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Toll-like receptor expression and induction of type I and type III interferons in primary airway epithelial cells. J Virol 2013; 87:3261-70. [PMID: 23302870 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01956-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a critical component of the first line of antiviral defense. The activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed by dendritic cells triggers different signaling cascades that result in the production of large amounts of IFNs. However, the functional consequences of TLR activation and differential IFN production in specific cell populations other than antigen-presenting cells have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated TLR expression and polarization in airway epithelial cells (AECs) and the consequences of TLR agonist stimulation for the production of type I (IFN-α/β) and type III (IFN-λ) IFNs. Our results show that the pattern of expression and polarization of all TLRs in primary AEC cultures mirrors that of the human airways ex vivo and is receptor specific. The antiviral TLRs (TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9) are mostly expressed on the apical cell surfaces of epithelial cells in the human trachea and in primary polarized AECs. Type III IFN is the predominant IFN produced by the airway epithelium, and TLR3 is the only TLR that mediates IFN production by AECs, while all TLR agonists tested are capable of inducing AEC activation and interleukin-8 production. In response to influenza virus infection, AECs can produce IFN-λ in an IFNAR- and STAT1-independent manner. Our results emphasize the importance of using primary well-differentiated AECs to study TLR and antiviral responses and provide further insight into the regulation of IFN production during the antiviral response of the lung epithelium.
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Abstract
Asthma in the adult patient is a complex clinical syndrome. Multiple patient phenotypes and subphenotypes exist that contribute to disease heterogeneity. Whether adult asthma begins in utero, develops in childhood, or manifests for the first time in adulthood is not completely understood, nor are the mechanisms fully delineated. In this chapter, we update definitions that apply to this group, emphasize epidemiologic factors and pathogenic mechanisms, diagnosis, therapeutic options, and controversies regarding drug safety. Finally, we provide a brief discussion of biomarker technologies and novel therapies with the potential to impact adult-onset asthma outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir A Zeki
- UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA.
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203
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Curtis BJ, Zahs A, Kovacs EJ. Epigenetic targets for reversing immune defects caused by alcohol exposure. Alcohol Res 2013; 35:97-113. [PMID: 24313169 PMCID: PMC3860427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption alters factors that modify gene expression without changing the DNA code (i.e., epigenetic modulators) in many organ systems, including the immune system. Alcohol enhances the risk for developing several serious medical conditions related to immune system dysfunction, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), liver cancer, and alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Binge and chronic drinking also render patients more susceptible to many infectious pathogens and advance the progression of HIV infection by weakening both innate and adaptive immunity. Epigenetic mechanisms play a pivotal role in these processes. For example, alcohol-induced epigenetic variations alter the developmental pathways of several types of immune cells (e.g., granulocytes, macrophages, and T-lymphocytes) and through these and other mechanisms promote exaggerated inflammatory responses. In addition, epigenetic mechanisms may underlie alcohol's ability to interfere with the barrier functions of the gut and respiratory systems, which also contribute to the heightened risk of infections. Better understanding of alcohol's effects on these epigenetic processes may help researchers identify new targets for the development of novel medications to prevent or ameliorate alcohol's detrimental effects on the immune system.
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204
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Van Scott MR, Chandler J, Olmstead S, Brown JM, Mannie M. Airway Anatomy, Physiology, and Inflammation. THE TOXICANT INDUCTION OF IRRITANT ASTHMA, RHINITIS, AND RELATED CONDITIONS 2013. [PMCID: PMC7122617 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9044-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kim V, Kato K, Kim KC, Lillehoj EP. Role of Epithelial Cells in Chronic Inflammatory Lung Disease. SMOKING AND LUNG INFLAMMATION 2013. [PMCID: PMC7121463 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7351-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Airborne pathogens entering the lungs first encounter the mucus layer overlaying epithelial cells as a first line of host defense [1, 2]. In addition to serving as the physical barrier to these toxic agents, intact epithelia also are major sources of various macromolecules including antimicrobial agents, antioxidants and antiproteases [3, 4] as well as proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that initiate and amplify host defensive responses to these toxic agents [5]. Airway epithelial cells can be categorized as either ciliated or secretory [6]. Secretory cells, such as goblet cells and Clara cells, are responsible for the production and secretion of mucus along the apical epithelial surface and, in conjunction with ciliated cells, for the regulation of airway surface liquid viscosity. In addition, submucosal mucus glands connect to the airway lumen through a ciliated duct that propels mucins outward. These glands are present in the larger airways between bands of smooth muscle and cartilage. See Fig. 1.
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206
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Regulation of tight junctions in upper airway epithelium. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:947072. [PMID: 23509817 PMCID: PMC3591135 DOI: 10.1155/2013/947072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal barrier of the upper respiratory tract including the nasal cavity, which is the first site of exposure to inhaled antigens, plays an important role in host defense in terms of innate immunity and is regulated in large part by tight junctions of epithelial cells. Tight junction molecules are expressed in both M cells and dendritic cells as well as epithelial cells of upper airway. Various antigens are sampled, transported, and released to lymphocytes through the cells in nasal mucosa while they maintain the integrity of the barrier. Expression of tight junction molecules and the barrier function in normal human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) are affected by various stimuli including growth factor, TLR ligand, and cytokine. In addition, epithelial-derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which is a master switch for allergic inflammatory diseases including allergic rhinitis, enhances the barrier function together with an increase of tight junction molecules in HNECs. Furthermore, respiratory syncytial virus infection in HNECs in vitro induces expression of tight junction molecules and the barrier function together with proinflammatory cytokine release. This paper summarizes the recent progress in our understanding of the regulation of tight junctions in the upper airway epithelium under normal, allergic, and RSV-infected conditions.
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207
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Spontaneous production of immunoglobulin M in human epithelial cancer cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51423. [PMID: 23251529 PMCID: PMC3520907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that B-1 B cells are the main cell type that is responsible for the production of natural immunoglobulin M (IgM) and can respond to infection by increasing IgM secretion. However, we unexpectedly found that some epithelial cells also can express rearranged IgM transcript that has natural IgM characteristics, such as germline-encoded and restricted rearrangement patterns. Here we studied IgM expression in human non-B cells and found that IgM was frequently expressed by many human epithelial cancer cells as well as non-cancer epithelial cells. Moreover, CD79A and CD79B, two molecules that are physically linked to membranous IgM on the surface of B cells to form the B cell antigen receptor complex, were also expressed on the cell surface of epithelial cancer cells and co-located with IgM. Like the natural IgM, the epithelial cancer cell-derived IgM recognized a series of microbial antigens, such as single-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA, lipopolysaccharide, and the HEp-2 cell antigen. More important, stimulation of the toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), which mimics bacterial infection, substantially increased the secretion of IgM in human epithelial cancer cells. These findings indicate that human epithelial cancer cells as well as non-cancer epithelial cells can spontaneously produce IgM with natural antibody activity.
