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Robert M, Buscail C, Allès B, Shankland R, Tavolacci MP, Déchelotte P, Courtois F, Ait-Hadad W, Andreeva VA, Touvier M, Hercberg S, Péneau S. Dispositional optimism is associated with weight status, eating behavior, and eating disorders in a general population-based study. Int J Eat Disord 2020; 53:1696-1708. [PMID: 32748531 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this cross-sectional study was to assess whether optimism is associated with body mass index (BMI), eating behavior and eating disorders (EDs) in a population-based study. METHOD In 2016, a total of 32,805 participants aged ≥18 years from the NutriNet-Santé cohort completed the Life Orientation Test-Revised, assessing dispositional optimism. Height and weight were self-reported. Eating behavior was assessed with the revised 21-item Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire. Risk of EDs was evaluated with the Sick-Control-One-Fat-Food Questionnaire. Linear and Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between optimism, BMI categories, eating behavior and ED risk, controlling for sociodemographic, lifestyle and depressive symptom characteristics. RESULTS Our sample was composed of 73.5% women, and the mean age was 55.39 ± 13.70 years. More optimistic participants were less likely to be underweight (OR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.89), or obese, particularly class III obese (BMI ≥40 kg/m2 ) (OR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.84) compared with less optimistic individuals. Optimism was negatively associated with cognitive restraint (β = -.07; 95%CI: -0.08; -0.06), emotional eating (β = -.17; 95% CI: -0.19, -0.16) and uncontrolled eating (β = -.10; 95% CI: -0.11, -0.09). In addition, more optimistic participants had a lower risk of EDs (OR = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.64). DISCUSSION Our findings showed that optimism was associated with weight status, eating behavior and risk of EDs in both women and men. The causal structure of the underlying observed association remains unclear and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Robert
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center-University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | - Camille Buscail
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center-University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France.,Public Health Department, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France
| | - Benjamin Allès
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center-University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | | | - Marie-Pierre Tavolacci
- Rouen University Hospital, Clinical Investigation Center 1404 and Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1073, Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital and INSERM U1073, Rouen, France
| | - Frédéric Courtois
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center-University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | - Wassila Ait-Hadad
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center-University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | - Valentina A Andreeva
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center-University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center-University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | - Serge Hercberg
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center-University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France.,Public Health Department, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France
| | - Sandrine Péneau
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center-University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
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202
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Díaz A, Ponsoda JM, Beleña A. Optimism as a key to improving mental health in family caregivers of people living with Alzheimer's disease. Aging Ment Health 2020; 24:1662-1670. [PMID: 31960702 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2020.1715342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the present work was to study the serial multiple mediating role of optimism, perceived social support and subjective burden in the relationship between objective burden and psychological distress in caregivers of people with Alzheimer´s Disease (AD).Method: One hundred and forty family caregivers of people living with AD were recruited from randomly selected Alzheimer Association Centres. They answered the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), the Functional Social Support Questionnaire (DUKE.UNC), the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) and questions relating to gender, age and the amount of time spent on daily caregiving.Results: Results indicated that objective burden and subjective burden were both high in these caregivers. Optimism mediated on psychological distress through social support and through subjective burden with a full mediation role. When comparisons between indirect effects were performed, optimism was the mediator with the greatest effect between objective burden and psychological distress.Conclusion: This study highlights the indirect role of optimism and the advantages that interventions in optimism training in the early stages of the person with AD could produce. Thus, alleviating subjective burden and increasing perceived social support, which would lead to an improvement in the mental health of family caregivers of people with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Díaz
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M Ponsoda
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Association of Relatives and Friends of Alzheimer Disease Patients and Other Dependent Patients in Cocentaina Region, Alicante, Spain
| | - Angela Beleña
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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203
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Musich S, Wang SS, Schaeffer JA, Kraemer S, Wicker E, Yeh CS. The additive impact of multiple psychosocial protective factors on selected health outcomes among older adults. Geriatr Nurs 2020; 42:502-508. [PMID: 32998841 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to investigate the additive properties of five psychosocial protective factors: purpose-in-life, resilience, optimism, internal locus of control and social connections. Self-reported psychological (depression, stress) and physical (health status, functionality) health outcomes and measured healthcare utilization and expenditures were included. The study sample was identified from adults age ≥65 who completed a health survey during May-June 2019 (N = 3,577). Each of the five protective factors was dichotomized as high/low (1/0) and counted with equal weighting. The protective factors were additive such that significant improvements in psychological and physical health outcomes were evident across factor subgroups: as the number of factors increased, health outcomes improved. The magnitude of the improvements was greatest between 0 and 1 factor. In addition, a significant linear trend for reduced healthcare expenditures ($1,356 reduction per factor added) was evident. Interventions promoting at least one protective factor would be beneficial for older adult populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Musich
- Research for Aging Populations, Optum, 315 E. Eisenhower Parkway, Suite 305, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA.
| | - Shaohung S Wang
- Research for Aging Populations, Optum, 315 E. Eisenhower Parkway, Suite 305, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - James A Schaeffer
- Research for Aging Populations, Optum, 315 E. Eisenhower Parkway, Suite 305, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Sandra Kraemer
- Medicare & Retirement, UnitedHealthcare Alliances, PO Box 9472, Minneapolis, MN 55440, USA
| | - Ellen Wicker
- AARP Services, Inc., 601 E. Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20049, USA
| | - Charlotte S Yeh
- AARP Services, Inc., 601 E. Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20049, USA
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204
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Buzzai C, Sorrenti L, Orecchio S, Marino D, Filippello P. The Relationship Between Contextual and Dispositional Variables, Well-Being and Hopelessness in School Context. Front Psychol 2020; 11:533815. [PMID: 33013591 PMCID: PMC7516339 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.533815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature's interest has been focused on the study of well-being or depression. However, there has been little research that investigates the relationship between well-being and hopelessness (HPL) and the underlying contextual and dispositional variables. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between some contextual (need-supportive interpersonal behavior and need-thwarting interpersonal behavior) and dispositional variables (dispositional optimism, positive/negative affectivity, explanatory style), academic achievement, general well-being, and school HPL in adolescent students. The results showed that general well-being was positively predicted by need-supportive interpersonal behavior, dispositional optimism, positive affectivity, and adaptive explanatory style (attribution to commitment in the school context), while it was negatively predicted by negative affectivity. Meanwhile, school HPL was positively predicted by need-thwarting interpersonal behavior, negative affectivity, dysfunctional explanatory style (attribution to luck in the school context), while it was negatively predicted by attribution to commitment in the school context and academic achievement. These results provide useful data for the implementation of well-being promotion and school HPL prevention. The implications are discussed as follows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luana Sorrenti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Sicily, Italy
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205
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Nukpezah RN, Cheraghi MA, Pashaeypoor S, Sadat Hoseini AS. Perspectives of parents on the meaning of happiness in children with long-term illness: A hybrid concept analysis. Nurs Open 2020; 7:1506-1516. [PMID: 32802371 PMCID: PMC7424432 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To define the concept of happiness among children with chronic disease. Background Happiness is an old human quest, the existing literature on the definition of happiness among children with chronic diseases is sparse. Methods The three-phase hybrid model was used. In the first (theoretical) phase, a literature review was conducted. In the second (fieldwork) phase, the semi-structured interview data were analysed through content analysis. Ten participants were purposively sampled. In the third (final analytic) phase, the practical definition of the concept was identified. Results The practical definition of happiness in a Ghanaian chronically ill child is the "subjective and positive lifelong process of adapting to biological, physiological, psychosocial, economic and environmental changes caused by the disease trajectory, which affects the well-being of the child and the family." Conclusions This study offers a background for selecting appropriate health indicators and outcome measures in promoting happiness in children with chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nimota Nukpezah
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, School of Nursing & MidwiferyInternational Campus ‐ Tehran University of Medical Sciences, IranTehranIran
| | - Mohammad Ali Cheraghi
- Research Center for Quran, Hadith, and Medicine, Spiritual Health GroupTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Shahzad Pashaeypoor
- Department of Community Health and Geriatric NursingSchool of Nursing and MidwiferyTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Akram Sadat Sadat Hoseini
- Department of Pediatric NursingSchool of Nursing and MidwiferyTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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206
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The Effect of Hopelessness and Perceived Group Compatibility on Treatment Outcome for Patients With Personality Dysfunction. J Nerv Ment Dis 2020; 208:677-682. [PMID: 32324676 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Improvement in life satisfaction is hard to achieve for any patient with personality psychopathology, and possibly even moreso for those who feel hopeless at the start of treatment. The present research investigated the potential influence of hopelessness in the treatment of patients with personality dysfunction, using data from patients who completed an intensive group therapy program designed to reduce symptom distress and support optimal psychosocial functioning (N = 80). In the present study, we sought to examine whether hopelessness would moderate (i.e., strengthen or weaken) relations between compatibility ratings and life satisfaction outcome. Hopelessness had a significant moderating effect on the relationship between compatibility and outcome, suggesting that, for patients who entered treatment feeling more hopeless, higher appraisals of fit within the group facilitated better gains in life satisfaction. If replicated, the findings underlie the importance of focusing on increasing hope and perceived group affiliation in the treatment of personality dysfunction.
