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Pekkurnaz G, Wang X. Mitochondrial heterogeneity and homeostasis through the lens of a neuron. Nat Metab 2022; 4:802-812. [PMID: 35817853 PMCID: PMC11151822 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00594-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital organelles with distinct morphological features and functional properties. The dynamic network of mitochondria undergoes structural and functional adaptations in response to cell-type-specific metabolic demands. Even within the same cell, mitochondria can display wide diversity and separate into functionally distinct subpopulations. Mitochondrial heterogeneity supports unique subcellular functions and is crucial to polarized cells, such as neurons. The spatiotemporal metabolic burden within the complex shape of a neuron requires precisely localized mitochondria. By travelling great lengths throughout neurons and experiencing bouts of immobility, mitochondria meet distant local fuel demands. Understanding mitochondrial heterogeneity and homeostasis mechanisms in neurons provides a framework to probe their significance to many other cell types. Here, we put forth an outline of the multifaceted role of mitochondria in regulating neuronal physiology and cellular functions more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcin Pekkurnaz
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Xinnan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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202
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Needham H, Torpey G, Flores CC, Davis CJ, Vanderheyden WM, Gerstner JR. A Dichotomous Role for FABP7 in Sleep and Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: A Hypothesis. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:798994. [PMID: 35844236 PMCID: PMC9280343 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.798994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are a family of intracellular lipid chaperone proteins known to play critical roles in the regulation of fatty acid uptake and transport as well as gene expression. Brain-type fatty acid binding protein (FABP7) is enriched in astrocytes and has been implicated in sleep/wake regulation and neurodegenerative diseases; however, the precise mechanisms underlying the role of FABP7 in these biological processes remain unclear. FABP7 binds to both arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), resulting in discrete physiological responses. Here, we propose a dichotomous role for FABP7 in which ligand type determines the subcellular translocation of fatty acids, either promoting wakefulness aligned with Alzheimer's pathogenesis or promoting sleep with concomitant activation of anti-inflammatory pathways and neuroprotection. We hypothesize that FABP7-mediated translocation of AA to the endoplasmic reticulum of astrocytes increases astrogliosis, impedes glutamatergic uptake, and enhances wakefulness and inflammatory pathways via COX-2 dependent generation of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. Conversely, we propose that FABP7-mediated translocation of DHA to the nucleus stabilizes astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle dynamics, preserves glutamatergic uptake, and promotes sleep by activating anti-inflammatory pathways through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ transcriptional cascade. Importantly, this model generates several testable hypotheses applicable to other neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Needham
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Grace Torpey
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Carlos C. Flores
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Christopher J. Davis
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - William M. Vanderheyden
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Jason R. Gerstner
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
- Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
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203
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Metabolic Dysfunction in Motor Neuron Disease: Shedding Light through the Lens of Autophagy. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12070574. [PMID: 35888698 PMCID: PMC9317837 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients show a myriad of energetic abnormalities, such as weight loss, hypermetabolism, and dyslipidaemia. Evidence suggests that these indices correlate with and ultimately affect the duration of survival. This review aims to discuss ALS metabolic abnormalities in the context of autophagy, the primordial system acting at the cellular level for energy production during nutrient deficiency. As the primary pathway of protein degradation in eukaryotic cells, the fundamental role of cellular autophagy is the adaptation to metabolic demands. Therefore, autophagy is tightly coupled to cellular metabolism. We review evidence that the delicate balance between autophagy and metabolism is aberrant in ALS, giving rise to intracellular and systemic pathophysiology observations. Understanding the metabolism autophagy crosstalk can lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for ALS.
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204
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Dong W, Rawat ES, Stephanopoulos G, Abu-Remaileh M. Isotope tracing in health and disease. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 76:102739. [PMID: 35738210 PMCID: PMC9555185 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical characterization of metabolism provides molecular insights for understanding biology in health and disease. Over the past decades, metabolic perturbations have been implicated in cancer, neurodegeneration, and diabetes, among others. Isotope tracing is a technique that allows tracking of labeled atoms within metabolites through biochemical reactions. This technique has become an integral component of the contemporary metabolic research. Isotope tracing measures substrate contribution to downstream metabolites and indicates its utilization in cellular metabolic networks. In addition, isotopic labeling data are necessary for quantitative metabolic flux analysis. Here, we review recent work utilizing metabolic tracing to study health and disease, and highlight its application to interrogate subcellular, intercellular, and in vivo metabolism. We further discuss the current challenges and opportunities to expand the utility of isotope tracing to new research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering & Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Eshaan S Rawat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering & Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Gregory Stephanopoulos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Monther Abu-Remaileh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering & Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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205
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Skowronska-Krawczyk D, Narayan P, Tessarz P. Editorial: Molecular Role of Lipids in Aging. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:946884. [PMID: 35821810 PMCID: PMC9261349 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.946884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Skowronska-Krawczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Priyanka Narayan
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peter Tessarz
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
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206
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Popov A, Brazhe N, Fedotova A, Tiaglik A, Bychkov M, Morozova K, Brazhe A, Aronov D, Lyukmanova E, Lazareva N, Li L, Ponimaskin E, Verkhratsky A, Semyanov A. A high-fat diet changes astrocytic metabolism to promote synaptic plasticity and behavior. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 236:e13847. [PMID: 35653278 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM A high-fat diet (HFD) is generally considered to negatively influence the body, the brain, and cognition. Nonetheless, fat and fatty acids are essential for nourishing and constructing brain tissue. Astrocytes are central for lipolysis and fatty acids metabolism. We tested how HFD affects astrocyte metabolism, morphology, and physiology. METHODS We used Raman microspectroscopy to assess the redox state of mitochondria and lipid content in astrocytes and neurons in hippocampal slices of mice subjected to HFD. Astrocytes were loaded with fluorescent dye through patch pipette for morphological analysis. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were performed to measure transporter and potassium currents. Western blot analysis quantified the expression of astrocyte-specific proteins. Field potential recordings measured the magnitude of long-term potentiation (LTP). Open filed test was performed to evaluate the effect of HFD on animal behavior. RESULTS We found that exposure of young mice to 1 month of HFD increases lipid content and relative amount of reduced cytochromes in astrocytes but not in neurons. Metabolic changes were paralleled with an enlargement of astrocytic territorial domains due to an increased outgrowth of branches and leaflets. Astrocyte remodeling was associated with an increase in expression of ezrin and with no changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1), and glutamine synthetase (GS). Such physiological (non-reactive) enlargement of astrocytes in the brain active milieu promoted glutamate clearance and LTP and translated into behavioral changes. CONCLUSION Dietary fat intake is not invariably harmful and might exert beneficial effects depending on the biological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Popov
- Department of Physiology Jiaxing University College of Medicine Jiaxing China
- Shemyakin‐Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| | - Nadezda Brazhe
- Shemyakin‐Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
- Faculty of Biology Moscow State University Moscow Russia
| | - Anna Fedotova
- Shemyakin‐Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
- Faculty of Biology Moscow State University Moscow Russia
| | - Alisa Tiaglik
- Shemyakin‐Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
- Faculty of Biology Moscow State University Moscow Russia
| | - Maxim Bychkov
- Shemyakin‐Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| | | | - Alexey Brazhe
- Shemyakin‐Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
- Faculty of Biology Moscow State University Moscow Russia
| | - Dmitry Aronov
- Shemyakin‐Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| | - Ekaterina Lyukmanova
- Shemyakin‐Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
- Faculty of Biology Moscow State University Moscow Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University) Dolgoprudny Russia
| | | | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology Jiaxing University College of Medicine Jiaxing China
| | | | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health The University of Manchester Manchester UK
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao Spain
- Department of Neurosciences University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED Leioa Spain
| | - Alexey Semyanov
- Department of Physiology Jiaxing University College of Medicine Jiaxing China
- Shemyakin‐Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
- Faculty of Biology Moscow State University Moscow Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University Moscow Russia
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207
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Xiong XY, Tang Y, Yang QW. Metabolic changes favor the activity and heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:390-400. [PMID: 35396164 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes undergo morphological, molecular, metabolic, and functional remodeling in response to central nervous system (CNS) damage. However, we still know very little about how the metabolic switching of astrocytes influences, or is influenced by, reactive astrocytes in response to neurological diseases. In this review, we initially cover a brief introduction into reactive astrocyte function under pathological conditions. Subsequently, we summarize the emerging roles of glucose and lipid metabolism in reactive astrocytes in the context of CNS injury to provide a new insight into metabolic mechanisms of reactive astrocyte-mediated neuroprotection or damage. Finally, we propose that deciphering the mechanistic link between astrocyte heterogeneity metabolism and improved methods is an emerging frontier for the therapeutic investigation of CNS injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yi Xiong
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signaling, Chengdu, China; Acupuncture & Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yong Tang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signaling, Chengdu, China; Acupuncture & Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China; Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing 400064, China.
