DS, O'Connell RM, Garcia-Flores Y, Baltimore D. MicroRNA-146a acts as a guardian of the quality and longevity of hematopoietic stem cells in mice. eLife 2013; 2:e00537. [PMID: 23705069 PMCID: PMC3660742 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During inflammation and infection, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells are stimulated to proliferate and differentiate into mature immune cells, especially of the myeloid lineage. MicroRNA-146a (miR-146a) is a critical negative regulator of inflammation. Deletion of miR-146a produces effects that appear as dysregulated inflammatory hematopoiesis, leading to a decline in the number and quality of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), excessive myeloproliferation, and, ultimately, to HSC exhaustion and hematopoietic neoplasms. At the cellular level, the defects are attributable to both an intrinsic problem in the miR-146a-deficient HSCs and extrinsic effects of lymphocytes and nonhematopoietic cells. At the molecular level, this involves a molecular axis consisting of miR-146a, signaling protein TRAF6, transcriptional factor NF-κB, and cytokine IL-6. This study has identified miR-146a to be a critical regulator of HSC homeostasis during chronic inflammation in mice and provided a molecular connection between chronic inflammation and the development of bone marrow failure and myeloproliferative neoplasms. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00537.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy L Zhao
- Department of Biology , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , United States
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235
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Nras(G12D/+) promotes leukemogenesis by aberrantly regulating hematopoietic stem cell functions. Blood 2013; 121:5203-7. [PMID: 23687087 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-12-475863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic NRAS mutations are frequently identified in human myeloid leukemias. In mice, expression of endogenous oncogenic Nras (Nras(G12D/+)) in hematopoietic cells leads to expansion of myeloid progenitors, increased long-term reconstitution of bone marrow cells, and a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN). However, acute expression of Nras(G12D/+) in a pure C57BL/6 background does not induce hyperactivated granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling or increased proliferation in myeloid progenitors. It is thus unclear how Nras(G12D/+) signaling promotes leukemogenesis. Here, we show that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) expressing Nras(G12D/+) serve as MPN-initiating cells. They undergo moderate hyperproliferation with increased self-renewal. The aberrant Nras(G12D/+) HSC function is associated with hyperactivation of ERK1/2 in HSCs. Conversely, downregulation of MEK/ERK by pharmacologic and genetic approaches attenuates the cycling of Nras(G12D/+) HSCs and prevents the expansion of Nras(G12D/+) HSCs and myeloid progenitors. Our data delineate critical mechanisms of oncogenic Nras signaling in HSC function and leukemogenesis.
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236
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DeGregori J. Challenging the axiom: does the occurrence of oncogenic mutations truly limit cancer development with age? Oncogene 2013; 32:1869-75. [PMID: 22751134 PMCID: PMC3670419 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A widely accepted paradigm in cancer research holds that the development of cancers is rate limited by the occurrence of oncogenic mutations. In particular, the exponential rise in the incidence of most cancers with age is thought to reflect the time required for cells to accumulate the multiple oncogenic mutations needed to confer the cancer phenotype. Here I will argue against the axiom that the occurrence of oncogenic mutations limits cancer incidence with age, based on several observations, including that the rate of mutation accumulation is maximal during ontogeny, oncogenic mutations are frequently detected in normal tissues, the evolution of complex multicellularity was not accompanied by reductions in mutation rates, and that many oncogenic mutations have been shown to impair stem cell activity. Moreover, although evidence that has been used to support the current paradigm includes increased cancer incidence in individuals with inherited DNA repair deficiencies or exposed to mutagens, the pleotropic effects of these contexts could enhance tumorigenesis at multiple levels. I will further argue that age-dependent alteration of selection for oncogenic mutations provides a more plausible explanation for increased cancer incidence in the elderly. Although oncogenic mutations are clearly required for cancer evolution, together these observations counter the common view that age dependence of cancers is largely explained by the time required to accumulate sufficient oncogenic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J DeGregori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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237
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An evolutionary perspective on chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2013; 27:1441-50. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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238
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Stem cell maintenance and disease progression in chronic myeloid leukemia. Int J Hematol 2013; 98:641-7. [PMID: 23550022 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-013-1318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a cancer of blood cells driven by the BCR-ABL1 oncogenic protein tyrosine kinase, which is the product of a reciprocal chromosomal translocation known as the Philadelphia chromosome. Discovery of tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting the BCR-ABL1 kinase revolutionized CML therapy, but these drugs are unable to eradicate the disease due to the presence of a drug-insensitive stem cell population that sustains continued growth of the malignant cells. Resistance to therapies also increases the risk of relapse and disease progression to a more advanced phase. This review discusses emerging issues in CML research, and describes recent progress in elucidating the mechanisms of CML stem cell maintenance and disease progression.
