201
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Tang XF, Zhao JN, Wu YF, Zheng ZH, Ma CF, Yu ZY, Yun L, Liu GZ, Meng QW. Asymmetric α-hydroxylation of β-dicarbonyl compounds by C-2′ modified cinchonine-derived phase-transfer catalysts in batch and flow microreactors. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1781183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Nan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Hao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Cun-Fei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Yi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Wei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
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202
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Yamada T, Park K, Ito N, Masuda H, Teranishi W, Cui S, Sajiki H. Robust Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Deuterium-Labeled β-Nitroalcohols Catalyzed by Basic Anion Exchange Resin. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yamada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Kwihwan Park
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Naoya Ito
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hayato Masuda
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Wataru Teranishi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Sunliang Cui
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Hironao Sajiki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
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203
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Eosin Y: Homogeneous Photocatalytic In-Flow Reactions and Solid-Supported Catalysts for In-Batch Synthetic Transformations. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10165596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the most recent and significant applications of Eosin Y as an organo-photocatalyst will be discussed, focusing the attention on enabling technological aspects in homogeneous photochemical flow reactions, as well as on recent developments in solid-supported catalyst applications for batch synthetic transformations.
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204
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Canale V, Frisi V, Bantreil X, Lamaty F, Zajdel P. Sustainable Synthesis of a Potent and Selective 5-HT 7 Receptor Antagonist Using a Mechanochemical Approach. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10958-10965. [PMID: 32706254 PMCID: PMC7458427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
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A mechanochemical
procedure was developed to obtain PZ-1361, a potent and
selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, with
antidepressant properties in rodents. The elaborated protocol offered
several advantages over classical batch synthesis, including improvement
of the overall yield (from 34% to 64%), reduction of reaction time
(from 60 to 5.5 h), limitation of the use of toxic solvents, and the
formation of byproducts. This approach represents a rare example of
the synthesis of biologically active compounds exclusively performed
using mechanochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Canale
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kraków 30-688, Poland
| | - Valeria Frisi
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kraków 30-688, Poland
| | - Xavier Bantreil
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Paweł Zajdel
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kraków 30-688, Poland
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205
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Design, Fundamental Principles of Fabrication and Applications of Microreactors. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8080891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study highlights the development of small-scale reactors, in the form of microstructures with microchannel networking. Microreactors have achieved an impressive reputation, regarding chemical synthesis ability and their applications in the engineering, pharmaceutical, and biological fields. This review elaborates on the fabrication, construction, and schematic fundamentals in the design of the microreactors and microchannels. The materials used in the fabrication or construction of the microreactors include silicon, polymer, and glass. A general review of the application of microreactors in medical, biological, and engineering fields is carried out and significant improvements in these areas are reported. Finally, we highlight the flow patterns, mixing, and scaling-up of multiphase microreactor developments, with emphasis on the more significant industrial applications.
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206
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Fujiwara K, Ishitani H, Kobayashi S. Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Cationic Lipid SST-01 via Safe and Scalable Aerobic Oxidation and Reductive Amination. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuaki Fujiwara
- Fuji Research Park, Research Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin, Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8731, Japan
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207
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Dallinger D, Gutmann B, Kappe CO. The Concept of Chemical Generators: On-Site On-Demand Production of Hazardous Reagents in Continuous Flow. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1330-1341. [PMID: 32543830 PMCID: PMC7467564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
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In recent years, a steadily growing number of chemists, from both
academia and industry, have dedicated their research to the development
of continuous flow processes performed in milli- or microreactors.
The common availability of continuous flow equipment at virtually
all scales and affordable cost has additionally impacted this trend.