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207
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King RB, Pitliya RJ, Datu JA. Psychological capital drives optimal engagement via positive emotions in work and school contexts. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronnel B. King
- Faculty of Education University of Macau Macau SAR China
| | - Riddhi J. Pitliya
- Department of Psychology The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Jesus A. Datu
- Department of Special Education and Counselling Integrated Centre for Well‐being The Education University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China
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208
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Abstract
AIMS Optimism is associated with reduced cardiovascular disease risk; however, few prospective studies have considered optimism in relation to hypertension risk specifically. We investigated whether optimism was associated with a lower risk of developing hypertension in U.S. service members, who are more likely to develop high blood pressure early in life. We also evaluated race/ethnicity, sex and age as potential effect modifiers of these associations. METHODS Participants were 103 486 hypertension-free U.S. Army active-duty soldiers (mean age 28.96 years, 61.76% White, 20.04% Black, 11.01% Hispanic, 4.09% Asian, and 3.10% others). We assessed optimism, sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions, health behaviours and depression status at baseline (2009-2010) via self-report and administrative records, and ascertained incident hypertension over follow-up (2010-2014) from electronic health records and health assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and adjusted models for a broad range of relevant covariates. RESULTS Over a mean follow-up of 3.51 years, 15 052 incident hypertension cases occurred. The highest v. lowest optimism levels were associated with a 22% reduced risk of developing hypertension, after adjusting for all covariates including baseline blood pressure (HR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.74-0.83). The difference in hypertension risk between the highest v. lowest optimism was also maintained when we excluded soldiers with hypertension in the first two years of follow-up and, separately, when we excluded soldiers with prehypertension at baseline. A dose-response relationship was evident with higher optimism associated with a lower relative risk (p < 0.001). Higher optimism was consistently associated with a lower risk of developing hypertension across sex, age and most race/ethnicity categories. CONCLUSIONS In a diverse cohort of initially healthy male and female service members particularly vulnerable to developing hypertension, higher optimism levels were associated with reduced hypertension risk independently of sociodemographic and health factors, a particularly notable finding given the young and healthy population. Results suggest optimism is a health asset and a potential target for public health interventions.
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209
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Baranski E, Sweeny K, Gardiner G, Funder DC. International optimism: Correlates and consequences of dispositional optimism across 61 countries. J Pers 2020; 89:288-304. [PMID: 32770554 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current exploratory study sought to examine dispositional optimism, or the general expectation for positive outcomes, around the world. METHOD Dispositional optimism and possible correlates were assessed across 61 countries (N = 15,185; mean age = 21.92; 77% female). Mean-level differences in optimism were computed along with their relationships with individual and country-level variables. RESULTS Worldwide, mean optimism levels were above the midpoint of the scale. Perhaps surprisingly, country-level optimism was negatively related to gross domestic product per capita, population density, and democratic norms and positively related to income inequality and perceived corruption. However, country-level optimism was positively related to projected economic improvement. Individual-level optimism was positively related to individual well-being within every country, although this relationship was less strong in countries with challenging economic and social circumstances. CONCLUSIONS While individuals around the world are generally optimistic, societal characteristics appear to affect the degree to which their optimism is associated with psychological well-being, sometimes in seemingly anomalous ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Baranski
- Department of Psychology, The University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kate Sweeny
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | | | - David C Funder
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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210
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Zou R, Xu X, Hong X, Yuan J. Higher Socioeconomic Status Predicts Less Risk of Depression in Adolescence: Serial Mediating Roles of Social Support and Optimism. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1955. [PMID: 32849145 PMCID: PMC7425112 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Family socioeconomic status (SES) is known to have a powerful influence on adolescent depression. However, the mechanisms underlying this association are unclear. Here, we explore this issue by testing the potential mediating roles of social support (interpersonal resource) and optimism (intrapersonal resource), based on the predictions of the reserve capacity model (RCM). Participants were 652 adolescents [age range: 11-20 years old, M age = 14.55 years, SD = 1.82; 338 boys (51.80%)] from two junior and two senior high schools in Wuhan, China. They completed questionnaires measuring family SES, perceived social support, optimism, and depression. Results showed, as predicted, (1) SES negatively predicted adolescent depression; (2) social support and optimism serially mediated the relations between SES and depression, consistent with the predictions by the RCM. Specifically, higher SES predicted greater social support and increased optimism, which in turn contributed to reduced depression. The implications of these data to the prevention and interventions of adolescent depression were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Sport Training and Monitoring, Department of Psychology, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Sport Training and Monitoring, Department of Psychology, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobin Hong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Sport Training and Monitoring, Department of Psychology, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiajin Yuan
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
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211
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Tabibnia G. An affective neuroscience model of boosting resilience in adults. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 115:321-350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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212
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De Giorgio A. Global Psychological Implications of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). What Can Be Learned From Italy. Reflections, Perspectives, Opportunities. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1836. [PMID: 32849079 PMCID: PMC7396562 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
On December 31, 2019, the Chinese authorities announced that in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, central-eastern China, a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown etiology had developed. A new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes serious problems like pneumonia and even death, has been discovered. This new disease (COVID-19) has spread also in Italy starting from the first recognized case on February 20. Beyond its biological implications, this coronavirus allows us many psychological reflections. A new virus is indeed a potentially serious problem for mankind, but it can also be an opportunity to bring the focus back to us, to observe what is happening, who we are and how we are reacting both as individuals and as a population. Even positive implication of this pandemic was discussed.