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208
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Abstract
The energy cost of information processing is thought to be chiefly neuronal, with a minor fraction attributed to glial cells. However, there is compelling evidence that astrocytes capture synaptic K+ using their Na+/K+ ATPase, and not solely through Kir4.1 channels as was once thought. When this active buffering is taken into account, the cost of astrocytes rises by >200%. Gram-per-gram, astrocytes turn out to be as expensive as neurons. This conclusion is supported by 3D reconstruction of the neuropil showing similar mitochondrial densities in neurons and astrocytes, by cell-specific transcriptomics and proteomics, and by the rates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Possible consequences for reactive astrogliosis and brain disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Barros
- Centro de Estudios Científicos - CECs, Valdivia, Chile
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209
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Romero-Morales AI, Gama V. Revealing the Impact of Mitochondrial Fitness During Early Neural Development Using Human Brain Organoids. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:840265. [PMID: 35571368 PMCID: PMC9102998 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.840265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial homeostasis -including function, morphology, and inter-organelle communication- provides guidance to the intrinsic developmental programs of corticogenesis, while also being responsive to environmental and intercellular signals. Two- and three-dimensional platforms have become useful tools to interrogate the capacity of cells to generate neuronal and glia progeny in a background of metabolic dysregulation, but the mechanistic underpinnings underlying the role of mitochondria during human neurogenesis remain unexplored. Here we provide a concise overview of cortical development and the use of pluripotent stem cell models that have contributed to our understanding of mitochondrial and metabolic regulation of early human brain development. We finally discuss the effects of mitochondrial fitness dysregulation seen under stress conditions such as metabolic dysregulation, absence of developmental apoptosis, and hypoxia; and the avenues of research that can be explored with the use of brain organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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210
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Qian Y, Wang M, Dong J, Jiang Y, Huang Z. Astrocyte-Derived Saturated Lipids Mediate Cell Toxicity in the Central Nervous System. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:699-702. [PMID: 35441259 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00856-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Jianhong Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China. .,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Zhihui Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China. .,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
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211
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Goncalves J, Wan Y, Garcia LR. Stearoyl-CoA desaturases sustain cholinergic excitation and copulatory robustness in metabolically aging C. elegansmales. iScience 2022; 25:104082. [PMID: 35372802 PMCID: PMC8968053 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulated metabolism is required for behaviors as adults age. To understand how lipid usage affects motor coordination, we studied male Caenorhabditis elegans copulation as a model of energy-intensive behavior. Copulation performance drops after 48 h of adulthood. We found that 12–24 h before behavioral decline, males prioritize exploring and copulation behavior over feeding, suggesting that catabolizing stored metabolites, such as lipids, occurs during this period. Because fat-6/7-encoded stearoyl-CoA desaturases are essential for converting the ingested fatty acids to lipid storage, we examined the copulation behavior and neural calcium transients of fat-6(lf); fat-7(lf) mutants. In wild-type males, intestinal and epithelial fat-6/7 expression increases during the first 48 h of adulthood. The fat-6(lf); fat-7(lf) behavioral and metabolic defects indicate that in aging wild-type males, the increased expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturases in the epidermis may indirectly modulate the levels of EAG-family K+ channels in the reproductive cholinergic neurons and muscles. Tissue distribution of fat-6-encoded stearoyl-CoA desaturase changes in adulthood Markov modeling shows reduced feeding linked with more exploring in day 2 males fat-6(lf); fat-7(lf) disrupted behavior can be rescued by epidermal FAT-6 fat-6(lf); fat-7(lf) alters neural and muscular ERG and EAG K+ channel expression
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Goncalves
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yufeng Wan
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - L René Garcia
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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212
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Hahnefeld L, Vogel A, Gurke R, Geisslinger G, Schäfer MKE, Tegeder I. Phosphatidylethanolamine Deficiency and Triglyceride Overload in Perilesional Cortex Contribute to Non-Goal-Directed Hyperactivity after Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040914. [PMID: 35453664 PMCID: PMC9033131 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often complicated by long-lasting disabilities, including headache, fatigue, insomnia, hyperactivity, and cognitive deficits. In a previous study in mice, we showed that persistent non-goal-directed hyperactivity is a characteristic post-TBI behavior that was associated with low levels of endocannabinoids in the perilesional cortex. We now analyzed lipidome patterns in the brain and plasma in TBI versus sham mice in association with key behavioral parameters and endocannabinoids. Lipidome profiles in the plasma and subcortical ipsilateral and contralateral brain were astonishingly equal in sham and TBI mice, but the ipsilateral perilesional cortex revealed a strong increase in neutral lipids represented by 30 species of triacylglycerols (TGs) of different chain lengths and saturation. The accumulation of TG was localized predominantly to perilesional border cells as revealed by Oil Red O staining. In addition, hexosylceramides (HexCer) and phosphatidylethanolamines (PE and ether-linked PE-O) were reduced. They are precursors of gangliosides and endocannabinoids, respectively. High TG, low HexCer, and low PE/PE-O showed a linear association with non-goal-directed nighttime hyperactivity but not with the loss of avoidance memory. The analyses suggest that TG overload and HexCer and PE deficiencies contributed to behavioral dimensions of post-TBI psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hahnefeld
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.H.); (A.V.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra Vogel
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.H.); (A.V.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Robert Gurke
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.H.); (A.V.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.H.); (A.V.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael K. E. Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.H.); (A.V.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence:
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213
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Islimye E, Girard V, Gould AP. Functions of Stress-Induced Lipid Droplets in the Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:863907. [PMID: 35493070 PMCID: PMC9047859 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.863907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets are highly dynamic intracellular organelles that store neutral lipids such as cholesteryl esters and triacylglycerols. They have recently emerged as key stress response components in many different cell types. Lipid droplets in the nervous system are mostly observed in vivo in glia, ependymal cells and microglia. They tend to become more numerous in these cell types and can also form in neurons as a consequence of ageing or stresses involving redox imbalance and lipotoxicity. Abundant lipid droplets are also a characteristic feature of several neurodegenerative diseases. In this minireview, we take a cell-type perspective on recent advances in our understanding of lipid droplet metabolism in glia, neurons and neural stem cells during health and disease. We highlight that a given lipid droplet subfunction, such as triacylglycerol lipolysis, can be physiologically beneficial or harmful to the functions of the nervous system depending upon cellular context. The mechanistic understanding of context-dependent lipid droplet functions in the nervous system is progressing apace, aided by new technologies for probing the lipid droplet proteome and lipidome with single-cell type precision.
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214
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Salazar G, Ross G, Maserejian AE, Coutinho-Budd J. Quantifying Glial-Glial Tiling Using Automated Image Analysis in Drosophila. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:826483. [PMID: 35401121 PMCID: PMC8987577 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.826483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Not only do glia form close associations with neurons throughout the central nervous system (CNS), but glial cells also interact closely with other glial cells. As these cells mature, they undergo a phenomenon known as glial tiling, where they grow to abut one another, often without invading each other’s boundaries. Glial tiling occurs throughout the animal kingdom, from fruit flies to humans; however, not much is known about the glial-glial interactions that lead to and maintain this tiling. Drosophila provide a strong model to investigate glial-glial tiling, where tiling occurs both among individual glial cells of the same subtype, as well as between those of different subtypes. Furthermore, the spatial segregation of the CNS allows for the unique ability to visualize and manipulate inter-subtype interactions. Previous work in Drosophila has suggested an interaction between cortex glia and astrocytes, where astrocytes cross the normal neuropil-cortex boundary in response to dysfunctional cortex glia. Here, we further explore this interaction by implementing an automated pipeline to more fully characterize this astrocyte-cortex glial relationship. By quantifying and correlating the extent of cortex glial dysfunction and aberrant astrocyte infiltration using automated analysis, we maximize the size of the quantified dataset to reveal subtle patterns in astrocyte-cortex glial interactions. We provide a guide for creating and validating a fully-automated image analysis pipeline for exploring these interactions, and implement this pipeline to describe a significant correlation between cortex glial dysfunction and aberrant astrocyte infiltration, as well as demonstrate variations in their relationship across different regions of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Salazar
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.,Vermont Complex Systems Center, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Grace Ross
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Ariana E Maserejian
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Jaeda Coutinho-Budd
- Department of Biology, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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215
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Guan X, Iyaswamy A, Sreenivasmurthy SG, Su C, Zhu Z, Liu J, Kan Y, Cheung KH, Lu J, Tan J, Li M. Mechanistic Insights into Selective Autophagy Subtypes in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073609. [PMID: 35408965 PMCID: PMC8998506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells possess a plethora of regulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis and ensure proper biochemical functionality. Autophagy, a central, conserved self-consuming process of the cell, ensures the timely degradation of damaged cellular components. Several studies have demonstrated the important roles of autophagy activation in mitigating neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, surprisingly, activation of macroautophagy has not shown clinical efficacy. Hence, alternative strategies are urgently needed for AD therapy. In recent years, selective autophagy has been reported to be involved in AD pathology, and different subtypes have been identified, such as aggrephagy, mitophagy, reticulophagy, lipophagy, pexophagy, nucleophagy, lysophagy and ribophagy. By clarifying the underlying mechanisms governing these various subtypes, we may come to understand how to control autophagy to treat AD. In this review, we summarize the latest findings concerning the role of selective autophagy in the pathogenesis of AD. The evidence overwhelmingly suggests that selective autophagy is an active mechanism in AD pathology, and that regulating selective autophagy would be an effective strategy for controlling this pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Guan
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Ashok Iyaswamy
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Sravan Gopalkrishnashetty Sreenivasmurthy
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Chengfu Su
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yuxuan Kan
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - King-Ho Cheung
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jiahong Lu
- State Key Lab of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China;
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
- Correspondence: (J.T.); (M.L.)
