201
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Fang L, Zhang J, Zhang H, Yang X, Jin X, Zhang L, Skalnik DG, Jin Y, Zhang Y, Huang X, Li J, Wong J. H3K4 Methyltransferase Set1a Is A Key Oct4 Coactivator Essential for Generation of Oct4 Positive Inner Cell Mass. Stem Cells 2016; 34:565-80. [PMID: 26785054 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Limited core transcription factors and transcriptional cofactors have been shown to govern embryonic stem cell (ESC) transcriptional circuitry and pluripotency, but the molecular interactions between the core transcription factors and cofactors remains ill defined. Here, we analyzed the protein-protein interactions between Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and Myc (abbreviated as OSKM) and a large panel of cofactors. The data reveal both specific and common interactions between OSKM and cofactors. We found that among the SET1/MLL family H3K4 methyltransferases, Set1a specifically interacts with Oct4 and this interaction is independent of Wdr5. Set1a is recruited to and required for H3K4 methylation at the Oct4 target gene promoters and transcriptional activation of Oct4 target genes in ESCs, and consistently Set1a is required for ESC maintenance and induced pluripotent stem cell generation. Gene expression profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation-seq analyses demonstrate the broad involvement of Set1a in Oct4 transcription circuitry and strong enrichment at TSS sites. Gene knockout study demonstrates that Set1a is not only required for mouse early embryonic development but also for the generation of Oct4-positive inner cell mass. Together our study provides valuable information on the molecular interactions between OSKM and cofactors and molecular mechanisms for the functional importance of Set1a in ESCs and early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University and National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Nanjing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueling Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - David G Skalnik
- Biology Department, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Molecular Development, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingxu Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University and National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Nanjing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwen Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiemin Wong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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202
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Ying Z, Chen K, Zheng L, Wu Y, Li L, Wang R, Long Q, Yang L, Guo J, Yao D, Li Y, Bao F, Xiang G, Liu J, Huang Q, Wu Z, Hutchins AP, Pei D, Liu X. Transient Activation of Mitoflashes Modulates Nanog at the Early Phase of Somatic Cell Reprogramming. Cell Metab 2016; 23:220-6. [PMID: 26549484 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of somatic cell reprogramming have been revealed at multiple levels. However, the lack of tools to monitor different reactive oxygen species (ROS) has left their distinct signals and roles in reprogramming unknown. We hypothesized that mitochondrial flashes (mitoflashes), recently identified spontaneous bursts of mitochondrial superoxide signaling, play a role in reprogramming. Here we show that the frequency of mitoflashes transiently increases, accompanied by flash amplitude reduction, during the early stages of reprogramming. This transient activation of mitoflashes at the early stage enhances reprogramming, whereas sustained activation impairs reprogramming. The reprogramming-promoting function of mitoflashes occurs via the upregulation of Nanog expression that is associated with decreases in the methylation status of the Nanog promoter through Tet2 occupancy. Together our findings provide a previously unknown role for superoxide signaling mediated epigenetic regulation in cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfu Ying
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Keshi Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Lingjun Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Heifei 230601, China
| | - Yi Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Linpeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Rui Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Qi Long
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Liang Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jingyi Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Deyang Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Feixiang Bao
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Ge Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jinglei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Qiaoying Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and the Proteomics Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhiming Wu
- Department of Urology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Andrew Paul Hutchins
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Duanqing Pei
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xingguo Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.
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203
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Human pancreatic beta-like cells converted from fibroblasts. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10080. [PMID: 26733021 PMCID: PMC4729817 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic beta cells are of great interest for biomedical research and regenerative medicine. Here we show the conversion of human fibroblasts towards an endodermal cell fate by employing non-integrative episomal reprogramming factors in combination with specific growth factors and chemical compounds. On initial culture, converted definitive endodermal progenitor cells (cDE cells) are specified into posterior foregut-like progenitor cells (cPF cells). The cPF cells and their derivatives, pancreatic endodermal progenitor cells (cPE cells), can be greatly expanded. A screening approach identified chemical compounds that promote the differentiation and maturation of cPE cells into functional pancreatic beta-like cells (cPB cells) in vitro. Transplanted cPB cells exhibit glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo and protect mice from chemically induced diabetes. In summary, our study has important implications for future strategies aimed at generating high numbers of functional beta cells, which may help restoring normoglycemia in patients suffering from diabetes.
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204
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Abstract
In the mouse, naïve pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are thought to represent the cell culture equivalent of the late epiblast in the pre-implantation embryo, with which they share a unique defining set of features. Recent studies have focused on the identification and propagation of a similar cell state in human. Although the capture of an exact human equivalent of the mouse naïve PSC remains an elusive goal, comparative studies spurred on by this quest are lighting the path to a deeper understanding of pluripotent state regulation in early mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Davidson
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne 3002, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Mason
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin F Pera
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Victoria, Australia The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Walter Elisa Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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205
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GŁADYCH M, NIJAK A, LOTA P, OLEKSIEWICZ U. Epigenetics: the guardian of pluripotency and differentiation. Turk J Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1509-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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206
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Harvey AJ, Rathjen J, Gardner DK. Metaboloepigenetic Regulation of Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:1816525. [PMID: 26839556 PMCID: PMC4709785 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1816525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is associated with extensive changes in metabolism, as well as widespread remodeling of the epigenetic landscape. Epigenetic regulation is essential for the modulation of differentiation, being responsible for cell type specific gene expression patterns through the modification of DNA and histones, thereby establishing cell identity. Each cell type has its own idiosyncratic pattern regarding the use of specific metabolic pathways. Rather than simply being perceived as a means of generating ATP and building blocks for cell growth and division, cellular metabolism can directly influence cellular regulation and the epigenome. Consequently, the significance of nutrients and metabolites as regulators of differentiation is central to understanding how cells interact with their immediate environment. This review serves to integrate studies on pluripotent stem cell metabolism, and the regulation of DNA methylation and acetylation and identifies areas in which current knowledge is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J. Harvey
- Stem Cells Australia, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Joy Rathjen
- Stem Cells Australia, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - David K. Gardner
- Stem Cells Australia, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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207
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Pluripotent Stem Cells: Current Understanding and Future Directions. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:9451492. [PMID: 26798367 PMCID: PMC4699068 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9451492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to undergo self-renewal and to give rise to all cells of the tissues of the body. However, this definition has been recently complicated by the existence of distinct cellular states that display these features. Here, we provide a detailed overview of the family of pluripotent cell lines derived from early mouse and human embryos and compare them with induced pluripotent stem cells. Shared and distinct features of these cells are reported as additional hallmark of pluripotency, offering a comprehensive scenario of pluripotent stem cells.