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James KM, Peebles RS, Hartert TV. Response to infections in patients with asthma and atopic disease: an epiphenomenon or reflection of host susceptibility? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:343-51. [PMID: 22846746 PMCID: PMC3410318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Associations between respiratory tract infections and asthma inception and exacerbations are well established. Infant respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus infections are known to be associated with an increased risk of asthma development, and among children with prevalent asthma, 85% of asthma exacerbations are associated with viral infections. However, the exact nature of this relationship remains unclear. Is the increase in severity of infections an epiphenomenon, meaning respiratory tract infections just appear to be more severe in patients with underlying respiratory disease, or instead a reflection of altered host susceptibility among persons with asthma and atopic disease? The main focus of this review is to summarize the available levels of evidence supporting or refuting the notion that patients with asthma or atopic disease have an altered susceptibility to selected pathogens, as well as discussing the biological mechanism or mechanisms that might explain such associations. Finally, we will outline areas in need of further research because understanding the relationships between infections and asthma has important implications for asthma prevention and treatment, including potential new pathways that might target the host immune response to select pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M James
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-8300, USA
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210
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Hagner S, Welz H, Kicic A, Alrifai M, Marsh LM, Sutanto EN, Ling KM, Stick SM, Müller B, Weissmann N, Renz H. Suppression of adrenomedullin contributes to vascular leakage and altered epithelial repair during asthma. Allergy 2012; 67:998-1006. [PMID: 22686590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2012.02851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anti-inflammatory peptide, adrenomedullin (AM), and its cognate receptor are expressed in lung tissue, but its pathophysiological significance in airway inflammation is unknown. OBJECTIVES This study investigated whether allergen-induced airway inflammation involves an impaired local AM response. METHODS Airway AM expression was measured in acute and chronically sensitized mice following allergen inhalation and in airway epithelial cells of asthmatic and nonasthmatic patients. The effects of AM on experimental allergen-induced airway inflammation and of AM on lung epithelial repair in vitro were investigated. RESULTS Adrenomedullin mRNA levels were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in acute ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice after OVA challenge, by over 60% at 24 h and for up to 6 days. Similarly, reduced AM expression was observed in two models of chronic allergen-induced inflammation, OVA- and house dust mite-sensitized mice. The reduced AM expression was restricted to airway epithelial and endothelial cells, while AM expression in alveolar macrophages was unaltered. Intranasal AM completely attenuated the OVA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and mucosal plasma leakage but had no effect on inflammatory cells or cytokines. The effects of inhaled AM were reversed by pre-inhalation of the putative AM receptor antagonist, AM ((22-52)) . AM mRNA levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in human asthmatic airway epithelial samples than in nonasthmatic controls. In vitro, AM dose-dependently (10(-11) -10(-7) M) accelerated experimental wound healing in human and mouse lung epithelial cell monolayers and stimulated epithelial cell migration. CONCLUSION Adrenomedullin suppression in T(H) 2-related inflammation is of pathophysiological significance and represents loss of a factor that maintains tissue integrity during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Hagner
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Medical Faculty - Philipps University of Marburg; Biomedical Research Center (BMFZ); Marburg; Germany
| | - H. Welz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Medical Faculty - Philipps University of Marburg; Biomedical Research Center (BMFZ); Marburg; Germany
| | | | - M. Alrifai
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Medical Faculty - Philipps University of Marburg; Biomedical Research Center (BMFZ); Marburg; Germany
| | - L. M. Marsh
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Medical Faculty - Philipps University of Marburg; Biomedical Research Center (BMFZ); Marburg; Germany
| | | | - K.-M. Ling
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research; Centre for Health Research; The University of Western Australia; Nedlands; WA; Australia
| | | | - B. Müller
- Laboratory of Respiratory Cell Biology; Department of Internal Medicine; Medical Faculty - Philipps University of Marburg; Marburg; Germany
| | - N. Weissmann
- University of Giessen Lung Center; Giessen; Germany
| | - H. Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine; Medical Faculty - Philipps University of Marburg; Biomedical Research Center (BMFZ); Marburg; Germany
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211
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Immune response and anti-microbial peptides expression in Malpighian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster is under developmental regulation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40714. [PMID: 22808242 PMCID: PMC3395640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malpighian tubules (MT) of Drosophila melanogaster are osmoregulatory organs that maintain the ionic balance and remove toxic substances from the body. Additionally they act as autonomous immune sensing organs, which secrete antimicrobial peptides in response to invading microbial pathogens. We show that the antimicrobial peptides (AMP) diptericin, cecropinA, drosocin and attacinA are constitutively expressed and are regulated in developmental stage specific manner. Their developmental expression begins from 3rd instar larval stage and an immune challenge increases the expression several folds. Spatial variatons in the level of expression along the MT tissue are observed. The mortality of 3rd instar larvae fed on bacterial food is much less than that of the earlier larval stages, coinciding with the onset of innate immunity response in MT. Ectopic expression of AMP imparts better resistance to infection while, loss of function of one of the AMP through directed RNAi reduces host survival after immune challenge. The AMP secreted from the MT exhibit bactericidal activity. Expression of the NF-κB transcription factor, Relish, also coincides with activation of immune responsive genes in MT, demonstrating that immune regulation in MT is under developmental control and is governed by the Imd pathway.
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212
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Manthei DM, Jackson DJ, Evans MD, Gangnon RE, Tisler CJ, Gern JE, Lemanske RF, Denlinger LC. Protection from asthma in a high-risk birth cohort by attenuated P2X(7) function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:496-502. [PMID: 22743305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral illnesses are important factors in both asthma inception and exacerbations, and allergic sensitization in early life further enhances asthma risk through unclear mechanisms. Cellular damage caused by infection or allergen inhalation increases ATP levels in the airways with subsequent purinergic receptor activation. The purinergic receptor P2X(7) can enhance airway leukocyte recruitment to the airways, and P2X(7) knockout mice display a reduced asthma-like phenotype. OBJECTIVE Based on the P2X(7) knockout mouse, we hypothesized that children with low P2X(7) function would have decreased rates of asthma. METHODS We used a functional assay to determine P2X(7) pore-producing capacity in whole-blood samples in a birth cohort at high risk for asthma development. The P2X(7) assay was validated with known loss-of-function alleles in human subjects. P2X(7) pore status categorization was used to assess asthma and allergy status in the cohort. RESULTS Attenuated P2X(7) function was associated with lower asthma rates at ages 6 and 8 years, and the greatest effects were observed in boys. Children with asthma at age 11 years who had low P2X(7) capacity had less severe disease in the previous year. Attenuated P2X(7) function was also associated with sensitization to fewer aeroallergens. CONCLUSION P2X(7) functional capacity is associated with asthma risk or disease severity, and these relationships appear to be age related.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Manthei
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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213
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Holopainen R, Tapiovaara H, Honkanen J. Expression analysis of immune response genes in fish epithelial cells following ranavirus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:1095-1105. [PMID: 22452879 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ranaviruses (family Iridoviridae) are a growing threat to fish and amphibian populations worldwide. The immune response to ranavirus infection has been studied in amphibians, but little is known about the responses elicited in piscine hosts. In this study, the immune response and apoptosis induced by ranaviruses were investigated in fish epithelial cells. Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells were infected with four different viral isolates: epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV), frog virus 3 (FV3), European catfish virus (ECV) and doctor fish virus (DFV). Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays were developed to measure the mRNA expression of immune response genes during ranavirus infection. The target genes included tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), β2-microglobulin (β2M), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). All ranaviruses elicited changes in immune gene expression. EHNV and FV3 caused a strong pro-inflammatory response with an increase in the expression of both IL-1β and TNF-α, whereas ECV and DFV evoked transient up-regulation of regulatory cytokine TGF-β. Additionally, all viral isolates induced increased β2M expression as well as apoptosis in the EPC cells. Our results indicate that epithelial cells can serve as an in vitro model for studying the mechanisms of immune response in the piscine host in the first stages of ranavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Holopainen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Veterinary Virology Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland.
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214
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DePoortere D, Kofonow JM, Chiu AG, Cohen NA. Polyhydrated ionogen enhances postoperative sinonasal ciliated remucosalization. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2012; 1:83-7. [PMID: 22287324 DOI: 10.1002/alr.20019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosalization of the sinonasal cavity following surgery is critical for successful outcomes. Recently a novel anti-protease compound, polyhydrated-ionogen (PHI) with Mg(2+)/Br(-), demonstrated improved dermal wound healing. We set out to investigate the effect of PHI Mg(2+)/Br(-) on sinus remucosalization following surgery. METHODS A total of 24 rabbits underwent bilateral medial-wall maxillary mucosal stripping followed by placement of an indwelling irrigation catheter. In a randomized fashion 1 side received 3 cc normal saline (NS) daily, while the contralateral side received PHI Mg(2+)/Br(-). Following a 14-day therapeutic trial, remucosalization was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry for β-tubulin, a marker of cilia. A semiquantitative grading of ciliated remucosalization was applied with a chi-square test used to compare distributions for each treatment. RESULTS H&E staining comparison demonstrated NS treated sinuses (n = 24) had substantial bare areas with predominant ciliation scores under 30%. The PHI Mg(2+)/Br(-)-treated group (n = 24) achieved a statistically significant improvement in reciliation (>60%) when compared with NS (p < 0.01). These results were confirmed with Type IV β-tubulin staining (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Poor postsurgical sinonasal mucosa healing results in adverse clinical outcomes. In a rabbit model of sinonasal mucosal healing, daily irrigation for 14 days with PHI Mg(2+)/Br(-)-enhanced ciliated remucosalization compared to saline.