| | - Min Li
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence: (J.T.); (M.L.)
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Rudge JD. A New Hypothesis for Alzheimer's Disease: The Lipid Invasion Model. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:129-161. [PMID: 35530118 PMCID: PMC9028744 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes a new hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease (AD)-the lipid invasion model. It argues that AD results from external influx of free fatty acids (FFAs) and lipid-rich lipoproteins into the brain, following disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The lipid invasion model explains how the influx of albumin-bound FFAs via a disrupted BBB induces bioenergetic changes and oxidative stress, stimulates microglia-driven neuroinflammation, and causes anterograde amnesia. It also explains how the influx of external lipoproteins, which are much larger and more lipid-rich, especially more cholesterol-rich, than those normally present in the brain, causes endosomal-lysosomal abnormalities and overproduction of the peptide amyloid-β (Aβ). This leads to the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the most well-known hallmarks of AD. The lipid invasion model argues that a key role of the BBB is protecting the brain from external lipid access. It shows how the BBB can be damaged by excess Aβ, as well as by most other known risk factors for AD, including aging, apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), and lifestyle factors such as hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes, chronic sleep deprivation, stress, and head injury. The lipid invasion model gives a new rationale for what we already know about AD, explaining its many associated risk factors and neuropathologies, including some that are less well-accounted for in other explanations of AD. It offers new insights and suggests new ways to prevent, detect, and treat this destructive disease and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D’Arcy Rudge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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217
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Tu LF, Zhang TZ, Zhou YF, Zhou QQ, Gong HB, Liang L, Hai LN, You NX, Su Y, Chen YJ, Mo XK, Shi CZ, Luo LP, Sun WY, Duan WJ, Kurihara H, Li YF, He RR. GPX4 deficiency-dependent phospholipid peroxidation drives motor deficits of ALS. J Adv Res 2022; 43:205-218. [PMID: 36585109 PMCID: PMC9811330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by oxidative stress that triggers motor neurons loss in the brain and spinal cord. However, the mechanisms underlying the exact role of oxidative stress in ALS-associated neural degeneration are not definitively established. Oxidative stress-generated phospholipid peroxides are known to have extensive physiological and pathological consequences to tissues. Here, we discovered that the deficiency of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), an essential antioxidant peroxidase, led to the accumulation of phospholipid peroxides and resulted in a loss of motor neurons in spinal cords of ALS mice. Mutant human SOD1G93A transgenic mice were intrathecally injected with neuron-targeted adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing GPX4 (GPX4-AAV) or phospholipid peroxidation inhibitor, ferrostatin-1. The results showed that impaired motor performance and neural loss induced by SOD1G93A toxicity in the lumbar spine were substantially alleviated by ferrostatin-1 treatment and AAV-mediated GPX4 delivery. In addition, the denervation of neuron-muscle junction and spinal atrophy in ALS mice were rescued by neural GPX4 overexpression, suggesting that GPX4 is essential for the motor neural maintenance and function. In comparison, conditional knockdown of Gpx4 in the spinal cords of Gpx4fl/fl mice triggered an obvious increase of phospholipid peroxides and the occurrence of ALS-like motor phenotype. Altogether, our findings underscore the importance of GPX4 in maintaining phospholipid redox homeostasis in the spinal cord and presents GPX4 as an attractive therapeutic target for ALS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Fang Tu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Computer-Aided Drug Discovery Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tian-Ze Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yang-Fan Zhou
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qing-Qing Zhou
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hai-Biao Gong
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Liang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Lin-Na Hai
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nan-Xin You
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yang Su
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yong-Jun Chen
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xu-Kai Mo
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chang-Zheng Shi
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liang-Ping Luo
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wan-Yang Sun
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wen-Jun Duan
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Hiroshi Kurihara
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yi-Fang Li
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Rong-Rong He
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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218
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Jiwaji Z, Hardingham GE. Good, bad, and neglectful: Astrocyte changes in neurodegenerative disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 182:93-99. [PMID: 35202786 PMCID: PMC8969603 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play key roles in CNS development as well as well as neuro-supportive roles in the mature brain including ionic, bioenergetic and redox homeostasis. Astrocytes undergo rapid changes following acute CNS insults such as stroke or traumatic brain injury, but are also profoundly altered in chronic neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. While disease-altered astrocytes are often referred to as reactive, this does not represent a single cellular state or group of states, but a shift in astrocyte properties that is determined by the type of insult as well as spatio-temporal factors. Such changes can accelerate disease progression due to astrocytes neglecting their normal homeostatic neuro-supportive roles, as well as by gaining active neuro-toxic properties. However, other aspects of astrocytic responses to chronic disease can include the induction of adaptive-protective pathways. This is particularly the case when considering antioxidant defences, which can be up-regulated in many cell types, including astrocytes, in response to stresses, sometimes in concert with the activation of detoxification and proteostasis pathways. Protective responses, whilst potentially serving to mitigate neuronal dysfunction, may ultimately fail due to being insufficiently strong, or be offset by other deleterious changes to astrocytes occurring in parallel. Nevertheless, a greater understanding of early adaptive-protective responses of astrocytes to neurodegenerative disease pathology may point to ways in which these responses may be harnessed for therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoeb Jiwaji
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, EH16 4SB, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, EH16 4SB, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.
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219
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Lewandowski CT, Laham MS, Thatcher GR. Remembering your A, B, C's: Alzheimer's disease and ABCA1. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:995-1018. [PMID: 35530134 PMCID: PMC9072248 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of ATP binding cassette protein A1 (ABCA1) is central to cholesterol mobilization. Reduced ABCA1 expression or activity is implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other disorders. Therapeutic approaches to boost ABCA1 activity have yet to be translated successfully to the clinic. The risk factors for AD development and progression, including comorbid disorders such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, highlight the intersection of cholesterol transport and inflammation. Upregulation of ABCA1 can positively impact APOE lipidation, insulin sensitivity, peripheral vascular and blood–brain barrier integrity, and anti-inflammatory signaling. Various strategies towards ABCA1-boosting compounds have been described, with a bias toward nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) agonists. These agonists display beneficial preclinical effects; however, important side effects have limited development. In particular, ligands that bind liver X receptor (LXR), the primary NHR that controls ABCA1 expression, have shown positive effects in AD mouse models; however, lipogenesis and unwanted increases in triglyceride production are often observed. The longstanding approach, focusing on LXRβ vs. LXRα selectivity, is over-simplistic and has failed. Novel approaches such as phenotypic screening may lead to small molecule NHR modulators that elevate ABCA1 function without inducing lipogenesis and are clinically translatable.