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239
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Reavie L, Buckley SM, Loizou E, Takeishi S, Aranda-Orgilles B, Ndiaye-Lobry D, Abdel-Wahab O, Ibrahim S, Nakayama KI, Aifantis I. Regulation of c-Myc ubiquitination controls chronic myelogenous leukemia initiation and progression. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:362-75. [PMID: 23518350 PMCID: PMC3609428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms regulating leukemia-initiating cell (LIC) function are of important clinical significance. We use chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) as a model of LIC-dependent malignancy and identify the interaction between the ubiquitin ligase Fbw7 and its substrate c-Myc as a regulator of LIC homeostasis. Deletion of Fbw7 leads to c-Myc overexpression, p53-dependent LIC-specific apoptosis, and the eventual inhibition of tumor progression. A decrease of either c-Myc protein levels or attenuation of the p53 response rescues LIC activity and disease progression. Further experiments showed that Fbw7 expression is required for survival and maintenance of human CML LIC. These studies identify a ubiquitin ligase:substrate pair regulating LIC activity, suggesting that targeting of the Fbw7:c-Myc axis is an attractive therapy target in refractory CML.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Disease Progression
- F-Box Proteins/genetics
- F-Box Proteins/metabolism
- F-Box-WD Repeat-Containing Protein 7
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism
- Ubiquitination
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsey Reavie
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shannon M. Buckley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Evangelia Loizou
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shoichiro Takeishi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1–1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Beatriz Aranda-Orgilles
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Delphine Ndiaye-Lobry
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10016, NY, USA
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer, New York 10016, NY, USA
| | - Sherif Ibrahim
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Keiichi I. Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1–1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Address Correspondence To: Iannis Aifantis, Ph.D., Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, SRB 1304, New York, NY, 10016, USA,
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240
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Depletion of Jak2V617F myeloproliferative neoplasm-propagating stem cells by interferon-α in a murine model of polycythemia vera. Blood 2013; 121:3692-702. [PMID: 23487027 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-05-432989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-α (IFNα) is an effective treatment of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). In addition to inducing hematological responses in most MPN patients, IFNα reduces the JAK2V617F allelic burden and can render the JAK2V617F mutant clone undetectable in some patients. The precise mechanism underlying these responses is incompletely understood and whether the molecular responses that are seen occur due to the effects of IFNα on JAK2V617F mutant stem cells is debated. Using a murine model of Jak2V617F MPN, we investigated the effects of IFNα on Jak2V617F MPN-propagating stem cells in vivo. We report that IFNα treatment induces hematological responses in the model and causes depletion of Jak2V617F MPN-propagating cells over time, impairing disease transplantation. We demonstrate that IFNα treatment induces cell cycle activation of Jak2V617F mutant long-term hematopoietic stem cells and promotes a predetermined erythroid-lineage differentiation program. These findings provide insights into the differential effects of IFNα on Jak2V617F mutant and normal hematopoiesis and suggest that IFNα achieves molecular remissions in MPN patients through its effects on MPN stem cells. Furthermore, these results support combinatorial therapeutic approaches in MPN by concurrently depleting dormant JAK2V617F MPN-propagating stem cells with IFNα and targeting the proliferating downstream progeny with JAK2 inhibitors or cytotoxic chemotherapy.