Furthermore, regulatory agencies such as the United States Food and
Drug Administration actively encourage continuous manufacturing of
active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with the vision of quality
and productivity improvements. That is why the pharmaceutical industry
is progressively implementing continuous flow technologies. As a result
of the exceptional characteristics of continuous flow reactors such
as small reactor volumes and remarkably fast heat and mass transfer,
process conditions which need to be avoided in conventional batch
syntheses can be safely employed. Thus, continuous operation is particularly
advantageous for reactions at high temperatures/pressures (novel process
windows) and for ultrafast, exothermic reactions (flash chemistry). In addition to conditions that are outside of the operation range
of conventional stirred tank reactors, reagents possessing a high
hazard potential and therefore not amenable to batch processing can
be safely utilized (forbidden chemistry). Because of the small reactor
volumes, risks in case of a failure are minimized. Such hazardous
reagents often are low molecular weight compounds, leading generally
to the most atom-, time-, and cost-efficient route toward the desired
product. Ideally, they are generated from benign, readily available
and cheap precursors within the closed environment of the flow reactor
on-site on-demand. By doing so, the transport, storage, and handling
of those compounds, which impose a certain safety risk especially
on a large scale, are circumvented. This strategy also positively
impacts the global supply chain dependency, which can be a severe
issue, particularly in times of stricter safety regulations or an
epidemic. The concept of the in situ production of a hazardous material
is generally referred to as the “generator” of the material.
Importantly, in an integrated flow process, multiple modules can be
assembled consecutively, allowing not only an in-line purification/separation
and quenching of the reagent, but also its downstream conversion to
a nonhazardous product. For the past decade, research in our
group has focused on the continuous
generation of hazardous reagents using a range of reactor designs
and experimental techniques, particularly toward the synthesis of
APIs. In this Account, we therefore introduce chemical generator concepts
that have been developed in our laboratories for the production of
toxic, explosive, and short-lived reagents. We have defined three
different classes of generators depending on the reactivity/stability
of the reagents, featuring reagents such as Br2, HCN, peracids,
diazomethane (CH2N2), or hydrazoic acid (HN3). The various reactor designs, including in-line membrane
separation techniques and real-time process analytical technologies
for the generation, purification, and monitoring of those hazardous
reagents, and also their downstream transformations are presented.
This Account should serve as food for thought to extend the scope
of chemical generators for accomplishing more efficient and more economic
processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Dallinger
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernhard Gutmann
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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208
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Fujii T, Kawasaki SI. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of a Biaryl from Model Product Solutions of a Flow Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.19we240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Fujii
- Research Institute of Chemical Process Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Shin-ichiro Kawasaki
- Research Institute of Chemical Process Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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209
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Fernandez-Puertas E, Robinson AJ, Robinson H, Sathiyalingam S, Stubbs H, Edwards LJ. Evaluation and Screening of Spherical Pd/C for Use as a Catalyst in Pharmaceutical-Scale Continuous Hydrogenations. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hannah Robinson
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG15NY, U.K
| | | | - Heather Stubbs
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG15NY, U.K
| | - Lee J. Edwards
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG15NY, U.K
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210
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Otake Y, Shibata Y, Hayashi Y, Kawauchi S, Nakamura H, Fuse S. N‐Methylated Peptide Synthesis via Generation of an Acyl N‐Methylimidazolium Cation Accelerated by a Brønsted Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Otake
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Yusuke Shibata
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hayashi
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Susumu Kawauchi
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku Yokohama 226-8503 Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
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211
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Otake Y, Shibata Y, Hayashi Y, Kawauchi S, Nakamura H, Fuse S. N-Methylated Peptide Synthesis via Generation of an Acyl N-Methylimidazolium Cation Accelerated by a Brønsted Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12925-12930. [PMID: 32274844 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of a robust amide-bond formation remains a critical aspect of N-methylated peptide synthesis. In this study, we synthesized a variety of dipeptides in high yields, without severe racemization, from equivalent amounts of amino acids. Highly reactive N-methylimidazolium cation species were generated in situ to accelerate the amidation. The key to success was the addition of a strong Brønsted acid. The developed amidation enabled the synthesis of a bulky peptide with a higher yield in a shorter amount of time compared with the results of conventional amidation. In addition, the amidation can be performed by using either a microflow reactor or a conventional flask. The first total synthesis of naturally occurring bulky N-methylated peptides, pterulamides I-IV, was achieved. Based on experimental results and theoretical calculations, we speculated that a Brønsted acid would accelerate the rate-limiting generation of acyl imidazolium cations from mixed carbonic anhydrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Otake
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shibata
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hayashi
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Susumu Kawauchi
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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212
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Guo J, Huang L. Membrane-core nanoparticles for cancer nanomedicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 156:23-39. [PMID: 32450105 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most severe disease burdens in modern times, with an estimated increase in the number of patients diagnosed globally from 18.1 million in 2018 to 23.6 million in 2030. Despite a significant progress achieved by conventional therapies, they have limitations and are still far from ideal. Therefore, safe, effective and widely-applicable treatments are urgently needed. Over the past decades, the development of novel delivery approaches based on membrane-core (MC) nanostructures for transporting chemotherapeutics, nucleic acids and immunomodulators has significantly improved anticancer efficacy and reduced side effects. In this review, the formulation strategies based on MC nanostructures for delivery of anticancer drug are described, and recent advances in the application of MC nanoformulations to overcome the delivery hurdles for clinical translation are discussed.