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220
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Lindner K, Beckenbauer K, van Ek LC, Titeca K, de Leeuw SM, Awwad K, Hanke F, Korepanova AV, Rybin V, van der Kam EL, Mohler EG, Tackenberg C, Lakics V, Gavin AC. Isoform- and cell-state-specific lipidation of ApoE in astrocytes. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110435. [PMID: 35235798 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E transports lipids and couples metabolism between astrocytes and neurons. The E4 variant (APOE4) affects these functions and represents a genetic predisposition for Alzheimer's disease, but the molecular mechanisms remain elusive. We show that ApoE produces different types of lipoproteins via distinct lipidation pathways. ApoE forms high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-like, cholesterol-rich particles via the ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1), a mechanism largely unaffected by ApoE polymorphism. Alternatively, ectopic accumulation of fat in astrocytes, a stress-associated condition, redirects ApoE toward the assembly and secretion of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins, a process boosted by the APOE4 variant. We demonstrate in vitro that ApoE can detect triacylglycerol in membranes and spontaneously assemble lipoprotein particles (10-20 nm) rich in unsaturated triacylglycerol, and that APOE4 has remarkable properties behaving as a strong triacylglycerol binder. We propose that fatty APOE4 astrocytes have reduced ability to clear toxic fatty acids from the extracellular milieu, because APOE4 reroutes them back to secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Lindner
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Beckenbauer
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Neuroscience Discovery, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Larissa C van Ek
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Titeca
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sherida M de Leeuw
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Khader Awwad
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Franziska Hanke
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Vladimir Rybin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Eric G Mohler
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Christian Tackenberg
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Viktor Lakics
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Neuroscience Discovery, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Anne-Claude Gavin
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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221
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Cabezas R, Martin-Jiménez C, Zuluaga M, Pinzón A, Barreto GE, González J. Integrated Metabolomics and Lipidomics Reveal High Accumulation of Glycerophospholipids in Human Astrocytes under the Lipotoxic Effect of Palmitic Acid and Tibolone Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052474. [PMID: 35269616 PMCID: PMC8910245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipotoxicity is a metabolic condition resulting from the accumulation of free fatty acids in non-adipose tissues which involves a series of pathological responses triggered after chronic exposure to high levels of fatty acids, severely detrimental to cellular homeostasis and viability. In brain, lipotoxicity affects both neurons and other cell types, notably astrocytes, leading to neurodegenerative processes, such as Alzheimer (AD) and Parkinson diseases (PD). In this study, we performed for the first time, a whole lipidomic characterization of Normal Human Astrocytes cultures exposed to toxic concentrations of palmitic acid and the protective compound tibolone, to establish and identify the set of potential metabolites that are modulated under these experimental treatments. The study covered 3843 features involved in the exo- and endo-metabolome extracts obtained from astrocytes with the mentioned treatments. Through multivariate statistical analysis such as PCA (principal component analysis), partial least squares (PLS-DA), clustering analysis, and machine learning enrichment analysis, it was possible to determine the specific metabolites that were affected by palmitic acid insult, such as phosphoethanolamines, phosphoserines phosphocholines and glycerophosphocholines, with their respective metabolic pathways impact. Moreover, our results suggest the importance of tibolone in the generation of neuroprotective metabolites by astrocytes and may be relevant to the development of neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cabezas
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas GRINCIBIO, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogota 110231, Colombia
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (J.G.); Tel.: +571-3159273304 (J.G.)
| | - Cynthia Martin-Jiménez
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30301, USA;
| | - Martha Zuluaga
- Escuela de Ciencias Básicas Tecnologías e Ingenierías, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, Bogota 111511, Colombia;
- Grupo de Investigación en Cromatografía y Técnicas Afines, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales 170002, Colombia
| | - Andrés Pinzón
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Biología de Sistemas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Bogotá, Bogota 111321, Colombia;
| | - George E. Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Janneth González
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, Bogota 110231, Colombia
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (J.G.); Tel.: +571-3159273304 (J.G.)
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222
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Segura-Aguilar J, Mannervik B, Inzunza J, Varshney M, Nalvarte I, Muñoz P. Astrocytes protect dopaminergic neurons against aminochrome neurotoxicity. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1861-1866. [PMID: 35142659 PMCID: PMC8848618 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes protect neurons by modulating neuronal function and survival. Astrocytes support neurons in several ways. They provide energy through the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle, protect neurons from excitotoxicity, and internalize neuronal lipid droplets to degrade fatty acids for neuronal metabolic and synaptic support, as well as by their high capacity for glutamate uptake and the conversion of glutamate to glutamine. A recent reported astrocyte system for protection of dopamine neurons against the neurotoxic products of dopamine, such as aminochrome and other o-quinones, were generated under neuromelanin synthesis by oxidizing dopamine catechol structure. Astrocytes secrete glutathione transferase M2-2 through exosomes that transport this enzyme into dopaminergic neurons to protect these neurons against aminochrome neurotoxicity. The role of this new astrocyte protective mechanism in Parkinson´s disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ICBM Faculty of Medicine University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José Inzunza
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mukesh Varshney
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ivan Nalvarte
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ICBM Faculty of Medicine University of Chile; Nucleo de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
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223
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Mapps AA, Thomsen MB, Boehm E, Zhao H, Hattar S, Kuruvilla R. Diversity of satellite glia in sympathetic and sensory ganglia. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110328. [PMID: 35108545 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite glia are the major glial type found in sympathetic and sensory ganglia in the peripheral nervous system, and specifically, contact neuronal cell bodies. Sympathetic and sensory neurons differ in morphological, molecular, and electrophysiological properties. However, the molecular diversity of the associated satellite glial cells remains unclear. Here, using single-cell RNA sequencing analysis, we identify five different populations of satellite glia from sympathetic and sensory ganglia. We define three shared populations of satellite glia enriched in immune-response genes, immediate-early genes, and ion channels/ECM-interactors, respectively. Sensory- and sympathetic-specific satellite glia are differentially enriched for modulators of lipid synthesis and metabolism. Sensory glia are also specifically enriched for genes involved in glutamate turnover. Furthermore, satellite glia and Schwann cells can be distinguished by unique transcriptional signatures. This study reveals the remarkable heterogeneity of satellite glia in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia A Mapps
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, 200 Mudd Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Michael B Thomsen
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, 200 Mudd Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms (SLCR), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Erica Boehm
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, 200 Mudd Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Haiqing Zhao
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, 200 Mudd Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Samer Hattar
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms (SLCR), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rejji Kuruvilla
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, 200 Mudd Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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224
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Petrelli F, Knobloch M, Amati F. Brain lipid metabolism: the emerging role of lipid droplets in glial cells. Curr Opin Lipidol 2022; 33:86-87. [PMID: 34939952 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Petrelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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225
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Silva B, Mantha OL, Schor J, Pascual A, Plaçais PY, Pavlowsky A, Preat T. Glia fuel neurons with locally synthesized ketone bodies to sustain memory under starvation. Nat Metab 2022; 4:213-224. [PMID: 35177854 PMCID: PMC8885408 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00528-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
During starvation, mammalian brains can adapt their metabolism, switching from glucose to alternative peripheral fuel sources. In the Drosophila starved brain, memory formation is subject to adaptative plasticity, but whether this adaptive plasticity relies on metabolic adaptation remains unclear. Here we show that during starvation, neurons of the fly olfactory memory centre import and use ketone bodies (KBs) as an energy substrate to sustain aversive memory formation. We identify local providers within the brain, the cortex glia, that use their own lipid store to synthesize KBs before exporting them to neurons via monocarboxylate transporters. Finally, we show that the master energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase regulates both lipid mobilization and KB export in cortex glia. Our data provide a general schema of the metabolic interactions within the brain to support memory when glucose is scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryon Silva
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Olivier L Mantha
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR1069 'Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer', Tours, France
| | - Johann Schor
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Alberto Pascual
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pierre-Yves Plaçais
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Alice Pavlowsky
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
| | - Thomas Preat
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
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226
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Goodman LD, Bellen HJ. Recent insights into the role of glia and oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease gained from Drosophila. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 72:32-38. [PMID: 34418791 PMCID: PMC8854453 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Here, we discuss findings made using Drosophila on Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk and progression. Recent studies have investigated the mechanisms underlying glia-mediated neuroprotection in AD. First, we discuss a novel mechanism of glial lipid droplet formation that occurs in response to elevated reactive oxygen species in neurons. The data suggest that disruptions to this process contribute to AD risk. We further discuss novel mechanistic insights into glia-mediated Aβ42-clearance made using the fly. Finally, we highlight work that provides evidence that the aberrant accumulation of reactive oxygen species in AD may not just be a consequence of disease but contribute to disease progression as well. Cumulatively, the discussed studies highlight recent, relevant discoveries in AD made using Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey D. Goodman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA,CORRESPONDANCE
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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227
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Segura-Aguilar J, Muñoz P, Inzunza J, Varshney M, Nalvarte I, Mannervik B. Neuroprotection against Aminochrome Neurotoxicity: Glutathione Transferase M2-2 and DT-Diaphorase. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:296. [PMID: 35204179 PMCID: PMC8868244 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione is an important antioxidant that plays a crucial role in the cellular protection against oxidative stress and detoxification of electrophilic mutagens, and carcinogens. Glutathione transferases are enzymes catalyzing glutathione-dependent reactions that lead to inactivation and conjugation of toxic compounds, processes followed by subsequent excretion of the detoxified products. Degeneration and loss of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal neurons generally involves oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, alpha-synuclein aggregation to neurotoxic oligomers, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein degradation dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. However, it is still unclear what triggers these neurodegenerative processes. It has been reported that aminochrome may elicit all of these mechanisms and, interestingly, aminochrome is formed inside neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons during neuromelanin synthesis. Aminochrome is a neurotoxic ortho-quinone formed in neuromelanin synthesis. However, it seems paradoxical that the neurotoxin aminochrome is generated during neuromelanin synthesis, even though healthy seniors have these neurons intact when they die. The explanation of this paradox is the existence of protective tools against aminochrome neurotoxicity composed of the enzymes DT-diaphorase, expressed in these neurons, and glutathione transferase M2-2, expressed in astrocytes. Recently, it has been reported that dopaminergic neurons can be protected by glutathione transferase M2-2 from astrocytes, which secrete exosomes containing the protective enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8900000, Chile;
| | - Jose Inzunza
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14157 Huddinge, Sweden; (J.I.); (M.V.); (I.N.)