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241
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Zhang H, Li S. Molecular mechanisms for survival regulation of chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells. Protein Cell 2013; 4:186-96. [PMID: 23483480 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-2115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) have served as a paradigm for cancer research and therapy. These studies involve the identification of the first cancer-associated chromosomal abnormality and the subsequent development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that inhibit BCR-ABL kinase activity in CML. It becomes clear that leukemia stem cells (LSCs) in CML which are resistant to TKIs, and eradication of LSCs appears to be extremely difficult. Therefore, one of the major issues in current CML biology is to understand the biology of LSCs and to investigate why LSCs are insensitive to TKI monotherapy for developing curative therapeutic strategies. Studies from our group and others have revealed that CML LSCs form a hierarchy similar to that seen in normal hematopoiesis, in which a rare stem cell population with limitless self-renewal potential gives rise to progenies that lack such potential. LSCs also possess biological features that are different from those of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and are critical for their malignant characteristics. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in CML field, and attempt to understand the molecular mechanisms of survival regulation of LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojian Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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242
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Krause DS, Scadden DT, Preffer FI. The hematopoietic stem cell niche--home for friend and foe? CYTOMETRY. PART B, CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2013; 84:7-20. [PMID: 23281119 PMCID: PMC3691061 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche is involved in the maintainance and regulation of quiescence, self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and the fate of their progeny in mammals dealing with the daily stresses to the hematopoietic system. From the discovery that perturbations of the HSC niche can lead to hematopoietic disorders, we have now arrived at the prospect that the HSC niche may play a role in hematological malignancies and that this HSC niche may be a target for therapy. This review attempts to capture the discoveries of the last few years regarding the normal and malignant hematopoietic stem cell niche and possible ways to target this niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Krause
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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243
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Cahu J, Bustany S, Sola B. Senescence-associated secretory phenotype favors the emergence of cancer stem-like cells. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e446. [PMID: 23254289 PMCID: PMC3542619 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying cancer resistance remain elusive. One possible explanation is that cancer stem cells (CSCs) elude drug treatment, emerge and reproduce a tumor. Using multiple myeloma as a paradigm, we showed that cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) appear after genotoxic stress because of their intrinsic properties. However, these properties do not drive the emergence of the CSLCs. Following genotoxic stress, remaining DNA damages lead to a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Senescent cells, which are the non-CSLCs, secrete chemokines contributing to the emergence, maintenance and migration of CSLCs. Downregulation of checkpoint protein 2, a key player of SASP, significantly reduced the emergence of CSLCs. Our results unravel a novel molecular mechanism by which SASP might promote malignancy, underlining the dual role of senescence in tumorigenesis. This mechanism, based on mutual cooperation among tumor cells, illustrates how cancer may relapse; its targeting could represent new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cahu
- MILPAT (EA 4652), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, CHU Côte de Nacre, Caen, France.