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208
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Dynamically reorganized chromatin is the key for the reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotent cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17691. [PMID: 26639176 PMCID: PMC4671053 DOI: 10.1038/srep17691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleosome positioning and histone modification play a critical role in gene regulation, but their role during reprogramming has not been fully elucidated. Here, we determined the genome-wide nucleosome coverage and histone methylation occupancy in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and pre-iPSCs. We found that nucleosome occupancy increases in promoter regions and decreases in intergenic regions in pre-iPSCs, then recovers to an intermediate level in iPSCs. We also found that nucleosomes in pre-iPSCs are much more phased than those in MEFs and iPSCs. During reprogramming, nucleosome reorganization and histone methylation around transcription start sites (TSSs) are highly coordinated with distinctively transcriptional activities. Bivalent promoters gradually increase, while repressive promoters gradually decrease. High CpG (HCG) promoters of active genes are characterized by nucleosome depletion at TSSs, while low CpG (LCG) promoters exhibit the opposite characteristics. In addition, we show that vitamin C (VC) promotes reorganizations of canonical, H3K4me3- and H3K27me3-modified nucleosomes on specific genes during transition from pre-iPSCs to iPSCs. These data demonstrate that pre-iPSCs have a more open and phased chromatin architecture than that of MEFs and iPSCs. Finally, this study reveals the dynamics and critical roles of nucleosome positioning and chromatin organization in gene regulation during reprogramming.
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209
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Mallol A, Piqué L, Santaló J, Ibáñez E. Morphokinetics of cloned mouse embryos treated with epigenetic drugs and blastocyst prediction. Reproduction 2015; 151:203-14. [PMID: 26621919 DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Time-lapse monitoring of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos may help to predict developmental success and increase birth and embryonic stem cells (ESC) derivation rates. Here, the development of ICSI fertilized embryos and of SCNT embryos, non-treated or treated with either psammaplin A (PsA) or vitamin C (VitC), was monitored, and the ESC derivation rates from the resulting blastocysts were determined. Blastocyst rates were similar among PsA-treated and VitC-treated SCNT embryos and ICSI embryos, but lower for non-treated SCNT embryos. ESC derivation rates were higher in treated SCNT embryos than in non-treated or ICSI embryos. Time-lapse microscopy analysis showed that non-treated SCNT embryos had a delayed development from the second division until compaction, lower number of blastomeres at compaction and longer compaction and cavitation durations compared with ICSI ones. Treatment of SCNT embryos with PsA further increased this delay whereas treatment with VitC slightly reduced it, suggesting that both treatments act through different mechanisms, not necessarily related to their epigenetic effects. Despite these differences, the time of completion of the third division, alone or combined with the duration of compaction and/or the presence of fragmentation, had a strong predictive value for blastocyst formation in all groups. In contrast, we failed to predict ESC derivation success from embryo morphokinetics. Time-lapse technology allows the selection of SCNT embryos with higher developmental potential and could help to increase cloning outcomes. Nonetheless, further studies are needed to find reliable markers for full-term development and ESC derivation success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mallol
- Unitat de Biologia Cel.lularDepartament de Biologia Cel.lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laia Piqué
- Unitat de Biologia Cel.lularDepartament de Biologia Cel.lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Josep Santaló
- Unitat de Biologia Cel.lularDepartament de Biologia Cel.lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Elena Ibáñez
- Unitat de Biologia Cel.lularDepartament de Biologia Cel.lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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210
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Iseki H, Nakachi Y, Hishida T, Yamashita-Sugahara Y, Hirasaki M, Ueda A, Tanimoto Y, Iijima S, Sugiyama F, Yagami KI, Takahashi S, Okuda A, Okazaki Y. Combined Overexpression of JARID2, PRDM14, ESRRB, and SALL4A Dramatically Improves Efficiency and Kinetics of Reprogramming to Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2015; 34:322-33. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Iseki
- Division of Functional Genomics and Systems Medicine; Saitama Medical University; Saitama Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); Saitama Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakachi
- Division of Functional Genomics and Systems Medicine; Saitama Medical University; Saitama Japan
- Division of Translational Research; Saitama Medical University; Saitama Japan
| | - Tomoaki Hishida
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); Saitama Japan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine; Saitama Medical University; Saitama Japan
| | | | - Masataka Hirasaki
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine; Saitama Medical University; Saitama Japan
| | - Atsushi Ueda
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine; Saitama Medical University; Saitama Japan
| | - Yoko Tanimoto
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki Japan
| | - Saori Iijima
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki Japan
| | - Fumihiro Sugiyama
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yagami
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); Saitama Japan
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki Japan
| | - Akihiko Okuda
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); Saitama Japan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine; Saitama Medical University; Saitama Japan
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Division of Functional Genomics and Systems Medicine; Saitama Medical University; Saitama Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); Saitama Japan
- Division of Translational Research; Saitama Medical University; Saitama Japan
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211
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Manian KV, Aalam SMM, Bharathan SP, Srivastava A, Velayudhan SR. Understanding the Molecular Basis of Heterogeneity in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Reprogram 2015; 17:427-40. [PMID: 26562626 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2015.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has considerable latency and generates epigenetically distinct partially and fully reprogrammed clones. To understand the molecular basis of reprogramming and to distinguish the partially reprogrammed iPSC clones (pre-iPSCs), we analyzed several of these clones for their molecular signatures. Using a combination of markers that are expressed at different stages of reprogramming, we found that the partially reprogrammed stable clones have significant morphological and molecular heterogeneity in their response to transition to the fully pluripotent state. The pre-iPSCs had significant levels of OCT4 expression but exhibited variable levels of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. These novel molecular signatures that we identified would help in using these cells to understand the molecular mechanisms in the late of stages of reprogramming. Although morphologically similar mouse iPSC clones showed significant heterogeneity, the human iPSC clones isolated initially on the basis of morphology were highly homogeneous with respect to the levels of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan V Manian
- 1 Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College , Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India .,2 Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College , Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sumitha P Bharathan
- 1 Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College , Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India .,2 Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College , Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alok Srivastava
- 1 Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College , Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India .,2 Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College , Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shaji R Velayudhan
- 1 Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College , Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India .,2 Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College , Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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212
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Dimitrova E, Turberfield AH, Klose RJ. Histone demethylases in chromatin biology and beyond. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1620-39. [PMID: 26564907 PMCID: PMC4687429 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone methylation plays fundamental roles in regulating chromatin‐based processes. With the discovery of histone demethylases over a decade ago, it is now clear that histone methylation is dynamically regulated to shape the epigenome and regulate important nuclear processes including transcription, cell cycle control and DNA repair. In addition, recent observations suggest that these enzymes could also have functions beyond their originally proposed role as histone demethylases. In this review, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underpin the role of histone demethylases in a wide variety of normal cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert J Klose
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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213
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Ebrahimi B. Reprogramming barriers and enhancers: strategies to enhance the efficiency and kinetics of induced pluripotency. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 4:10. [PMID: 26566431 PMCID: PMC4642739 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-015-0024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells are powerful tools for disease modeling, drug screening, and cell transplantation therapies. These cells can be generated directly from somatic cells by ectopic expression of defined factors through a reprogramming process. However, pluripotent reprogramming is an inefficient process because of various defined and unidentified barriers. Recent studies dissecting the molecular mechanisms of reprogramming have methodically improved the quality, ease, and efficiency of reprogramming. Different strategies have been applied for enhancing reprogramming efficiency, including depletion/inhibition of barriers (p53, p21, p57, p16(Ink4a)/p19(Arf), Mbd3, etc.), overexpression of enhancing genes (e.g., FOXH1, C/EBP alpha, UTF1, and GLIS1), and administration of certain cytokines and small molecules. The current review provides an in-depth overview of the cutting-edge findings regarding distinct barriers of reprogramming to pluripotency and strategies to enhance reprogramming efficiency. By incorporating the mechanistic insights from these recent findings, a combined method of inhibition of roadblocks and application of enhancing factors may yield the most reliable and effective approach in pluripotent reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Ebrahimi