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Affiliation(s)
- David DePoortere
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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215
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Kang Z, Swaidani S, Yin W, Wang C, Barlow JL, Gulen MF, Bulek K, Do JS, Aronica M, McKenzie ANJ, Min B, Li X. Epithelial cell-specific Act1 adaptor mediates interleukin-25-dependent helminth expulsion through expansion of Lin(-)c-Kit(+) innate cell population. Immunity 2012; 36:821-33. [PMID: 22608496 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-25 (IL-25 or IL-17E), a member of the structurally related IL-17 family, functions as an important mediator of T helper 2 cell-type (type 2) responses. We examined the cell type-specific role of IL-25-induced Act1-mediated signaling in protective immunity against helminth infection. Targeted Act1 deficiency in epithelial cells resulted in a marked delay in worm expulsion and abolished the expansion of the Lin(-)c-Kit(+) innate cell population in the mesenteric lymph node, lung, and liver. Th2 cell-inducing cytokine (IL-25 and IL-33) expression were reduced in the intestinal epithelial cells from the infected and IL-25-injected epithelial-specific Act1-deficient mice. Adoptive transfer of Lin(-)c-Kit(+) cells or combined injection of IL-25 and IL-33 restored the type 2 responses in these mice. Taken together, these results suggest that epithelial-specific Act1 mediates the expansion of the Lin(-)c-Kit(+) innate cell population through the positive-feedback loop of IL-25, initiating the type 2 immunity against helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhen Kang
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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216
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Houser KR, Johnson DK, Ishmael FT. Anti-inflammatory effects of methoxyphenolic compounds on human airway cells. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2012; 9:6. [PMID: 22414048 PMCID: PMC3325161 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-9-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The respiratory epithelium plays a central role in the inflammatory response in asthma and other diseases. Methoxyphenolic compounds are purported to be effective anti-inflammatory agents, but their effects on the airway epithelium have not been well characterized. Methods Human airway cells were stimulated with TNF-α in the presence or absence of 4-substituted methoxyphenols and resveratrol. The expression of various cytokines was measured by qPCR, ELISAs, and protein arrays. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured with a reactive fluorescent probe (3',6'-diacetate-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein). Activation of NF-κB was measured by nuclear translocation and phosphorylation. Ribonuclear protein association with mRNA was assessed with a biotin-RNA affinity isolation assay. Results Multiple inflammatory mediators were inhibited by methoxyphenols, including: CCL2, CCL5, IL-6, IL-8, ICAM-1, MIF, CXCL1, CXCL10, and Serpin E1. IC50 values were obtained for each compound that showed significant anti-inflammatory activity: diapocynin (20.3 μM), resveratrol (42.7 μM), 2-methoxyhydroquinone (64.3 μM), apocynin (146.6 μM), and 4-amino-2-methoxyphenol (410 μM). The anti-inflammatory activity did not correlate with inhibition of reactive oxygen species production or NF-κB activation. However, methoxyphenols inhibited binding of the RNA-binding protein HuR to mRNA, indicating that they may act post-transcriptionally. Conclusions Methoxyphenols demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity in human airway cells. More potent compounds that act via similar mechanisms may have therapeutic potential as novel anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Houser
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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217
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Plasticity and virus specificity of the airway epithelial cell immune response during respiratory virus infection. J Virol 2012; 86:5422-36. [PMID: 22398282 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06757-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells (AECs) provide the first line of defense in the respiratory tract and are the main target of respiratory viruses. Here, using oligonucleotide and protein arrays, we analyze the infection of primary polarized human AEC cultures with influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and we show that the immune response of AECs is quantitatively and qualitatively virus specific. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) specifically induced by influenza virus and not by RSV included those encoding interferon B1 (IFN-B1), type III interferons (interleukin 28A [IL-28A], IL-28B, and IL-29), interleukins (IL-6, IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-23A, IL-17C, and IL-32), and chemokines (CCL2, CCL8, and CXCL5). Lack of type I interferon or STAT1 signaling decreased the expression and secretion of cytokines and chemokines by the airway epithelium. We also observed strong basolateral polarization of the secretion of cytokines and chemokines by human and murine AECs during infection. Importantly, the antiviral response of human AECs to influenza virus or to RSV correlated with the infection signature obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from patients with acute influenza or RSV bronchiolitis, respectively. IFI27 (also known as ISG12) was identified as a biomarker of respiratory virus infection in both AECs and PBMCs. In addition, the extent of the transcriptional perturbation in PBMCs correlated with the clinical disease severity. Our results demonstrate that the human airway epithelium mounts virus-specific immune responses that are likely to determine the subsequent systemic immune responses and suggest that the absence of epithelial immune mediators after RSV infection may contribute to explaining the inadequacy of systemic immunity to the virus.
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218
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Wang Y, Zhu Z, Church TD, Lugogo NL, Que LG, Francisco D, Ingram JL, Huggins M, Beaver DM, Wright JR, Kraft M. SHP-1 as a critical regulator of Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced inflammation in human asthmatic airway epithelial cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3371-81. [PMID: 22371396 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease in which airway epithelial cells are the first line of defense against exposure of the airway to infectious agents. Src homology protein (SHP)-1, a protein tyrosine phosphatase, is a negative regulator of signaling pathways that are critical to the development of asthma and host defense. We hypothesize that SHP-1 function is defective in asthma, contributing to the increased inflammatory response induced by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a pathogen known to exacerbate asthma. M. pneumoniae significantly activated SHP-1 in airway epithelial cells collected from nonasthmatic subjects by bronchoscopy with airway brushing but not in cells from asthmatic subjects. In asthmatic airway epithelial cells, M. pneumoniae induced significant PI3K/Akt phosphorylation, NF-κB activation, and IL-8 production compared with nonasthmatic cells, which were reversed by SHP-1 overexpression. Conversely, SHP-1 knockdown significantly increased IL-8 production and PI3K/Akt and NF-κB activation in the setting of M. pneumoniae infection in nonasthmatic cells, but it did not exacerbate these three parameters already activated in asthmatic cells. Thus, SHP-1 plays a critical role in abrogating M. pneumoniae-induced IL-8 production in nonasthmatic airway epithelial cells through inhibition of PI3K/Akt and NF-κB activity, but it is defective in asthma, resulting in an enhanced inflammatory response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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219
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Bartemes KR, Iijima K, Kobayashi T, Kephart GM, McKenzie AN, Kita H. IL-33-responsive lineage- CD25+ CD44(hi) lymphoid cells mediate innate type 2 immunity and allergic inflammation in the lungs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:1503-13. [PMID: 22198948 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity provides the first line of response to invading pathogens and a variety of environmental insults. Recent studies identified novel subsets of innate lymphoid cells that are capable of mediating immune responses in mucosal organs. In this paper, we describe a subset of lymphoid cells that is involved in innate type 2 immunity in the lungs. Airway exposure of naive BALB/c or C57BL/6J mice to IL-33 results in a rapid (<12 h) production of IL-5 and IL-13 and marked airway eosinophilia independently of adaptive immunity. In the lungs of nonsensitized naive mice, IL-33-responsive cells were identified that have a lymphoid morphology, lack lineage markers, highly express CD25, CD44, Thy1.2, ICOS, Sca-1, and IL-7Rα (i.e., Lin(-)CD25(+)CD44(hi) lymphoid cells), and require IL-7Rα for their development. Airway exposure of naive mice to a clinically relevant ubiquitous fungal allergen, Alternaria alternata, increases bronchoalveolar lavage levels of IL-33, followed by IL-5 and IL-13 production and airway eosinophilia without T or B cells. This innate type 2 response to the allergen is nearly abolished in mice deficient in IL-33R (i.e., ST2), and the Lin(-)CD25(+)CD44(hi) lymphoid cells in the lungs are required and sufficient to mediate the response. Thus, a subset of innate immune cells that responds to IL-33 and vigorously produces Th2-type cytokines is present in mouse lungs. These cells may provide a novel mechanism for type 2 immunity in the airways and induction of allergic airway diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Bartemes