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244
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Abstract
A basic requirement for the development of complex organ systems is that the cellular response to identical environmental cues can vary significantly between distinct cell types and developmental stages. While it is well established that paracrine signaling can similarly elicit diverse responses in distinct tumor types, the relevance of developmental stage-specific signaling responses to tumor development remains unclear. Here, we show that the same microenvironmental factor, IL-6, can both promote and prevent lymphoma development by acting on cells at distinct stages of hematopoietic development. Specifically, paracrine IL-6 signaling promotes the survival of transplanted hematopoietic stem cells following lethal irradiation, allowing for the persistence and expansion of progenitor cells bearing a cancer-promoting alteration. Conversely, IL-6 signaling also initiates a paracrine secretory program in the bone marrow that promotes B-cell differentiation and inhibits the development of B-cell malignancies. Thus, stage-specific responses to cytokines may promote progenitor cell expansion while also inhibiting neoplastic development within a single developmental lineage. Once transformed, the resulting B-cell lymphomas again use paracrine IL-6 signaling as a survival signal, highlighting the ability of tumor cells to co-opt pathways used for stem cell protection. These data not only suggest a complex regulation of tumor development by the preneoplastic microenvironment, but also that this regulation can decisively impact the outcome of well-established tumor modeling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Gilbert
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA
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245
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Steinman RA, Yang Q, Gasparetto M, Robinson LJ, Liu X, Lenzner DE, Hou J, Smith C, Wang Q. Deletion of the RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1 causes regression of established chronic myelogenous leukemia in mice. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:1741-50. [PMID: 22987615 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) respond well to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) of the Bcr-Abl oncoprotein. However, intolerance and resistance to these agents remains a challenge, and TKIs are unable to eradicate rare leukemia-initiating cells. Leukemia treatment would benefit from a better understanding of molecular signals that are necessary for the survival of leukemia-initiating cells but dispensable for normal hematopoietic stem cells. Leukemia-initiating cells in CML can arise from myeloid progenitor cells, a population that we have reported in normal hematopoiesis to depend on the RNA-editing enzyme adenosine deaminase acting on RNA-1 (ADAR1). We now report that Bcr-Abl transformed leukemic cells were ADAR1-dependent in a conditional ADAR1 knockout mouse model. ADAR1 deletion reversed leukocytosis and splenomegaly, and preferentially depleted primitive Lin-Sca+Kit+ (LSK) leukemic cells but not LSK cells lacking the leukemic oncoprotein. ADAR1 deletion ultimately normalized the peripheral white blood count, eliminating leukemic cells as assessed by PCR. These results uncover a novel requirement for ADAR1 in myeloid leukemic cells and indicate that ADAR1 may comprise a new molecular target for CML-directed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Steinman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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246
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Mullally A, Lane SW, Brumme K, Ebert BL. Myeloproliferative neoplasm animal models. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2012; 26:1065-81. [PMID: 23009938 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) animal models accurately re-capitulate human disease in mice and have been an important tool for the study of MPN biology and therapy. Transplantation of BCR-ABL transduced bone marrow into irradiated syngeneic mice established the field of MPN animal modeling. Genetically engineered MPN animal models have enabled detailed characterization of the effects of specific MPN-associated genetic abnormalities on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Xenograft models have allowed the study of primary human MPN-propagating cells in vivo. JAK2V617F, the most common molecular abnormality in BCR-ABL negative MPN, has been extensively studied using retroviral, transgenic, knock-in and xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Mullally
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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247
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Crews LA, Jamieson CHM. Selective elimination of leukemia stem cells: hitting a moving target. Cancer Lett 2012; 338:15-22. [PMID: 22906415 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of chemotherapeutic cytotoxic agents that eradicate proliferating cell populations, patients suffering from a wide variety of malignancies continue to relapse as a consequence of resistance to standard therapies. In hematologic malignancies, leukemia stem cells (LSCs) represent a malignant reservoir of disease that is believed to drive relapse and resistance to chemotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKIs). Major research efforts in recent years have been aimed at identifying and characterizing the LSC population in leukemias, such as chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), which represents an important paradigm for understanding the molecular evolution of cancer. However, the precise molecular mechanisms that promote LSC-mediated therapeutic recalcitrance have remained elusive. It has become clear that the LSC population evolves during disease progression, thus presenting a serious challenge for development of effective therapeutic strategies. Multiple reports have demonstrated that LSC initiation and propagation occurs as a result of aberrant activation of pro-survival and self-renewal pathways regulated by stem-cell related signaling molecules including β-catenin and Sonic Hedgehog (Shh). Enhanced survival in LSC protective microenvironments, such as the bone marrow niche, as well as acquired dormancy of cells in these niches, also contributes to LSC persistence. Key components of these cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic pathways provide novel potential targets for therapies aimed at eradicating this dynamic and therapeutically recalcitrant LSC population. Furthermore, combination strategies that exploit LSC have the potential to dramatically improve the quality and quantity of life for patients that are resistant to current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Crews
