201
|
Li H, Li D. Preparation of a pipette tip-based molecularly imprinted solid-phase microextraction monolith by epitope approach and its application for determination of enkephalins in human cerebrospinal fluid. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:330-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
202
|
Bandelow B, Wedekind D. Possible role of a dysregulation of the endogenous opioid system in antisocial personality disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol 2015; 30:393-415. [PMID: 26250442 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Around half the inmates in prison institutions have antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). A recent theory has proposed that a dysfunction of the endogenous opioid system (EOS) underlies the neurobiology of borderline personality disorder (BPD). In the present theoretical paper, based on a comprehensive database and hand search of the relevant literature, this hypothesis is extended to ASPD, which may be the predominant expression of EOS dysfunction in men, while the same pathology underlies BPD in women. According to evidence from human and animal studies, the problematic behaviours of persons with antisocial, callous, or psychopathic traits may be seen as desperate, unconscious attempts to stimulate their deficient EOS, which plays a key role in brain reward circuits. If the needs of this system are not being met, the affected persons experience dysphoric mood, discomfort, or irritability, and strive to increase binding of endogenous opioids to receptors by using the rewarding effects of aggression by exertion of physical or manipulative power on others, by abusing alcohol or substances that have the reward system as target, by creating an "endorphin rush" by self-harm, by increasing the frequency of their sexual contacts, or by impulsive actions and sensation seeking. Symptoms associated with ASPD can be treated with opioid antagonists like naltrexone, naloxone, or nalmefene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borwin Bandelow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Wedekind
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Gretton SK, Droney J. Splice variation of the mu-opioid receptor and its effect on the action of opioids. Br J Pain 2015; 8:133-8. [PMID: 26516547 DOI: 10.1177/2049463714547115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An individual's response to opioids is influenced by a complex combination of genetic, molecular and phenotypic factors.Intra- and inter-individual variations in response to mu opioids have led to the suggestion that mu-opioid receptor subtypes exist.Scientists have now proven that mu-opioid receptor subtypes exist and that they occur through a mechanism promoting protein diversity, called alternative splicing.The ability of mu opioids to differentially activate splice variants may explain some of the clinical differences observed between mu opioids.This article examines how differential activation of splice variants by mu opioids occurs through alternative mu-opioid receptor binding, through differential receptor activation, and as a result of the distinct distribution of variants located regionally and at the cellular level.
Collapse
|
204
|
Zádor F, Wollemann M. Receptome: Interactions between three pain-related receptors or the "Triumvirate" of cannabinoid, opioid and TRPV1 receptors. Pharmacol Res 2015; 102:254-63. [PMID: 26520391 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A growing amount of data demonstrates the interactions between cannabinoid, opioid and the transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptors. These interactions can be bidirectional, inhibitory or excitatory, acute or chronic in their nature, and arise both at the molecular level (structurally and functionally) and in physiological processes, such as pain modulation or perception. The interactions of these three pain-related receptors may also reserve important and new therapeutic applications for the treatment of chronic pain or inflammation. In this review, we summarize the main findings on the interactions between the cannabinoid, opioid and the TRPV1 receptor regarding to pain modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Zádor
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Maria Wollemann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Wang Y, Liu X, Wang D, Yang J, Zhao L, Yu J, Wang R. Endomorphin-1 analogues (MELs) penetrate the blood–brain barrier and exhibit good analgesic effects with minimal side effects. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:312-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
206
|
Brown PJ, Cleghorn JM, Brown GM, Blackall MH. The Neuroendocrinology of Schizophrenia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00207411.1980.11448865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
207
|
Cyclic endomorphin analogs in targeting opioid receptors to achieve pain relief. Future Med Chem 2015; 6:2093-101. [PMID: 25531970 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Endomorphins, the endogenous ligands of the µ-opioid receptor, are attractive candidates for opioid-based pain-relieving agents. These tetrapeptides, with their remarkable affinity for the µ-opioid receptor, display favorable antinociceptive activity when injected directly into the brain of experimental animals. However, the application of endomorphins as clinical analgesics has been impeded by their instability in body fluids and inability to reach the brain after systemic administration. Among numerous modifications of the endomorphin structure aimed at improving their pharmacological properties, cyclization can be viewed as an interesting option. Here, we have summarized recent advances in obtaining endomorphin-based cyclic peptide analogs.
Collapse
|
208
|
Modulation of disulfide dual ENKephalinase inhibitors (DENKIs) activity by a transient N-protection for pain alleviation by oral route. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 102:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
209
|
Zhang C, Liu SS, Sun B, Tian J. Practical Peptide Synthesis Mediated by a Recyclable Hypervalent Iodine Reagent and Tris(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine. Org Lett 2015; 17:4106-9. [PMID: 26252539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
6-(3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H,4H-2aλ(3)-ioda-2,3-dioxacyclopenta[hi]indene-1,4-dione (p-BTFP-iodosodilactone, 1a) was synthesized and demonstrated to be an efficient hypervalent iodine(III) reagent for the synthesis of dipeptides from various standard amino acids, including sterically hindered amino acids, in good to high yields within 30 min in the presence of tris(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine. In addition, the combined system of 1a/(4-MeOC6H4)3P was used to synthesize the pentapeptide leu-enkephalin in protected form. It is worth noting that 1a can be regenerated readily after reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shan-Shan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Melander O, Orho-Melander M, Manjer J, Svensson T, Almgren P, Nilsson PM, Engström G, Hedblad B, Borgquist S, Hartmann O, Struck J, Bergmann A, Belting M. Stable Peptide of the Endogenous Opioid Enkephalin Precursor and Breast Cancer Risk. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:2632-8. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.59.7682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In experimental studies, enkephalins (ENKs) and related opioids have been implicated as negative regulators of breast cancer development by enhancing immune-mediated tumoral defense as well as directly inhibiting cancer cells. We hypothesized that plasma levels of ENKs are predictive of the long-term breast cancer risk. Therefore, our objective was to measure pro-ENK A, a surrogate for mature ENK, and evaluate its predictive value for the development of breast cancer in a large population of middle-aged women and an independent study population. Patients and Methods We related pro-ENK in fasting plasma samples from 1,929 healthy women (mean age, 57.6 ± 5.9 years) of the Malmö Diet and Cancer study to breast cancer incidence (n = 123) during a median follow-up of 14.7 years. For replication, pro-ENK was related to risk of breast cancer (n = 130) in an older independent sample from the Malmö Preventive Project consisting of 1,569 women (mean age, 70.0 ± 4.4 years). Results In the Malmö Diet and Cancer study, pro-ENK was inversely related to the risk of incident breast cancer, with a hazard ratio per each standard deviation increment of logarithm-transformed pro-ENK of 0.72 (95% CI, 0.62 to 0.85; P < .001). The linear elevation of risk over pro-ENK quartiles 3, 2, and 1, with the fourth quartile as a reference, was 1.38 (95% CI, 0.73 to 2.64), 2.29 (95% CI, 1.26 to 4.15), and 3.16 (95% CI, 1.78 to 5.60; for the trend, P < .001), respectively. These results were replicated in the Malmö Preventive Project, where the continuous odds ratio for incident breast cancer was 0.63 (95% CI, 0.52 to 0.76; P < .001) and the risk over pro-ENK quartiles 3, 2, and 1, where the fourth quartile was the reference, was 2.48 (95% CI, 1.25 to 4.94), 2.94 (95% CI, 1.50 to 5.77), and 4.81 (95% CI, 2.52 to 9.18; for the trend, P < .001), respecitvely. Conclusion Low fasting plasma concentration of the opioid precursor peptide pro-ENK is associated with an increased risk of future breast cancer in middle-aged and postmenopausal women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olle Melander