| | - Mukesh Varshney
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14157 Huddinge, Sweden; (J.I.); (M.V.); (I.N.)
| | - Ivan Nalvarte
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14157 Huddinge, Sweden; (J.I.); (M.V.); (I.N.)
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden;
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228
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Mayorga-Weber G, Rivera FJ, Castro MA. Neuron-glia (mis)interactions in brain energy metabolism during aging. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:835-854. [PMID: 35085408 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Life expectancy in humans is increasing, resulting in a growing aging population, that is accompanied by an increased disposition to develop cognitive deterioration. Hypometabolism is one of the multiple factors related to inefficient brain function during aging. This review emphasizes the metabolic interactions between glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) and neurons, particularly, during aging. Glial cells provide support and protection to neurons allowing adequate synaptic activity. We address metabolic coupling from the expression of transporters, availability of substrates, metabolic pathways, and mitochondrial activity. In aging, the main metabolic exchange machinery is altered with inefficient levels of nutrients and detrimental mitochondrial activity that results in high reactive oxygen species levels and reduced ATP production, generating a highly inflammatory environment that favors deregulated cell death. Here, we provide an overview of the glial-to-neuron mechanisms, from the molecular components to the cell types, emphasizing aging as the crucial risk factor for developing neurodegenerative/neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Mayorga-Weber
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Francisco J Rivera
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maite A Castro
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Janelia Research Campus, HHMI, Ashburn, VA, USA
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229
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Chou MC, Lee HC, Liu YC, Yen PSY, Liu CK, Chen CH, Hsieh TH, Chen SL. Long-Term High-Fat Diet Consumption Depletes Glial Cells and Tyrosine Hydroxylase-Containing Neurons in the Brain of Middle-Aged Rats. Cells 2022; 11:295. [PMID: 35053411 PMCID: PMC8773849 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have indicated that dyslipidemia may facilitate the progression of neuronal degeneration. However, the effects of chronic dyslipidemia on brain function, especially in older individuals, remain unclear. In this study, middle-aged 37-week-old male Wistar-Kyoto rats were fed a normal diet (ND) or a 45% high-fat diet (HFD) for 30 weeks (i.e., until 67 weeks of age). To study the effects of chronic dyslipidemia on the brain, we analyzed spontaneous locomotor activity, cognitive function, and brain tissues in both groups of rats after 30 weeks. Compared with age-matched rats fed a ND, Wistar-Kyoto rats fed a HFD had dyslipidemia and showed decreased movement but normal recognition of a novel object. In our brain analyses, we observed a significant decrease in astrocytes and tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus of rats fed a HFD compared with rats fed a ND. However, hippocampal pyramidal neurons were not affected. Our findings indicate that the long-term consumption of a HFD may cause lipid metabolism overload in the brain and damage to glial cells. The decrease in astrocytes may lead to reduced protection of the brain and affect the survival of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons but not pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chuan Chou
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-C.C.); (C.-K.L.)
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Patrick Szu-Ying Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (P.S.-Y.Y.); (T.-H.H.)
| | - Ching-Kuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-C.C.); (C.-K.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (P.S.-Y.Y.); (T.-H.H.)
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 37660, USA;
| | - Tzu-Han Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (P.S.-Y.Y.); (T.-H.H.)
| | - Shiou-Lan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (P.S.-Y.Y.); (T.-H.H.)
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center and MSc Program in Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine Research, KMU Hospital, KMU, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- College of Professional Studies, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 900, Taiwan
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230
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Liu Y, Fu H, Wang T. Neuroinflammation in perioperative neurocognitive disorders: From bench to the bedside. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:484-496. [PMID: 34990087 PMCID: PMC8928922 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs) are one of the most common complications in elderly patients characterized by various forms of cognitive decline after anesthesia and surgery. Although the etiology for PNDs remained unclear, neuroinflammation has been characterized as one of the major causes, especially in the elderly patients. The activation of glial cells including microglia and astrocytes plays a significant role in the inflammatory responses in central nerve system (CNS). Although carefully designed, clinical studies on PNDs showed controversial results. Meanwhile, preclinical studies provided evidence from various levels, including behavior performance, protein levels, and gene expression. In this review, we summarize high‐quality studies and recent advances from both clinical and preclinical studies and provide a broad view from the onset of PNDs to its potential therapeutic targets. Future studies are needed to investigate the signaling pathways in PNDs for prevention and treatment, as well as the relationship of PNDs and future neurocognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqun Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianlong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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231
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Wang Q, Lu M, Zhu X, Gu X, Zhang T, Xia C, Yang L, Xu Y, Zhou M. Brain Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Possible Mechanism Links Early Life Anxiety to Alzheimer’s Disease in Later Life. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1127-1145. [PMID: 35855329 PMCID: PMC9286915 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qixue Wang
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengna Lu
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xinyi Gu
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyi Xia
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Li Yang
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mingmei Zhou
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Mingmei Zhou, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China. E-mail:
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232
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Moulton MJ, Barish S, Ralhan I, Chang J, Goodman LD, Harland JG, Marcogliese PC, Johansson JO, Ioannou MS, Bellen HJ. Neuronal ROS-induced glial lipid droplet formation is altered by loss of Alzheimer's disease-associated genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2112095118. [PMID: 34949639 PMCID: PMC8719885 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112095118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing list of Alzheimer's disease (AD) genetic risk factors is being identified, but the contribution of each variant to disease mechanism remains largely unknown. We have previously shown that elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induces lipid synthesis in neurons leading to the sequestration of peroxidated lipids in glial lipid droplets (LD), delaying neurotoxicity. This neuron-to-glia lipid transport is APOD/E-dependent. To identify proteins that modulate these neuroprotective effects, we tested the role of AD risk genes in ROS-induced LD formation and demonstrate that several genes impact neuroprotective LD formation, including homologs of human ABCA1, ABCA7, VLDLR, VPS26, VPS35, AP2A, PICALM, and CD2AP Our data also show that ROS enhances Aβ42 phenotypes in flies and mice. Finally, a peptide agonist of ABCA1 restores glial LD formation in a humanized APOE4 fly model, highlighting a potentially therapeutic avenue to prevent ROS-induced neurotoxicity. This study places many AD genetic risk factors in a ROS-induced neuron-to-glia lipid transfer pathway with a critical role in protecting against neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Moulton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Scott Barish
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Isha Ralhan
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Jinlan Chang
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Lindsey D Goodman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jake G Harland
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Paul C Marcogliese
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | | | - Maria S Ioannou
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030;
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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233
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Smolič T, Zorec R, Vardjan N. Pathophysiology of Lipid Droplets in Neuroglia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:22. [PMID: 35052526 PMCID: PMC8773017 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, increasing evidence regarding the functional importance of lipid droplets (LDs), cytoplasmic storage organelles in the central nervous system (CNS), has emerged. Although not abundantly present in the CNS under normal conditions in adulthood, LDs accumulate in the CNS during development and aging, as well as in some neurologic disorders. LDs are actively involved in cellular lipid turnover and stress response. By regulating the storage of excess fatty acids, cholesterol, and ceramides in addition to their subsequent release in response to cell needs and/or environmental stressors, LDs are involved in energy production, in the synthesis of membranes and signaling molecules, and in the protection of cells against lipotoxicity and free radicals. Accumulation of LDs in the CNS appears predominantly in neuroglia (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells), which provide trophic, metabolic, and immune support to neuronal networks. Here we review the most recent findings on the characteristics and functions of LDs in neuroglia, focusing on astrocytes, the key homeostasis-providing cells in the CNS. We discuss the molecular mechanisms affecting LD turnover in neuroglia under stress and how this may protect neural cell function. We also highlight the role (and potential contribution) of neuroglial LDs in aging and in neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Smolič
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.S.); (R.Z.)