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213
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Optimism and Social Support Predict Healthier Adult Behaviors Despite Socially Disadvantaged Childhoods. Int J Behav Med 2020; 27:200-212. [PMID: 31933126 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-020-09849-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown adverse effects of a disadvantaged childhood on adult health-promoting behaviors and related outcomes. Optimism and social support have been linked to greater likelihood of engaging in healthy behavior, but it is unclear whether these positive psychosocial factors may buffer harmful effects of early adversity. This study aims to determine if optimism and social support in adulthood can modify effects of childhood disadvantage on health behavior-related outcomes. METHODS Longitudinal data were analyzed from a subset of participants in a US birth cohort established in 1959-1966 (ns of 681-840, per outcome). An index of childhood social disadvantage was derived from adverse socioeconomic and family stability factors reported by mothers at child's birth and age 7 years. Health behavior-related outcomes were self-reported when participants were of mean age 47 years. Multivariable adjusted robust Poisson regressions were performed. RESULTS Regardless of level of childhood social disadvantage, we found higher levels of optimism and social support were both associated with higher probabilities of being a non-smoker (relative risk [RR]optimism = 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09-1.26; RRsocial support = 1.24, 95%CI = 1.11-1.39), having a healthy diet (RRoptimism = 1.25, 95%CI = 1.10-1.43; RRsocial support = 1.27, 95%CI = 1.04-1.56), and a healthy body mass index (RRoptimism = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.00-1.40; RRsocial support = 1.29, 95%CI = 1.00-1.66). Interactions link higher optimism or social support with lower risk of smoking among those with moderate childhood disadvantage. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings are consistent with the possibility that positive psychosocial resources contribute to maintaining a healthy lifestyle in mid-adulthood and may buffer effects of childhood social disadvantage.
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214
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Mental Health and Work Attitudes among People Resuming Work during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17145059. [PMID: 32674361 PMCID: PMC7400483 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused an economic downturn and increased the unemployment rate in China. In this context, employees face health and social economic stressors. To assess their mental health (i.e., anxiety, depression, insomnia and somatization) and work attitudes (i.e., work engagement, job satisfaction and turnover intention) as well as the associated factors, we conducted a cross-sectional study among people who resumed work after the Spring Festival holiday during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results show that the prevalence of anxiety, depression, insomnia and somatization among these people was 12.7%, 13.5%, 20.7% and 6.6%, respectively. The major risk factor for mental health was worrying about unemployment, and the main protective factors were psychological strengths (i.e., resilience and optimism). Regarding work attitudes, the percentage of people who felt more satisfied with their job (43.8%) was larger than that of those who felt less satisfied (26.9%), while the percentage of people who thought about quitting their job more frequently (15.7%) was smaller than that of those who considered it less frequently (63.2%). However, work engagement was lower than usual. Similar to the factors associated with mental health, the major risk factor for work attitudes was also worrying about unemployment, and the main protective factors were resilience and optimism. In addition, the nature of the organization, job status, age, position and income changes were also related to these work attitudes. Our findings shed light on the need for organization administrators to be aware of the status of and factors associated with employees’ mental health and work attitudes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Policies or interventions could be developed based on our findings.
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215
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Malagón-Aguilera MC, Suñer-Soler R, Bonmatí-Tomas A, Bosch-Farré C, Gelabert-Viella S, Fontova-Almató A, Grau-Martín A, Juvinyà-Canal D. Dispositional Optimism, Burnout and Their Relationship with Self-Reported Health Status among Nurses Working in Long-Term Healthcare Centers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17144918. [PMID: 32650418 PMCID: PMC7399977 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17144918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The mental health of nurses working in long-term healthcare centers is affected by the care they provide to older people with major chronic diseases and comorbidity and this in turn affects the quality of that care. The aim of the study was to investigate dispositional optimism, burnout and self-reported health among nurses working in long-term healthcare centers. A descriptive, cross-sectional survey design was used. Survey questionnaires were distributed in 11 long-term health care centers (n = 156) in Catalonia (Spain). The instruments used were LOT-R (dispositional optimism), MBI (burnout) and EuroQol EQ-5D (self-reported health). Bivariate analyses and multivariate linear regression models were used. Self-reported health correlated directly with dispositional optimism and inversely with emotional exhaustion and cynicism. Better perceived health was independently associated with greater dispositional optimism and social support, lower levels of emotional exhaustion level and the absence of burnout. Dispositional optimism in nurses is associated with a greater perception of health and low levels of emotional exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Malagón-Aguilera
- Department of Nursing, University of Girona, Health and Healthcare Research Group, 17003 Girona, Spain; (M.C.M.-A.); (A.B.-T.); (C.B.-F.); (A.F.-A.); (D.J.-C.)
| | - Rosa Suñer-Soler
- Department of Nursing, University of Girona, Health and Healthcare Research Group, 17003 Girona, Spain; (M.C.M.-A.); (A.B.-T.); (C.B.-F.); (A.F.-A.); (D.J.-C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Bonmatí-Tomas
- Department of Nursing, University of Girona, Health and Healthcare Research Group, 17003 Girona, Spain; (M.C.M.-A.); (A.B.-T.); (C.B.-F.); (A.F.-A.); (D.J.-C.)
| | - Cristina Bosch-Farré
- Department of Nursing, University of Girona, Health and Healthcare Research Group, 17003 Girona, Spain; (M.C.M.-A.); (A.B.-T.); (C.B.-F.); (A.F.-A.); (D.J.-C.)
| | | | - Aurora Fontova-Almató
- Department of Nursing, University of Girona, Health and Healthcare Research Group, 17003 Girona, Spain; (M.C.M.-A.); (A.B.-T.); (C.B.-F.); (A.F.-A.); (D.J.-C.)
| | | | - Dolors Juvinyà-Canal
- Department of Nursing, University of Girona, Health and Healthcare Research Group, 17003 Girona, Spain; (M.C.M.-A.); (A.B.-T.); (C.B.-F.); (A.F.-A.); (D.J.-C.)