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213
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Yalamanchili S, Nguyen TAV, Pohl NLB, Bennett CS. Modular continuous flow synthesis of orthogonally protected 6-deoxy glucose glycals. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:3254-3257. [PMID: 32293636 PMCID: PMC7289173 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00522c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient, modular continuous flow process towards accessing two orthogonally protected glycals is described with the development of reaction conditions for several common protecting group additions in flow, including the addition of benzyl, naphthylmethyl and tert-butyldimethylsilyl ethers. The process affords the desired target compounds in 57-74% overall yield in just 21-37 minutes of flow time. Furthermore, unlike batch conditions, the flow processes avoided the need for active cooling to prevent unwanted exotherms and required shorter reaction times.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tu-Anh V Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave, Medford, MA 02145, USA.
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Dr, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Clay S Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave, Medford, MA 02145, USA.
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214
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Kandasamy M, Amalraj AJJ, Perumal G, Ganesan B, Senadi GC, Lin WY. Continuous flow as a benign strategy for the synthesis of Thioesters via selective C-N bond cleavage. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00090-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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215
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Rodríguez‐Rodríguez M, Maestro A, Andrés JM, Pedrosa R. Supported Bifunctional Chiral Thioureas as Catalysts in the Synthesis of 3‐Amino‐2‐Oxindoles through Enantioselective aza‐Friedel‐Crafts Reaction: Application in Continuous Flow Processes. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rodríguez‐Rodríguez
- Instituto CINQUIMA and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Valladolid Paseo Belén 7 47011- Valladolid Spain
| | - Alicia Maestro
- Instituto CINQUIMA and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Valladolid Paseo Belén 7 47011- Valladolid Spain
| | - José M. Andrés
- Instituto CINQUIMA and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Valladolid Paseo Belén 7 47011- Valladolid Spain
| | - Rafael Pedrosa
- Instituto CINQUIMA and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Valladolid Paseo Belén 7 47011- Valladolid Spain
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216
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Hughes DL. Applications of Flow Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry—Highlights of the Recent Patent Literature. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Hughes
- Cidara Therapeutics, Inc., 6310 Nancy Ridge Drive, Suite 101, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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217
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218
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Li B, Weisenburger GA, McWilliams JC. Practical Considerations and Examples in Adapting Amidations to Continuous Flow Processing in Early Development. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Li
- Chemical Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Science Small Molecules Division, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gerald A. Weisenburger
- Chemical Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Science Small Molecules Division, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - J. Christopher McWilliams
- Chemical Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Science Small Molecules Division, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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219
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Mao M, Zhang L, Yao H, Wan L, Xin Z. Development and Scale-up of the Rapid Synthesis of Triphenyl Phosphites in Continuous Flow. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:9503-9509. [PMID: 32363302 PMCID: PMC7191834 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for the synthesis of triphenyl phosphite and its derivatives has been developed in continuous flow. With a total residence time of 20 s, the target product was prepared in a microreactor, and the reaction time was significantly shortened compared with standard single batch reaction conditions. In addition, the reaction of various substrates gave the corresponding products in good to excellent yields under optimized conditions. The reactants could be employed in a stoichiometric ratio, making the reaction more efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly. In addition, scale-up apparatus was designed and assembled, and the kilogram-scale production (up to 18.4 kg/h) of tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite was achieved in 88% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmei Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hanlin Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li Wan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhong Xin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering,
School of Chemical Engineering, East China
University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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220