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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214
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Vidal SE, Amlani B, Chen T, Tsirigos A, Stadtfeld M. Combinatorial modulation of signaling pathways reveals cell-type-specific requirements for highly efficient and synchronous iPSC reprogramming. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 3:574-84. [PMID: 25358786 PMCID: PMC4223696 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiated state of somatic cells provides barriers for the derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). To address why some cell types reprogram more readily than others, we studied the effect of combined modulation of cellular signaling pathways. Surprisingly, inhibition of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) together with activation of Wnt signaling in the presence of ascorbic acid allows >80% of murine fibroblasts to acquire pluripotency after 1 week of reprogramming factor expression. In contrast, hepatic and blood progenitors predominantly required only TGF-β inhibition or canonical Wnt activation, respectively, to reprogram at efficiencies approaching 100%. Strikingly, blood progenitors reactivated endogenous pluripotency loci in a highly synchronous manner, and we demonstrate that expression of specific chromatin-modifying enzymes and reduced TGF-β/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity are intrinsic properties associated with the unique reprogramming response of these cells. Our observations define cell-type-specific requirements for the rapid and synchronous reprogramming of somatic cells. A three-compound mix drives rapid and efficient MEF reprogramming Wnt activation allows synchronous acquisition of pluripotency in blood progenitors Intrinsic properties prime somatic progenitor cells for conversion into iPSCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon E Vidal
- The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Bhishma Amlani
- The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Taotao Chen
- The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Aristotelis Tsirigos
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Matthias Stadtfeld
- The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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215
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The Epigenetic Reprogramming Roadmap in Generation of iPSCs from Somatic Cells. J Genet Genomics 2015; 42:661-70. [PMID: 26743984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is a comprehensive epigenetic process involving genome-wide modifications of histones and DNA methylation. This process is often incomplete, which subsequently affects iPSC reprogramming, pluripotency, and differentiation capacity. Here, we review the epigenetic changes with a focus on histone modification (methylation and acetylation) and DNA modification (methylation) during iPSC induction. We look at changes in specific epigenetic signatures, aberrations and epigenetic memory during reprogramming and small molecules influencing the epigenetic reprogramming of somatic cells. Finally, we discuss how to improve iPSC generation and pluripotency through epigenetic manipulations.
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216
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Cheung HH, Pei D, Chan WY. Stem cell aging in adult progeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 4:6. [PMID: 26435834 PMCID: PMC4592574 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-015-0021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aging is considered an irreversible biological process and also a major risk factor for a spectrum of geriatric diseases. Advanced age-related decline in physiological functions, such as neurodegeneration, development of cardiovascular disease, endocrine and metabolic dysfunction, and neoplastic transformation, has become the focus in aging research. Natural aging is not regarded as a programmed process. However, accelerated aging due to inherited genetic defects in patients of progeria is programmed and resembles many aspects of natural aging. Among several premature aging syndromes, Werner syndrome (WS) and Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) are two broadly investigated diseases. In this review, we discuss how stem cell aging in WS helps us understand the biology of aging. We also discuss briefly how the altered epigenetic landscape in aged cells can be reversed to a “juvenile” state. Lastly, we explore the potential application of the latest genomic editing technique for stem cell-based therapy and regenerative medicine in the context of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-Hung Cheung
- CUHK-CAS GIBH Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Duanqing Pei
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Guangzhou, China
| | - Wai-Yee Chan
- CUHK-CAS GIBH Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R., China ; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Room G03A, Lo Kwee-Seong Intergrated Biomedical Science Building, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong S.A.R., China
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217
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Gao R, Liu X, Gao S. Progress in understanding epigenetic remodeling during induced pluripotency. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-015-0919-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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218
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González F, Huangfu D. Mechanisms underlying the formation of induced pluripotent stem cells. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 5:39-65. [PMID: 26383234 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer unique opportunities for studying human biology, modeling diseases, and therapeutic applications. The simplest approach so far to generate human PSC lines is through reprogramming of somatic cells from an individual by defined factors, referred to simply as reprogramming. Reprogramming circumvents the ethical controversies associated with human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and nuclear transfer hESCs (nt-hESCs), and the resulting induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) retain the same basic genetic makeup as the somatic cell used for reprogramming. Since the first report of iPSCs by Takahashi and Yamanaka (Cell 2006, 126:663-676), the molecular mechanisms of reprogramming have been extensively investigated. A better mechanistic understanding of reprogramming is fundamental not only to iPSC biology and improving the quality of iPSCs for therapeutic use, but also to our understanding of the molecular basis of cell identity, pluripotency, and plasticity. Here, we summarize the genetic, epigenetic, and cellular events during reprogramming, and the roles of various factors identified thus far in the reprogramming process. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:39-65. doi: 10.1002/wdev.206 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico González
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Danwei Huangfu
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
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219
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Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms by which cells inherit information are, to a large extent, enabled by DNA methylation and posttranslational modifications of histone proteins. These modifications operate both to influence the structure of chromatin per se and to serve as recognition elements for proteins with motifs dedicated to binding particular modifications. Each of these modifications results from an enzyme that consumes one of several important metabolites during catalysis. Likewise, the removal of these marks often results in the consumption of a different metabolite. Therefore, these so-called epigenetic marks have the capacity to integrate the expression state of chromatin with the metabolic state of the cell. This review focuses on the central roles played by acetyl-CoA, S-adenosyl methionine, NAD(+), and a growing list of other acyl-CoA derivatives in epigenetic processes. We also review how metabolites that accumulate as a result of oncogenic mutations are thought to subvert the epigenetic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Janke
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Anne E Dodson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Jasper Rine
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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220
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Ko M, An J, Pastor WA, Koralov SB, Rajewsky K, Rao A. TET proteins and 5-methylcytosine oxidation in hematological cancers. Immunol Rev 2015; 263:6-21. [PMID: 25510268 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation has pivotal regulatory roles in mammalian development, retrotransposon silencing, genomic imprinting, and X-chromosome inactivation. Cancer cells display highly dysregulated DNA methylation profiles characterized by global hypomethylation in conjunction with hypermethylation of promoter CpG islands that presumably lead to genome instability and aberrant expression of tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes. The recent discovery of ten-eleven-translocation (TET) family dioxygenases that oxidize 5mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) in DNA has led to profound progress in understanding the mechanism underlying DNA demethylation. Among the three TET genes, TET2 recurrently undergoes inactivating mutations in a wide range of myeloid and lymphoid malignancies. TET2 functions as a bona fide tumor suppressor particularly in the pathogenesis of myeloid malignancies resembling chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in human. Here we review diverse functions of TET proteins and the novel epigenetic marks that they generate in DNA methylation/demethylation dynamics and normal and malignant hematopoietic differentiation. The impact of TET2 inactivation in hematopoiesis and various mechanisms modulating the expression or activity of TET proteins are also discussed. Furthermore, we also present evidence that TET2 and TET3 collaborate to suppress aberrant hematopoiesis and hematopoietic transformation. A detailed understanding of the normal and pathological functions of TET proteins may provide new avenues to develop novel epigenetic therapies for treating hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myunggon Ko
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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221
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Abstract
Hydroxylation is an emerging modification generally catalyzed by a family of ∼70 enzymes that are dependent on oxygen, Fe(II), ascorbate, and the Kreb's cycle intermediate 2-oxoglutarate (2OG). These "2OG oxygenases" sit at the intersection of nutrient availability and metabolism where they have the potential to regulate gene expression and growth in response to changes in co-factor abundance. Characterized 2OG oxygenases regulate fundamental cellular processes by catalyzing the hydroxylation or demethylation (via hydroxylation) of DNA, RNA, or protein. As such they have been implicated in various syndromes and diseases, but particularly cancer. In this review we discuss the emerging role of 2OG oxygenases in gene expression control, examine the regulation of these unique enzymes by nutrient availability and metabolic intermediates, and describe these properties in relation to the expanding role of these enzymes in cancer.