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Jonas Manjer
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Thomas Svensson
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Peter Almgren
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Peter M. Nilsson
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Bo Hedblad
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Signe Borgquist
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Oliver Hartmann
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Joachim Struck
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| | - Mattias Belting
- Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jonas Manjer, Thomas Svensson, Peter Almgren, Peter M. Nilsson, Gunnar Engström, and Bo Hedblad, Lund University, Malmö; Signe Borgquist and Mattias Belting, Lund University, Lund; Olle Melander, Jonas Manjer, Peter M. Nilsson, Signe Borgquist, and Mattias Belting, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden; Thomas Svensson, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Oliver Hartmann, Joachim Struck, and Andreas Bergmann, sphingotec, Hennigsdorf; and Andreas Bergmann
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Murray PG, Higham CE, Clayton PE. 60 YEARS OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: The hypothalamo-GH axis: the past 60 years. J Endocrinol 2015; 226:T123-40. [PMID: 26040485 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
At the time of the publication of Geoffrey Harris's monograph on 'Neural control of the pituitary gland' 60 years ago, the pituitary was recognised to produce a growth factor, and extracts administered to children with hypopituitarism could accelerate growth. Since then our understanding of the neuroendocrinology of the GH axis has included identification of the key central components of the GH axis: GH-releasing hormone and somatostatin (SST) in the 1970s and 1980s and ghrelin in the 1990s. Characterisation of the physiological control of the axis was significantly advanced by frequent blood sampling studies in the 1980s and 1990s; the pulsatile pattern of GH secretion and the factors that influenced the frequency and amplitude of the pulses have been defined. Over the same time, spontaneously occurring and targeted mutations in the GH axis in rodents combined with the recognition of genetic causes of familial hypopituitarism demonstrated the key factors controlling pituitary development. As the understanding of the control of GH secretion advanced, developments of treatments for GH axis disorders have evolved. Administration of pituitary-derived human GH was followed by the introduction of recombinant human GH in the 1980s, and, more recently, by long-acting GH preparations. For GH excess disorders, dopamine agonists were used first followed by SST analogues, and in 2005 the GH receptor blocker pegvisomant was introduced. This review will cover the evolution of these discoveries and build a picture of our current understanding of the hypothalamo-GH axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P G Murray
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child HealthInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of Paediatric EndocrinologyRoyal Manchester Children's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of EndocrinologyThe Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UKCentre for Endocrinology and DiabetesInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK Centre for Paediatrics and Child HealthInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of Paediatric EndocrinologyRoyal Manchester Children's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of EndocrinologyThe Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UKCentre for Endocrinology and DiabetesInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - C E Higham
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child HealthInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of Paediatric EndocrinologyRoyal Manchester Children's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of EndocrinologyThe Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UKCentre for Endocrinology and DiabetesInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK Centre for Paediatrics and Child HealthInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of Paediatric EndocrinologyRoyal Manchester Children's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of EndocrinologyThe Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UKCentre for Endocrinology and DiabetesInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - P E Clayton
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child HealthInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of Paediatric EndocrinologyRoyal Manchester Children's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of EndocrinologyThe Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UKCentre for Endocrinology and DiabetesInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK Centre for Paediatrics and Child HealthInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of Paediatric EndocrinologyRoyal Manchester Children's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of EndocrinologyThe Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UKCentre for Endocrinology and DiabetesInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Wang Q, Gao X, Yuan Z, Wang Z, Meng Y, Cao Y, Plotnikoff NP, Griffin N, Shan F. Methionine enkephalin (MENK) improves lymphocyte subpopulations in human peripheral blood of 50 cancer patients by inhibiting regulatory T cells (Tregs). Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:1836-40. [PMID: 25424790 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MENK, a penta-peptide is considered as being involved in the regulatory feedback loop between the immune and neuroendocrine systems, with marked modulation of various functions of human immune cells. The aim of the present work was to investigate change of lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood of 50 cancer patients before and after treatment with MENK. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of peripheral blood from 50 cancer patients were isolated by density gradient centrifugation using Ficoll-Paque solution and cultured with MENK. We measured proliferation of total nucleated cells, subpopulations of individual CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg), natural killer cells (NK) before and after treatment with 10(-12)M MENK in cell culture by flow cytometry (FCM). Our results indicated that MENK showed a strong inhibiting effect on Treg cells while it stimulated marked proliferation of other lymphocyte subpopulations. All data obtained were of significance statistically. It was therefore concluded that MENK could work as a strong immune booster with great potential in restoring damaged human immune system and we could consider MENK as a drug to treat cancer patients, whose immune systems are damaged by chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Furthermore we could consider MENK as a chemotherapy additive, which would sustain immune system of cancer patients during the process of chemotherapy to get maximized efficacy with minimized side effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Wang
- a Department of Cord Blood Bank, Shengjing Hospital; China Medical University; Heping District, Shenyang, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
213
|
Abstract
μ-Opioid agonists mediate their analgesic effect through GPCRs that are generated via alternate splicing of the Oprm1 transcript. While the majority of μ-opioids interact with receptors comprising the canonical 7 transmembrane (7TM) domain, a recently identified class of μ-opioids appears to require a 6TM domain variant. In this issue of the JCI, Lu and colleagues provide an in vivo proof-of-concept demonstration that a 6TM isoform of the μ-opioid receptor can support functional analgesia in Oprm1-deficent animals. The 6TM isoform was pharmacologically distinct from the canonical 7TM μ-opioid receptor, and 6TM agonists had a reduced side effect profile, which confers a strong therapeutic advantage over standard opioid analgesics. The observations of Lu et al. extend the reach of opioid-receptor neurobiology and pharmacology into a new era of analgesic discovery. This advance emerges from a series of fundamental research analyses in which elements of the endogenous opioid system were frequently in the vanguard.