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Addington EL, Cheung EO, Moskowitz JT. Who is most likely to benefit from a positive psychological intervention? Moderator analyses from a randomized trial in people newly diagnosed with HIV. JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 15:605-612. [PMID: 32905459 DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2020.1789702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Intervention for those Recently Informed of their Seropositive Status (IRISS) and other positive psychological interventions (PPIs) have demonstrated psychological and physical health benefits. However, meta-analyses suggest that PPIs may have differential effects depending on participants' sociodemographic and psychological characteristics. We therefore examined potential moderators of effects of IRISS for adults newly diagnosed with HIV (N=159). While IRISS had similar effects on positive emotion across most subgroups (age, race, education, stress), depression was a significant moderator for positive emotion. When examining effects of IRISS on antidepressant use, age, race, education, depression, and perceived stress emerged as significant moderators. Neither optimism nor life events significantly moderated effects of IRISS on any outcome. Results have clinical implications that practitioners can use to inform which patients are most likely to benefit from PPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Addington
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Elaine O Cheung
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Judith T Moskowitz
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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217
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescence is a critical period of human development, where adaptive or maladaptive experiences can happen. These experiences are associated with psychological, social, biological and health factors. Previous empirical evidence suggests that mental health is associated with individual assets and positive states, whose presence may become a factor of protection and resistance to mental disorders. Among these, optimism could play a fundamental role in sustaining physical and mental well-being and in dealing with threats potentially harmful to health. Given the rise of research on optimism and its importance in the various health outcomes, it is necessary to initiate processes of compilation and synthesis of this evidence to facilitate the understanding of the importance of this variable on the mental health of adolescents. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The included studies will be experimental, observational, cross-sectional and longitudinal focussed on the role of optimism on mental health in adolescents, regardless of whether they belong to clinical or non-clinical populations. This systematic review protocol will be carried out following the Cochrane Manual for systematic reviews and will follow the statement on systematic reviews and meta-analysis of PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols). Searches will run from October 2019 to March 2020, and will be carried out from the following electronic databases: APA PsycNet, BVS (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde), Web of Science, PubMed Central and Scopus. Two reviewers will obtain the eligible articles, published from January 2009 onward, to assess the quality of each study and extract the data. For the presentation of the results, a narrative and quantitative synthesis will be carried out that groups the data found. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The approval of an ethics committee is not required for a systematic review protocol. The results will be presented at congresses in social sciences and psychology and will be published in a peer-reviewed social or health science journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO CRD42019142616.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristian Ariel Neira Espejo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Teoria e Pesquisa do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil
| | - Janari da Silva Pedroso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Teoria e Pesquisa do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil
- Bolsista produtividade CNPq - Nível 2. Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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218
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Kealy D, Ben-David S, Cox DW. Early parental support and meaning in life among young adults: the mediating roles of optimism and identity. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00907-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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219
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Lappan S, Thorne CB, Long D, Hendricks PS. Longitudinal and Reciprocal Relationships Between Psychological Well-Being and Smoking. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:18-23. [PMID: 30219867 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking cessation treatments currently succeed at a rate of approximately 20%-30%, underscoring the importance of exploring factors that might increase intervention effectiveness. Although negative affect has been studied extensively in relation to smoking cessation, psychological well-being (PWB; eg, life satisfaction, optimism, positive affect, purpose in life) has received little attention. This study tested longitudinal and reciprocal relationships between PWB and smoking status in older adults. METHODS Panel data were obtained from the biennial, longitudinal Health and Retirement Study. Using structural equation modeling, we developed cross-lagged models to examine the relationships of PWB in 2006 with smoking status in 2010 and of smoking status in 2006 with PWB in 2010 while controlling for covariates (Ns = 2939-4230, 55% women, 89% white, mean age = 64 years, mean years of education = 13, 25% smokers in 2006 and 21% smokers in 2010). Separate cross-lagged models were developed for each of the PWB variables: life satisfaction, optimism, positive affect, and purpose in life. RESULTS Greater life satisfaction (standardized path coefficient = -0.04), optimism (standardized path coefficient = -0.07), and positive affect (standardized path coefficient = -0.08) in 2006 predicted a reduced likelihood of smoking in 2010. Being a smoker in 2006 predicted lower life satisfaction (standardized path coefficient = -0.25), optimism (standardized path coefficient = -0.10), positive affect (standardized path coefficient = -0.10), and purpose in life (standardized path coefficient = -0.13) in 2010. CONCLUSIONS Findings warrant further exploration of the relationships between PWB and smoking, and support the incorporation of PWB-boosting components into existing treatments. IMPLICATIONS Given the relatively low success rate of current smoking cessation treatments, the present results suggest that increasing PWB might promote abstinence and therefore warrant consideration as a focus of future cessation treatment research. Moreover, these results suggest that smoking might inhibit PWB, illuminating a negative consequence of smoking not previously identified. Helping smokers increase their PWB may benefit them beyond promoting cessation and contribute to a flourishing society. These results warrant further investigation of PWB and smoking, and support the continued evaluation of PWB-boosting components in smoking cessation treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lappan
- Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Christopher B Thorne
- Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Dustin Long
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Peter S Hendricks
- Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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220
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Villinger K, Wahl DR, König LM, Ziesemer K, Butscher S, Müller J, Reiterer H, Schupp HT, Renner B. Do We Know What We Enjoy? Accuracy of Forecasted Eating Happiness. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1187. [PMID: 32625135 PMCID: PMC7311650 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forecasting how we will react in the future is important in every area of our lives. However, people often demonstrate an "impact bias" which leads them to inaccurately forecast their affective reactions to distinct and outstanding future events. The present study examined forecasting accuracy for a day-to-day repetitive experience for which people have a wealth of past experiences (eating happiness), along with dispositional expectations toward eating ("foodiness"). Seventy-three participants (67.12% women, M age = 41.85 years) used a smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment to assess their food intake and eating happiness over 14 days. Eating happiness experienced in-the-moment showed considerable inter-and intra-individual variation, ICC = 0.47. Comparing forecasted and in-the-moment eating happiness revealed a significant discrepancy whose magnitude was affected by dispositional expectations and the variability of the experience. The results demonstrate that biased forecasts are a general phenomenon prevalent both in outstanding and well-known experiences, while also emphasizing the importance of inter-individual differences for a detailed understanding of affective forecasting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah R. Wahl
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Laura M. König
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Katrin Ziesemer
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Simon Butscher
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jens Müller
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Harald Reiterer
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Harald T. Schupp
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Britta Renner
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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221
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Oriol X, Miranda R, Bazán C, Benavente E. Distinct Routes to Understand the Relationship Between Dispositional Optimism and Life Satisfaction: Self-Control and Grit, Positive Affect, Gratitude, and Meaning in Life. Front Psychol 2020; 11:907. [PMID: 32528359 PMCID: PMC7264816 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last years, understanding the implications of prospective thinking toward the future has become of increasing interest. This study aims to delve into the relation between dispositional optimism, one of the most relevant prospective constructs, and life satisfaction. Additionally, we also seek to prove the mediating effect of different cognitive and affective variables associated with both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being on this relationship. A first study is conducted with 275 secondary students to assess the relationship between optimism and life satisfaction through self-control and grit (14.82, SD = 1.07), which indicates a mediating effect of grit but not of self-control. A second study is carried out with 1,356 university students (21.5, SD = 2.35) to demonstrate the mediating effect of positive affect on dispositional optimism and life satisfaction. Results show a strong relationship between optimism and positive affect, but no mediating effect on life satisfaction. Finally, a third study comprising 371 secondary students (14.12, SD = 1.78) demonstrates the existence of a serial multiple mediation from gratitude and meaning in life over the relationship between optimism and life satisfaction. Implications are discussed in terms of how prospective variables like dispositional optimism may lead to an increase in subjective well-being (SWB) through different affective and cognitive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Oriol
- Faculty of Education and Social Science, Andres Bello University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rafael Miranda
- Department of Psychology, Continental University, Huancayo, Peru
| | - César Bazán
- Universidad Marcelino Champagnat, Lima, Peru
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222
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Colombo D, Fernández-Álvarez J, Suso-Ribera C, Cipresso P, García-Palacios A, Riva G, Botella C. Biased Affective Forecasting: A Potential Mechanism That Enhances Resilience and Well-Being. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1333. [PMID: 32595578 PMCID: PMC7304283 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
According to a growing body of studies, people's ability to forecast future emotional experiences is generally biased. Nonetheless, the existing literature has mainly explored affective forecasting in relation to specific events, whereas little is still known about the ability to make general estimations of future emotional states. Based on existing evidence suggesting future-oriented disposition as a key factor for mental health, the aims of the current study were (1) to investigate the relationship between negative (NA) and positive (PA) affective forecasting biases and perceived psychological well-being, and (2) to explore whether positively biased predictions are associated with resilience and foster one's skills to cope with stressful events. To do so, we asked 85 undergraduate students to forecast PA and NA over 2 weeks, as well as to report their daily affect through a web-based Ecological Momentary Assessment. According to the results, positively biased PA forecasting (i.e., overestimating positive emotional states) was associated with greater perceived psychological well-being and higher resilience. When high levels of stress were experienced, participants holding an optimistic, yet biased, estimation of future PA were more likely to successfully manage stressors, thus maintaining lower levels of NA and higher levels of positive emotions. We suggest that positively biased PA forecasting is an adaptive cognitive distortion that boosts people's resilience and mental health, thus opening new avenues for the promotion of psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desirée Colombo