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Sugisawa N, Nakamura H, Fuse S. Micro-flow synthesis of β-amino acid derivatives via a rapid dual activation approach. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4527-4530. [PMID: 32242563 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01403f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid dual activation (≤3.3 s) of both β-amino acid N-carboxy anhydride and alkyl chloroformate for the synthesis of a β-amino acid-derived scaffold was demonstrated. The key to success was the use of rapid mixing enabled by using a micro-flow reactor. The one-flow synthesis of 22 β-amino acid derivatives was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Sugisawa
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
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221
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Ötvös SB, Kappe CO. Continuous-Flow Amide and Ester Reductions Using Neat Borane Dimethylsulfide Complex. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:1800-1807. [PMID: 31894652 PMCID: PMC7187139 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reductions of amides and esters are of critical importance in synthetic chemistry, and there are numerous protocols for executing these transformations employing traditional batch conditions. Notably, strategies based on flow chemistry, especially for amide reductions, are much less explored. Herein, a simple process was developed in which neat borane dimethylsulfide complex (BH3 ⋅DMS) was used to reduce various esters and amides under continuous-flow conditions. Taking advantage of the solvent-free nature of the commercially available borane reagent, high substrate concentrations were realized, allowing outstanding productivity and a significant reduction in E-factors. In addition, with carefully optimized short residence times, the corresponding alcohols and amines were obtained in high selectivity and high yields. The synthetic utility of the inexpensive and easily implemented flow protocol was further corroborated by multigram-scale syntheses of pharmaceutically relevant products. Owing to its beneficial features, including low solvent and reducing agent consumption, high selectivity, simplicity, and inherent scalability, the present process demonstrates fewer environmental concerns than most typical batch reductions using metal hydrides as reducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B. Ötvös
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
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Chiral imidazolidinones: A class of priviliged organocatalysts in stereoselective organic synthesis. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Chiral molecules hold a mail position in Organic and Biological Chemistry, so pharmaceutical industry needs suitable strategies for drug synthesis. Moreover, Green Chemistry procedures are increasingly required in order to avoid environment deterioration. Catalytic synthesis, in particular organocatalysis, in thus a continuously expanding field. A survey of more recent researches involving chiral imidazolidinones is here presented, with a particular focus on immobilized catalytic systems.
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223
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Baumer B, Classen T, Pohl M, Pietruszka J. Efficient Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate [NADP(H)] Recycling in Closed‐Loop Continuous Flow Biocatalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Baumer
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf imForschungszentrum Jülich Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.8 D-52426 Jülich Germany
| | - Thomas Classen
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften (IBG-1: Biotechnologie)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH D-52456 Jülich Germany
| | - Martina Pohl
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften (IBG-1: Biotechnologie)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH D-52456 Jülich Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institut für Bioorganische Chemie der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf imForschungszentrum Jülich Stetternicher Forst, Geb. 15.8 D-52426 Jülich Germany
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften (IBG-1: Biotechnologie)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH D-52456 Jülich Germany
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224
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Yang C, Li R, Zhang KAI, Lin W, Landfester K, Wang X. Heterogeneous photoredox flow chemistry for the scalable organosynthesis of fine chemicals. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1239. [PMID: 32144271 PMCID: PMC7060272 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14983-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale photochemical synthesis of high value chemicals under mild conditions is an ideal method of green chemical production. However, a scalable photocatalytic process has been barely reported due to the costly preparation, low stability of photosensitizers and critical reaction conditions required for classical photocatalysts. Here, we report the merging of flow chemistry with heterogeneous photoredox catalysis for the facile production of high value compounds in a continuous flow reactor with visible light at room temperature in air. In the flow reactor system, polymeric carbon nitrides, which are cheap, sustainable and stable heterogeneous photocatalysts, are immobilized onto glass beads and fibers, demonstrating a highly flexible construction possibility for devices of the photocatalytic materials. As an example of the production of high value chemicals, important chemical structures such as cyclobutanes, which are basic building blocks for many pharmaceutical compounds, like magnosalin, are synthesized in flow with high catalytic efficiency and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Run Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kai A I Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Wei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China.