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.S.); (R.Z.)
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Vardjan
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.S.); (R.Z.)
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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234
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Ramosaj M, Madsen S, Maillard V, Scandella V, Sudria-Lopez D, Yuizumi N, Telley L, Knobloch M. Lipid droplet availability affects neural stem/progenitor cell metabolism and proliferation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7362. [PMID: 34934077 PMCID: PMC8692608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) generate new neurons throughout adulthood. However, the underlying regulatory processes are still not fully understood. Lipid metabolism plays an important role in regulating NSPC activity: build-up of lipids is crucial for NSPC proliferation, whereas break-down of lipids has been shown to regulate NSPC quiescence. Despite their central role for cellular lipid metabolism, the role of lipid droplets (LDs), the lipid storing organelles, in NSPCs remains underexplored. Here we show that LDs are highly abundant in adult mouse NSPCs, and that LD accumulation is significantly altered upon fate changes such as quiescence and differentiation. NSPC proliferation is influenced by the number of LDs, inhibition of LD build-up, breakdown or usage, and the asymmetric inheritance of LDs during mitosis. Furthermore, high LD-containing NSPCs have increased metabolic activity and capacity, but do not suffer from increased oxidative damage. Together, these data indicate an instructive role for LDs in driving NSPC behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mergim Ramosaj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sofia Madsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vanille Maillard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Scandella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Sudria-Lopez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Naoya Yuizumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ludovic Telley
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marlen Knobloch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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235
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Gorina YV, Salmina AB, Erofeev AI, Can Z, Bolshakova AV, Balaban PM, Bezprozvanny IB, Vlasova OL. Metabolic Plasticity of Astrocytes. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021060016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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236
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Bhusal A, Rahman MH, Suk K. Hypothalamic inflammation in metabolic disorders and aging. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:32. [PMID: 34910246 PMCID: PMC11071926 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a critical brain region for the regulation of energy homeostasis. Over the years, studies on energy metabolism primarily focused on the neuronal component of the hypothalamus. Studies have recently uncovered the vital role of glial cells as an additional player in energy balance regulation. However, their inflammatory activation under metabolic stress condition contributes to various metabolic diseases. The recruitment of monocytes and macrophages in the hypothalamus helps sustain such inflammation and worsens the disease state. Neurons were found to actively participate in hypothalamic inflammatory response by transmitting signals to the surrounding non-neuronal cells. This activation of different cell types in the hypothalamus leads to chronic, low-grade inflammation, impairing energy balance and contributing to defective feeding habits, thermogenesis, and insulin and leptin signaling, eventually leading to metabolic disorders (i.e., diabetes, obesity, and hypertension). The hypothalamus is also responsible for the causation of systemic aging under metabolic stress. A better understanding of the multiple factors contributing to hypothalamic inflammation, the role of the different hypothalamic cells, and their crosstalks may help identify new therapeutic targets. In this review, we focus on the role of glial cells in establishing a cause-effect relationship between hypothalamic inflammation and the development of metabolic diseases. We also cover the role of other cell types and discuss the possibilities and challenges of targeting hypothalamic inflammation as a valid therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
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237
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Fame RM, Lehtinen MK. Mitochondria in Early Forebrain Development: From Neurulation to Mid-Corticogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:780207. [PMID: 34888312 PMCID: PMC8650308 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.780207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Function of the mature central nervous system (CNS) requires a substantial proportion of the body’s energy consumption. During development, the CNS anlage must maintain its structure and perform stage-specific functions as it proceeds through discrete developmental stages. While key extrinsic signals and internal transcriptional controls over these processes are well appreciated, metabolic and mitochondrial states are also critical to appropriate forebrain development. Specifically, metabolic state, mitochondrial function, and mitochondrial dynamics/localization play critical roles in neurulation and CNS progenitor specification, progenitor proliferation and survival, neurogenesis, neural migration, and neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis. With the goal of integrating neurodevelopmental biologists and mitochondrial specialists, this review synthesizes data from disparate models and processes to compile and highlight key roles of mitochondria in the early development of the CNS with specific focus on forebrain development and corticogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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238
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Maly IV, Morales MJ, Pletnikov MV. Astrocyte Bioenergetics and Major Psychiatric Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 26:173-227. [PMID: 34888836 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77375-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing research continues to add new elements to the emerging picture of involvement of astrocyte energy metabolism in the pathophysiology of major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, mood disorders, and addictions. This review outlines what is known about the energy metabolism in astrocytes, the most numerous cell type in the brain, and summarizes the recent work on how specific perturbations of astrocyte bioenergetics may contribute to the neuropsychiatric conditions. The role of astrocyte energy metabolism in mental health and disease is reviewed on the organism, organ, and cell level. Data arising from genomic, metabolomic, in vitro, and neurobehavioral studies is critically analyzed to suggest future directions in research and possible metabolism-focused therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Maly
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Morales
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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239
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Zhao Z, Hu X, Wang J, Wang J, Hou Y, Chen S. Zinc finger E-Box binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2)-induced astrogliosis protected neuron from pyroptosis in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. Bioengineered 2021; 12:12917-12930. [PMID: 34852714 PMCID: PMC8809936 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2012551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia injury can cause cell death or impairment of neuron and astrocytes, and thus induce loss of nerve function. central nervous systems injury induces an aberrant activation of astrocytes called astrogliosis. Pyroptosis, which is a kind of programmed cell death, was proved play an important role in ischemia injury. Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox 2 (ZEB2) promoted neuron astrogliosis, which play a protected role in neuron regeneration. However, its precise mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated the mechanism of ZEB2 on astrogliosis and neuron regeneration after cerebral ischemia reperfusion condition. To confirm our hypothesis, Neurons and astrocytes were isolated from fetal Sprague Dawley rats, in vivo Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) rat model and in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)-treated astrocytes and neurocytes model were constructed. Our results showed that ZEB2 was expressed in nucleus of astrocyte and upregulated after OGD/R induction, ZEB2 promoted astrogliosis. Further upregulation of ZEB2 promoted the astrogliosis, which promoted neuron proliferation and regeneration by decreased pyroptosis. Moreover, this finding was further confirmed in vivo MCAO/R rat model. Overexpression of ZEB2 promoted astrogliosis, which decreased infarct volume and accumulated recovery of neurological function by alleviated pyroptosis. This finding revealed that ZEB2 was a regulator of the astrogliosis after ischemia/reperfusion injury, and then astrogliosis promoted neuron regeneration via decreased neuron pyroptosis. Therefore, ZEB2 may be a potential therapeutic target for ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yong Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Suyun Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province, China
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240
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Uzbekova S, Bertevello PS, Dalbies-Tran R, Elis S, Labas V, Monget P, Teixeira-Gomes AP. Metabolic exchanges between the oocyte and its environment: focus on lipids. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 34:1-26. [PMID: 35231385 DOI: 10.1071/rd21249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Finely regulated fatty acid (FA) metabolism within ovarian follicles is crucial to follicular development and influences the quality of the enclosed oocyte, which relies on the surrounding intra-follicular environment for its growth and maturation. A growing number of studies have examined the association between the lipid composition of follicular compartments and oocyte quality. In this review, we focus on lipids, their possible exchanges between compartments within the ovarian follicle and their involvement in different pathways during oocyte final growth and maturation. Lipidomics provides a detailed snapshot of the global lipid profiles and identified lipids, clearly discriminating the cells or fluid from follicles at distinct physiological stages. Follicular fluid appears as a main mediator of lipid exchanges between follicular somatic cells and the oocyte, through vesicle-mediated and non-vesicular transport of esterified and free FA. A variety of expression data allowed the identification of common and cell-type-specific actors of lipid metabolism in theca cells, granulosa cells, cumulus cells and oocytes, including key regulators of FA uptake, FA transport, lipid transformation, lipoprotein synthesis and protein palmitoylation. They act in harmony to accompany follicular development, and maintain intra-follicular homeostasis to allow the oocyte to accumulate energy and membrane lipids for subsequent meiotic divisions and first embryo cleavages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Uzbekova
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; and LK Ernst Federal Science Centre for Animal Husbandry, Podolsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Sebastien Elis
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Valerie Labas
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; and INRAE, Université de Tours, CHRU Tours, Plate-Forme PIXANIM, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Philippe Monget
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Ana-Paula Teixeira-Gomes
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, F-37380 Nouzilly, France; and INRAE, Université de Tours, CHRU Tours, Plate-Forme PIXANIM, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
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241
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Quincozes-Santos A, Santos CL, de Souza Almeida RR, da Silva A, Thomaz NK, Costa NLF, Weber FB, Schmitz I, Medeiros LS, Medeiros L, Dotto BS, Dias FRP, Sovrani V, Bobermin LD. Gliotoxicity and Glioprotection: the Dual Role of Glial Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6577-6592. [PMID: 34581988 PMCID: PMC8477366 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02574-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia) are critical for the central nervous system (CNS) in both physiological and pathological conditions. With this in mind, several studies have indicated that glial cells play key roles in the development and progression of CNS diseases. In this sense, gliotoxicity can be referred as the cellular, molecular, and neurochemical changes that can mediate toxic effects or ultimately lead to impairment of the ability of glial cells to protect neurons and/or other glial cells. On the other hand, glioprotection is associated with specific responses of glial cells, by which they can protect themselves as well as neurons, resulting in an overall improvement of the CNS functioning. In addition, gliotoxic events, including metabolic stresses, inflammation, excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress, as well as their related mechanisms, are strongly associated with the pathogenesis of neurological, psychiatric and infectious diseases. However, glioprotective molecules can prevent or improve these glial dysfunctions, representing glial cells-targeting therapies. Therefore, this review will provide a brief summary of types and functions of glial cells and point out cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with gliotoxicity and glioprotection, potential glioprotective molecules and their mechanisms, as well as gliotherapy. In summary, we expect to address the relevance of gliotoxicity and glioprotection in the CNS homeostasis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Quincozes-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Camila Leite Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Rodrigo de Souza Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natalie K Thomaz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Naithan Ludian Fernandes Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Becker Weber