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Cao J, Ren G, Gong Y, Dong S, Yin Y, Zhang L. Bronchial epithelial cells release IL-6, CXCL1 and CXCL8 upon mast cell interaction. Cytokine 2011; 56:823-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Kashiwagi Y, Yanagita M, Kojima Y, Shimabukuro Y, Murakami S. Nicotine up-regulates IL-8 expression in human gingival epithelial cells following stimulation with IL-1β or P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide via nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signalling. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 57:483-90. [PMID: 22119045 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cigarette smoking is an important risk factor for periodontal disease. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of nicotine, a major component of cigarette smoke, on interleukin-8 (IL-8) production and cellular signalling via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs). DESIGN Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of nAChR subunits in three different HGEC lines (epi 4, Tfx and E6E7) was assessed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). HGECs were stimulated by 1×10(-3)M nicotine in the presence or absence of IL-1β or Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). IL-8 production was then examined using real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Nicotine-mediated signalling in the epi 4 cell line was also evaluated by Western blotting. RESULTS HGECs expressed several nAChR subunits. Nicotine increased the secretion of IL-8 from HGECs that were cultured in the presence of IL-1β or P. gingivalis LPS and also induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in epi 4. Pretreatment with non-selective nAChR antagonist or intracellular calcium chelator reduced the nicotine-induced phosphorylation of ERK. Furthermore, nicotine-induced IL-8 secretion was decreased by pretreatment with non-selective nAChR antagonist, ERK1/2 inhibitor or intracellular calcium chelator. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that nicotine increases IL-8 production in gingival epithelial cells via ERK phosphorylation following Ca(2+) signalling after nAChR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Kashiwagi
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Rezaee F, Meednu N, Emo JA, Saatian B, Chapman TJ, Naydenov NG, De Benedetto A, Beck LA, Ivanov AI, Georas SN. Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid induces protein kinase D-dependent disassembly of apical junctions and barrier dysfunction in airway epithelial cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:1216-1224.e11. [PMID: 21996340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption of the epithelial barrier might be a risk factor for allergen sensitization and asthma. Viral respiratory tract infections are strongly associated with asthma exacerbation, but the effects of respiratory viruses on airway epithelial barrier function are not well understood. Many viruses generate double-stranded RNA, which can lead to airway inflammation and initiate an antiviral immune response. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects of the synthetic double-stranded RNA polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (polyI:C) on the structure and function of the airway epithelial barrier in vitro. METHODS 16HBE14o- human bronchial epithelial cells and primary airway epithelial cells at an air-liquid interface were grown to confluence on Transwell inserts and exposed to polyI:C. We studied epithelial barrier function by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance and paracellular flux of fluorescent markers and structure of epithelial apical junctions by means of immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS PolyI:C induced a profound decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance and increase in paracellular permeability. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed markedly reduced junctional localization of zonula occludens-1, occludin, E-cadherin, β-catenin, and disorganization of junction-associated actin filaments. PolyI:C induced protein kinase D (PKD) phosphorylation, and a PKD antagonist attenuated polyI:C-induced disassembly of apical junctions and barrier dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS PolyI:C has a powerful and previously unsuspected disruptive effect on the airway epithelial barrier. PolyI:C-dependent barrier disruption is mediated by disassembly of epithelial apical junctions, which is dependent on PKD signaling. These findings suggest a new mechanism potentially underlying the associations between viral respiratory tract infections, airway inflammation, and allergen sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Rezaee
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14610, USA
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Abstract
The innate immune system consists of multiple cell types that express germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Allergens are frequently found in forms and mixtures that contain PAMPs and DAMPs. The innate immune system is interposed between the external environment and the internal acquired immune system. It is also an integral part of the airways, gut, and skin. These tissues face continuous exposure to allergens, PAMPs, and DAMPs. Interaction of allergens with the innate immune system normally results in immune tolerance but, in the case of allergic disease, this interaction induces recurring and/or chronic inflammation as well as the loss of immunologic tolerance. Upon activation by allergens, the innate immune response commits the acquired immune response to a variety of outcomes mediated by distinct T-cell subsets, such as T-helper 2, regulatory T, or T-helper 17 cells. New studies highlighted in this review underscore the close relationship between allergens, the innate immune system, and the acquired immune system that promotes homeostasis versus allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Minnicozzi
- Asthma, Allergy and Inflammation Branch, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-6601, USA
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Abdelmalik SW. Microscopic study of certain age-related structural changes of maxillary sinus lining epithelium in albino rats. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 75:467-73. [PMID: 21919127 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.21079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance is essential to maintain the defense function of the maxillary sinus; however, no literatures described the age changes in its lining epithelium. Therefore, the current work sought to describe the morphological postnatal age-related changes of maxillary sinus lining epithelium in rats using light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopes. Eighteen albino rats were divided into six groups according to their ages: 2-week-old, 1-month-old, 2-month-old, 3-month-old, adults, and senile rats. One-month-old-rats' group was the first to have recognizable maxillary sinus cavities that were lined by either single flat cellular layer or two distinct epithelial layers. These cells were devoid of microvilli and cilia, none of them showed evidence of differentiation into identifiable cell types. In 2- and 3-month-old rats, the mucosa of maxillary sinus started to be lined with pseudostratified epithelium with apparent increase in both microvilli and cilia. The first indication of goblet cell differentiation was observed in 3-month-old-rats. In the adult rats, the sinuses became completely lined by mature respiratory epithelium. However, in senile rats the epithelium exhibited polyps with clumped cilia and some areas of stratification and desquamation. Goblet cells were scanty and degenerating. The impaired mucociliary components (epithelium, cilia, and goblet cells' mucus) found in young and old ages of the current work might be correlated to human to explain predisposition of rhino-sinusitis in these age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherin W Abdelmalik
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Mortaz E, Henricks PAJ, Kraneveld AD, Givi ME, Garssen J, Folkerts G. Cigarette smoke induces the release of CXCL-8 from human bronchial epithelial cells via TLRs and induction of the inflammasome. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2011; 1812:1104-10. [PMID: 21684332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COPD is a chronic airway disease associated with inflammation and cigarette smoking. Airway epithelial cells are the first cells exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) and can release CXCL-8 and IL-1β. These cytokines are involved in acute and chronic inflammatory processes in COPD. The aim of this study was to investigate whether toll-like receptors (TLRs) located in/on epithelial cells were involved in cigarette smoke-induced cytokine production. Here we demonstrate that CS induces the release of CXCL-8 and IL-1β from human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE-14o). CS-induced CXCL-8 production was inhibited by an antibody against TLR4 and by inhibitory ODN suggesting the involvement of TLR4 and TLR9. In addition, exposure of HBE-14o cells to TLR4 or TLR9 ligands resulted in the release of CXCL-8 and IL1β. TLR4 and also TLR9 were present on the cell surface and the expression of both receptors decreased after CS exposure. The molecular mechanism of the CS-induced CXCL-8 production by the epithelial cells was further investigated. It was found that P2X7 receptors and reactive oxygen species were involved. Interestingly, the inflammasome activator monosodium urate crystals (MSU) induced the release of CXCL-8 and IL-1β and the caspase-1 inhibitor Z-VADDCB suppressed the CS-induced release of CXCL-8. In addition, CS, CpGODN, lipopolysaccharide and MSU all increased the expression of caspase-1 and IL-1β. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that CS releases CXCL-8 from HBE-14o cells via TLR4 and TLR9 and inflammasome activation. Therefore, inflammasome signaling in airway epithelial cells may play an important role in pathogenesis of diseases like COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mortaz