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225
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Yim SJ, Ramanjaneyulu BT, Vidyacharan S, Yang YD, Kang IS, Kim DP. Compact reaction-module on a pad for scalable flow-production of organophosphates as drug scaffolds. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:973-978. [PMID: 31998900 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01099h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing receives intense attention as an alternative way to meet flexible market needs with the assurance of higher safety and quality control. Here, we report a compact reaction-module on a pad (CRP, 170 × 170 × 1.2 mm) for scale-up production of drug precursors in a continuous-flow. The CRP system was devised by stacking 9 films of the patterned polyimide to integrate micro-flow circuits, combining the functions of the even distribution of feeds, being completely mixed in less than a few milliseconds. A methodology of using a highly reactive species for the single-step synthesis of α-phosphonyloxy ketone, a drug scaffold, required the synthesis time of a few seconds in microfluidics. The fast reaction in the single CRP was capable of producing 19.2 g h-1 drug precursor, which indicates a solid step toward kilogram-scale pharmaceutical manufacturing in small footage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jun Yim
- Center of Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Korea.
| | - Bandaru T Ramanjaneyulu
- Center of Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Korea.
| | - Shinde Vidyacharan
- Center of Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Korea.
| | - Yu Dong Yang
- Computational Fluid Dynamics, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Korea.
| | - In Seok Kang
- Computational Fluid Dynamics, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Korea.
| | - Dong-Pyo Kim
- Center of Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Korea.
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226
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Yoo WJ, Ishitani H, Saito Y, Laroche B, Kobayashi S. Reworking Organic Synthesis for the Modern Age: Synthetic Strategies Based on Continuous-Flow Addition and Condensation Reactions with Heterogeneous Catalysts. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5132-5145. [PMID: 32069417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
While organic synthesis carried out in most laboratories uses batch methods, there is growing interest in modernizing fine chemical synthesis through continuous-flow processes. As a synthetic method, flow processes have several advantages over batch systems in terms of environmental compatibility, efficiency, and safety, and recent advances have allowed for the synthesis of several complex molecules, including active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Nevertheless, due to several reasons related to the difficulties arising from byproduct formation during the flow process, such as lower yields, poor selectivities, clogging of columns due to poor solubility, catalyst poisoning, etc., successful examples of continuous-flow synthesis of complex organic molecules are still limited. In order to solve this bottleneck, the development of selective and atom-economical continuous-flow organic transformations are needed. This perspective highlights examples of atom-economical addition and condensation reactions with heterogeneous catalysts under continuous-flow conditions and their applications for the synthesis of complex organic molecules such as natural products and APIs. In order to realize new continuous-flow methodologies, based on addition and condensation reactions, in place of substitution reactions, the development of novel reactions and heterogeneous catalysts is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Yoo
- Green & Sustainable Chemistry Cooperation Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Haruro Ishitani
- Green & Sustainable Chemistry Cooperation Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuki Saito
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Benjamin Laroche
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shu Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Green & Sustainable Chemistry Cooperation Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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227
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Scaling continuous API synthesis from milligram to kilogram: extending the enabling benefits of micro to the plant. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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228
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Li P, Yang S, Zhu R, Sun B, Li Z, Huang P, Buser JY, Miguel Minguez J, Ryan SJ. Continuous Flow Conditions for High Temperature Formation of a Benzodioxan Pharmaceutical Intermediate: Rapid Scaleup for Early Phase Material Delivery. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengbin Li
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (“STA”), No. 7 Building, #90 Delin Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaohui Yang
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (“STA”), No. 7 Building, #90 Delin Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiheng Zhu
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (“STA”), No. 7 Building, #90 Delin Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoquan Sun
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (“STA”), No. 7 Building, #90 Delin Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongbo Li
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (“STA”), No. 7 Building, #90 Delin Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Huang
- Shanghai SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (“STA”), No. 7 Building, #90 Delin Road, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jonas Y. Buser
- Eli Lilly and Company, Small Molecule Design and Development (SMDD), Lilly Technology Center North, 1223 West Morris Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46221, United States
| | - Jose Miguel Minguez
- Eli Lilly and Company, Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies (DCRT), Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarah J. Ryan
- Eli Lilly and Company, Small Molecule Design and Development (SMDD), Lilly Technology Center North, 1223 West Morris Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46221, United States
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229
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Lee DS, Sharabi M, Jefferson-Loveday R, Pickering SJ, Poliakoff M, George MW. Scalable Continuous Vortex Reactor for Gram to Kilo Scale for UV and Visible Photochemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren S. Lee