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Suso-Ribera
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Pietro Cipresso
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Azucena García-Palacios
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Botella
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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223
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Lamont RA, Nelis SM, Quinn C, Martyr A, Rippon I, Kopelman MD, Hindle JV, Jones RW, Litherland R, Clare L. Psychological predictors of 'living well' with dementia: findings from the IDEAL study. Aging Ment Health 2020; 24:956-964. [PMID: 30836765 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2019.1566811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Increasingly, research has explored how psychological resources enable adaptation to illness. However, it is unclear whether psychological resources protect against the potential negative effects on living well with a progressive and life-limiting condition such as dementia. This paper examines the association between psychological resources and the ability to 'live well' with dementia.Method: Data from 1547 people with mild-to-moderate dementia in the Improving the experience of Dementia and Enhancing Active Life (IDEAL) cohort were used. Multivariate linear regression was employed to examine the association between self-reported measures of psychological resources (self-efficacy, optimism and self-esteem) and indices of capability to 'live well' (quality of life, well-being and life satisfaction).Results: All three measures of psychological resources had positive and independent associations with indices of living well and the effect sizes were similar. Effect sizes reduced when accounting for shared variance between psychological resources, showing some overlap in these constructs.Conclusion: Self-efficacy, optimism and self-esteem were each associated with capability to 'live well'. Overlap between these three resources is evident and when combined they may provide greater resilience when dealing with the challenges of living with dementia. Interventions for people with dementia could seek to improve levels of these potentially-modifiable psychological resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Lamont
- REACH: The Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Sharon M Nelis
- REACH: The Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Catherine Quinn
- REACH: The Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Anthony Martyr
- REACH: The Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Isla Rippon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Brunel University, London, UK
| | - Michael D Kopelman
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John V Hindle
- REACH: The Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Roy W Jones
- Research Institute for the Care of Older People, Bath, UK
| | | | - Linda Clare
- REACH: The Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
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224
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Pérez-Fuentes MDC, Herrera-Peco I, Molero Jurado MDM, Oropesa Ruiz NF, Ayuso-Murillo D, Gázquez Linares JJ. A Cross-Sectional Study of Empathy and Emotion Management: Key to a Work Environment for Humanized Care in Nursing. Front Psychol 2020; 11:706. [PMID: 32477202 PMCID: PMC7237745 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction At the present time, technological advances have increased the technification of healthcare services, in which high priority is given to efficiency and results achieved, leading healthcare personnel to prioritize administrative and procedural aspects to the detriment of humanization of care and the work environment. Objective This study was intended to continue progress in research on the work environment based on the humanization construct by analyzing the explanatory value of emotional intelligence and empathy in nursing personnel. Materials and Methods The study was quantitative, observational, and cross-sectional. The sample was made up of 338 Spanish nurses with a mean age of 32.20 (SD = 7.54; range 22–56). The instruments employed for analysis were the Healthcare Professional Humanization Scale (HUMAS), Brief Emotional Intelligence Inventory for Adults, and Basic Empathy Scale (BES). Results Mood and stress management—both emotional intelligence components—and cognitive empathy explained over half (51%) of the variability found in humanization of care in a sample of nurses. Furthermore, the mediation models proposed emphasized the mediating role of cognitive empathy in stress management and improvement in mood and its relationship to humanization. Conclusion It is recommended that healthcare professionals reinforce their personal competencies in order to tend to the needs of their patients empathetically and improve emotional competencies for coping successfully with potentially stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen Pérez-Fuentes
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Politécnica y Artística del Paraguay, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Ivan Herrera-Peco
- Nursing Department, Health Sciences Collegue, Alfonso X el Sabio University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - José Jesús Gázquez Linares
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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225
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Sánchez-Álvarez N, Extremera N, Rey L, Chang EC, Chang OD. Optimism and gratitude on suicide risk in Spanish adults: Evidence for doubling up or doubling down? J Clin Psychol 2020; 76:1882-1892. [PMID: 32379924 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study examines the role of optimism and gratitude as predictors of suicide risk, namely depressive symptoms and suicide ideation. Beyond their expected predictive role, optimism and gratitude were also hypothesized to interact together to predict both suicide risk outcomes. METHODS A sample of 1,013 Spanish adults (521 females) participated in this study. The average age was 39.63 years old (standard deviation = 16.19; range 16-82). RESULTS Results indicated that the optimism × gratitude interaction term significantly augmented the prediction of both depressive symptoms and suicide ideation. Specifically, pessimists presented with a higher risk of suicide, but the effect was weaker among those individuals with higher levels of gratitude. Alternatively, optimists with high gratitude showed the highest amount of protection from suicide risk. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are the first to show how optimism and gratitude might interact as a positive psychological variable to confer greater personal resources in protecting individuals against suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalio Extremera
- Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lourdes Rey
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Edward C Chang
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Olivia D Chang
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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226
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El-Haddad C, Hegazi I, Hu W. Understanding Patient Expectations of Health Care: A Qualitative Study. J Patient Exp 2020; 7:1724-1731. [PMID: 33457636 PMCID: PMC7786689 DOI: 10.1177/2374373520921692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and measuring patient expectations of health care is central to improving patient satisfaction and delivering patient-centered care. However, most empiric research in this field has focused on measuring patient expectations for specific diseases only. Patient expectations common to a variety of settings and clinical contexts need to be better understood to design measures with wider utility. We aimed to understand how patients express and conceptualize their expectations of health care across a range of clinical contexts and conditions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients presenting to a major metropolitan hospital, informed by interpretive phenomenological analysis. Sampling continued until thematic saturation. Interview topics explored the illness experience, interactions with clinicians, how patients communicated and conceptualized their expectations of health care, and the nature of these expectations. The 26 participants conceptualized and described their expectations in 3 distinct domains: (1) health outcomes, (2) individual clinicians, and (3) the health-care system. Importantly, these domains were consistent across a variety of clinical contexts, participant demographics, and medical conditions. Despite variation in expectations due to individual patient circumstances, we identified 3 conceptual domains within which expectations consistently lie. When designing measurement tools for patient expectations, we suggest incorporating questions specifically addressing the 3 domains we have identified. With such measures, clinicians and health-care providers can be empowered to provide and monitor patient-centered care with outcomes tailored to what patients desire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos El-Haddad
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Iman Hegazi
- Medical Education & Academic Program, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wendy Hu
- Medical Education, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
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227
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Lai H, Wang S, Zhao Y, Qiu C, Gong Q. Neurostructural correlates of optimism: Gray matter density in the putamen predicts dispositional optimism in late adolescence. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:1459-1471. [PMID: 31816149 PMCID: PMC7267983 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dispositional optimism reflects one's generalized positive expectancies for future outcomes and plays a crucial role in personal developmental outcomes and health (e.g., counteracting related mental disorders such as depression and anxiety). Increasing evidence has suggested that extraversion is an important personality factor contributing to dispositional optimism. However, less is known about the association between dispositional optimism and brain structure and the role of extraversion in this association. Here, we examined these issues in 231 healthy high school students aged 16 to 20 years (110 males, mean age = 18.48 years, SD = 0.54) by estimating regional gray matter density (rGMD) using a voxel-based morphometry method via structural magnetic resonance imaging. Whole-brain regression analyses revealed a significant positive correlation between dispositional optimism and the rGMD of the bilateral putamen after adjusting for age, sex, family socioeconomic status (SES), general intelligence, and total gray matter volume (TGMV). Moreover, prediction analyses using fourfold balanced cross-validation combined with linear regression confirmed a significant connection between dispositional optimism and putamen density after adjusting for age, sex, and family SES. More importantly, subsequent mediation analysis showed that extraversion may account for the association between putamen density and dispositional optimism after adjusting for age, sex, family SES, general intelligence, TGMV, and the other four Big Five personality traits. Taken together, the current study provides new evidence regarding the neurostructural basis underlying dispositional optimism in adolescents and underscores the importance of extraversion as an essential personality factor for dispositional optimism acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lai
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of RadiologyShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
- Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RU011)West China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Song Wang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of RadiologyShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
- Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RU011)West China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yajun Zhao
- School of Sociology and PsychologySouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chen Qiu
- Department of Psychology, The Faculty of Social ScienceThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of RadiologyShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
- Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RU011)West China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
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228
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Johnson ME, Cottler LB. Optimism and opioid misuse among justice-involved children. Addict Behav 2020; 103:106226. [PMID: 31838447 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Adolescents in the criminal justice system, called justice-involved children (JIC), are particularly vulnerable in the modern opioid misuse (OM) epidemic. After release, relapse and overdose occur at higher rates than the general population. The current study assesses optimism and likelihood of P30D consumption of non-prescription or illicit opioids among JIC. METHODS The study examines a sample of 79,960 JIC from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice. Multivariate logistic regression was employed, controlling for gender, race, family income, age, history of mental problems, history of depression, and county of residence. RESULTS JIC who reported very low optimism on the final screen had over 8 times the odds of meeting criteria for P30D OM compared to those with high optimism while adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed to understand the potential for optimism to serve as a protective factor. Optimism can be developed, and therefore can possibly be incorporated to design novel interventions or integrated into empirically validated treatment programs to precipitate uptake.
