201
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Aaronson SA, Falco JP, Taylor WG, Cech AC, Marchese C, Finch PW, Rubin J, Weissman BE, Di Fiore PP. Pathways in which growth factors and oncogenes interact in epithelial cell mitogenic signal transduction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989; 567:122-9. [PMID: 2802446 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb16464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S A Aaronson
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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202
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Salhab N, Jones DJ, Bos JL, Kinsella A, Schofield PF. Detection of ras gene alterations and ras proteins in colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1989; 32:659-64. [PMID: 2666051 DOI: 10.1007/bf02555769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA extracted from 31 primary colorectal carcinomas was analyzed for the presence of ras gene amplification and mutations. Nine carcinomas had Ha-ras amplification and seven Ki-ras amplification. Nine carcinomas had codon 12 Ki-ras mutations. Immunohistochemical staining for ras proteins revealed a normal membrane association in normal mucosa and benign polyps but an abnormal cytoplasmic distribution in carcinomas. Amplification, mutations, and immunohistochemical staining were independent of histologic differentiation, Dukes' stage, or DNA ploidy status. This study demonstrates that abnormalities of ras genes are a common finding in colorectal carcinomas. They are potentially important biologic changes associated with malignancy, although they do not appear to be related to clinical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Salhab
- Department of Surgery, Christie Hospital and Holt Radium Institute, Manchester, England
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203
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Changes in gene expression in the rat brain induced by Zajdela's ascites hepatoma. Bull Exp Biol Med 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00839794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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204
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Taljanidisz J, Popowski J, Sarkar N. Temporal order of gene replication in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9:2881-9. [PMID: 2476659 PMCID: PMC362754 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.7.2881-2889.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the molecular basis of the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the orderly replication of the mammalian genome, we have developed an experimental system by which the replication order of various genes can be defined with relative ease and precision. Exponentially growing CHO-K1 cells were separated into populations representing various stages of the cell cycle by centrifugal elutriation and analyzed for cell cycle status flow cytometry. The replication of specific genes in each elutriated fraction was measured by labeling with 5-mercuri-dCTP and [3H]dTPP under conditions of optimal DNA synthesis after cell permeabilization with lysolecithin. Newly synthesized mercurated DNA from each elutriated fraction was purified by affinity chromatography on thiol-agarose and replicated with the large fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I by using [alpha-32P]dATP and random primers. The 32P-labeled DNA representative of various stages of the cell cycle was then hybridized with dot blots of plasmid DNA containing specific cloned genes. From these results, it was possible to deduce the nuclear DNA content at the time each specific gene replicated during S phase (C value). The C values of 29 genes, which included single-copy genes, multifamily genes, oncogenes, and repetitive sequences, were determined and found to be distributed over the entire S phase. Of the 28 genes studied, 19 had been examined by others using in vivo labeling techniques, with results which agreed with the replication pattern observed in this study. The replication times of nine other genes are described here for the first time. Our method of analysis is sensitive enough to determine the replication time of single-copy genes. The replication times of various genes and their levels of expression in exponentially growing CHO cells were compared. Although there was a general correlation between transcriptional activity and replication in the first half of S phase, examination of specific genes revealed a number of exceptions. Approximately 25% of total poly(A) RNA was transcribed from the late-replicating DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Taljanidisz
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Boston Biomedical Research Institute, Massachusetts 02114
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205
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206