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222
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Mikhed Y, Görlach A, Knaus UG, Daiber A. Redox regulation of genome stability by effects on gene expression, epigenetic pathways and DNA damage/repair. Redox Biol 2015; 5:275-289. [PMID: 26079210 PMCID: PMC4475862 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (e.g. H2O2, nitric oxide) confer redox regulation of essential cellular signaling pathways such as cell differentiation, proliferation, migration and apoptosis. In addition, classical regulation of gene expression or activity, including gene transcription to RNA followed by translation to the protein level, by transcription factors (e.g. NF-κB, HIF-1α) and mRNA binding proteins (e.g. GAPDH, HuR) is subject to redox regulation. This review will give an update of recent discoveries in this field, and specifically highlight the impact of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species on DNA repair systems that contribute to genomic stability. Emphasis will be placed on the emerging role of redox mechanisms regulating epigenetic pathways (e.g. miRNA, DNA methylation and histone modifications). By providing clinical correlations we discuss how oxidative stress can impact on gene regulation/activity and vise versa, how epigenetic processes, other gene regulatory mechanisms and DNA repair can influence the cellular redox state and contribute or prevent development or progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Mikhed
- 2nd Medical Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Agnes Görlach
- German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University Munich, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulla G Knaus
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andreas Daiber
- 2nd Medical Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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223
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Abstract
DNA methylation at cytosines (5mC) is a major epigenetic modification involved in the regulation of multiple biological processes in mammals. How methylation is reversed was until recently poorly understood. The family of dioxygenases commonly known as Ten-eleven translocation (Tet) proteins are responsible for the oxidation of 5mC into three new forms, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). Current models link Tet-mediated 5mC oxidation with active DNA demethylation. The higher oxidation products (5fC and 5caC) are recognized and excised by the DNA glycosylase TDG via the base excision repair pathway. Like DNA methyltransferases, Tet enzymes are important for embryonic development. We will examine the mechanism and biological significance of Tet-mediated 5mC oxidation in the context of pronuclear DNA demethylation in mouse early embryos. In contrast to its role in active demethylation in the germ cells and early embryo, a number of lines of evidence suggest that the intragenic 5hmC present in brain may act as a stable mark instead. This short review explores mechanistic aspects of TET oxidation activity, the impact Tet enzymes have on epigenome organization and their contribution to the regulation of early embryonic and neuronal development. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(11): 609-618]
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Colum P Walsh
- Centre for Molecular Biosciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK
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224
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Generation of Cynomolgus Monkey Chimeric Fetuses using Embryonic Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:116-24. [PMID: 26119236 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Because of their similarity to humans, non-human primates are important models for studying human disease and developing therapeutic strategies. Establishment of chimeric animals using embryonic stem cells (ESCs) could help with these investigations, but has not so far been achieved. Here, we show that cynomolgus monkey ESCs (cESCs) grown in adjusted culture conditions are able to incorporate into host embryos and develop into chimeras with contribution in all three germ layers and in germ cell progenitors. Under the optimized culture conditions, which are based on an approach developed previously for naive human ESCs, the cESCs displayed altered growth properties, gene expression profiles, and self-renewal signaling pathways, suggestive of an altered naive-like cell state. Thus our findings show that it is feasible to generate chimeric monkeys using ESCs and open up new avenues for the use of non-human primate models to study both pluripotency and human disease.
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225
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Liu J, Han Q, Peng T, Peng M, Wei B, Li D, Wang X, Yu S, Yang J, Cao S, Huang K, Hutchins AP, Liu H, Kuang J, Zhou Z, Chen J, Wu H, Guo L, Chen Y, Chen Y, Li X, Wu H, Liao B, He W, Song H, Yao H, Pan G, Chen J, Pei D. The oncogene c-Jun impedes somatic cell reprogramming. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:856-67. [PMID: 26098572 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic transcription factors are known to mediate the conversion of somatic cells to tumour or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here we report c-Jun as a barrier for iPSC formation. c-Jun is expressed by and required for the proliferation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), but not mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Consistently, c-Jun is induced during mESC differentiation, drives mESCs towards the endoderm lineage and completely blocks the generation of iPSCs from MEFs. Mechanistically, c-Jun activates mesenchymal-related genes, broadly suppresses the pluripotent ones, and derails the obligatory mesenchymal to epithelial transition during reprogramming. Furthermore, inhibition of c-Jun by shRNA, dominant-negative c-Jun or Jdp2 enhances reprogramming and replaces Oct4 among the Yamanaka factors. Finally, Jdp2 anchors 5 non-Yamanaka factors (Id1, Jhdm1b, Lrh1, Sall4 and Glis1) to reprogram MEFs into iPSCs. Our studies reveal c-Jun as a guardian of somatic cell fate and its suppression opens the gate to pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Qingkai Han
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Tianran Peng
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Meixiu Peng
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Bei Wei
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Dongwei Li
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xiaoshan Wang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [3] Guangzhou Branch of the Supercomputing Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Shengyong Yu
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Shangtao Cao
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Kaimeng Huang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Andrew Paul Hutchins
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [3] Guangzhou Branch of the Supercomputing Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - He Liu
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Junqi Kuang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jing Chen
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Haoyu Wu
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Department of Biological Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fu Jin Road Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lin Guo
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - You Chen
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xuejia Li
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Hongling Wu
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Baojian Liao
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Wei He
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Hong Song
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Hongjie Yao
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Guangjin Pan
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jiekai Chen
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [3] Guangzhou Branch of the Supercomputing Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Duanqing Pei
- 1] Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [2] Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China [3] Guangzhou Branch of the Supercomputing Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
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Lin YC, Murayama Y, Hashimoto K, Nakamura Y, Lin CS, Yokoyama KK, Saito S. Role of tumor suppressor genes in the cancer-associated reprogramming of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 5:58. [PMID: 25157408 PMCID: PMC4056745 DOI: 10.1186/scrt447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of their pluripotent characteristics, human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) possess great potential for therapeutic application and for the study of degenerative disorders. These cells are generated from normal somatic cells, multipotent stem cells, or cancer cells. They express embryonic stem cell markers, such as OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, and REX1, and can differentiate into all adult tissue types, both in vitro and in vivo. However, some of the pluripotency-promoting factors have been implicated in tumorigenesis. Here, we describe the merits of tumor suppresser genes as reprogramming factors for the generation of iPSCs without tumorigenic activity. The initial step of reprogramming is induction of the exogenous pluripotent factors to generate the oxidative stress that leads to senescence by DNA damage and metabolic stresses, thus inducing the expression of tumor suppressor genes such as p21CIP1 and p16INK4a through the activation of p53 to be the pre-induced pluripotent stem cells (pre-iPSCs). The later stage includes overcoming the barrier of reprogramming-induced senescence or cell-cycle arrest by shutting off the function of these tumor suppressor genes, followed by the induction of endogenous stemness genes for the full commitment of iPSCs (full-iPSCs). Thus, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by oxidative stress might be critical for the induction of endogenous reprogramming-factor genes via epigenetic changes or antioxidant reactions. We also discuss the critical role of tumor suppressor genes in the evaluation of the tumorigenicity of human cancer cell-derived pluripotent stem cells, and describe how to overcome their tumorigenic properties for application in stem cell therapy in the field of regenerative medicine.