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Abstract
Resumo O otimismo consiste em expectativas positivas quanto ao futuro e persistência diante das adversidades. Devido às lacunas teóricas referentes à sua avaliação, no âmbito nacional, esta pesquisa objetivou construir uma escala de otimismo para adultos e investigar suas propriedades psicométricas. Participaram 555 adultos, 18 a 77 anos (M = 33,6; DP = 11,5), sendo a maioria mulheres (65,4%). Após a construção dos itens, foram realizadas análise semântica, análise de juízes, análise fatorial exploratória e verificou-se a precisão. A análise semântica e a análise de juízes indicaram evidências de validade baseadas no conteúdo. A análise fatorial exploratória indicou um modelo de dois fatores, que explicou 47,3% da variância dos dados. Os valores de alfa de Cronbach indicaram a precisão do instrumento (α = 0,94 - Fator 1 e α = 0,92 - Fator 2). Concluiu-se que a escala proposta apresenta evidências de validade baseadas no conteúdo, na estrutura interna e precisão.
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Parsons M, Bailitz J, Chung AS, Mannix A, Battaglioli N, Clinton M, Gottlieb M. Evidence-Based Interventions that Promote Resident Wellness from the Council of Emergency Residency Directors. West J Emerg Med 2020; 21:412-422. [PMID: 32191199 PMCID: PMC7081870 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2019.11.42961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiatives for addressing resident wellness are a recent requirement of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education in response to high rates of resident burnout nationally. We review the literature on wellness and burnout in residency education with a focus on assessment, individual-level interventions, and systemic or organizational interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Parsons
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - John Bailitz
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Arlene S Chung
- Maimonides Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Alexandra Mannix
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Nicole Battaglioli
- Maimonides Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Michelle Clinton
- Carilion Clinic, Department of Emergency Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Rush Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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231
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Anticipatory feelings: Neural correlates and linguistic markers. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:308-324. [PMID: 32061891 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review introduces anticipatory feelings (AF) as a new construct related to the process of anticipation and prediction of future events. AF, defined as the state of awareness of physiological and neurocognitive changes that occur within an oganism in the form of a process of adapting to future events, are an important component of anticipation and expectancy. They encompass bodily-related interoceptive and affective components and are influenced by intrapersonal and dispositional factors, such as optimism, hope, pessimism, or worry. In the present review, we consider evidence from animal and human research, including neuroimaging studies, to characterize the brain structures and brain networks involved in AF. The majority of studies reviewed revealed three brain regions involved in future oriented feelings: 1) the insula; 2) the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC); and 3) the amygdala. Moreover, these brain regions were confirmed by a meta-analysis, using a platform for large-scale, automated synthesis of fMRI data. Finally, by adopting a neurolinguistic and a big data approach, we illustrate how AF are expressed in language.
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232
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Ait-Hadad W, Bénard M, Shankland R, Kesse-Guyot E, Robert M, Touvier M, Hercberg S, Buscail C, Péneau S. Optimism is associated with diet quality, food group consumption and snacking behavior in a general population. Nutr J 2020; 19:6. [PMID: 31959166 PMCID: PMC6971864 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-0522-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dispositional optimism is a psychological trait that has been associated with positive health outcomes such as reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, there is little knowledge on the relationship between optimism and dietary intake in the population. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to assess whether optimism was associated with overall diet quality, food group consumption and snacking. METHODS In 2016, 32,806 adult participants from the NutriNet-Santé study completed the Life-Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R) which assesses dispositional optimism. Overall diet quality (assessed by the mPNNS-Guideline Score) and consumption of 22 food groups were evaluated using at least three self-reported 24-h dietary records. Snacking behavior was evaluated by an ad-hoc question. Logistic and linear regressions were used to analyze the associations between optimism and these dietary behaviors, taking into account socio-demographic, lifestyle and depressive symptomatology characteristics. RESULTS Optimism was associated with greater overall diet quality (β (95% CI) = 0.07 (0.004-0.11), P < 0.0001) and higher consumption of fruit and vegetables, seafood, whole grains, fats, dairy and meat substitutes, legumes, non-salted oleaginous fruits, and negatively associated with consumption of meat and poultry, dairy products, milk-based desserts, sugar and confectionery. In addition, optimism was associated with less snacking (OR (95% CI) = 0.89 (0.84, 0.95)). In contrast, optimism was associated with higher consumption of alcoholic beverage (β (95% CI) = 5.71 (2.54-8.88), P = 0.0004) and appetizers (OR (95% CI) = 1.09 (1.04, 1.14)). Finally, no association was observed between optimism and energy intake. CONCLUSIONS Optimism was associated with better overall diet quality and less snacking. It was also associated with consumption of healthy food groups as well as unhealthy food groups typically consumed in social eating occasions. These findings suggest that optimism could be taken into account in the promotion of a healthy eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassila Ait-Hadad
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13 University, 74, rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France.
| | - Marc Bénard
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13 University, 74, rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13 University, 74, rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Margaux Robert
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13 University, 74, rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13 University, 74, rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Serge Hercberg
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13 University, 74, rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France
- Public Health Department, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France
| | - Camille Buscail
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13 University, 74, rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France
- Public Health Department, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France
| | - Sandrine Péneau
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13 University, 74, rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France
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233
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A predictive model of fear of cancer recurrence for patients undergoing chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer 2020; 28:4173-4181. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-019-05245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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234
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Optimism and pessimism are distinct constructs that have demonstrated independent relationships with aspects of health and well-being. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether optimism or pessimism is more closely linked with physical and mental health among older adults. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. PARTICIPANTS Community-dwelling older adults (N = 272) ages 59-95 in the southern United States. MEASUREMENTS The Life Orientation Test-Revised and the Short Form 8. RESULTS At the bivariate level, optimism was associated with higher physical health and mental health, while pessimism was associated with lower physical health and mental health. Multiple-regression analyses as well as comparison of correlation coefficients found that pessimism was more closely associated with physical health and mental health than optimism. CONCLUSIONS These results add to the literature suggesting that, in terms of older adults' health and well-being, avoiding pessimism may be more important than being optimistic.