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Kuzumaki N, Ogiso Y, Oda A, Fujita H, Suzuki H, Sato C, Müllauer L. Resistance to oncogenic transformation in revertant R1 of human ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells. Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9:2258-63. [PMID: 2664473 PMCID: PMC363026 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.5.2258-2263.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A flat revertant, R1, was isolated from human activated c-Ha-ras-1 (hu-ac-Ha-ras) gene-transformed NIH 3T3 cells (EJ-NIH 3T3) treated with mutagens. R1 contained unchanged transfected hu-ac-Ha-ras DNA and expressed high levels of hu-ac-Ha-ras-specific mRNA and p21 protein. Transfection experiments revealed that NIH 3T3 cells could be transformed by DNA from R1 cells but R1 cells could not be retransformed by Kirsten sarcoma virus, DNA from EJ-NIH 3T3 cells, hu-ac-Ha-ras, v-src, v-mos, simian virus 40 large T antigen, or polyomavirus middle T antigen. Somatic cell hybridization studies showed that R1 was not retransformed by fusion with NIH 3T3 cells and suppressed anchorage independence of EJ-NIH 3T3 and hu-ac-Ha-ras gene-transformed rat W31 cells in soft agar. These results suggest that the reversion and resistance to several oncogenes in R1 is due not to cellular defects in the production of the transformed phenotype but rather to enhancement of cellular mechanisms that suppress oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kuzumaki
- Cancer Institute, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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207
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Olinger PL, Benjamin CW, Gorman RR, Connor JA. Cyclic AMP can partially restore platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis, and calcium mobilization in EJ-ras-transformed NIH-3T3 cells. J Cell Physiol 1989; 139:335-45. [PMID: 2541140 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041390216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NIH-3T3 cells transformed by the EJ-ras oncogene display reduced platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated phospholipase C activity as measured by inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) synthesis and Ca2+ mobilization. The lack of PDGF-stimulated Ca2+ mobilization in EJ-ras transformed cells is not due to a loss of IP3 sensitivity, because microinjected IP3 elevates intracellular Ca2+. Treatment of EJ-ras transformed cells with cholera toxin or 8-bromo-cyclic AMP, but not pertussis toxin or the beta-subunit of cholera toxin, results in a slight recovery of PDGF-stimulated IP3 synthesis, a marked increase in intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, and an almost complete recovery of prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis. These data suggest that EJ p21-mediated inhibition of PDGF-stimulated intracellular events can be partially and transiently reversed by cyclic AMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Olinger
- Department of Cell Biology, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
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208
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Polakis PG, Snyderman R, Evans T. Characterization of G25K, a GTP-binding protein containing a novel putative nucleotide binding domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 160:25-32. [PMID: 2496687 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)91615-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid sequences were obtained for four peptides (p1, -2, -3 and 4) generated by chemical or proteolytic cleavage of a 25 kDa GTP-binding protein purified from human placental and platelet membranes. The peptides shared sequence similarities with those contained in several of the ras-related GTP-binding proteins. Peptide p2, a 12-mer, was homologous with a region of the GTP-binding proteins that contains a structural motif proposed to contribute to the nucleotide binding site. However, whereas nearly all GTP-binding proteins exhibit the residues NKXD as this motif, p2 contains TQID. Antisera (Ap1 and Ap3) raised against synthetic peptides corresponding to p1 and p3 specifically reacted on Western blots with the 25 kDa GTP-binding protein purified from human placenta, human platelet and bovine brain as well as with a 25 kDa polypeptide in various cell lines. These results demonstrate the widespread existence of an abundant 25 kDa GTP-binding protein which contains a putative nucleotide binding domain that is chemically distinct from that described for all GTP-binding proteins of known primary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Polakis
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
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209
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Kahan A, Gerfaux J, Kahan A, Joret AM, Menkès CJ, Amor B. Increased proto-oncogene expression in peripheral blood T lymphocytes from patients with systemic sclerosis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1989; 32:430-6. [PMID: 2784967 DOI: 10.1002/anr.1780320412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The expression of c-myc, c-myb, and c-ras proto-oncogenes, determined using RNA hybridization techniques (slot-blot), was significantly increased in peripheral blood T lymphocytes, but not in B cells, from 17 patients with systemic sclerosis with diffuse scleroderma, compared with the expression in normal control subjects. The magnitude of expression of c-myc and c-myb tended to be higher in patients with early, active disease. These results demonstrate an in vivo activation of T cells from systemic sclerosis patients, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kahan
- INSERM U-283, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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210