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227
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Kamikawa YF, Donohoe ME. Histone demethylation maintains Prdm14 and Tsix expression and represses xIst in embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125626. [PMID: 25993097 PMCID: PMC4439117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic reprogramming is exemplified by the remarkable changes observed in cellular differentiation and X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in mammalian female cells. Histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) is a modification that suppresses gene expression in multiple contexts including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and decorates the entire inactive X-chromosome. The conversion of female somatic cells to induced pluripotency is accompanied by X-chromosome reactivation (XCR) and H3K27me3 erasure. Here, we show that the H3K27-specific demethylase Utx regulates the expression of the master regulators for XCI and XCR: Prdm14, Tsix, and Xist. Female ESC transcriptome analysis using a small molecule inhibitor for H3K27 demethylases, GSK-J4, identifies novel targets of H3K27 demethylation. Consistent with a recent report that GSK-J4 can inhibit other histone demethylase, we found that elevated H3K4me3 levels are associated with increased gene expression including Xist. Our data suggest multiple regulatory mechanisms for XCI via histone demethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunao F. Kamikawa
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience Brain Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cell & Development, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Donohoe
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience Brain Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cell & Development, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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228
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Autophagy and mTORC1 regulate the stochastic phase of somatic cell reprogramming. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:715-25. [PMID: 25985393 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe robust induction of autophagy during the reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells by four reprogramming factors (Sox2, Oct4, Klf4 and c-Myc), henceforth 4F. This process occurs independently of p53 activation, and is mediated by the synergistic downregulation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and the induction of autophagy-related genes. The 4F coordinately repress mTORC1, but bifurcate in their regulation of autophagy-related genes, with Klf4 and c-Myc inducing them but Sox2 and Oct4 inhibiting them. On one hand, inhibition of mTORC1 facilitates reprogramming by promoting cell reshaping (mitochondrial remodelling and cell size reduction). On the other hand, mTORC1 paradoxically impairs reprogramming by triggering autophagy. Autophagy does not participate in cell reshaping in reprogramming but instead degrades p62, whose accumulation in autophagy-deficient cells facilitates reprogramming. Our results thus reveal a complex signalling network involving mTORC1 inhibition and autophagy induction in the early phase of reprogramming, whose delicate balance ultimately determines reprogramming efficiency.
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229
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Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that ascorbate, the dominant form of vitamin C under physiological pH conditions, influences activity of the genome via regulating epigenomic processes. Ascorbate serves as a cofactor for Ten-eleven translocation (TET) dioxygenases that catalyze the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), and further to 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and to 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC), which are ultimately replaced by unmodified cytosine. The Jumonji C (JmjC)-domain-containing histone demethylases also require ascorbate as a cofactor for histone demethylation. Thus, by primarily participating in the demethylation of both DNA and histones, ascorbate appears to be a mediator of the interface between the genome and environment. Furthermore, redox status has a profound impact on the bioavailability of ascorbate in the nucleus. In order to bridge the gap between redox biology and genomics, we suggest an interdisciplinary research field that can be termed redox genomics to study dynamic redox processes in health and diseases. This review examines the evidence and potential molecular mechanism of ascorbate in the demethylation of the genome, and it highlights potential epigenetic roles of ascorbate in various diseases.
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230
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Qi S, Fang Z, Wang D, Menendez P, Yao K, Ji J. Concise Review: Induced Pluripotency by Defined Factors: Prey of Oxidative Stress. Stem Cells 2015; 33:1371-6. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suxia Qi
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Fang
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China
- Eye Institute of Zhejiang University; Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China
| | - Danli Wang
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Cell Therapy Program of School of Medicine; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA); Barcelona Spain
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Institute of Zhejiang University; Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Ji
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Hangzhou People's Republic of China
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231
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Zhao X, Li Q, Jiang WM, Liu HY, Ma N, Zhou Z, Li LJ, Huang YH, Ma YL. Expression level of pluripotent genes in incomplete reprogramming. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 7:639-644. [PMID: 25149378 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the expression levels of pluripotent genes among incomplete reprogrammed colonies and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), to explore the relationship between the expression of pluripotent genes and incomplete reprogramming. METHODS Four genes (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, C-Myc) were introduced into human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) by retroviruses. The HFFs were induced to reprogramming. Different forms of colonies were picked up, analyzed, and compared with iPSCs from different aspects, including the morphology of clones, alkaline phosphatase (AP) staining, immuno-fluorescence, and Q-PCR. RESULTS In the reprogramming process, different colonies were emerged, some of them exhibited typical human embryonic stem cell morphology (eg., compact colonies, high nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratios, and prominent nucleoli). However, these colonies couldn't maintain these characters after passage. There was an intermediate state, named partially reprogramming. Through analysis and identification, AP staining results were weakly positive, compared with iPSC colonies. The immuno-fluorescence staining demonstrated these colonies just expressed pluripotent protein Oct4. Q-PCR indicated that the expression of exogenous transcription factors was inappropriate, either at a high level or at a low level. Most of the endogenous pluripotency genes were expressed at a low level. CONCLUSIONS It may be one of the causes of incomplete reprogramming that the exogenous pluripotent gene is low-expressed or over-expressed, and successful reprogramming may depend on a specific stoichiometric balance of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China; Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan Province, China
| | - Qi Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan Province, China
| | - Wei-Min Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan Province, China
| | - Hong-Yan Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan Province, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan Province, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan Province, China
| | - Lin-Jiang Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan Province, China
| | - Yuan-Hua Huang
- Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan Province, China.
| | - Yan-Lin Ma
- Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan Province, China.