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.082, 3584 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Shahbazi M, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Zareie M, Salek-Moghaddam A, Akhondi M, Bahmanpoor M, Sadeghi M, Zarnani A. Expression profiling of vitamin D receptor in placenta, decidua and ovary of pregnant mice. Placenta 2011; 32:657-664. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Clarke TB, Francella N, Huegel A, Weiser JN. Invasive bacterial pathogens exploit TLR-mediated downregulation of tight junction components to facilitate translocation across the epithelium. Cell Host Microbe 2011; 9:404-14. [PMID: 21575911 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are members of the normal human nasal microbiota with the ability to cause invasive infections. Bacterial invasion requires translocation across the epithelium; however, mechanistic understanding of this process is limited. Examining the epithelial response to murine colonization by S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae, we observed the TLR-dependent downregulation of claudins 7 and 10, tight junction components key to the maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity. When modeled in vitro, claudin downregulation was preceded by upregulation of SNAIL1, a transcriptional repressor of tight junction components, and these phenomena required p38 MAPK and TGF-β signaling. Consequently, downregulation of SNAIL1 expression inhibited bacterial translocation across the epithelium. Furthermore, disruption of epithelial barrier integrity by claudin 7 inhibition in vitro or TLR stimulation in vivo promoted bacterial translocation. These data support a general mechanism for epithelial opening exploited by invasive pathogens to facilitate movement across the epithelium to initiate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Clarke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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228
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Li DQ, Zhang L, Pflugfelder SC, De Paiva CS, Zhang X, Zhao G, Zheng X, Su Z, Qu Y. Short ragweed pollen triggers allergic inflammation through Toll-like receptor 4-dependent thymic stromal lymphopoietin/OX40 ligand/OX40 signaling pathways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:1318-1325.e2. [PMID: 21820713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic diseases affect a large population. Pollen, an ubiquitous allergen, is the trigger of seasonal rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma, as well as an exacerbating factor of atopic dermatitis. However, the underlying mechanism by which pollen induces thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)-triggered allergic inflammation through epithelial innate immunity is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to explore whether short ragweed (SRW) pollen induces TSLP/OX40 ligand (OX40L)/OX40 signaling through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-dependent pathways in patients with allergic disease. METHODS Three models were used for this study, a well-characterized murine model of allergic conjunctivitis induced by SRW pollen, a topical challenge model on the murine ocular surface, and a culture model of primary human corneal epithelium exposed to aqueous extract of defatted SRW pollen (SRWe). RESULTS The topical challenges with SRW pollen generated typical allergic conjunctivitis in BALB/c mice. Clinical signs, stimulated TSLP/OX40L/OX40 signaling, and T(H)2 cytokine levels in the ocular mucosa and draining cervical lymph nodes were significantly reduced or eliminated in TLR4-deficient (Tlr4-d) or myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) knockout (MyD88(-/-)) mice compared with those seen in their wild-type littermates. SRWe stimulated TSLP production by ocular epithelia in wild-type but not Tlr4-d or MyD88(-/-) mice. SRWe-stimulated TSLP was blocked by TLR4 antibody and nuclear factor κB inhibitor in murine and human corneal epithelia. CONCLUSION For the first time, we have shown that SRW pollen, acting as a functional TLR4 agonist, initiates TLR4-dependent TSLP/OX40L/OX40 signaling, which triggers T(H)2-dominant allergic inflammation. These findings shed light on the understanding of mucosal epithelial innate immunity and create new therapeutic targets to cure allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Quan Li
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Cao J, Zhang L, Li D, Xu F, Huang S, Xiang Y, Yin Y, Ren G. IL-27 is elevated in patients with COPD and patients with pulmonary TB and induces human bronchial epithelial cells to produce CXCL10. Chest 2011; 141:121-130. [PMID: 21778255 PMCID: PMC7094562 DOI: 10.1378/chest.10-3297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of IL-27 in the pathogenesis of airway inflammatory diseases remains elusive. We, therefore, have studied its concentrations in the sputum and plasma of patients with COPD and patients with pulmonary TB (PTB), and further investigated the mechanism-of-action effects of IL-27 on bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. Methods Human bronchial epithelial cells grown on air-liquid interface culture were activated by IL-27, alone, or in combination with other inflammatory cytokines in the presence or absence of various signaling molecule inhibitors. The expression of CXCL10 was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The underlying signaling pathways were studied by intracellular staining using flow cytometry, Western blot, ELISA, or siRNA. Results Significantly higher sputum and plasma concentrations of IL-27 were found in patients with COPD (n = 34; P < .01 and P < .001, respectively) or patients with PTB (n = 31; P < .01 and P < .001, respectively) than in healthy control subjects (n = 48). Sputum, but not plasma, IL-27 levels in patients with COPD correlated negatively with FEV1 (r = −0.51, P < .01). Sputum, but not plasma, IL-27 in patients with PTB correlated positively with mycobacterial load in sputum (r = 0.48, P < .05). Further in vitro studies demonstrated that IL-27 could induce gene and protein expression of CXCL10 in bronchial epithelial cells, which was regulated by the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway. Conclusions The production of IL-27 is related to the pathogenesis of COPD and PTB, and IL-27 induces the expression of CXCL10 in bronchial epithelial cells through the activation of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Dairong Li
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Yibing Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guosheng Ren
- Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics Laboratory, Chongqing, China.
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Esnault E, Bonsergent C, Larcher T, Bed’hom B, Vautherot JF, Delaleu B, Guigand L, Soubieux D, Marc D, Quéré P. A novel chicken lung epithelial cell line: Characterization and response to low pathogenicity avian influenza virus. Virus Res 2011; 159:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Reddy NM, Potteti HR, Mariani TJ, Biswal S, Reddy SP. Conditional deletion of Nrf2 in airway epithelium exacerbates acute lung injury and impairs the resolution of inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:1161-8. [PMID: 21659655 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0144oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidant stress, resulting from an excess of reactive electrophiles produced in the lung by both resident (epithelial and endothelial) and infiltrated leukocytes, is thought to play an obligatory role in tissue injury and abnormal repair. Previously, using a conventional (whole-body) knockout model, we showed that antioxidative gene induction regulated by the transcription factor Nrf2 is critical for mitigating oxidant-induced (hyperoxic) stress, as well as for preventing and resolving tissue injury and inflammation in vivo. However, the contribution to pathogenic acute lung injury (ALI) of the cellular stress produced by resident versus infiltrated leukocytes remains largely undefined in vivo. To address this critical gap in our knowledge, we generated mice with a conditional deletion of Nrf2 specifically in Clara cells, subjected these mice to hyperoxic insult, and allowed them to recover. We report that a deficiency of Nrf2 in airway epithelia alone is sufficient to contribute to the development and progression of ALI. When exposed to hyperoxia, mice lacking Nrf2 in Clara cells showed exacerbated lung injury, accompanied by greater levels of cell death and epithelial sloughing than in their wild-type littermates. In addition, we found that an Nrf2 deficiency in Clara cells is associated with a persistent inflammatory response and epithelial sloughing in the lungs during recovery from sublethal hyperoxic insult. Our results demonstrate (for the first time, to the best of our knowledge) that Nrf2 signaling in Clara cells is critical for conferring protection from hyperoxic lung injury and for resolving inflammation during the repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narsa M Reddy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Raymond M, Van VQ, Wakahara K, Rubio M, Sarfati M. Lung dendritic cells induce T(H)17 cells that produce T(H)2 cytokines, express GATA-3, and promote airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:192-201.e6. [PMID: 21601259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial to shape the adaptive immune response. Extensive in vitro manipulation reprograms T(H)2 and T(H)17 cell lines into T(H)1 cells, leading to the concept of CD4(+) T(H) cell subset plasticity. The conversion of memory T(H)17 cells into T(H)2 cells or vice versa remains to be clarified. OBJECTIVE We examined the localization of T(H)17/T(H)2 cells in vivo, their cellular origin (T(H)2 vs T(H)17), and the underlying mechanisms that drive the generation of these double T(H) producers. METHODS Antigen-loaded bone marrow-derived DCs (ovalbumin-DCs) were repeatedly administered locally (intratracheally) or systemically (intravenously) to naive mice to elicit chronic airway inflammation. Inflamed lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes were examined for the presence of IL-17(+)IL-13(+)IL-4(+)CD4(+) T cells that coexpressed retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt and GATA-3 (T(H)17/T(H)2). RESULTS We show that repetitive administration of inflammatory ovalbumin-DCs, locally or systemically, promoted the development of antigen-specific T(H)17/T(H)2 cells in lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes. Immunized mice had IgE-independent and steroid-resistant airway inflammation with a mixed neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Airway inflammatory signal regulatory protein α-positive DCs reprogrammed in vitro-generated T(H)17 but not T(H)2 cells, as well as lung effector T(H) cells, into T(H)17/T(H)2 cells. CONCLUSION We demonstrate the existence of T(H)17/T(H)2 cells that express GATA-3 in inflamed tissues and their T(H)17 origin. We further propose that repeated immunization with inflammatory DCs prevails on the route of DC administration to drive T(H)17/T(H)2-associated chronic lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Raymond