Collapse
|
214
|
Barchas JD, Brody BD. Perspectives on depression-past, present, futurea. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1345:1-15. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack D. Barchas
- Department of Psychiatry; Weill Cornell Medical College; New York New York
| | - Benjamin D. Brody
- Department of Psychiatry; Weill Cornell Medical College; New York New York
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Valentino RJ, Van Bockstaele E. Endogenous opioids: opposing stress with a cost. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2015; 7:58. [PMID: 26097731 PMCID: PMC4447041 DOI: 10.12703/p7-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The stress response is characterized by the coordinated engagement of central and peripheral neural systems in response to life-threatening challenges. It has been conserved through evolution and is essential for survival. However, the frequent or continual elicitation of the stress response by repeated or chronic stress, respectively, results in the dysfunction of stress response circuits, ultimately leading to stress-related pathology. In an effort to best respond to stressors, yet at the same time maintain homeostasis and avoid dysfunction, stress response systems are finely balanced and co-regulated by neuromodulators that exert opposing effects. These opposing systems serve to restrain certain stress response systems and promote recovery. However, the engagement of opposing systems comes with the cost of alternate dysfunctions. This review describes, as an example of this dynamic, how endogenous opioids function to oppose the effects of the major stress neuromediator, corticotropin-releasing hormone, and promote recovery from a stress response and how these actions can both protect and be hazardous to health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita J. Valentino
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children‘s Hospital of PhiladelphiaCivic Ctr. Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104USA
- University of PennsylvaniaCivic Ctr. Blvd. Philadelphia, PA 19104USA
| | - Elisabeth Van Bockstaele
- Department of Pharmacology, Drexel University College of MedicineN. 15th St., Philadelphia, PA 19102USA
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Hallberg M. Neuropeptides: metabolism to bioactive fragments and the pharmacology of their receptors. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:464-519. [PMID: 24894913 DOI: 10.1002/med.21323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The proteolytic processing of neuropeptides has an important regulatory function and the peptide fragments resulting from the enzymatic degradation often exert essential physiological roles. The proteolytic processing generates, not only biologically inactive fragments, but also bioactive fragments that modulate or even counteract the response of their parent peptides. Frequently, these peptide fragments interact with receptors that are not recognized by the parent peptides. This review discusses tachykinins, opioid peptides, angiotensins, bradykinins, and neuropeptide Y that are present in the central nervous system and their processing to bioactive degradation products. These well-known neuropeptide systems have been selected since they provide illustrative examples that proteolytic degradation of parent peptides can lead to bioactive metabolites with different biological activities as compared to their parent peptides. For example, substance P, dynorphin A, angiotensin I and II, bradykinin, and neuropeptide Y are all degraded to bioactive fragments with pharmacological profiles that differ considerably from those of the parent peptides. The review discusses a selection of the large number of drug-like molecules that act as agonists or antagonists at receptors of neuropeptides. It focuses in particular on the efforts to identify selective drug-like agonists and antagonists mimicking the effects of the endogenous peptide fragments formed. As exemplified in this review, many common neuropeptides are degraded to a variety of smaller fragments but many of the fragments generated have not yet been examined in detail with regard to their potential biological activities. Since these bioactive fragments contain a small number of amino acid residues, they provide an ideal starting point for the development of drug-like substances with ability to mimic the effects of the degradation products. Thus, these substances could provide a rich source of new pharmaceuticals. However, as discussed herein relatively few examples have so far been disclosed of successful attempts to create bioavailable, drug-like agonists or antagonists, starting from the structure of endogenous peptide fragments and applying procedures relying on stepwise manipulations and simplifications of the peptide structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hallberg
- Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Mohiyeddini C, Bauer S, Semple S. Neuroticism and stress: the role of displacement behavior. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2015; 28:391-407. [PMID: 25599405 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2014.1000878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Neuroticism is linked with an impaired ability to cope with stress and is an important risk factor for stress-related disorders. Hence, there is interest in exploring the behavioral correlates of neuroticism and how such behaviors may moderate the link between neuroticism and the response to stress. Displacement behavior - activity such as face touching and scratching - is important to investigate in this respect, as recent studies indicate that such behavior is linked to negative emotional states and has an important stress coping function. Here, we explored the relationship between neuroticism, displacement behavior, and stress in a healthy population of men. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional, quasiexperimentally controlled study. METHODS We assessed participants' levels of neuroticism, and then during a Trier Social Stress Test quantified displacement behavior, physiological, and cognitive indices of the stress response; after the test we measured the self-reported experience of stress. RESULTS Displacement behavior was negatively correlated with self-reported experience, physiological, and cognitive measures of stress and moderated the relationships between neuroticism, self-reported experience, and cognitive index of stress. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest displacement behavior plays an important role in shaping the link between neuroticism and the response to stress.
Collapse
|
218
|
Characterization of cyclic peptides containing disulfide bonds. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 109:112-20. [PMID: 25778927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Unlike linear peptides, analysis of cyclic peptides containing disulfide bonds is not straightforward and demands indirect methods to achieve a rigorous proof of structure. Three peptides that belong to this category, p-Cl-Phe-DPDPE, DPDPE, and CTOP, were analyzed and the results are presented in this paper. The great potential of two dimensional NMR and ESI tandem mass spectrometry was harnessed during the course of peptide characterizations. A new RP-HPLC method for the analysis of trifluoroacetic acid is also presented. It is robust, simple, and efficient compared to the currently available methods.