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232
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He XB, Kim M, Kim SY, Yi SH, Rhee YH, Kim T, Lee EH, Park CH, Dixit S, Harrison FE, Lee SH. Vitamin C facilitates dopamine neuron differentiation in fetal midbrain through TET1- and JMJD3-dependent epigenetic control manner. Stem Cells 2015; 33:1320-32. [PMID: 25535150 PMCID: PMC4435601 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular Vitamin C (VC) is maintained at high levels in the developing brain by the activity of sodium-dependent VC transporter 2 (Svct2), suggesting specific VC functions in brain development. A role of VC as a cofactor for Fe(II)-2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases has recently been suggested. We show that VC supplementation in neural stem cell cultures derived from embryonic midbrains greatly enhanced differentiation toward midbrain-type dopamine (mDA) neurons, the neuronal subtype associated with Parkinson's disease. VC induced gain of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and loss of H3K27m3 in DA phenotype gene promoters, which are catalyzed by Tet1 and Jmjd3, respectively. Consequently, VC enhanced DA phenotype gene transcriptions in the progenitors by Nurr1, a transcription factor critical for mDA neuron development, to be more accessible to the gene promoters. Further mechanism studies including Tet1 and Jmjd3 knockdown/inhibition experiments revealed that both the 5hmC and H3K27m3 changes, specifically in the progenitor cells, are indispensible for the VC-mediated mDA neuron differentiation. We finally show that in Svct2 knockout mouse embryos, mDA neuron formation in the developing midbrain decreased along with the 5hmC/H3k27m3 changes. These findings together indicate an epigenetic role of VC in midbrain DA neuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Biao He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Mirang Kim
- Biomedical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-806, Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Biomedical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-806, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Rhee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Taeho Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Lee
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Park
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Shilpy Dixit
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A
| | - Fiona E. Harrison
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
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233
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Nashun B, Hill PWS, Hajkova P. Reprogramming of cell fate: epigenetic memory and the erasure of memories past. EMBO J 2015; 34:1296-308. [PMID: 25820261 PMCID: PMC4491992 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell identity is a reflection of a cell type-specific gene expression profile, and consequently, cell type-specific transcription factor networks are considered to be at the heart of a given cellular phenotype. Although generally stable, cell identity can be reprogrammed in vitro by forced changes to the transcriptional network, the most dramatic example of which was shown by the induction of pluripotency in somatic cells by the ectopic expression of defined transcription factors alone. Although changes to cell fate can be achieved in this way, the efficiency of such conversion remains very low, in large part due to specific chromatin signatures constituting an epigenetic barrier to the transcription factor-mediated reprogramming processes. Here we discuss the two-way relationship between transcription factor binding and chromatin structure during cell fate reprogramming. We additionally explore the potential roles and mechanisms by which histone variants, chromatin remodelling enzymes, and histone and DNA modifications contribute to the stability of cell identity and/or provide a permissive environment for cell fate change during cellular reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buhe Nashun
- Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter W S Hill
- Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Petra Hajkova
- Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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234
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Di KQ, Gao S, Cui LF, Chang G, Wu FJ, Ren LK, An L, Miao K, Tan K, Tao L, Chen H, Wang ZL, Wang SM, Wu ZH, Gao S, Li XY, Tian JH. Generation of fully pluripotent female murine-induced pluripotent stem cells. Biol Reprod 2015; 92:123. [PMID: 25788660 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.124958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The high quality of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has been determined to be high-grade chimeras that are competent for germline transmission, and viable mice can be generated through tetraploid complementation. Most of the high-quality iPSCs described to date have been male. Female iPSCs, especially fully pluripotent female iPSCs, are also essential for clinical applications and scientific research. Here, we show, for the first time, that a gender-mixed induction strategy could lead to a skewed sex ratio of iPSCs. After reprogramming, 50%, 70%, and 90% female initiating mouse embryonic fibroblasts at different male ratios resulted in 14.1 ± 6.8% (P < 0.05), 31.8 ± 5.4% (P < 0.05), and 80.1 ± 2.8% (P < 0.05) female iPSCs, respectively. Furthermore, these female iPSCs had pluripotent properties typical of embryonic stem cells. Importantly, these fully pluripotent female iPSCs could generate viable mice by tetraploid complementation. These findings indicate that high-quality female iPSCs could be derived effectively, and suggest that clinical application of female iPSCs is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qian Di
- Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, People's Republic of China Health Science Center, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Fang Cui
- Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Chang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Jia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Kun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei An
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Miao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Tao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Hong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaorong Gao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China The School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Yun Li
- Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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235
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Cheng Y, Xie N, Jin P, Wang T. DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in stem cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2015; 33:161-73. [PMID: 25776144 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation are specific epigenetic mechanisms that can contribute to the regulation of gene expression and cellular functions. DNA methylation is important for the function of embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells (such as haematopoietic stem cells, neural stem cells and germline stem cells), and changes in DNA methylation patterns are essential for successful nuclear reprogramming. In the past several years, the rediscovery of hydroxymethylation and the TET enzymes expanded our insights tremendously and uncovered more dynamic aspects of cytosine methylation regulation. Here, we review the current knowledge and highlight the most recent advances in DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and several well-studied adult stems cells. Our current understanding of stem cell epigenetics and new advances in the field will undoubtedly stimulate further clinical applications of regenerative medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cheng
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nina Xie
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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236
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Mallol A, Santaló J, Ibáñez E. Improved development of somatic cell cloned mouse embryos by vitamin C and latrunculin A. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120033. [PMID: 25749170 PMCID: PMC4352067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired development of embryos produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is mostly associated with faulty reprogramming of the somatic nucleus to a totipotent state and can be improved by treatment with epigenetic modifiers. Here we report that addition of 100 μM vitamin C (VitC) to embryo culture medium for at least 16 h post-activation significantly increases mouse blastocyst formation and, when combined with the use of latrunculin A (LatA) during micromanipulation and activation procedures, also development to term. In spite of this, no significant effects on pluripotency (OCT4 and NANOG) or nuclear reprogramming markers (H3K14 acetylation, H3K9 methylation and DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation) could be detected. The use of LatA alone significantly improved in vitro development, but not full-term development. On the other hand, the simultaneous treatment of cloned embryos with VitC and the histone deacetylase inhibitor psammaplin A (PsA), in combination with the use of LatA, resulted in cloning efficiencies equivalent to those of VitC or PsA treatments alone, and the effects on pluripotency and nuclear reprogramming markers were less evident than when only the PsA treatment was applied. These results suggest that although both epigenetic modifiers improve cloning efficiencies, possibly through different mechanisms, they do not show an additive effect when combined. Improvement of SCNT efficiency is essential for its applications in reproductive and therapeutic cloning, and identification of molecules which increase this efficiency should facilitate studies on the mechanism of nuclear reprogramming and acquisition of totipotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mallol
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Josep Santaló
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Elena Ibáñez
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- * E-mail:
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237
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Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) manifest a unique metabolism that is intimately linked to their pluripotent state. In this issue, Moussaieff et al. (2015) find that ESCs utilize glycolysis to fuel high rates of cytosolic acetyl-CoA synthesis to maintain the histone acetylation required for pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ng Shyh-Chang
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - George Q Daley
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Sainathan S, Paul S, Ramalingam S, Baranda J, Anant S, Dhar A. Histone Demethylases in Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40495-015-0025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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239
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Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) requires profound alterations in the epigenetic landscape. During reprogramming, a change in chromatin structure resets the gene expression and stabilises self-renewal. Reprogramming is a highly inefficient process, in part due to multiple epigenetic barriers. Although many epigenetic factors have already been shown to affect self-renewal and pluripotency in embryonic stem cells (ESCs), only a few of them have been examined in the context of dedifferentiation. In order to improve current protocols of iPSCs generation, it is essential to identify epigenetic drivers and blockages of somatic cell reprogramming.