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Nakamura KD, Hart RW. Proto-oncogene expression during retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells. Mech Ageing Dev 1989; 48:53-62. [PMID: 2725075 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(89)90025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Proto-oncogene expression is altered in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells during retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation. A transient three- to four-fold increase in erbB proto-oncogene expression and a similar although smaller increase in src expression was observed during the period of time when events committing the cells to differentiate were occurring, but prior to the expression of the differentiated phenotype. During the differentiation phase, the only change was a decrease in myc proto-oncogene expression. These changes were not observed in untreated controls, cell treated with retinoic acid while growing as monolayer cultures or with mutants of P19 which did not undergo neuronal differentiation in response to retinoic acid treatment, suggesting some degree of specificity for neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Nakamura
- Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
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211
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Legraverend C, Potter A, Hölttä E, Alitalo K, Andersson LC. Interleukin-2 induces a rapid increase in ornithine decarboxylase mRNA in a cloned murine T lymphocytic cell line. Exp Cell Res 1989; 181:273-81. [PMID: 2645150 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(89)90201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We recently observed a 25-fold increase in the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) 6 h after treatment of G1-synchronized CTLL-2 cells with interleukin-2 (IL-2). Here we show that the ODC mRNA content increased in parallel with the ODC activity during the first hours of stimulation with IL-2, resulting in a 25-fold increase at 6 h. Between 6 and 24 h the ODC mRNA content continued to increase steadily up to 50-fold, even after the ODC activity had returned to low basal levels. In the case of density-arrested CTLL-2 cells deprived of IL-2 for 16 h, the IL-2-mediated increase in ODC mRNA was 2-fold at 1 h and 5-fold at 8 h, irrespective of the capability of the cells to resume their cycle. There was no marked increase in the rate of transcription of the ODC gene, at least during the first 2 h of stimulation with IL-2. These findings suggest that the regulation of the ODC activity by IL-2 is a primary event in IL-2-induced cell proliferation and occurs at the post-transcriptional level, possibly by stabilizing the ODC mRNA and affecting the efficiency of translation of the messenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Legraverend
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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212
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Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of a mouse retro-element is presented. The cloned element is composed of 4,834 base pairs (bp) with long terminal repeats of 568 bp separated by an internal region of 3,698 bp. The element did not appear to have any open reading frames that would be capable of encoding the functional proteins that are normally produced by retro-elements. However, some regions of the genome showed some homology to retroviral gag and pol open reading frames. There was no region in VL30 corresponding to a retroviral env gene. This implies that VL30 is related to retrotransposons rather than to retroviruses. The sequence also contained regions that were homologous to known reverse transcriptase priming sites and viral packaging sites. These observations, combined with the known transcriptional capacity of the VL30 promoter, suggest that VL30 relies on protein functions of other retro-elements, such as murine leukemia virus, while maintaining highly conserved cis-active promoter, packaging, and priming sites necessary for its replication and cell-to-cell transmission.
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213
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Platelet-derived growth factor does not induce c-fos in NIH 3T3 cells expressing the EJ-ras oncogene. Mol Cell Biol 1989. [PMID: 3145405 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.11.5052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), the calcium ionophore A23187, and the tumor promoter phorbol myristate acetate stimulated c-fos mRNA levels in control NIH 3T3 cells. However, NIH 3T3 cells transformed by EJ-ras DNA transfection, which have diminished PDGF-stimulated phospholipase C activity, showed a 95% reduction in PDGF-stimulated c-fos mRNA levels. The responses to A23187 and phorbol myristate acetate were also attenuated, but not as severely as the PDGF-mediated induction. The reduction in PDGF-stimulated c-fos induction did not appear to be a general result of cellular transformation, since src-transformed NIH 3T3 cells displayed a strong PDGF-stimulated c-fos induction. Despite the reduction in PDGF-stimulated c-fos induction, EJ-ras-transformed cells still responded mitogenically to PDGF. These data suggest that the magnitude of c-fos induction cannot be directly correlated with PDGF-stimulated mitogenesis in EJ-ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells.