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235
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Wrosch C, Scheier MF. Adaptive self-regulation, subjective well-being, and physical health: The importance of goal adjustment capacities. ADVANCES IN MOTIVATION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adms.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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236
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Duy B, Yıldız MA. The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem in the Relationship Between Optimism and Subjective Well-Being. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-017-9698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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237
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Kerksieck P, Bauer GF, Brauchli R. Personal and Social Resources at Work: Reciprocal Relations Between Crafting for Social Job Resources, Social Support at Work and Psychological Capital. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2632. [PMID: 31824390 PMCID: PMC6883902 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability and development of social and personal resources are substantial components of a positive work experience. This study aims to inquire the reciprocal relations between the personal resource of psychological capital (PsyCap; hope, self-efficacy, resilience, and optimism) and the social job resource of social support, as proposed in the job demands-resources theory. There, job crafting is defined as a catalysator to the interplay of social support and PsyCap and is therefore added to this study. Moreover, we test the enabling hypothesis of social support in the context of work. We contribute to the field, as this research (a) examines propositions of a core theory, (b) adds and extends relevant hypotheses from health psychology into occupational psychology, and (c) aims to replicate findings. To capture the dynamic nature of the selected, relevant relationships of the job demands-resources theory, we used a three-wave, 3-month panel design to study 995 employees who were working in a broad range of economic sectors and occupations. Structural equation modeling was used to test hypotheses. Results showed, that social support at work positively influenced the development of PsyCap, supporting and extending the enabling hypothesis of self-efficacy. Counterintuitively, PsyCap and crafting for social job resources were negatively related, indicating (a) that the reliance on personal resources might reduce the necessity to generate social resources, and (b) that crafting is a strategy that consumes personal resources. Previously observed gain cycles were not replicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kerksieck
- Institute of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, Public and Organizational Health, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georg F Bauer
- Institute of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, Public and Organizational Health, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Brauchli
- Institute of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, Public and Organizational Health, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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238
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Lecorps B, Kappel S, Weary DM, von Keyserlingk MAG. Social proximity in dairy calves is affected by differences in pessimism. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223746. [PMID: 31665176 PMCID: PMC6821061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative social interactions have been extensively studied in dairy cattle, but little is known about the establishment of positive (preferential) relationships. Adult dairy cows are known to spend more time at close proximity to specific social partners, indicating that they establish stronger bonds with these animals, but few studies have explored what happens in socially housed calves. In this study, we explored whether calves that spent their entire life in the same social group established social preferences (i.e. pairs of individuals that interact more) that are stable over time (two 48-h periods, separated by three days), across two types of behavior (standing and lying) and across contexts (change in environment and housing design). When housed in an open pack, calves showed consistent proximity patterns when standing (but not when lying). These preferential relationships persisted even after calves were moved into a new pen fitted with free stalls. At the individual level, calves varied in how selective they were in their social relationships, with some calves spending much more time with specific partners than did others. This degree of selectivity was not associated to Sociability, marginally associated to Fearfulness, but was associated with Pessimism (more pessimistic calves were more selective in their social relationships). In conclusion, calves can form selective relationships that appeared to be consistent over time and across context, and the degree to which calves were selective varied in relation to individual differences in Pessimism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lecorps
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah Kappel
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel M. Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marina A. G. von Keyserlingk
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
This research was done to find if using maximum likelihood could reduce the Interactive Optimism Scale-Garcia to a new valid and reliable shorter version. There were 502 adults: 263 women and 239 men (Mage = 34.67, SD = 12.27). It was used in confirmatory factor analysis. A four-item scale is obtained, having excellent goodness of fit: [χ2/df = .609, GFI (Jöreskog and Sörbom's Goodness-of-Fit Index) = .999, NFI (Normed Fit Index) = .999, CFI (Bentler's Comparative Fit Index) = 1.000, RMSEA (Steiger-Lind root mean square error of approximation) = .000 (90% CI = .0001, .077); SRMR (standardized root mean square residual) = .007], as well as factorial invariance across sexes; the scale has good internal consistency (ω = .869, α = .858, ordinal α = .906). Brief Interactive Optimism Scale-G correlates significantly with self-esteem (r = .779, p < . 01, 95% CI [.816, .736]), depression (r = -.810, p < .01, 95% CI [.843, .772]), and psychopathy (r = -.670, p < . 01, 95% CI [.723, .611]). In conclusion, Brief Interactive Optimism Scale-G is a good option for measuring optimism in Mexicans.
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240
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The Development and Validation of the Healthcare Professional Humanization Scale (HUMAS) for Nursing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16203999. [PMID: 31635037 PMCID: PMC6843922 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The approach and use of the term “humanization” is very much present in healthcare. However, instruments for measuring the concept of the humanization of care are yet to be designed and developed. Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate and validate the Healthcare Professional Humanization Scale (HUMAS) for nursing professionals. Method: The sample was made up of 338 adults, who were nurses working at health centers and hospitals, and aged between 22 and 56. Results: The results of the analyses confirm that the Healthcare Professional Humanization Scale (HUMAS) has an adequate construct validity and reliability, and defines the humanization of care as a multidimensional construct, made up of five factors: Affection, Self-efficacy, Emotional understanding, Optimistic disposition and Sociability. Conclusions: The new HUMAS scale may be an easily administered and coded instrument for approaching the humanization of care, not only in research, but also in practice.
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241
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Magee W, Upenieks L. Gender differences in self-esteem, unvarnished self-evaluation, future orientation, self-enhancement and self-derogation in a U.S. national sample. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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242
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The Biology of Human Resilience: Opportunities for Enhancing Resilience Across the Life Span. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86:443-453. [PMID: 31466561 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent scientific and technological advances have brought us closer to being able to apply a true biopsychosocial approach to the study of resilience in humans. Decades of research have identified a range of psychosocial protective factors in the face of stress and trauma. Progress in resilience research is now advancing our understanding of the biology underlying these protective factors at multiple phenotypic levels, including stress response systems, neural circuitry function, and immune responses, in interaction with genetic factors. It is becoming clear that resilience involves active and unique biological processes that buffer the organism against the impact of stress, not simply involve a reversal of pathological mechanisms. Here, we provide an overview of recent progress in the field, highlighting key psychosocial milestones and accompanying biological changes during development, and into adulthood and old age. Continued advances in our understanding of psychological, social, and biological determinants of resilience will contribute to the development of novel interventions and help optimize the type and timing of intervention for those most at risk, resulting in a possible new framework for enhancing resilience across the life span.
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243
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Blacher J, Baker BL. Collateral Effects of Youth Disruptive Behavior Disorders on Mothers' Psychological Distress: Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Intellectual Disability, or Typical Development. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:2810-2821. [PMID: 29071563 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Disruptive behavior disorders were assessed in 160 youth aged 13 years, with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD, n = 48), intellectual disability (ID, n = 28), or typical development (TD, n = 84). Mothers' reported collateral effects on their psychological adjustment were related to both youth disability status and clinical level behavior disorders. More youth with ASD or ID had clinical level behavior disorders than their TD peers, and their mothers reported significantly higher personal stress and psychological symptoms, as well as lower positive impact of the youth on the family. The youth's clinical level behavior disorders accounted for these differences more than the diagnostic status. Mothers high in dispositional optimism reported the lowest stress and psychological symptoms in relationship to youth behavior challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Blacher
- Graduate School of Education, University of California, UCR, Sproul Hall, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Bruce L Baker
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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244
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Optimism and attribution about uncertain events: What happened to missing flight MH370? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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245
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Self-esteem, self-efficacy, and optimism as psychological resources among caregivers of people with dementia: findings from the IDEAL study. Int Psychogeriatr 2019; 31:1259-1266. [PMID: 34658313 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610219001236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Being a family caregiver, and in particular giving care to someone with dementia, impacts mental and physical health and potentially reduces the ability of caregivers to "live well." This paper examines whether three key psychological resources-self-efficacy, optimism, and self-esteem-are associated with better outcomes for caregivers of people with dementia. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Caregivers of 1,283 people with mild-to-moderate dementia in the Improving the Experience of Dementia and Enhancing Active Life (IDEAL) project responded to measures of self-efficacy, optimism, and self-esteem, and "living well" (quality of life, life satisfaction, and well-being). Multivariate linear regression was used to examine the association between psychological resources and "living well". RESULTS Self-efficacy, optimism, and self-esteem were all independently associated with better capability to "live well" for caregivers. This association persisted when accounting for a number of potential confounding variables (age group, sex, and hours of caregiving per day). CONCLUSIONS Low self-efficacy, optimism, and self-esteem might present a risk of poor outcomes for caregivers of people with dementia. These findings encourage us to consider how new or established interventions might increase the psychological resilience of caregivers.