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Research Center (CRCHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Ottaviano G, Marioni G, Staffieri C, Giacomelli L, Marchese-Ragona R, Bertolin A, Staffieri A. Effects of sulfurous, salty, bromic, iodic thermal water nasal irrigations in nonallergic chronic rhinosinusitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, clinical, and cytological study. Am J Otolaryngol 2011; 32:235-9. [PMID: 20537762 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nasal irrigations are mentioned among the adjunctive measures for treating several sinonasal conditions. Hyperchromatic supranuclear stria (HSS) in the ciliated cells (CCs) has recently been suggested as a potential cytological marker of the anatomofunctional integrity of nasal mucosa. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of nasal irrigations with sulfurous, salty, bromic, iodic (SSBI) thermal water or isotonic sodium chloride solution (ISCS) in patients with nonallergic chronic rhinosinusitis, considering the endoscopic, functional, microbiological, and cytological evidence (including the ratio of HSS-positive CCs to total CCs [the HSS+ rate]). METHODS In a prospective, randomized, double-blind setting, 80 patients were recruited for nasal irrigations with SSBI water or ISCS for 1 month. RESULTS An endoscopically assessed significant clinical improvement was seen after both SSBI thermal water and ISCS irrigations. Before treatment, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 5 patients in the SSBI thermal water group and 4 in the ISCS group. After the nasal irrigations, there was no sign of the bacteria in either group. Only the SSBI water irrigations significantly reduced total nasal resistance, as determined by rhinomanometry. Mild nasal irritation (6 cases) and episodes of extremely limited epistaxis (5 cases) were only reported after SSBI thermal water irrigations. Neither type of nasal irrigation significantly increased the mean HSS+ rate at cytological control after 1 month. CONCLUSIONS Both types of nasal irrigation improved the endoscopic and microbiological features of patients with nonallergic chronic rhinosinusitis, whereas only SSBI irrigations significantly reduced total nasal resistance. Further investigations are needed based on longer treatments and follow-up periods to establish whether the HSS+ rate is useful for monitoring clinical improvements in chronic rhinosinusitis treated with nasal irrigations.
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Mühl H, Bachmann M, Pfeilschifter J. Inducible NO synthase and antibacterial host defence in times of Th17/Th22/T22 immunity. Cell Microbiol 2011; 13:340-8. [PMID: 21199257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
During the last two decades nitric oxide (NO) produced by inducible NO synthase (iNOS or NOS2) has been characterized as immunoregulatory and antimicrobial principle displaying the potential to determine course of disease in a range of infections. Being an enzyme primarily regulated on expressional level, cytokine-driven iNOS appears to be connected in particular with activation of Th1-type immunity. However, with the recent advent of additional, partly overlapping CD4(+) T cell effector subsets, namely Th17 and Th22 cells, a further layer of complexity has been added to immunoregulatory networks determining inflammatory gene expression in the context of microbial infections. Here, we review current knowledge on activation of iNOS function by interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 with focus on Th17/Th22-directed antibacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Mühl
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Ogasawara N, Kojima T, Go M, Takano KI, Kamekura R, Ohkuni T, Koizumi JI, Masaki T, Fuchimoto J, Obata K, Kurose M, Shintani T, Sawada N, Himi T. Epithelial barrier and antigen uptake in lymphoepithelium of human adenoids. Acta Otolaryngol 2011; 131:116-23. [PMID: 21062118 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2010.520022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Invasion of antigens through the mucosal surface can be prevented by the common mucosal immune system, including Peyer's patches (PPs) and nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoreticular tissue (NALT). The adenoids (nasopharyngeal tonsils) comprise one of the NALTs and constitute the major part of Waldeyer's lymphoid ring in humans. However, the role of the lymphoepithelium, including M cells and dendritic cells (DCs), in the adenoids is unknown compared with the epithelium of PPs. NALTs also have unique functions such as the barrier of epithelial cells and uptake of antigens by M cells and DCs, and may play a crucial role in airway mucosal immune responses. The lymphoepithelium of adenoids has well-developed tight junctions that play an important role in the barrier function, the same as nasal epithelium but not palatine tonsillar epithelium. Tight junction molecules are expressed in both M cells and DCs as well as epithelial cells, and various antigens may be sampled, transported, and released to lymphocytes through the cells while they maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier. This review summarizes the recent progress in our understanding of how M cells and DCs control the epithelial barrier in the adenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Ogasawara
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Fan J, Ishmael FT, Fang X, Myers A, Cheadle C, Huang SK, Atasoy U, Gorospe M, Stellato C. Chemokine transcripts as targets of the RNA-binding protein HuR in human airway epithelium. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2482-94. [PMID: 21220697 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HuR is a regulator of mRNA turnover or translation of inflammatory genes through binding to adenylate-uridylate-rich elements and related motifs present in the 3'untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs. We postulate that HuR critically regulates the epithelial response by associating with multiple ARE-bearing, functionally related inflammatory transcripts. We aimed to identify HuR targets in the human airway epithelial cell line BEAS-2B challenged with TNF-α plus IFN-γ, a strong stimulus for inflammatory epithelial responses. Ribonucleoprotein complexes from resting and cytokine-treated cells were immunoprecipitated using anti-HuR and isotype-control Ab, and eluted mRNAs were reverse-transcribed and hybridized to an inflammatory-focused gene array. The chemokines CCL2, CCL8, CXCL1, and CXCL2 ranked highest among 27 signaling and inflammatory genes significantly enriched in the HuR RNP-IP from stimulated cells over the control immunoprecipitation. Among these, 20 displayed published HuR binding motifs. Association of HuR with the four endogenous chemokine mRNAs was validated by single-gene ribonucleoprotein-immunoprecipitation and shown to be 3'UTR-dependent by biotin pull-down assay. Cytokine treatment increased mRNA stability only for CCL2 and CCL8, and transient silencing and overexpression of HuR affected only CCL2 and CCL8 expression in primary and transformed epithelial cells. Cytokine-induced CCL2 mRNA was predominantly cytoplasmic. Conversely, CXCL1 mRNA remained mostly nuclear and unaffected, as CXCL2, by changes in HuR levels. Increase in cytoplasmic HuR and HuR target expression partially relied on the inhibition of AMP-dependent kinase, a negative regulator of HuR nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. HuR-mediated regulation in airway epithelium appears broader than previously appreciated, coordinating numerous inflammatory genes through multiple posttranscriptional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshui Fan
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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237
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Kastner PE, Casset A, Pons F. Formaldehyde interferes with airway epithelium integrity and functions in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Toxicol Lett 2010; 200:109-16. [PMID: 21087659 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a common indoor air pollutant. To assess its potential role and mechanism of action in asthma, we exposed the bronchial epithelial cell lines Calu-3 and 16HBE to HCHO (70-7000 μM) according to two exposure schedules (30 min and 24 h), before measuring cell viability, necrosis and apoptosis, reactive oxygen species production, cytokine release, as well as trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of cell monolayers. Whereas exposure to HCHO for 30 min had a limited effect on cell viability, exposure for 24h to 1400-7000 μM HCHO induced a pronounced dose-dependent cell death. The important decrease in cell viability observed after 24h exposure to the highest concentrations of HCHO (1400-7000 μM) was accompanied by important LDH release and ROS production, whereas a 4h exposure to lower HCHO concentrations (350 μM) induced cell apoptosis. Also, exposure to HCHO for 30 min dose-dependently inhibited basal and lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 production by bronchial epithelial cells. As well, HCHO triggered a dose- and time-dependent decrease in TEER of Calu-3 cell monolayers. The present work demonstrates that HCHO interferes with airway epithelium integrity and functions, and may thus modulate the onset and the severity of asthma. However, importantly, conditions of exposure to HCHO, e.g. level and duration, are determinant in the nature of the effects triggered by the pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Edouard Kastner
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Boactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 Route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
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238