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214
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215
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Giron ML, Mercier G, Sigaux F, Castaigne S, Flandrin G, Degos L, Emanoïl-Ravier R. alpha-IFN treatment does not induce Ki-ras expression in hairy-cell leukemia patients. BLUT 1989; 58:83-4. [PMID: 2645955 DOI: 10.1007/bf00320654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
alpha-Interferon (IFN) is effective in the treatment of hairy-cell leukemia (HCL), but the treatment is sometimes over a long period. Biological changes such as the increase of tumorigenicity can occur rapidly in vivo as a result of beginning this treatment; an increase in c-Ki-ras oncogene expression has also been observed. In order to determine whether the findings observed in vitro would be duplicated in an in vivo system, we decided to analyze the Ki-ras RNA and protein levels in the lymphocytes of three HCL patients, compared with these levels in seven normal donors and one non-treated HCL patients. Ki-ras was not activated by IFN, at least not in lymphocytes. Therefore, the data suggest that the drug could be used for long-term therapy with relatively low risk to the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Giron
- LOI CNRS, Laboratoire de Virologie des Leucémies, Paris, France
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216
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Knepper JE, Kittrell FS, Medina D, Butel JS. Spontaneous progression of hyperplastic outgrowths of the D1 lineage to mammary tumors: expression of mouse mammary tumor virus and cellular proto-oncogenes. Mol Carcinog 1989; 1:229-38. [PMID: 2551332 DOI: 10.1002/mc.2940010405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mammary cancer in mice is characterized by progression through defined stages of preneoplasia, with the most common preneoplastic stage being the hyperplastic alveolar nodule (HAN). We determined the relative levels of RNA expression of various cellular proto-oncogenes and endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus genes in outgrowths and tumors of three sublines of the transplantable D1 HAN preneoplastic outgrowth line. The three sublines differed in relative tumor-producing capabilities. Subline D1B produced a high incidence of tumors with short latency periods, whereas sublines D1C and D1D produced low incidences of tumors with long latency periods. No consistent alteration in proto-oncogene expression correlated with relative tumorigenicity, although tumors frequently contained higher levels of one or more proto-oncogene transcripts as compared with preneoplastic tissue. Slightly elevated (2- to 6-fold) levels of different oncogene transcripts were detected in 13 of 17 tumors as compared with outgrowth tissue, including abl (2 tumors), fps (5 tumors), Ha-ras (6 tumors), and Ki-ras (8 tumors). One tumor contained 45 times more Ki-ras-specific RNA than outgrowth tissue because of a comparable amplification of Ki-ras DNA sequences. Elevated levels of Ha-ras occurred more frequently in tumors of a high-incidence subline than in a less-aggressive subline (5/10 vs 1/7), but this difference was not statistically significant. However, consistent changes in MMTV expression accompanied progression from preneoplastic tissues to mammary tumors. All 17 tumors displayed reduced levels of the MMTV-specific long terminal repeat (LTR) transcript (1.6 kb) as compared with HAN tissue; tumors with moderate levels of LTR transcript expressed the 3.8-kb envelope message as well, one not detected in HANs. Expression of the LTR transcript is apparently influenced by factors in addition to the methylation status of endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus genes, which was similar in outgrowths and tumors. As the survey of representative proto-oncogenes failed to identify a uniform change between HAN and tumors, it is likely that other genes are involved in tumor progression in the mammary gland.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- DNA Probes
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Viral
- Hyperplasia
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/microbiology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Proto-Oncogenes
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Knepper
- Division of Molecular Virology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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217