Collapse
|
219
|
An G, Seifert C, Li G. N-Phosphonyl/phosphinyl imines and group-assisted purification (GAP) chemistry/technology. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:1600-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02254h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Group-assisted purification (GAP) chemistry, which can provide various chiral amines and other functionalities without the use of column chromatography or recrystallization; products are consistently obtained with excellent stereocontrol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui An
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
| | - Cole Seifert
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
|
221
|
Abstract
Our dynamic environment regularly exposes us to potentially life-threatening challenges or stressors. To answer these challenges and maintain homeostasis, the stress response, an innate coordinated engagement of central and peripheral neural systems is initiated. Although essential for survival, the inappropriate initiation of the stress response or its continuation after the stressor is terminated has pathological consequences that have been linked to diverse neuropsychiatric and medical diseases. Substantial individual variability exists in the pathological consequences of stressors. A theme of this Special Issue is that elucidating the basis of individual differences in resilience or its flipside, vulnerability, will greatly advance our ability to prevent and treat stress-related diseases. This can be approached by studying individual differences in "pro-stress" mediators such as corticosteroids or the hypothalamic orchestrator of the stress response, corticotropin-releasing factor. More recently, the recognition of endogenous neuromodulators with "anti-stress" activity that have opposing actions or that restrain stress-response systems suggests additional bases for individual differences in stress pathology. These "anti-stress" neuromodulators offer alternative strategies for manipulating the stress response and its pathological consequences. This review uses the major brain norepinephrine system as a model stress-response system to demonstrate how co-regulation by opposing pro-stress (corticotropin-releasing factor) and anti-stress (enkephalin) neuromodulators must be fine-tuned to produce an adaptive response to stress. The clinical consequences of tipping this fine-tuned balance in the direction of either the pro- or anti-stress systems are emphasized. Finally, that each system provides multiple points at which individual differences could confer stress vulnerability or resilience is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita J. Valentino
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
222
|
D'Souza OJ, Mascarenhas RJ, Satpati AK, Namboothiri INN, Detriche S, Mekhalif Z, Delhalle J. A multi-walled carbon nanotube/poly-2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol film modified carbon paste electrode for the amperometric determination of l-tyrosine. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18329d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An electrochemically induced oxa-Michael addition reaction for electro-polymerization of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol at CPE/MWCNT for the electro-catalytic oxidation of tyrosine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozma J. D'Souza
- Research and Development Centre
- Bharathiar University
- Coimbatore – 641 014
- India
| | - Ronald J. Mascarenhas
- Research and Development Centre
- Bharathiar University
- Coimbatore – 641 014
- India
- Electrochemistry Research Group
| | - Ashis K. Satpati
- Analytical Chemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai – 400 094
- India
| | | | - Simon Detriche
- Laboratoire de Chimie et d'Electrochimie des Surface
- University of Namur
- B–5000 Namur
- Belgium
| | - Zineb Mekhalif
- Laboratoire de Chimie et d'Electrochimie des Surface
- University of Namur
- B–5000 Namur
- Belgium
| | - Joseph Delhalle
- Laboratoire de Chimie et d'Electrochimie des Surface
- University of Namur
- B–5000 Namur
- Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Buckalew VM. Endogenous digitalis-like factors: an overview of the history. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:49. [PMID: 25918512 PMCID: PMC4394700 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium pump is a ubiquitous cell surface enzyme, a Na, K ATPase, which maintains ion gradients between cells and the extracellular fluid (ECF). The extracellular domain of this enzyme contains a highly conserved binding site, a receptor for a plant derived family of compounds, the digitalis glycosides. These compounds inhibit the enzyme and are used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and certain cardiac arrhythmias. The highly conserved nature of this enzyme and its digitalis receptor led to early suggestions that endogenous regulators might exist. Recent examination of this hypothesis emerged from research in two separate areas: the regulation of ECF volume by a natriuretic hormone (NH), and the regulation of peripheral vascular resistance by a circulating inhibitor of vascular Na, K ATPase. These two areas merged with the hypothesis that NH and the vascular Na, K ATPase inhibitor were in fact the same entity, and that it played a causative role in the pathophysiology of certain types of hypertension. The possibility that multiple endogenous digitalis-like factors (EDLFs) exist emerged from efforts to characterize the circulating enzyme inhibitory activity. In this review, the development of this field from its beginnings is traced, the current status of the structure of EDLFs is briefly discussed, and areas for future development are suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vardaman M. Buckalew
- Medical Center Boulevard, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
- *Correspondence: Vardaman M. Buckalew, Medical Center Boulevard, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Li G, An G, Zhou W, Xu X, Pan Y. Solution-Phase-Peptide Synthesis without Purification of Column Chromatography and Recrystallization by Protecting Amino Acid Esters with Phosphinyl Chloride. HETEROCYCLES 2015. [DOI: 10.3987/com-14-s(k)99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
225
|
Medzihradszky KF, Chalkley RJ. Lessons in de novo peptide sequencing by tandem mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:43-63. [PMID: 25667941 PMCID: PMC4367481 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has become the method of choice for the qualitative and quantitative characterization of protein mixtures isolated from all kinds of living organisms. The raw data in these studies are MS/MS spectra, usually of peptides produced by proteolytic digestion of a protein. These spectra are "translated" into peptide sequences, normally with the help of various search engines. Data acquisition and interpretation have both been automated, and most researchers look only at the summary of the identifications without ever viewing the underlying raw data used for assignments. Automated analysis of data is essential due to the volume produced. However, being familiar with the finer intricacies of peptide fragmentation processes, and experiencing the difficulties of manual data interpretation allow a researcher to be able to more critically evaluate key results, particularly because there are many known rules of peptide fragmentation that are not incorporated into search engine scoring. Since the most commonly used MS/MS activation method is collision-induced dissociation (CID), in this article we present a brief review of the history of peptide CID analysis. Next, we provide a detailed tutorial on how to determine peptide sequences from CID data. Although the focus of the tutorial is de novo sequencing, the lessons learned and resources supplied are useful for data interpretation in general.