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Izaviany Schmitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lara Scopel Medeiros
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lívia Medeiros
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bethina Segabinazzi Dotto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Filipe Renato Pereira Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Sovrani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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242
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Liu X, Wei Q, Yang X, Wang X, Zhang J, Xu R, Zhang H, Wang S, Wan X, Jiang L, He Y, Li S, Chen R, Wang Y, Chen Y, Qin F, Chen Y, Dai Y, Li H, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Bu Q, Wang H, Tian J, Zhao Y, Cen X. Lipidomics Reveals Dysregulated Glycerophospholipid Metabolism in the Corpus Striatum of Mice Treated with Cefepime. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4449-4464. [PMID: 34762393 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cefepime exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and thus is a widely used treatment for severe bacterial infections. Adverse effects on the central nervous system (CNS) have been reported in patients treated with cefepime. Current explanation for the adverse neurobehavioral effect of cefepime is mainly attributed to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and competitively bind to the GABAergic receptor; however, the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. In this study, mice were intraperitoneally administered 80 mg/kg cefepime for different periods, followed by neurobehavioral tests and a brain lipidomic analysis. LC/MS-MS-based metabolomics was used to investigate the effect of cefepime on the brain lipidomic profile and metabolic pathways. Repeated cefepime treatment time-dependently caused anxiety-like behaviors, which were accompanied by reduced locomotor activity in the open field test. Cefepime profoundly altered the lipid profile, acyl chain length, and unsaturation of fatty acids in the corpus striatum, and glycerophospholipids accounted for a large proportion of those significantly modified lipids. In addition, cefepime treatment caused obvious alteration in the lipid-enriched membrane structure, neurites, mitochondria, and synaptic vesicles of primary cultured striatal neurons; moreover, the spontaneous electrical activity of striatal neurons was significantly reduced. Collectively, cefepime reprograms glycerophospholipid metabolism in the corpus striatum, which may interfere with neuronal structure and activity, eventually leading to aberrant neurobehaviors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Liu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingfan Wei
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiamei Zhang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Xu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haoluo Zhang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaomin Wang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Wan
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linhong Jiang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuman He
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu Li
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Chen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonghai Wang
- Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaxing Chen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Qin
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanping Dai
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongchun Li
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaqin Zhang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Bu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Tian
- Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 1 Keyuan Road, Gaopeng Street, High-Tech Development Zone, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
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Staurenghi E, Giannelli S, Testa G, Sottero B, Leonarduzzi G, Gamba P. Cholesterol Dysmetabolism in Alzheimer's Disease: A Starring Role for Astrocytes? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121890. [PMID: 34943002 PMCID: PMC8750262 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the impairment of cholesterol metabolism in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been intensively investigated, and it has been recognized to affect amyloid β (Aβ) production and clearance, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation and degeneration. In particular, the key role of cholesterol oxidation products, named oxysterols, has emerged. Brain cholesterol metabolism is independent from that of peripheral tissues and it must be preserved in order to guarantee cerebral functions. Among the cells that help maintain brain cholesterol homeostasis, astrocytes play a starring role since they deliver de novo synthesized cholesterol to neurons. In addition, other physiological roles of astrocytes are to modulate synaptic transmission and plasticity and support neurons providing energy. In the AD brain, astrocytes undergo significant morphological and functional changes that contribute to AD onset and development. However, the extent of this contribution and the role played by oxysterols are still unclear. Here we review the current understanding of the physiological role exerted by astrocytes in the brain and their contribution to AD pathogenesis. In particular, we focus on the impact of cholesterol dysmetabolism on astrocyte functions suggesting new potential approaches to develop therapeutic strategies aimed at counteracting AD development.
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Girard V, Jollivet F, Knittelfelder O, Celle M, Arsac JN, Chatelain G, Van den Brink DM, Baron T, Shevchenko A, Kühnlein RP, Davoust N, Mollereau B. Abnormal accumulation of lipid droplets in neurons induces the conversion of alpha-Synuclein to proteolytic resistant forms in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009921. [PMID: 34788284 PMCID: PMC8635402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by alpha-synuclein (αSyn) aggregation and associated with abnormalities in lipid metabolism. The accumulation of lipids in cytoplasmic organelles called lipid droplets (LDs) was observed in cellular models of PD. To investigate the pathophysiological consequences of interactions between αSyn and proteins that regulate the homeostasis of LDs, we used a transgenic Drosophila model of PD, in which human αSyn is specifically expressed in photoreceptor neurons. We first found that overexpression of the LD-coating proteins Perilipin 1 or 2 (dPlin1/2), which limit the access of lipases to LDs, markedly increased triacylglyclerol (TG) loaded LDs in neurons. However, dPlin-induced-LDs in neurons are independent of lipid anabolic (diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1/midway, fatty acid transport protein/dFatp) and catabolic (brummer TG lipase) enzymes, indicating that alternative mechanisms regulate neuronal LD homeostasis. Interestingly, the accumulation of LDs induced by various LD proteins (dPlin1, dPlin2, CG7900 or KlarsichtLD-BD) was synergistically amplified by the co-expression of αSyn, which localized to LDs in both Drosophila photoreceptor neurons and in human neuroblastoma cells. Finally, the accumulation of LDs increased the resistance of αSyn to proteolytic digestion, a characteristic of αSyn aggregation in human neurons. We propose that αSyn cooperates with LD proteins to inhibit lipolysis and that binding of αSyn to LDs contributes to the pathogenic misfolding and aggregation of αSyn in neurons. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the neurotoxic aggregation of the alpha-synuclein (αSyn) protein. Cellular models of the disease are also associated with an abnormal fat storage in the form of lipid droplets (LDs). However, in which cells, neuron or glial cells, LDs accumulate in the organism remains unknown. To understand the relationship between αSyn and the accumulation of LDs, we used a Drosophila (fruit fly) model of PD. We found that, in the presence of a protein that coats LDs, perilipin, LDs accumulate in photoreceptor neurons of the fly. Interestingly, the accumulation of LDs induced by perilipin or other LD-coating proteins was enhanced in the presence of αSyn. Using human neuronal cell lines and the fly, we could show that LD-coating and αSyn proteins localize at the surface of LDs. Finally, we observed that the process of αSyn aggregation was enhanced in the presence of LDs by using a biochemical approach. We thus propose that the association of αSyn with LDs could contribute to αSyn aggregation and progression of the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Girard
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, UMR5239 CNRS/ENS de Lyon, INSERM U1210, UMS 3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Florence Jollivet
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, UMR5239 CNRS/ENS de Lyon, INSERM U1210, UMS 3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Oskar Knittelfelder
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marion Celle
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, UMR5239 CNRS/ENS de Lyon, INSERM U1210, UMS 3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Noel Arsac
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit; French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety Laboratory (Anses) of Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gilles Chatelain
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, UMR5239 CNRS/ENS de Lyon, INSERM U1210, UMS 3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Daan M. Van den Brink
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, UMR5239 CNRS/ENS de Lyon, INSERM U1210, UMS 3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
- Plant Systems Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thierry Baron
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit; French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety Laboratory (Anses) of Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ronald P. Kühnlein
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth—University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nathalie Davoust
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, UMR5239 CNRS/ENS de Lyon, INSERM U1210, UMS 3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
- * E-mail: (ND); (BM)
| | - Bertrand Mollereau
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, UMR5239 CNRS/ENS de Lyon, INSERM U1210, UMS 3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
- * E-mail: (ND); (BM)
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245
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Hello from the other side: Membrane contact of lipid droplets with other organelles and subsequent functional implications. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 85:101141. [PMID: 34793861 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous organelles that play crucial roles in response to physiological and environmental cues. The identification of several neutral lipid synthesizing and regulatory protein complexes have propelled significant advance on the mechanisms of LD biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Increasing evidence suggests that distinct proteins and regulatory factors, which localize to membrane contact sites (MCS), are involved not only in interorganellar lipid exchange and transport, but also function in other important cellular processes, including autophagy, mitochondrial dynamics and inheritance, ion signaling and inter-regulation of these MCS. More and more tethers and molecular determinants are associated to MCS and to a diversity of cellular and pathophysiological processes, demonstrating the dynamics and importance of these junctions in health and disease. The conjugation of lipids with proteins in supramolecular complexes is known to be paramount for many biological processes, namely membrane biosynthesis, cell homeostasis, regulation of organelle division and biogenesis, and cell growth. Ultimately, this physical organization allows the contact sites to function as crucial metabolic hubs that control the occurrence of chemical reactions. This leads to biochemical and metabolite compartmentalization for the purposes of energetic efficiency and cellular homeostasis. In this review, we will focus on the structural and functional aspects of LD-organelle interactions and how they ensure signaling exchange and metabolites transfer between organelles.