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Ohkuni T, Kojima T, Ogasawara N, Masaki T, Fuchimoto J, Kamekura R, Koizumi JI, Ichimiya S, Murata M, Tanaka S, Himi T, Sawada N. Poly(I:C) reduces expression of JAM-A and induces secretion of IL-8 and TNF-α via distinct NF-κB pathways in human nasal epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 250:29-38. [PMID: 20932985 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human nasal epithelium is an important physical barrier and innate immune defense protecting against inhaled substances and pathogens. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, which plays a key role in the innate immune response, has not been well characterized in human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs), including the epithelial tight junctional barrier. In the present study, mRNAs of TLR1-10 were detected in hTERT-transfected HNECs, which can be used as an indispensable and stable model of normal HNECs, similar to primary cultured HNECs. To investigate the changes of tight junction proteins and the signal transduction pathways via TLRs in HNECs in vitro, hTERT-transfected HNECs were treated with TLR2 ligand P(3)CSK(4), TLR3 ligand poly(I:C), TLR4 ligand LPS, TLR7/8 ligand CL097, TLR8 ligand ssRNA40/LyoVec, and TLR9 ligand ODN2006. In hTERT-transfected HNECs, treatment with poly(I:C) significantly reduced expression of the tight junction protein JAM-A and induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF-α. Both the reduction of JAM-A expression and the induction of secretion of IL-8 and TNF-α after treatment with poly(I:C) were modulated by distinct signal transduction pathways via EGFR, PI3K, and p38 MAPK and finally regulated by a TLR3-mediated NF-κB pathway. The control of TLR3-mediated signaling pathways in HNECs may be important not only in infection by viral dsRNA but also in autoimmune diseases caused by endogenous dsRNA released from necrotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Ohkuni
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Chustz RT, Nagarkar DR, Poposki JA, Favoreto S, Avila PC, Schleimer RP, Kato A. Regulation and function of the IL-1 family cytokine IL-1F9 in human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 45:145-53. [PMID: 20870894 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0075oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The IL-1 family of cytokines, which now includes 11 members, is well known to participate in inflammation. Although the most recently recognized IL-1 family cytokines (IL-1F5-11) have been shown to be expressed in airway epithelial cells, the regulation of their expression and function in the epithelium has not been extensively studied. We investigated the regulation of IL-1F5-11 in primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Messenger (m)RNAs for IL-1F6 and IL-1F9, but not IL-1F5, IL-1F8 or IL-1F10, were significantly up-regulated by TNF, IL-1β, IL-17 and the Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 ligand double-stranded (ds)RNA. mRNAs for IL-1F7 and IL-1F11 (IL-33) were weakly up-regulated by some of the cytokines tested. Notably, mRNAs for IL-1F6 and IL-1F9 were synergistically enhanced by the combination of TNF/IL-17 or dsRNA/IL-17. IL-1F9 protein was detected in the supernatant following stimulation with dsRNA or a combination of dsRNA and IL-17. IL-1F6 protein was detected in the cell lysate but was not detected in the supernatant. We screened for the receptor for IL-1F9 and found that lung fibroblasts expressed this receptor. We found that IL-1F9 activated mitogen-activated protein kinases and the transcription factor NF-κB in primary normal human lung fibroblasts. IL-1F9 also stimulated the expression of the neutrophil chemokines IL-8 and CXCL3 and the Th17 chemokine CCL20 in lung fibroblasts. These results suggest that epithelial activation by TLR3 (e.g., by respiratory viral infection) and exposure to cytokines from Th17 cells (IL-17) and inflammatory cells (TNF) may amplify neutrophilic inflammation in the airway via induction of IL-1F9 and activation of fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina T Chustz
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 E. Huron, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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240
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Erjefält JS. The airway epithelium as regulator of inflammation patterns in asthma. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2010; 4 Suppl 1:9-14. [PMID: 20500604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-699x.2010.00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma is a complex, heterogeneous and mutifactorial disease and represents a major health problem in Westernized countries. The airway epithelium, with its direct physical contact with luminal triggers, has a major role in determining the nature of inflammation that develops in asthmatic airways. OBJECTIVE The present review aims to provide a brief overview of the numerous ways the airway epithelium can affect and influence the histopathological picture in asthma. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The ways the epithelium aggravates inflammation range from acute responses to luminal triggers such as allergens and infections to the multipathogenic events occurring as a consequence of repeated epithelial damage-repair responses. The airway epithelium also facilitates the selective migration of leukocytes into the airway lumen, a process that is important in regulating inflammatory cell homeostasis. The fact that only some of the important leukocyte subtypes participate in this process cause translational problems and difficulties in the interpretation of luminal samples. To further reveal the nature of the multifaceted involvement of the airway epithelium in inflamed asthmatic airways emerges as a promising goal for identifying new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Sten Erjefält
- Unit of Airway Inflammation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D12, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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241
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de Luca A, Bozza S, Zelante T, Zagarella S, D'Angelo C, Perruccio K, Vacca C, Carvalho A, Cunha C, Aversa F, Romani L. Non-hematopoietic cells contribute to protective tolerance to Aspergillus fumigatus via a TRIF pathway converging on IDO. Cell Mol Immunol 2010; 7:459-70. [PMID: 20835271 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2010.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate responses combine with adaptive immunity to generate the most effective form of anti-Aspergillus immune resistance. Whereas the pivotal role of dendritic cells in determining the balance between immunopathology and protective immunity to the fungus is well established, we determined that epithelial cells (ECs) also contributes to this balance. Mechanistically, EC-mediated protection occurred through a Toll-like receptor 3/Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon (TLR3/TRIF)-dependent pathway converging on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) via non-canonical nuclear factor-κB activation. Consistent with the high susceptibility of TRIF-deficient mice to pulmonary aspergillosis, bone marrow chimeric mice with TRIF unresponsive ECs exhibited higher fungal burdens and inflammatory pathology than control mice, underexpressed the IDO-dependent T helper 1/regulatory T cell (Th1/Treg) pathway and overexpressed the Th17 pathway with massive neutrophilic inflammation in the lungs. Further studies with interferon (IFN)-γ, IDO or IL-17R unresponsive cells confirmed the dependency of immune tolerance to the fungus on the IFN-γ/IDO/Treg pathway and of immune resistance on the MyD88 pathway controlling the fungal growth. Thus, distinct immune pathways contribute to resistance and tolerance to the fungus, to which the hematopoietic/non-hematopoietic compartments contribute through distinct, yet complementary, roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella de Luca
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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242
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Abeynaike L, Meeusen EN, Bischof RJ. An ovine tracheal explant culture model for allergic airway inflammation. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2010; 7:46. [PMID: 20804555 PMCID: PMC2940870 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-7-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background The airway epithelium is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthmatic disease. However, much of our understanding of airway epithelial cell function in asthma has been derived from in vitro studies that may not accurately reflect the interactive cellular and molecular pathways active between different tissue constituents in vivo. Methods Using a sheep model of allergic asthma, tracheal explants from normal sheep and allergic sheep exposed to house dust mite (HDM) allergen were established to investigate airway mucosal responses ex vivo. Explants were cultured for up to 48 h and tissues were stained to identify apoptotic cells, goblet cells, mast cells and eosinophils. The release of cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α) by cultured tracheal explants, was assessed by ELISA. Results The general morphology and epithelial structure of the tracheal explants was well maintained in culture although evidence of advanced apoptosis within the mucosal layer was noted after culture for 48 h. The number of alcian blue/PAS positive mucus-secreting cells within the epithelial layer was reduced in all cultured explants compared with pre-cultured (0 h) explants, but the loss of staining was most evident in allergic tissues. Mast cell and eosinophil numbers were elevated in the allergic tracheal tissues compared to naïve controls, and in the allergic tissues there was a significant decline in mast cells after 24 h culture in the presence or absence of HDM allergen. IL-6 was released by allergic tracheal explants in culture but was undetected in cultured control explants. Conclusions Sheep tracheal explants maintain characteristics of the airway mucosa that may not be replicated when studying isolated cell populations in vitro. There were key differences identified in explants from allergic compared to control airways and in their responses in culture for 24 h. Importantly, this study establishes the potential for the application of tracheal explant cultures in relevant ex vivo investigations on the therapeutic and mechanistic modalities of asthmatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latasha Abeynaike
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia.