Collapse
|
226
|
Allouche S, Noble F, Marie N. Opioid receptor desensitization: mechanisms and its link to tolerance. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:280. [PMID: 25566076 PMCID: PMC4270172 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid receptors (OR) are part of the class A of G-protein coupled receptors and the target of the opiates, the most powerful analgesic molecules used in clinic. During a protracted use, a tolerance to analgesic effect develops resulting in a reduction of the effectiveness. So understanding mechanisms of tolerance is a great challenge and may help to find new strategies to tackle this side effect. This review will summarize receptor-related mechanisms that could underlie tolerance especially receptor desensitization. We will focus on the latest data obtained on molecular mechanisms involved in opioid receptor desensitization: phosphorylation, receptor uncoupling, internalization, and post-endocytic fate of the receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Allouche
- Laboratoire de Signalisation, Électrophysiologie et Imagerie des Lésions D'ischémie-Reperfusion Myocardique, Université de Caen, UPRES EA 4650, IFR 146 ICORE Caen, France
| | - Florence Noble
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ERL 3649 Paris, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 1124 Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes, Neuroplasticité et Thérapies des Addictions Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Marie
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ERL 3649 Paris, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 1124 Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes, Neuroplasticité et Thérapies des Addictions Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
|
228
|
Abstract
Since their introduction in the 1960s, benzodiazepines (BZs) remain one of the most commonly prescribed medications, acting as potent sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, and muscle relaxants. The primary neural action of BZs and related compounds is augmentation of inhibitory transmission, which occurs through allosteric modulation of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced current at the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAAR). The discovery of the BZ-binding site on GABAARs encouraged many to speculate that the brain produces its own endogenous ligands to this site (Costa & Guidotti, 1985). The romanticized quest for endozepines, endogenous ligands to the BZ-binding site, has uncovered a variety of ligands that might fulfill this role, including oleamides (Cravatt et al., 1995), nonpeptidic endozepines (Rothstein et al., 1992), and the protein diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI) (Costa & Guidotti, 1985). Of these ligands, DBI, and affiliated peptide fragments, is the most extensively studied endozepine. The quest for the "brain's Valium" over the decades has been elusive as mainly negative allosteric modulatory effects have been observed (Alfonso, Le Magueresse, Zuccotti, Khodosevich, & Monyer, 2012; Costa & Guidotti, 1985), but recent evidence is accumulating that DBI displays regionally discrete endogenous positive modulation of GABA transmission through activation of the BZ receptor (Christian et al., 2013). Herein, we review the literature on this topic, focusing on identification of the endogenous molecule and its region-specific expression and function.
Collapse
|
229
|
Sanfelice D, Temussi PA. The conformation of enkephalin bound to its receptor: an "elusive goal" becoming reality. Front Mol Biosci 2014; 1:14. [PMID: 25988155 PMCID: PMC4428452 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2014.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of solid state structures of opioid receptors has prompted us to reconsider a crucial question concerning bioactive peptides: can their conformation be studied without any knowledge of the structure of their receptors? The possibility of giving a meaningful answer to this query rests ultimately on the ease of dealing with the flexibility of bioactive peptides, and amongst them one of the most flexible bioactive peptides, enkephalin. All solution studies of enkephalin hint at an inextricable mixture of quasi isoenergetic conformers. In this study we refer to the only NMR work that yielded inter-residue NOEs, performed at very low temperature. In the present work, we have used the simplest possible docking methods to check the consistency of the main conformers of enkephalin with the steric requirements of the active site of the receptor, as provided by the crystal structure of its complex with naltrindole, a rigid antagonist. We show that the conformers found in the equilibrium mixture at low temperature are indeed compatible with a good fit to the receptor active site. The possible uncertainties linked to the different behavior of agonists and antagonists do not diminish the relevance of the finding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Sanfelice
- Molecular Structure, MRC National Institute for Medical Research London, UK
| | - Piero A Temussi
- Molecular Structure, MRC National Institute for Medical Research London, UK ; Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' di Napoli Federico II Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Mizerska-Dudka M, Kandefer-Szerszeń M. Opioids, Neutral Endopeptidase, its Inhibitors and Cancer: Is There a Relationship among them? Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 63:197-205. [PMID: 25193979 PMCID: PMC4429139 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The role of endogenous animal opioids in the biology of cancer is widely recognized but poorly understood. This is, among others, because of the short half-life of these peptides, which are quickly inactivated by endopeptidases, e.g., neutral endopeptidase (NEP, CD10). It has been established that NEP is engaged in the modulation of the tumor microenvironment, among others that of colon cancer, by exerting influence on cell growth factors, the extracellular matrix and other biologically active substances. Although there are some discrepancies among the findings on the role of both opioids and NEP in cancer development, authors agree that their role seems to depend on the origin, stage and grade of tumor, and even on the method of examination. Moreover, recently, natural inhibitors of NEP, such as sialorphin, opiorphin and spinorphin have been detected. Their analgesic activity has been established. It is interesting to ask whether there is a relationship among opioid peptides, tumor-associated NEP and its inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Mizerska-Dudka
- Division of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland,
| | | |
Collapse
|
231
|
Zádori ZS, Tóth VE, Fehér Á, Philipp K, Németh J, Gyires K. Evidence for the gastric cytoprotective effect of centrally injected agmatine. Brain Res Bull 2014; 108:51-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
232
|
Holzer P. Pharmacology of Opioids and their Effects on Gastrointestinal Function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/ajgsup.2014.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
233
|
Bojnik E, Kleczkowska P, de Velasco EMF, Corbani M, Babos F, Lipkowski AW, Magyar A, Benyhe S. Bioactivity studies on atypical natural opioid hexapeptides processed from proenkephalin (PENK) precursor polypeptides. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 174:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
234
|
Receptors, cells and circuits involved in pruritus of systemic disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:869-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
235
|