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Medhat Sharabi
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Richard Jefferson-Loveday
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Pickering
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Martyn Poliakoff
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael W. George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
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230
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Checchia S, Mulligan CJ, Emerich H, Alxneit I, Krumeich F, Di Michiel M, Thompson PBJ, Hii KKM, Ferri D, Newton MA. Pd-LaFeO 3 Catalysts in Aqueous Ethanol: Pd Reduction, Leaching, and Structural Transformations in the Presence of a Base. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Checchia
- ID15A, ESRF—The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue Des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- MAX-IV Laboratory, Lund University, Fotongatan 2, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christopher J. Mulligan
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Hermann Emerich
- Swiss−Norwegian Beamlines (SNBL), ESRF—The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue Des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ivo Alxneit
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Frank Krumeich
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg, 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Di Michiel
- ID15A, ESRF—The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue Des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Paul. B. J. Thompson
- XMaS UK CRG Beamline, ESRF—The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue Des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - King Kuok Mimi Hii
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Davide Ferri
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Mark A. Newton
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg, 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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231
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Kashani SK, Jessiman JE, Newman SG. Exploring Homogeneous Conditions for Mild Buchwald–Hartwig Amination in Batch and Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed K. Kashani
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Jacob E. Jessiman
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Stephen G. Newman
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
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232
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233
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Reis MH, Leibfarth FA, Pitet LM. Polymerizations in Continuous Flow: Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Diverse Polymeric Materials. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:123-133. [PMID: 35638663 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The number of reports using continuous flow technology in tubular reactors to perform precision polymerizations has grown enormously in recent years. Flow polymerizations allow highly efficient preparation of polymers exhibiting well-defined molecular characteristics, and has been applied to a slew of monomers and various polymerization mechanisms, including anionic, cationic, radical, and ring-opening. Polymerization conducted in continuous flow offers several distinct advantages, including improved efficiency, reproducibility, and enhanced safety for exothermic polymerizations using highly toxic components, high pressures, and high temperatures. The further development of this technology is thus of relevance for many industrial polymerization processes. While much progress has been demonstrated in recent years, opportunities remain for increasing the compositional and architectural complexity of polymeric materials synthesized in a continuous fashion. Extending the reactor processing principles that have heretofore been focused on optimizing homopolymerization to include multisegment block copolymers, particularly from monomers that propagate via incompatible mechanisms, represents a major challenge and coveted target for continuous flow polymerization. Likewise, the spatial and temporal control of reactivity afforded by flow chemistry has and will continue to enable the production of complex polymeric architectures. This Viewpoint offers a brief background of continuous flow polymerization focused primarily on tubular (micro)reactors and includes selected examples that are relevant to these specific developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus H. Reis
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Louis M. Pitet
- Advanced Polymer Functionalization Group, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
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234
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Rojahn P, Ruß O, Gössl L, Kroschel M, Herbstritt F, Heck J, Schael F. Mixing Performance in a Distributed-Feed Plate-Type Reactor with Multinozzle Injection for Fine Chemical Production Scale. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Rojahn
- Chemical Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Hochschule Darmstadt-University of Applied Sciences, Stephanstraße 7, D-64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Oliver Ruß
- Chemical Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Hochschule Darmstadt-University of Applied Sciences, Stephanstraße 7, D-64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lars Gössl
- Chemical Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Hochschule Darmstadt-University of Applied Sciences, Stephanstraße 7, D-64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroschel
- Ehrfeld Mikrotechnik GmbH, Mikroforum Ring 1, D-55234 Wendelsheim, Germany
| | - Frank Herbstritt
- Ehrfeld Mikrotechnik GmbH, Mikroforum Ring 1, D-55234 Wendelsheim, Germany
| | - Joachim Heck
- Ehrfeld Mikrotechnik GmbH, Mikroforum Ring 1, D-55234 Wendelsheim, Germany
| | - Frank Schael
- Chemical Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Hochschule Darmstadt-University of Applied Sciences, Stephanstraße 7, D-64295 Darmstadt, Germany
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235
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Baumann M, Moody TS, Smyth M, Wharry S. A Perspective on Continuous Flow Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- University College Dublin, School of Chemistry, Science Centre, South Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Thomas S. Moody
- Almac Group Ltd., 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom
- Arran Chemical Company, Unit 1 Monksland Industrial Estate, Athlone, Co. Roscommon N37 DN24, Ireland