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246
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Optimism is associated with exceptional longevity in 2 epidemiologic cohorts of men and women. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18357-18362. [PMID: 31451635 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900712116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Most research on exceptional longevity has investigated biomedical factors associated with survival, but recent work suggests nonbiological factors are also important. Thus, we tested whether higher optimism was associated with longer life span and greater likelihood of exceptional longevity. Data are from 2 cohorts, women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and men from the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study (NAS), with follow-up of 10 y (2004 to 2014) and 30 y (1986 to 2016), respectively. Optimism was assessed using the Life Orientation Test-Revised in NHS and the Revised Optimism-Pessimism Scale from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 in NAS. Exceptional longevity was defined as survival to age 85 or older. Primary analyses used accelerated failure time models to assess differences in life span associated with optimism; models adjusted for demographic confounders and health conditions, and subsequently considered the role of health behaviors. Further analyses used logistic regression to evaluate the likelihood of exceptional longevity. In both sexes, we found a dose-dependent association of higher optimism levels at baseline with increased longevity (P trend < 0.01). For example, adjusting for demographics and health conditions, women in the highest versus lowest optimism quartile had 14.9% (95% confidence interval, 11.9 to 18.0) longer life span. Findings were similar in men. Participants with highest versus lowest optimism levels had 1.5 (women) and 1.7 (men) greater odds of surviving to age 85; these relationships were maintained after adjusting for health behaviors. Given work indicating optimism is modifiable, these findings suggest optimism may provide a valuable target to test for strategies to promote longevity.
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247
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Levy S, Heruti I, Avitsur R. Physical injury, stress, and health: Protective role of dispositional optimism. Stress Health 2019; 35:267-276. [PMID: 30768837 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Physical injuries are common occurrences that can have substantial implications for personal, emotional, and social functioning. A recent study reported higher prevalence of common illnesses and reduced health-related quality of life (HRQL) in injury victims. Based on these findings, the present study examined the role of the antibody immunoglobulin A (IgA) and the stress hormone cortisol in the association between injury and health. Additionally, the role of daily life stress and dispositional optimism in this association was examined. Thirty-seven victims of injury (e.g., fractures and burns) and 41 noninjured participants were assessed for cortisol and IgA levels and completed a battery of questionnaires assessing illness prevalence, HRQL, perceived stress, and optimism. Injured participants reported higher prevalence of illness and poorer HRQL compared with noninjured participants; however, changes in cortisol or IgA levels did not explain this increase in illness. Correlations between perceived stress and HRQL were stronger in injured participants compared with noninjured controls, indicating that injured individuals are more affected by stress. Dispositional optimism was lower in injured participants, and optimism buffered the negative effect of stress on HRQL. Accordingly, it is suggested that optimism played a protective role against the negative consequences of stress in injured individuals, thus improving HRQL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Levy
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Irit Heruti
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Psychology Department, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Ronit Avitsur
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv, Israel
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248
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Yu J, Putnick DL, Hendricks C, Bornstein MH. Long-Term Effects of Parenting and Adolescent Self-Competence for the Development of Optimism and Neuroticism. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 48:1544-1554. [PMID: 31111366 PMCID: PMC6643290 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-018-0980-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Optimism and neuroticism have strong public health significance; however, their developmental precursors have rarely been identified. This study examined adolescents' self-competence and their parents' parenting practices as developmental origins of optimism and neuroticism in a moderated mediation model. Data were collected when European American adolescents (N = 290, 47% girls) were 14, 18, and 23 years old. Multiple-group path analyses with the nested data revealed that 14-year psychological control and lax behavioral control of both parents predicted lower levels of 18-year adolescence self-competence, which in turn predicted decreased 23-year optimism and increased neuroticism. However, the positive effects of warmth on 18-year optimism were stronger in the context of high maternal and paternal authoritativeness, and the positive effects of warmth on adolescent self-competence was attenuated by maternal authoritarianism. This study identified nuanced effects of parenting on adolescents' competence and personality, which point to important intervention targets to promote positive youth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6555 Rock Spring Drive, Suite 220, Bethesda, MD, 20817-4835, USA.
| | - Diane L Putnick
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6555 Rock Spring Drive, Suite 220, Bethesda, MD, 20817-4835, USA
| | - Charlene Hendricks
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6555 Rock Spring Drive, Suite 220, Bethesda, MD, 20817-4835, USA
| | - Marc H Bornstein
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 6555 Rock Spring Drive, Suite 220, Bethesda, MD, 20817-4835, USA
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GAVÍN CHOCANO Ó, MOLERO D. Estudio sobre inteligencia emocional, satisfacción vital y optimismo disposicional en un centro de día ocupacional de personas con discapacidad intelectual. SIGLO CERO REVISTA ESPAÑOLA SOBRE DISCAPACIDAD INTELECTUAL 2019. [DOI: 10.14201/scero20195034765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Bortolon C, Yazbek H, Norton J, Capdevielle D, Raffard S. The contribution of optimism and hallucinations to grandiose delusions in individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2019; 210:203-206. [PMID: 30639163 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Grandiose delusions (GDs) are defined as false beliefs about having an inflated worth, power, or a special identity which are firmly sustained despite undeniable evidence to the contrary. Although it is the second most commonly encountered delusional beliefs, GDs have received little attention. Thus, in this study, we explored the role of future expectations and sensitivity to reward in GDs in schizophrenia (SZ) disorder. In total, 115 SZ patients completed measures of positive and negative symptoms, sensitivity to reward, depression, and a task in which individuals were asked to estimate the probability that positive, negative and neutral events will occur in the future. Correlation and Linear Regression analyses were performed in order to determine whether sensitivity to reward and future expectations are associated with GDs. Regressions showed that hallucinations and future positive expectations were significantly associated with GDs. In conclusion, the present study showed that higher optimism regarding the future might be important psychological processes associated with the maintenance of GDs in SZ patients. Moreover, it is possible that patients experiencing hallucinations may interpret this phenomenon as a kind of special ability or power, resulting in turn in GDs maintenance. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bortolon
- University Department of Adult Psychiatry, Hospital La Colombière, CHU Montpellier, France; Université Grenoble Alpes - Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Psychologie: Personnalité, Cognition et Changement Social, Grenoble, France.
| | - Hanan Yazbek
- University Department of Adult Psychiatry, Hospital La Colombière, CHU Montpellier, France
| | - Joanna Norton
- INSERM U1061, Montpellier, France; University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Capdevielle
- University Department of Adult Psychiatry, Hospital La Colombière, CHU Montpellier, France; INSERM U1061, Montpellier, France; University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Raffard
- University Department of Adult Psychiatry, Hospital La Colombière, CHU Montpellier, France; Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Univ. Montpellier, EPSYLON EA 4556, F34000, Montpellier, France
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