Poras H, Bonnard E, Dangé E, Fournié-Zaluski MC, Roques BP. New orally active dual enkephalinase inhibitors (DENKIs) for central and peripheral pain treatment. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5748-63. [PMID: 24927250 DOI: 10.1021/jm500602h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protecting enkephalins, endogenous opioid peptides released in response to nociceptive stimuli, is an innovative approach for acute and neuropathic pain alleviation. This is achieved by inhibition of their enzymatic degradation by two membrane-bound Zn-metallopeptidases, neprilysin (NEP, EC 3.4.24.11) and aminopeptidase N (APN, EC 3.4.11.2). Selective and efficient inhibitors of both enzymes, designated enkephalinases, have been designed that markedly increase extracellular concentrations and half-lives of enkephalins, inducing potent antinociceptive effects. Several chemical families of Dual ENKephalinase Inhibitors (DENKIs) have previously been developed but devoid of oral activity. We report here the design and synthesis of new pro-drugs, derived from co-drugs combining a NEP and an APN inhibitor through a disulfide bond with side chains improving oral bioavailability. Their pharmacological properties were assessed in various animal models of pain targeting central and/or peripheral opioid systems. Considering its efficacy in acute and neuropathic pain, one of these new DENKIs, 19-IIIa, was selected for clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Poras
- Pharmaleads , Paris BioPark, 11 Rue Watt, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
236
|
Navarrete LC, Barrera NP, Huidobro-Toro JP. Vas deferens neuro-effector junction: from kymographic tracings to structural biology principles. Auton Neurosci 2014; 185:8-28. [PMID: 24956963 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The vas deferens is a simple bioassay widely used to study the physiology of sympathetic neurotransmission and the pharmacodynamics of adrenergic drugs. The role of ATP as a sympathetic co-transmitter has gained increasing attention and furthered our understanding of its role in sympathetic reflexes. In addition, new information has emerged on the mechanisms underlying the storage and release of ATP. Both noradrenaline and ATP concur to elicit the tissue smooth muscle contractions following sympathetic reflexes or electrical field stimulation of the sympathetic nerve terminals. ATP and adenosine (its metabolic byproduct) are powerful presynaptic regulators of co-transmitter actions. In addition, neuropeptide Y, the third member of the sympathetic triad, is an endogenous modulator. The peptide plus ATP and/or adenosine play a significant role as sympathetic modulators of transmitter's release. This review focuses on the physiological principles that govern sympathetic co-transmitter activity, with special interest in defining the motor role of ATP. In addition, we intended to review the recent structural biology findings related to the topology of the P2X1R based on the crystallized P2X4 receptor from Danio rerio, or the crystallized adenosine A2A receptor as a member of the G protein coupled family of receptors as prototype neuro modulators. This review also covers structural elements of ectonucleotidases, since some members are found in the vas deferens neuro-effector junction. The allosteric principles that apply to purinoceptors are also reviewed highlighting concepts derived from receptor theory at the light of the current available structural elements. Finally, we discuss clinical applications of these concepts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Camilo Navarrete
- Laboratorio de Estructura de Proteínas de Membrana y Señalización, Núcleo Milenio de Biología Estructural, NuBEs, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Nelson P Barrera
- Laboratorio de Estructura de Proteínas de Membrana y Señalización, Núcleo Milenio de Biología Estructural, NuBEs, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - J Pablo Huidobro-Toro
- Laboratorio de Nucleótidos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
237
|
Perlikowska R, Malfacini D, Cerlesi MC, Calo' G, Piekielna J, Floriot L, Henry T, do-Rego JC, Tömböly C, Kluczyk A, Janecka A. Pharmacological characterization of endomorphin-2-based cyclic pentapeptides with methylated phenylalanine residues. Peptides 2014; 55:145-50. [PMID: 24632335 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As part of our continuing studies on the structure-activity relationships of cyclic pentapeptides based on the structure of endomorphin-2, we report here the synthesis and biological activities of a new series of analogs incorporating 2', 3' or 4'-methylphenylalanine (MePhe) residues into positions 3 or 4 of the parent cyclopeptide, Dmt-c[d-Lys-Phe-Phe-Asp]NH2 (Dmt=2',6'-dimethyltyrosine). Analogs with MePhe in position 4 showed a row of magnitude increased μ-opioid receptor (MOP receptor) affinity as compared with a parent compound. The in vitro potencies of the new analogs were determined in calcium mobilization assay performed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells expressing human recombinant opioid receptors and chimeric G proteins. All analogs were strong μ/κ (MOP/KOP) receptor agonists and weak δ (DOP) receptor agonists. In the in vivo hot-plate test in mice, the MePhe(4)-modified peptides showed remarkable antinociceptive activity after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration which was most likely due to the concomitant activation of more than one opioid receptor type.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemistry
- Animals
- CHO Cells
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Humans
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Male
- Mice
- Oligopeptides/administration & dosage
- Oligopeptides/chemistry
- Phenylalanine/analogs & derivatives
- Phenylalanine/chemistry
- Protein Binding
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Perlikowska
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Davide Malfacini
- Department of Medical Science, Section of Pharmacology and Italian Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Camilla Cerlesi
- Department of Medical Science, Section of Pharmacology and Italian Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Girolamo Calo'
- Department of Medical Science, Section of Pharmacology and Italian Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Justyna Piekielna
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Léonore Floriot
- Service Commun d'Analyse Comportementale (SCAC), Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale (IRIB), Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Université de Rouen, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Tiphaine Henry
- Service Commun d'Analyse Comportementale (SCAC), Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale (IRIB), Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Université de Rouen, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Jean Claude do-Rego
- Service Commun d'Analyse Comportementale (SCAC), Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale (IRIB), Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Université de Rouen, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France
| | - Csaba Tömböly
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Alicja Kluczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Janecka
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Varghese V, Hudlicky T. A Short History of the Discovery and Development of Naltrexone and Other Morphine Derivatives. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527676545.ch06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
239
|
Pawlak T, Potrzebowski MJ. Fine refinement of solid-state molecular structures of Leu- and Met-enkephalins by NMR crystallography. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:3298-309. [PMID: 24605867 DOI: 10.1021/jp500379e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a methodology that allows the fine refinement of the crystal and molecular structure for compounds for which the data deposited in the crystallographic bases are of poor quality. Such species belong to the group of samples with molecular disorder. In the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center (CCDC), there are approximately 22,000 deposited structures with an R-factor over 10. The powerful methodology we present employs crystal data for Leu-enkephalin (two crystallographic forms) with R-factor values of 14.0 and 8.9 and for Met-enkephalin (one form) with an R-factor of 10.5. NMR crystallography was employed in testing the X-ray data and the quality of the structure refinement. The GIPAW (gauge invariant projector augmented wave) method was used to optimize the coordinates of the enkephalins and to compute NMR parameters. As we reveal, this complementary approach makes it possible to generate a reasonable set of new coordinates that better correlate to real samples. This methodology is general and can be employed in the study of each compound possessing magnetically active nuclei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Pawlak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences , Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