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246
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Haidar M, Loix M, Bogie JFJ, Hendriks JJA. Lipophagy: a new player in CNS disorders. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:941-951. [PMID: 34561114 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipophagy is the process of selective degradation of lipid droplets (LDs) by autophagy. Several studies have highlighted the importance of lipophagy in regulating cellular lipid levels in various tissues and disease conditions. In recent years, disruption of autophagy and accumulation of LDs have been reported as pathological hallmarks in several neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, raising the question whether lipophagy is a process that is important in the progression of these disorders. This supports the growing interest in lipid metabolism as a major player in neurodegeneration, and the emerging understanding of several neurological pathologies as not only proteinopathies but also lipidopathies. In this review we discuss the importance of lipophagy in the most common central nervous system diseases. We examine the latest evidence for the reported interplay between abnormalities in lipid accumulation and autophagy, and propose lipophagy as a potentially important mechanism in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Haidar
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Melanie Loix
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jeroen F J Bogie
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jerome J A Hendriks
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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247
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Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes induce cell death via saturated lipids. Nature 2021; 599:102-107. [PMID: 34616039 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes regulate the response of the central nervous system to disease and injury and have been hypothesized to actively kill neurons in neurodegenerative disease1-6. Here we report an approach to isolate one component of the long-sought astrocyte-derived toxic factor5,6. Notably, instead of a protein, saturated lipids contained in APOE and APOJ lipoparticles mediate astrocyte-induced toxicity. Eliminating the formation of long-chain saturated lipids by astrocyte-specific knockout of the saturated lipid synthesis enzyme ELOVL1 mitigates astrocyte-mediated toxicity in vitro as well as in a model of acute axonal injury in vivo. These results suggest a mechanism by which astrocytes kill cells in the central nervous system.
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248
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Wang G, Yin W, Shin H, Tian Q, Lu W, Hou SX. Neuronal accumulation of peroxidated lipids promotes demyelination and neurodegeneration through the activation of the microglial NLRP3 inflammasome. NATURE AGING 2021; 1:1024-1037. [PMID: 37118341 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Peroxidated lipids accumulate in the presence of reactive oxygen species and are linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Here we find that neuronal ablation of ARF1, a small GTPase important for lipid homeostasis, promoted accumulation of peroxidated lipids, lipid droplets and ATP in the mouse brain and led to neuroinflammation, demyelination and neurodegeneration, mainly in the spinal cord and hindbrain. Ablation of ARF1 in cultured primary neurons led to an increase in peroxidated lipids in co-cultured microglia, activation of the microglial NLRP3 inflammasome and release of inflammatory cytokines in an Apolipoprotein E-dependent manner. Deleting the Nlrp3 gene rescued the neurodegenerative phenotypes in the neuronal Arf1-ablated mice. We also observed a reduction in ARF1 in human brain tissue from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. Together, our results uncover a previously unrecognized role of peroxidated lipids released from damaged neurons in activation of a neurotoxic microglial NLRP3 pathway that may play a role in human neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohao Wang
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Weiqin Yin
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hyunhee Shin
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Qingjun Tian
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Steven X Hou
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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249
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Elahi A, Emerson J, Rudlong J, Keillor JW, Salois G, Visca A, Girardi P, Johnson GV, Pröschel C. Deletion or Inhibition of Astrocytic Transglutaminase 2 Promotes Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2021; 10:2942. [PMID: 34831164 PMCID: PMC8616117 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Following CNS injury, astrocytes become "reactive" and exhibit pro-regenerative or harmful properties. However, the molecular mechanisms that cause astrocytes to adopt either phenotype are not well understood. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) plays a key role in regulating the response of astrocytes to insults. Here, we used mice in which TG2 was specifically deleted in astrocytes (Gfap-Cre+/- TG2fl/fl, referred to here as TG2-A-cKO) in a spinal cord contusion injury (SCI) model. Deletion of TG2 from astrocytes resulted in a significant improvement in motor function following SCI. GFAP and NG2 immunoreactivity, as well as number of SOX9 positive cells, were significantly reduced in TG2-A-cKO mice. RNA-seq analysis of spinal cords from TG2-A-cKO and control mice 3 days post-injury identified thirty-seven differentially expressed genes, all of which were increased in TG2-A-cKO mice. Pathway analysis revealed a prevalence for fatty acid metabolism, lipid storage and energy pathways, which play essential roles in neuron-astrocyte metabolic coupling. Excitingly, treatment of wild type mice with the selective TG2 inhibitor VA4 significantly improved functional recovery after SCI, similar to what was observed using the genetic model. These findings indicate the use of TG2 inhibitors as a novel strategy for the treatment of SCI and other CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Elahi
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA; (A.E.); (G.S.); (A.V.); (C.P.)
| | - Jacen Emerson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA; (J.E.); (J.R.); (P.G.)
| | - Jacob Rudlong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA; (J.E.); (J.R.); (P.G.)
| | - Jeffrey W. Keillor
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| | - Garrick Salois
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA; (A.E.); (G.S.); (A.V.); (C.P.)
| | - Adam Visca
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA; (A.E.); (G.S.); (A.V.); (C.P.)
| | - Peter Girardi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA; (J.E.); (J.R.); (P.G.)
| | - Gail V.W. Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA; (J.E.); (J.R.); (P.G.)
| | - Christoph Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA; (A.E.); (G.S.); (A.V.); (C.P.)
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250
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Berghoff SA, Spieth L, Sun T, Hosang L, Depp C, Sasmita AO, Vasileva MH, Scholz P, Zhao Y, Krueger-Burg D, Wichert S, Brown ER, Michail K, Nave KA, Bonn S, Odoardi F, Rossner M, Ischebeck T, Edgar JM, Saher G. Neuronal cholesterol synthesis is essential for repair of chronically demyelinated lesions in mice. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109889. [PMID: 34706227 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte-derived cholesterol supports brain cells under physiological conditions. However, in demyelinating lesions, astrocytes downregulate cholesterol synthesis, and the cholesterol that is essential for remyelination has to originate from other cellular sources. Here, we show that repair following acute versus chronic demyelination involves distinct processes. In particular, in chronic myelin disease, when recycling of lipids is often defective, de novo neuronal cholesterol synthesis is critical for regeneration. By gene expression profiling, genetic loss-of-function experiments, and comprehensive phenotyping, we provide evidence that neurons increase cholesterol synthesis in chronic myelin disease models and in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). In mouse models, neuronal cholesterol facilitates remyelination specifically by triggering oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation. Our data contribute to the understanding of disease progression and have implications for therapeutic strategies in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Berghoff
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Lena Spieth
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany; Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leon Hosang
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Constanze Depp
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrew O Sasmita
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martina H Vasileva
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patricia Scholz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yu Zhao
- Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dilja Krueger-Burg
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Wichert
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Euan R Brown
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, James Naysmith Building, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kyriakos Michail
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, James Naysmith Building, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bonn
- Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Odoardi
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Rossner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia M Edgar
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany; Axo-glial Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gesine Saher
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
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