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243
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From atopic dermatitis to asthma: the atopic march. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2010; 105:99-106; quiz 107-9, 117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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244
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Swamy M, Jamora C, Havran W, Hayday A. Epithelial decision makers: in search of the 'epimmunome'. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:656-65. [PMID: 20644571 PMCID: PMC2950874 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frequent microbial and nonmicrobial challenges to epithelial cells trigger discrete pathways, promoting molecular changes such as the secretion of specific cytokines and chemokines and alterations to molecules displayed at the epithelial cell surface. In combination, these molecules impose key decisions on innate and adaptive immune cells. Depending on context, those decisions can be as diverse as those imposed by professional antigen-presenting cells, benefiting the host by balancing immune competence with the avoidance of immunopathology. Nonetheless, this potency of epithelial cells is also consistent with the causal contribution of epithelial dysregulation to myriad inflammatory diseases. This pathogenic axis provides an attractive target for tissue-specific clinical manipulation. In this context, a research goal should be to identify all molecules used by epithelial cells to instruct immune cells. We term this the 'epimmunome'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Swamy
- London Research Institute, CRUK, and Peter Gorer Dept of Immunobiology, King’s College London at Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Colin Jamora
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Natural Science Building, Room 6311, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0380, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Wendy Havran
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adrian Hayday
- London Research Institute, CRUK, and Peter Gorer Dept of Immunobiology, King’s College London at Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
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245
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Ford PJ, Gamonal J, Seymour GJ. Immunological differences and similarities between chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2010; 53:111-23. [PMID: 20403108 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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246
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Cultured human airway epithelial cells (calu-3): a model of human respiratory function, structure, and inflammatory responses. Crit Care Res Pract 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20948883 PMCID: PMC2951077 DOI: 10.1155/2010/394578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the application of the human airway Calu-3 cell line as a respiratory model for studying the effects of gas concentrations, exposure time, biophysical stress, and biological agents on human airway epithelial cells. Calu-3 cells are grown to confluence at an air-liquid interface on permeable supports. To model human respiratory conditions and treatment modalities, monolayers are placed in an environmental chamber, and exposed to specific levels of oxygen or other therapeutic modalities such as positive pressure and medications to assess the effect of interventions on inflammatory mediators, immunologic proteins, and antibacterial outcomes. Monolayer integrity and permeability and cell histology and viability also measure cellular response to therapeutic interventions. Calu-3 cells exposed to graded oxygen concentrations demonstrate cell dysfunction and inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. Modeling positive airway pressure reveals that pressure may exert a greater injurious effect and cytokine response than oxygen. In experiments with pharmacological agents, Lucinactant is protective of Calu-3 cells compared with Beractant and control, and perfluorocarbons also protect against hyperoxia-induced airway epithelial cell injury. The Calu-3 cell preparation is a sensitive and efficient preclinical model to study human respiratory processes and diseases related to oxygen- and ventilator-induced lung injury.
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247
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Guilbert TW, Denlinger LC. Role of infection in the development and exacerbation of asthma. Expert Rev Respir Med 2010; 4:71-83. [PMID: 20305826 DOI: 10.1586/ers.09.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory infections are associated with wheezing illnesses in all ages and may also impact the development and severity of asthma. Respiratory tract infections caused by viruses, Chlamydophila or Mycoplasma have been hypothesized to have significant roles in the pathogenesis of asthma. Progress is being made toward establishing the mechanisms by which these agents can cause acute wheezing and impact the pathophysiology of asthma. Host factors probably contribute to the risk of asthma inception and exacerbation, and these contributions may also vary with respect to early- versus adult-onset disease. This review discusses these various associations as they pertain to the development and exacerbation of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa W Guilbert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, K4/944, CSC-4108, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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248
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Epithelium, cilia, and mucus: their importance in chronic rhinosinusitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2010; 29:631-43. [PMID: 19879439 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common disease resulting from inflammation of the sinonasal mucosa. It has long been recognized that patients with chronic rhinosinusitis have impaired capacity to clear sinonasal secretions. However, the cause of this pathologic process is not well understood. In this article the components of mucociliary clearance, including cilia, mucus production, and cilia beat frequency, are reviewed and alterations of the system discussed regarding contribution to the disease process.
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249
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Jiang H, Zhu YS, Xu H, Sun Y, Li QF. Inflammatory stimulation and hypoxia cooperatively activate HIF-1α in bronchial epithelial cells: involvement of PI3K and NF-κB. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 298:L660-9. [PMID: 20139176 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00394.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 plays a central physiological role in oxygen and energy homeostasis, and is activated during hypoxia by stabilization of the subunit HIF-1α. Recent studies have demonstrated that non-hypoxic stimuli can also activate HIF-1α in a cell-specific manner. Here, we demonstrate that stimulation of BEAS-2B cells and primary human bronchial epithelial cells by proinflammatory cytokines TNFα/IL-4 strongly induced expression and transcriptional activity of HIF-1α under normoxic conditions and amplified hypoxic HIF-1α activation. TNFα/IL-4 stimulated de novo HIF-1α gene transcription and translation rather than affected HIF-1α protein degradation and mRNA decay process. The activation of HIF-1α by TNFα/IL-4 was countered by the phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY-294002 and rapamycin, an antagonist of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), but not by inhibition of the MAPK pathway. In line, TNFα/IL-4 also activated NF-κB, whereas blocking of NF-κB by an inhibitor or silencing NF-κB subunit p65 attenuated HIF-1α activation by TNFα/IL-4. We also found the collaborative induction of VEGF, a potent angiogenic factor required for airway remodeling, by TNFα/IL-4 and hypoxia partially via HIF-1α pathway in BEAS-2B cells. This study reports the previously unsuspected collaborative regulation of HIF-1α by TNFα/IL-4 and hypoxia in bronchial epithelial cells partially via PI3K-mTOR and NF-κB pathway, and thereby will lead to the elucidation of the importance of HIF-1 in integrating inflammatory and hypoxic response in the pathogenesis of airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Sen Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Fang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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250
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) constitute the guideline-recommended first-line therapy for persistent asthma. However, concerns regarding ICS-related adverse events may contribute to their underutilization by physicians and patients. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The currently available published data on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, safety and efficacy of the ICS, ciclesonide, is described. Peer-reviewed publications (1996 - 2009) on the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile, safety and efficacy of ciclesonide were reviewed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Ciclesonide is delivered as an inactive prodrug, which is cleaved to the active molecule by intracellular esterases located in the lungs. This and other pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties may limit the amount of active molecule outside the lung and may reduce the incidence of side effects. Randomized placebo-controlled studies found that ciclesonide can initiate and maintain disease control in subjects with persistent asthma of all disease severities. Moreover, studies have found that ciclesonide is as effective as other ICSs in establishing and controlling disease symptoms. Controlled clinical trials also showed that ciclesonide is associated with minimal systemic and local treatment-related adverse events. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Published findings indicate that ciclesonide is effective at initiating and maintaining asthma control and is well tolerated, with a positive safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip E Korenblat
- Washington University School of Medicine, The Clinical Research Center, LLC, 1040 N Mason Road, Suite 112, St Louis, Missouri 63141, USA.
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