240
|
Li Y, St Louis L, Knapp BI, Muthu D, Anglin B, Giuvelis D, Bidlack JM, Bilsky EJ, Polt R. Can amphipathic helices influence the CNS antinociceptive activity of glycopeptides related to β-endorphin? J Med Chem 2014; 57:2237-46. [PMID: 24576160 PMCID: PMC3983389 DOI: 10.1021/jm400879w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylated β-endorphin analogues of various amphipathicity were studied in vitro and in vivo in mice. Opioid binding affinities of the O-linked glycopeptides (mono- or disaccharides) and unglycosylated peptide controls were measured in human receptors expressed in CHO cells. All were pan-agonists, binding to μ-, δ-, or κ-opioid receptors in the low nanomolar range (2.2-35 nM K(i)'s). The glycoside moiety was required for intravenous (i.v.) but not for intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) activity. Circular dichroism and NMR indicated the degree of helicity in H2O, aqueous trifluoroethanol, or micelles. Glycosylation was essential for activity after i.v. administration. It was possible to manipulate the degree of helicity by the alteration of only two amino acid residues in the helical address region of the β-endorphin analogues without destroying μ-, δ-, or κ-agonism, but the antinociceptive activity after i.v. administration could not be directly correlated to the degree of helicity in micelles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and BIO5, The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
241
|
Sicard F, Senet P. Reconstructing the free-energy landscape of Met-enkephalin using dihedral principal component analysis and well-tempered metadynamics. J Chem Phys 2014; 138:235101. [PMID: 23802984 DOI: 10.1063/1.4810884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-Tempered Metadynamics (WTmetaD) is an efficient method to enhance the reconstruction of the free-energy surface of proteins. WTmetaD guarantees a faster convergence in the long time limit in comparison with the standard metadynamics. It still suffers, however, from the same limitation, i.e., the non-trivial choice of pertinent collective variables (CVs). To circumvent this problem, we couple WTmetaD with a set of CVs generated from a dihedral Principal Component Analysis (dPCA) on the Ramachandran dihedral angles describing the backbone structure of the protein. The dPCA provides a generic method to extract relevant CVs built from internal coordinates, and does not depend on the alignment to an arbitrarily chosen reference structure as usual in Cartesian PCA. We illustrate the robustness of this method in the case of a reference model protein, the small and very diffusive Met-enkephalin pentapeptide. We propose a justification a posteriori of the considered number of CVs necessary to bias the metadynamics simulation in terms of the one-dimensional free-energy profiles associated with Ramachandran dihedral angles along the amino-acid sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Sicard
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue A. Savary, BP 47 870, F-21078 Dijon Cedex, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
242
|
Leucine-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity is localized in luteinizing hormone-producing cells in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) pituitary. Tissue Cell 2014; 46:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
243
|
Kerek F, Voicu VA. Spherical Oligo-Silicic Acid SOSA Disclosed as Possible Endogenous Digitalis-Like Factor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:233. [PMID: 25667581 PMCID: PMC4304351 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase is a membrane ion-transporter protein, specifically inhibited by digitalis glycosides used in cardiac therapy. The existence in mammals of some endogenous digitalis-like factors (EDLFs) as presumed ATPase ligands is generally accepted. But the chemical structure of these factors remained elusive because no weighable amounts of pure EDLFs have been isolated. Recent high-resolution crystal structure data of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase have located the hydrophobic binding pocket of the steroid glycoside ouabain. It remained uncertain if the EDLF are targeting this steroid-receptor or another specific binding site(s). Our recently disclosed spherical oligo-silicic acids (SOSA) fulfill the main criteria to be identified with the presumed EDL factors. SOSA was found as a very potent inhibitor of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, Ca(2+)-ATPase, H(+)/K(+)-ATPase, and of K-dp-ATPase, with IC50 values between 0.2 and 0.5 μg/mL. These findings are even more astonishing while so far, neither monosilicic acid nor its poly-condensed forms have been remarked biologically active. With the diameter ϕ between 1 and 3 nm, SOSA still belong to molecular species definitely smaller than silica nano-particles with ϕ > 5 nm. In SOSA molecules, almost all Si-OH bonds are displayed on the external shell, which facilitates the binding to hydrophilic ATPase domains. SOSA is stable for long term in solution but is sensitive to freeze-drying, which could explain the failure of countless attempts to isolate pure EDLF. There is a strong resemblance between SOSA and vanadates, the previously known general inhibitors of P-type ATPases. SOSA may be generated endogenously by spherical oligomerization of the ubiquitously present monosilicic acid in animal fluids. The structure of SOSA is sensitive to the concentration of Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and other ions suggesting a presumably archaic mechanism for the regulation of the ATPase pumps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franz Kerek
- SiNatur GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
- *Correspondence: Franz Kerek, SiNatur GmbH, Am Klopferspitz 19, IZB, 82152 Munich, Germany e-mail:
| | - Victor A. Voicu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Psychopharmacology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
Nash B, Meucci O. Functions of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in the central nervous system and its regulation by μ-opioid receptors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 118:105-28. [PMID: 25175863 PMCID: PMC4369781 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801284-0.00005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 by its chemokine ligand CXCL12 regulates a number of physiopathological functions in the central nervous system, during development as well as later in life. In addition to the more classical roles of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in the recruitment of immune cells or migration and proliferation of neural precursor cells, recent studies suggest that CXCR4 signaling also modulates synaptic function and neuronal survival in the mature brain, through direct and indirect effects on neurons and glia. These effects, which include regulation of glutamate receptors and uptake, and of dendritic spine density, can significantly alter the ability of neurons to face excitotoxic insults. Therefore, they are particularly relevant to neurodegenerative diseases featuring alterations of glutamate neurotransmission, such as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Importantly, CXCR4 signaling can be dysregulated by HIV viral proteins, host HIV-induced factors, and opioids. Potential mechanisms of opioid regulation of CXCR4 include heterologous desensitization, transcriptional regulation and changes in receptor expression levels, opioid-chemokine receptor dimer or heteromer formation, and the newly described modulation by the protein ferritin heavy chain-all leading to inhibition of CXCR4 signaling. After reviewing major effects of chemokines and opioids in the CNS, this chapter discusses chemokine-opioid interactions in neuronal and immune cells, focusing on their potential contribution to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Nash