| | - Megan Smyth
- Almac Group Ltd., 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Wharry
- Almac Group Ltd., 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom
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236
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Menges-Flanagan G, Deitmann E, Gössl L, Hofmann C, Löb P. Scalable Continuous Synthesis of Grignard Reagents from in Situ-Activated Magnesium Metal. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Deitmann
- Fraunhofer IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
- Hochschule Emden Leer, Constantiaplatz 4, 26723 Emden, Germany
| | - Lars Gössl
- Fraunhofer IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
- Hochschule Darmstadt, Stephanstrasse 7, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Löb
- Fraunhofer IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
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237
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De Risi C, Bortolini O, Brandolese A, Di Carmine G, Ragno D, Massi A. Recent advances in continuous-flow organocatalysis for process intensification. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00076k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The progresses on continuous-flow organocatalysis from 2016 to early 2020 are reviewed with focus on transition from batch to flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela De Risi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | | | | | - Daniele Ragno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- I-44121 Ferrara
- Italy
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238
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Huo F, Lu Y. Homogeneous synthesis of hydroxylamine hydrochloride via acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of nitromethane. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00468h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A continuous homogeneous synthesis of NH2OH·HCl was achieved and well described with a segmented semi-empirical kinetics model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yangcheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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239
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Grabner B, Schweiger AK, Gavric K, Kourist R, Gruber-Woelfler H. A chemo-enzymatic tandem reaction in a mixture of deep eutectic solvent and water in continuous flow. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00467j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvent (DES) enables drastic increase in substrate solubility and solvent compatibility of a chemo-enzymatic two-step flow process combining enzymatic decarboxylation and Pd-catalyzed Heck coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Grabner
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Anna K. Schweiger
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Kristian Gavric
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Robert Kourist
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
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240
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Fülöp Z, Szemesi P, Bana P, Éles J, Greiner I. Evolution of flow-oriented design strategies in the continuous preparation of pharmaceuticals. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the flow-oriented design (FOD) in the multi-step continuous-flow synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Fülöp
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Péter Szemesi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
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241
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Zhang J, Zhang S, Peng C, Chen Y, Tang Z, Wu Q. Continuous synthesis of 2,5-hexanedione through direct C–C coupling of acetone in a Hilbert fractal photo microreactor. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00247j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A Hilbert fractal photo microreactor (PMR) was developed and used in the continuous photochemical synthesis of 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HDN) via direct C–C coupling of acetone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- PR China
| | - Suqi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- PR China
| | - Ci Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- PR China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- PR China
| | - Zhiyong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- PR China
| | - Qing Wu
- Department of Science and Technology Development
- China National Offshore Oil Corporation
- Beijing
- PR China
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242
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Momeni S, Nematollahi D. Electrolyte-free paired electrosynthesis of some pyrimidine derivatives using flow electrochemistry as a powerful technology. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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243
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De Santis P, Meyer LE, Kara S. The rise of continuous flow biocatalysis – fundamentals, very recent developments and future perspectives. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00335b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Very recent developments in the field of biocatalysis in continuously operated systems. Special attention on the future perspectives in this key emerging technological area ranging from process analytical technologies to digitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera De Santis
- Aarhus University
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical Engineering Section
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group
- DK 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Lars-Erik Meyer
- Aarhus University
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical Engineering Section
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group
- DK 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Selin Kara
- Aarhus University
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical Engineering Section
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group
- DK 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
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244
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Damião MCFCB, Marçon HM, Pastre JC. Continuous flow synthesis of the URAT1 inhibitor lesinurad. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00483a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A 5-steps continuous flow synthesis of lesinurad is provided and delivers this API in 68% overall yield.