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Program and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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248
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Chemoselection of allogeneic HSC after murine neonatal transplantation without myeloablation or post-transplant immunosuppression. Mol Ther 2012; 20:2180-9. [PMID: 22871662 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The feasibility of allogeneic transplantation, without myeloablation or post-transplant immunosuppression, was tested using in vivo chemoselection of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) after transduction with a novel tricistronic lentiviral vector (MGMT(P140K)-2A-GFP-IRES-TK (MAGIT)). This vector contains P140K-O(6)-methylguanine-methyltransferase (MGMT(P140K)), HSV-thymidine kinase (TK(HSV)), and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) enabling (i) in vivo chemoselection of HSC by conferring resistance to benzylguanine (BG), an inhibitor of endogenous MGMT, and to chloroethylating agents such as 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)nitrosourea (BCNU) and, (ii) depletion of proliferating cells such as malignant clones or transduced donor T cells mediating graft versus host disease (GVHD), by expression of the suicide gene TK(HSV) and Ganciclovir (GCV) administration. Non-myeloablative transplantation of transduced, syngeneic, lineage-depleted (Lin(-)) BM in neonates resulted in 0.67% GFP(+) mononuclear cells in peripheral blood. BG/BCNU chemoselection, 4 and 8 weeks post-transplant, produced 50-fold donor cell enrichment. Transplantation and chemoselection of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched MAGIT-transduced Lin(-) BM also produced similar expansion for >40 weeks. The efficacy of this allotransplant approach was validated in Hbb(th3) heterozygous mice by correction of β-thalassemia intermedia, without toxicity or GVHD. Negative selection, by administration of GCV resulted in donor cell depletion without graft ablation, as re-expansion of donor cells was achieved with BG/BCNU treatment. These studies show promise for developing non-ablative allotransplant approaches using in vivo positive/negative selection.
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249
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Maru Y. Molecular biology of chronic myeloid leukemia. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1601-10. [PMID: 22632137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed information on the crystal structure of the pharmacologically targeted domains of the BCR-ABL molecule and on its intracellular signaling, which are potentially involved in growth, anti-apoptosis, metabolism and stemness, has made the study of chronic myeloid leukemia the most successful field in tumor biology. However, we now face the issue of drug resistance due to deregulation in the quality control of both DNA and protein. BCR-ABL is basically a misfolded protein with intrinsically disordered regions, which not only produces endoplasmic reticulum stress followed by unfolded protein response in some settings, but also conformational plasticity that may affect the structure of the whole molecule. The intercellular signaling derived from the leukemic cell microenvironment may influence the intracellular responses that take place in a manner both dependent on and independent of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Maru
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan.
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250
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Distinct roles for long-term hematopoietic stem cells and erythroid precursor cells in a murine model of Jak2V617F-mediated polycythemia vera. Blood 2012; 120:166-72. [PMID: 22627765 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-01-402396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current model of the pathogenesis of polycythemia vera (PV), the JAK2V617F mutation arises in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that maintain the disease, while erythroid precursor populations expand, resulting in excessive red blood cell production. We examined the role of these specific cell populations using a conditional Jak2V617F knockin murine model. We demonstrate that the most immature long-term (LT) HSCs are solely responsible for initiating and maintaining the disease in vivo and that Jak2V617F mutant LT-HSCs dominate hematopoiesis over time. When we induced Jak2V617F expression in erythropoietin receptor expressing precursor cells, the mice developed elevated hematocrit, expanded erythroid precursors, and suppressed erythropoietin levels. However, the disease phenotype was significantly attenuated compared with mice expressing Jak2V617F in LT-HSCs. In addition to developing a PV phenotype, all mice transplanted with Jak2V617F LT-HSCs underwent myelofibrotic transformation over time. These findings recapitulate the development of post-PV myelofibrosis in human myeloproliferative neoplasms. In aggregate, these results demonstrate the distinct roles of LT-HSCs and erythroid precursors in the pathogenesis of PV.
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