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Olimpia Meucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Pasternak GW. Opioids and their receptors: Are we there yet? Neuropharmacology 2014; 76 Pt B:198-203. [PMID: 23624289 PMCID: PMC4216569 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Opioids have an important place in pharmacology. While their clinical use as analgesics is fundamental in medicine, their use is constrained by their side-effects and abuse potential. Pharmacologists have sought analgesics lacking side-effects and the abuse liability of the current agents. The identification of the opioid receptors in 1973 marked the beginning of our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of these agents. The isolation of the opioid peptides quickly followed, along with the classification of three families of opioid receptors. Clinicians have long been aware of subtle differences among the mu opioids that were not easily reconciled with a single receptor and selective antagonists implied two subdivisions of mu receptors. However, the cloning of the mu opioid receptor MOR-1 has led to the realization of the extensive complexity of the mu opioid receptor gene and its vast array of splice variants. Many of these splice variants are truncated and do not conform to the structure of traditional G-protein coupled receptors. Yet, evidence now shows that they are quite important and may prove valuable targets in the development of potent analgesics lacking the undesirable properties of current opioids. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavril W Pasternak
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
246
|
Varamini P, Toth I. Lipid- and sugar-modified endomorphins: novel targets for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:155. [PMID: 24379782 PMCID: PMC3862115 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endomorphins are endogenous opioid peptides that cause potent antinociception in rodent models of acute and neuropathic pain with less undesirable side effects than opioid alkaloids. However, endomorphins are poorly suited to clinical applications because of low membrane permeability and a susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. Glycosylation and lipidation have proven to be two of the most robust approaches for the generation of new therapeutic endomorphin derivatives. Conjugation with lipoamino acids (LAA) confers an amphipathic character to the peptide, which improved interaction between the peptide and the lipid bilayer of the cell membranes, increasing permeability. Glycosylation can also improve peptide stability and blood brain barrier (BBB) transport. It is believed that an endocytotic mechanism (transcytosis) is responsible for the systemic delivery of water-soluble glycopeptides. This review discusses the application of glycosylation and lipidation strategies to improve the drug-like properties of endomorphins. Pharmacologically active endomorphin analogs with less adverse effects are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Varamini
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia ; Medicinal Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
247
|
Haslam IS, Roubos EW, Mangoni ML, Yoshizato K, Vaudry H, Kloepper JE, Pattwell DM, Maderson PFA, Paus R. From frog integument to human skin: dermatological perspectives from frog skin biology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2013; 89:618-55. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iain S. Haslam
- The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PT U.K
| | - Eric W. Roubos
- Department of Anatomy; Radboud University Medical Centre; Geert Grooteplein Noord 2, 6525 EZ, Nijmegen P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Maria Luisa Mangoni
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; La Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5-00185; Rome Italy
| | - Katsutoshi Yoshizato
- Academic Advisors Office, Synthetic Biology Research Center; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
- Phoenixbio Co. Ltd; 3-4-1, Kagamiyama; Higashihiroshima Hiroshima 739-0046 Japan
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- European Institute for Peptide Research; University of Rouen; Mont-Saint-Aignan Place Emile Blondel 76821 France
- INSERM U-982, CNRS; University of Rouen; Mont-Saint-Aignan Place Emile Blondel 76821 France
| | - Jennifer E. Kloepper
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Allergologie und Venerologie; Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160; 23538 Lübeck Germany
| | - David M. Pattwell
- Leahurst Campus, Institute of Learning & Teaching; School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Neston CH64 7TE U.K
| | | | - Ralf Paus
- The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PT U.K
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Allergologie und Venerologie; Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160; 23538 Lübeck Germany
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Wood PL, Pilapil C, Thakur M, Richard JW. WIN 44,441: A Stereospecific and Long-Acting Narcotic Antagonist. Pharm Res 2013; 1:46-8. [PMID: 24277186 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016386811268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The opiate antagonist WIN 44,441-3 is a potent, stereospecific antagonist of mu, delta, and kappa opiate receptors. This antagonist activity is of long duration (> 4 h) with no agonist activity being observed. It therefore appears that WIN 44,441-3 will be a useful long-acting opiate antagonist for in vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P L Wood
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Verdun, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
249
|
Chrétien M. How the prohormone theory solved two important controversies in hormonal and neural Peptide biosynthesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:148. [PMID: 24167501 PMCID: PMC3805937 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This Prohormone Theory was simultaneously proposed in 1967 by two independent groups using two different approaches and two experimental models. Donald Steiner, in elegant pulse-chase experiments, proposed the existence of proinsulin when he observed that a human insulinoma was producing higher MW forms of immunoreactive insulin, subsequently transformed into insulin-like material (1). Simultaneously and independently, Michel Chrétien, based on amino acid sequence homologies between three pituitary peptides, β-lipotropic hormone (β-LPH), γ-LPH, and β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (β-MSH), concluded that active peptide hormones are derived from endoproteolytic cleavages of inactive precursors, apparently at pairs of basic amino acids (2). One year later, Donald Chance confirmed that the cleavage sites in proinsulin were also made of paired basic amino acids (3). This novel paradigm solved two major controversies on the biosynthesis of both insulin and neuropeptides. This short review describes how.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Chrétien
- Functional Endoproteolysis Laboratory, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Montreal, QC , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
Lee CWS, Ho IK. Pharmacological Profiles of Oligomerized μ-Opioid Receptors. Cells 2013; 2:689-714. [PMID: 24709876 PMCID: PMC3972655 DOI: 10.3390/cells2040689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioids are widely prescribed pain relievers with multiple side effects and potential complications. They produce analgesia via G-protein-protein coupled receptors: μ-, δ-, κ-opioid and opioid receptor-like 1 receptors. Bivalent ligands targeted to the oligomerized opioid receptors might be the key to developing analgesics without undesired side effects and obtaining effective treatment for opioid addicts. In this review we will update the biological effects of μ-opioids on homo- or hetero-oligomerized μ-opioid receptor and discuss potential mechanisms through which bivalent ligands exert beneficial effects, including adenylate cyclase regulation and receptor-mediated signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Wei-Sheng Lee
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
| | - Ing-Kang Ho
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|