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245
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Ramanjaneyulu BT, Vidyacharan S, Ahn GN, Kim DP. Ultrafast synthesis of 2-(benzhydrylthio)benzo[ d]oxazole, an antimalarial drug, via an unstable lithium thiolate intermediate in a capillary microreactor. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00038h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We present an ultrafast approach for the synthesis of 2-(benzhydrylthio)benzo[d]oxazole, an antimalarial drug, in 75% yield from benzo[d]oxazole-2-thiol and benzhydryl bromide via an unstable lithium thiolate intermediate in the presence of n-BuLi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandaru T. Ramanjaneyulu
- Center of Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- 37673 Korea
| | - Shinde Vidyacharan
- Center of Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- 37673 Korea
| | - Gwang-Noh Ahn
- Center of Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- 37673 Korea
| | - Dong-Pyo Kim
- Center of Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- 37673 Korea
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246
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Zhu Y, Chen Q, Shao L, Jia Y, Zhang X. Microfluidic immobilized enzyme reactors for continuous biocatalysis. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00217k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This review investigates strategies for employing μ-IMERs for continuous biocatalysis via a top-down approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hong Kong
- China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute
| | - Qingming Chen
- Department of Applied Physics
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hong Kong
- China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute
| | - Liyang Shao
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Yanwei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed Signal VLSI
- Institute of Microelectronics
- University of Macau
- Macau
- China
| | - Xuming Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Hong Kong
- China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute
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247
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Martín N, Cirujano FG. Organic synthesis of high added value molecules with MOF catalysts. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:8058-8073. [PMID: 33001113 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01571g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent examples of organic synthesis of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals in confined spaces of MOFs are highlighted and compared with silica-based ordered porous solids, such as zeolites or mesoporous (organo)silica. These heterogeneous catalysts offer the possibility of stabilizing the desired transition states and/or intermediates during organic transformations of functional groups and (C-C/C-N) bond forming steps towards the desired functional high added value molecular scaffolds. A short introduction on zeolites, mesoporous silica and metal-organic frameworks is followed by relevant applications in which confined active sites in the pores promote single or multi-step organic synthesis of industrially relevant molecules. A critical discussion on the catalytic performances of the different types of hybrid inorganic-organic catalysts in the synthesis of O- and N-containing acyclic and heterocyclic molecules has been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Martín
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez no 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Francisco G Cirujano
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez no 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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248
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Emmanuel M, Horváth D, Tóth Á. Flow-driven crystal growth of lithium phosphate in microchannels. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00540a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Flow-driven asymmetric growth of lithium phosphate in the presence of concentration gradients in a microchannel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Emmanuel
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- Hungary
| | - Dezső Horváth
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- Hungary
| | - Ágota Tóth
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
- University of Szeged
- Szeged
- Hungary
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249
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Dhakshinamoorthy A, Navalon S, Asiri AM, Garcia H. Metal organic frameworks as solid catalysts for liquid-phase continuous flow reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:26-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07953j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This Feature Article describes the recent developments in the use of MOFs as catalysts under continuous flow conditions illustrating that these materials can meet the required stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Navalon
- Departamento de Quimica
- Universitat Politecnica de Valencia
- 46022 Valencia
- Spain
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Hermenegildo Garcia
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah
- Saudi Arabia
- Departamento de Quimica and Instituto Universitario de Tecnologia Quimica (CSIC-UPV)
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250
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Ötvös SB, Pericàs MA, Kappe CO. Multigram-scale flow synthesis of the chiral key intermediate of (-)-paroxetine enabled by solvent-free heterogeneous organocatalysis. Chem Sci 2019; 10:11141-11146. [PMID: 32206263 PMCID: PMC7069365 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04752b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic enantioselective synthesis of the chiral key intermediate of the antidepressant (-)-paroxetine is demonstrated as a continuous flow process on multi-gram scale. The critical step is a solvent-free organocatalytic conjugate addition followed by a telescoped reductive amination-lactamization-amide/ester reduction sequence. Due to the efficient heterogeneous catalysts and the solvent-free or highly concentrated conditions applied, the flow method offers key advances in terms of productivity and sustainability compared to earlier batch approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Graz , NAWI Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28 , A-8010 Graz , Austria .
| | - Miquel A Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , Av. Països Catalans 16 , E-43007 Tarragona , Spain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica , Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , E-08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Graz , NAWI Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28 , A-8010 Graz , Austria .
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) , Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) , Inffeldgasse 13 , A-8010 Graz , Austria .
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