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240
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Wu T, Pinto HB, Kamikawa YF, Donohoe ME. The BET family member BRD4 interacts with OCT4 and regulates pluripotency gene expression. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:390-403. [PMID: 25684227 PMCID: PMC4375790 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency is controlled by defined transcription factors. During cellular differentiation, ESCs undergo a global epigenetic reprogramming. Female ESCs exemplify this process as one of the two X-chromosomes is globally silenced during X chromosome inactivation (XCI) to balance the X-linked gene disparity with XY males. The pluripotent factor OCT4 regulates XCI by triggering X chromosome pairing and counting. OCT4 directly binds Xite and Tsix, which encode two long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that suppress the silencer lncRNA, Xist. To control its activity as a master regulator in pluripotency and XCI, OCT4 must have chromatin protein partners. Here we show that BRD4, a member of the BET protein subfamily, interacts with OCT4. BRD4 occupies the regulatory regions of pluripotent genes and the lncRNAs of XCI. BET inhibition or depletion of BRD4 reduces the expression of many pluripotent genes and shifts cellular fate showing that BRD4 is pivotal for transcription in ESCs. OCT4 interacts with BRD4 in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) BRD4 occupies the regulatory regions of pluripotent genes BRD4 occupies and controls the lncRNAs in X chromosome inactivation BET inhibition or depletion of BRD4 in ESCs shifts cell fate away from pluripotency
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hugo Borges Pinto
- Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yasunao F Kamikawa
- Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mary E Donohoe
- Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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241
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Collaborative rewiring of the pluripotency network by chromatin and signalling modulating pathways. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6188. [PMID: 25650115 PMCID: PMC4347202 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represents a profound change in cell fate. Here, we show that combining ascorbic acid (AA) and 2i (MAP kinase and GSK inhibitors) increases the efficiency of reprogramming from fibroblasts and synergistically enhances conversion of partially reprogrammed intermediates to the iPSC state. AA and 2i induce differential transcriptional responses, each leading to the activation of specific pluripotency loci. A unique cohort of pluripotency genes including Esrrb require both stimuli for activation. Temporally, AA-dependent histone demethylase effects are important early, whereas Tet enzyme effects are required throughout the conversion. 2i function could partially be replaced by depletion of components of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin growth factor pathways, indicating that they act as barriers to reprogramming. Accordingly, reduction in the levels of the EGF receptor gene contributes to the activation of Esrrb. These results provide insight into the rewiring of the pluripotency network at the late stage of reprogramming.
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242
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Ezh2 mediated H3K27me3 activity facilitates somatic transition during human pluripotent reprogramming. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8229. [PMID: 25648270 PMCID: PMC4316165 DOI: 10.1038/srep08229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor induced reprogramming of fibroblasts is an orchestrated but inefficient process. At the epigenetic level, it results in drastic chromatin changes to erase the existing somatic “memory” and to establish the pluripotent state. Accordingly, alterations of chromatin regulators including Ezh2 influence iPSC generation. While the role of individual transcription factors in resetting the chromatin landscape during iPSC generation is increasingly evident, their engagement with chromatin modulators remains to be elucidated. In the current study, we demonstrate that histone methyl transferase activity of Ezh2 is required for mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) during human iPSC generation. We show that the H3K27me3 activity favors induction of pluripotency by transcriptionally targeting the TGF-β signaling pathway. We also demonstrate that the Ezh2 negatively regulates the expression of pro-EMT miRNA's such as miR-23a locus during MET. Unique association of Ezh2 with c-Myc was required to silence the aforementioned circuitry. Collectively, our findings provide a mechanistic understanding by which Ezh2 restricts the somatic programme during early phase of cellular reprogramming and establish the importance of Ezh2 dependent H3K27me3 activity in transcriptional and miRNA modulation during human iPSC generation.
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243
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Tonge PD, Corso AJ, Monetti C, Hussein SMI, Puri MC, Michael IP, Li M, Lee DS, Mar JC, Cloonan N, Wood DL, Gauthier ME, Korn O, Clancy JL, Preiss T, Grimmond SM, Shin JY, Seo JS, Wells CA, Rogers IM, Nagy A. Divergent reprogramming routes lead to alternative stem-cell states. Nature 2015; 516:192-7. [PMID: 25503232 DOI: 10.1038/nature14047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotency is defined by the ability of a cell to differentiate to the derivatives of all the three embryonic germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Pluripotent cells can be captured via the archetypal derivation of embryonic stem cells or via somatic cell reprogramming. Somatic cells are induced to acquire a pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) state through the forced expression of key transcription factors, and in the mouse these cells can fulfil the strictest of all developmental assays for pluripotent cells by generating completely iPSC-derived embryos and mice. However, it is not known whether there are additional classes of pluripotent cells, or what the spectrum of reprogrammed phenotypes encompasses. Here we explore alternative outcomes of somatic reprogramming by fully characterizing reprogrammed cells independent of preconceived definitions of iPSC states. We demonstrate that by maintaining elevated reprogramming factor expression levels, mouse embryonic fibroblasts go through unique epigenetic modifications to arrive at a stable, Nanog-positive, alternative pluripotent state. In doing so, we prove that the pluripotent spectrum can encompass multiple, unique cell states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Tonge
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Andrew J Corso
- 1] Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada [2] Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Claudio Monetti
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Samer M I Hussein
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Mira C Puri
- 1] Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada [2] Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Iacovos P Michael
- 1] Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada [2] Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Mira Li
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Dong-Sung Lee
- 1] Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, South Korea [2] Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, South Korea [3] Department of Biochemistry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
| | - Jessica C Mar
- Department of Systems &Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Nicole Cloonan
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David L Wood
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Maely E Gauthier
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Othmar Korn
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Clancy
- Genome Biology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton (Canberra), Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Thomas Preiss
- 1] Genome Biology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton (Canberra), Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia [2] Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst (Sydney), New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Sean M Grimmond
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jong-Yeon Shin
- 1] Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, South Korea [2] Life Science Institute, Macrogen Inc., Seoul 153-781, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Seo
- 1] Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, South Korea [2] Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, South Korea [3] Department of Biochemistry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, South Korea [4] Life Science Institute, Macrogen Inc., Seoul 153-781, South Korea
| | - Christine A Wells
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ian M Rogers
- 1] Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada [2] Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada [3] Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Andras Nagy
- 1] Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada [2] Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada [3] Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada
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244
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Gao Y, Han Z, Li Q, Wu Y, Shi X, Ai Z, Du J, Li W, Guo Z, Zhang Y. Vitamin C induces a pluripotent state in mouse embryonic stem cells by modulating microRNA expression. FEBS J 2015; 282:685-99. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology; Ministry of Agriculture; Yangling Shaanxi China
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Zhuo Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology; Ministry of Agriculture; Yangling Shaanxi China
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology; Ministry of Agriculture; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Yongyan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology; Ministry of Agriculture; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Xiaoyan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology; Ministry of Agriculture; Yangling Shaanxi China
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Zhiying Ai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology; Ministry of Agriculture; Yangling Shaanxi China
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Juan Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology; Ministry of Agriculture; Yangling Shaanxi China
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Wenzhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology; Ministry of Agriculture; Yangling Shaanxi China
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Zekun Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology; Ministry of Agriculture; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology; Ministry of Agriculture; Yangling Shaanxi China
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245
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Dean W. Cellular Reprogramming in Basic and Applied Biomedicine: The Dawn of Regenerative Medicine. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1330:3-13. [PMID: 26621584 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2848-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization triggers a cascade of cellular and molecular events restoring the totipotent state and the potential for all cell types. However, the program quickly directs differentiation and cellular commitment. Under the genetic and epigenetic control of this process, Waddington likened this to a three-dimensional landscape where cells could not ascend the slope or traverse once canalized thus leading to cell fate decisions and the progressive restriction of cellular potency. But this is not the only possible outcome at least experimentally. Somatic cell nuclear transfer and overexpression of key transcription factors to generate induced pluripotent cells have challenged this notion. The return to pluripotency and the reinstatement of plasticity and heterogeneity once thought to be the exclusive remit of the developing embryo can now be replicated in vitro. The following chapter introduces some of these ideas and suggests that the fundamental principles learned may constitute the first step toward the opportunity for specific tissue renewal and replacement in healthy aging and the treatment of chronic diseases-the age of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Dean
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridgeshire, CB22 3AT, UK.
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246
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Hussein SMI, Puri MC, Tonge PD, Benevento M, Corso AJ, Clancy JL, Mosbergen R, Li M, Lee DS, Cloonan N, Wood DLA, Munoz J, Middleton R, Korn O, Patel HR, White CA, Shin JY, Gauthier ME, Cao KAL, Kim JI, Mar JC, Shakiba N, Ritchie W, Rasko JEJ, Grimmond SM, Zandstra PW, Wells CA, Preiss T, Seo JS, Heck AJR, Rogers IM, Nagy A. Genome-wide characterization of the routes to pluripotency. Nature 2014; 516:198-206. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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247
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Kuiper C, Vissers MCM. Ascorbate as a co-factor for fe- and 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenases: physiological activity in tumor growth and progression. Front Oncol 2014; 4:359. [PMID: 25540771 PMCID: PMC4261134 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate is a specific co-factor for a large family of enzymes known as the Fe- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. These enzymes are found throughout biology and catalyze the addition of a hydroxyl group to various substrates. The proline hydroxylase that is involved in collagen maturation is well known, but in recent times many new enzymes and functions have been uncovered, including those involved in epigenetic control and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) regulation. These discoveries have provided crucial mechanistic insights into how ascorbate may affect tumor biology. In particular, there is growing evidence that HIF-1-dependent tumor progression may be inhibited by increasing tumor ascorbate levels. However, rigorous clinical intervention studies are lacking. This review will explore the physiological role of ascorbate as an enzyme co-factor and how this mechanism relates to cancer biology and treatment. The use of ascorbate in cancer should be informed by clinical studies based on such mechanistic hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kuiper
- Department of Pathology, Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Margreet C. M. Vissers
- Department of Pathology, Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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248
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Lee DS, Shin JY, Tonge PD, Puri MC, Lee S, Park H, Lee WC, Hussein SMI, Bleazard T, Yun JY, Kim J, Li M, Cloonan N, Wood D, Clancy JL, Mosbergen R, Yi JH, Yang KS, Kim H, Rhee H, Wells CA, Preiss T, Grimmond SM, Rogers IM, Nagy A, Seo JS. An epigenomic roadmap to induced pluripotency reveals DNA methylation as a reprogramming modulator. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5619. [PMID: 25493341 PMCID: PMC4284806 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells involves a dynamic rearrangement of the epigenetic landscape. To characterize this epigenomic roadmap, we have performed MethylC-seq, ChIP-seq (H3K4/K27/K36me3) and RNA-Seq on samples taken at several time points during murine secondary reprogramming as part of Project Grandiose. We find that DNA methylation gain during reprogramming occurs gradually, while loss is achieved only at the ESC-like state. Binding sites of activated factors exhibit focal demethylation during reprogramming, while ESC-like pluripotent cells are distinguished by extension of demethylation to the wider neighbourhood. We observed that genes with CpG-rich promoters demonstrate stable low methylation and strong engagement of histone marks, whereas genes with CpG-poor promoters are safeguarded by methylation. Such DNA methylation-driven control is the key to the regulation of ESC-pluripotency genes, including Dppa4, Dppa5a and Esrrb. These results reveal the crucial role that DNA methylation plays as an epigenetic switch driving somatic cells to pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sung Lee
- Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Jong-Yeon Shin
- Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
- Life Science Institute, Macrogen Inc., Seoul 153-781, Korea
| | - Peter D. Tonge
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Mira C. Puri
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3H7
| | - Seungbok Lee
- Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Hansoo Park
- Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Won-Chul Lee
- Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
- Life Science Institute, Macrogen Inc., Seoul 153-781, Korea
| | - Samer M. I. Hussein
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Thomas Bleazard
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ji-Young Yun
- Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
- Life Science Institute, Macrogen Inc., Seoul 153-781, Korea
| | - Jihye Kim
- Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
- Life Science Institute, Macrogen Inc., Seoul 153-781, Korea
| | - Mira Li
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Nicole Cloonan
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Genomic Biology Lab, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - David Wood
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Clancy
- Genome Biology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Rowland Mosbergen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jae-Hyuk Yi
- Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Kap-Seok Yang
- Life Science Institute, Macrogen Inc., Seoul 153-781, Korea
| | - Hyungtae Kim
- Life Science Institute, Macrogen Inc., Seoul 153-781, Korea
| | - Hwanseok Rhee
- Macrogen Bioinformatics Center, Macrogen, Seoul 153-781, Republic of Korea
| | - Christine A. Wells
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland G12 8TA, UK
| | - Thomas Preiss
- Genome Biology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Molecular, Structural & Computational Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Sean M. Grimmond
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow Scotland G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ian M. Rogers
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3H7
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T3H7
| | - Andras Nagy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T3H7
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3H7
| | - Jeong-Sun Seo
- Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
- Life Science Institute, Macrogen Inc., Seoul 153-781, Korea
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249
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Abstract
Recent studies link changes in energy metabolism with the fate of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Safe use of PSC derivatives in regenerative medicine requires an enhanced understanding and control of factors that optimize in vitro reprogramming and differentiation protocols. Relative shifts in metabolism from naïve through "primed" pluripotent states to lineage-directed differentiation place variable demands on mitochondrial biogenesis and function for cell types with distinct energetic and biosynthetic requirements. In this context, mitochondrial respiration, network dynamics, TCA cycle function, and turnover all have the potential to influence reprogramming and differentiation outcomes. Shifts in cellular metabolism affect enzymes that control epigenetic configuration, which impacts chromatin reorganization and gene expression changes during reprogramming and differentiation. Induced PSCs (iPSCs) may have utility for modeling metabolic diseases caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA, for which few disease models exist. Here, we explore key features of PSC energy metabolism research in mice and man and the impact this work is starting to have on our understanding of early development, disease modeling, and potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Teslaa
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Teitell
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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250
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Wu H, Wu Y, Ai Z, Yang L, Gao Y, Du J, Guo Z, Zhang Y. Vitamin C enhances Nanog expression via activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Stem Cells 2014; 32:166-76. [PMID: 23963652 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C (Vc), also known as ascorbic acid, is involved in many important metabolic and physiological reactions in the body. Here, we report that Vc enhances the expression of Nanog and inhibits retinoic acid-induced differentiation of embryonic stem cells. We investigated Vc regulation of Nanog through Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway using cell signaling pathway profiling systems, and further confirmed by specific pathway inhibition. Using overexpression and knockdown strategies, we demonstrated that STAT2 is a new positive regulator of Nanog and is activated by phosphorylation following Vc treatment. In addition, site mutation analysis identified that STAT2 physically occupies the Nanog promoter, which was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Taken together, our data suggest a role for Vc in Nanog regulation networks and reveal a novel role for STAT2 in regulating Nanog expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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