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Weissman BE, Arboleda MJ, Kimoto KA, MacDonald MJ, Ochiai R, Der CJ. Activation of ras oncogenes in chemically transformed BALB/MK-2 mouse keratinocytes. Mol Carcinog 1989; 2:150-8. [PMID: 2506887 DOI: 10.1002/mc.2940020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BALB/MK-2 cells are an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-dependent cell line derived from BALB/c mouse epidermis that can undergo terminal differentiation under appropriate conditions. Previous studies have shown that transformation of these cells by retroviral oncogenes relieves the EGF requirement while blocking the terminal differentiation program. In this report we show that BALB/MK-2 cells are sensitive to transformation by the chemical carcinogens dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N'-nitroso-guanidine (MNNG). BALB/MK-2 cells transformed by these carcinogens proliferate in the absence of EGF and do not undergo terminal differentiation in response to calcium. However, the cells retain their anchorage growth dependence and are nontumorigenic in nude mice. NIH 3T3 transfection analysis showed that the endogenous Ha-ras gene had been activated in both DMBA- and MNNG-transformed cells and the Ki-ras gene had been activated in the MCA-transformed cells. Additionally, non-ras transforming activity was detected in some MNNG-transformed BALB/MK-2 cells. Thus, the BALB/MK-2 cell line provides a reproducible in vitro assay system for chemical transformation of epithelial cells and for identification of oncogene activations associated with changes in growth control and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Weissman
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles, California
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218
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Nose K, Itami M, Satake M, Ito Y, Kuroki T. Abolishment of c-fos inducibility in ras-transformed mouse osteoblast cell lines. Mol Carcinog 1989; 2:208-16. [PMID: 2478147 DOI: 10.1002/mc.2940020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proto-oncogene c-fos is induced by many types of cellular stimuli, such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), epidermal growth factor (EGF), serum (fetal bovine), calcium ionophore A23187, and dibutyryl cAMP (But2cAMP). In this study, c-fos induction was abolished in ras-transformed mouse osteoblast cells (MC3T3). Transformants of MC3T3 were isolated after transfection with Ki or Ha murine sarcoma virus DNA. All Ki- or Ha-ras transformed MC3T3 clones examined showed exceedingly low levels of c-fos induction by all inducers, as determined by the change in amounts of c-fos mRNA or its product. Induction of other TPA-responsive genes, such as metallothionein, was not altered in some ras-transformed cells; c-myc and c-jun expression was constitutively high in all the ras-transformed clones. Nuclear extracts and gel shift assay showed that the binding activity to c-fos enhancer element (serum response element) was altered in ras-transformed cells. These results indicate that transformation with ras oncogene induces modification of c-fos enhancer binding factors and that this modification is one cause for the decrease in c-fos induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nose
- Department of Cancer Cell Research, University of Tokyo, Japan
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219
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220
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Affiliation(s)
- D Toksoz
- Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London
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221
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Yoshida K, Tsuda T, Matsumura T, Tsujino T, Hattori T, Ito H, Tahara E. Amplification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene and oncogenes in human gastric carcinomas. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY INCLUDING MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 1989; 57:285-90. [PMID: 2570489 DOI: 10.1007/bf02899093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
DNAs from 37 human gastric carcinomas and seven lymph node metastases were analyzed for alterations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene and oncogenes by the Southern blot hybridization method. The probes used were EGFR gene, c-Ha-ras, v-Ki-ras, N-ras, c-myc, v-myb, v-fos, c-erbB-2, v-erbA, v-abl and v-fes. Amplification of the EGFR gene was detected in only one poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Amplifications of c-myc gene and c-erbB-2 gene were each observed in two well differentiated adenocarcinomas. One of these tumors had coamplification of c-erbB-2 and c-erbA genes but there were no amplifications nor rearrangements of other oncogenes. The poorly differentiated adenocarcinom with amplified EGFR gene also showed enhanced expression of EGFR gene by Northern blot analysis and additionally had strong synchronous immunoreactivity for EGFR and EGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yoshida
- First Department of Pathology, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Japan
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222
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Walker C, Nettesheim P. Cellular oncogene expression in cell lines derived from tumors produced by transformed rat tracheal epithelial cells. Mol Carcinog 1989; 2:117-20. [PMID: 2477027 DOI: 10.1002/mc.2940020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Five tumor-derived cell lines established from transformed rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cells were examined for activated oncogenes using the NIH 3T3 assay, and the expression of 11 cellular oncogenes in the transformed cells was quantitated and compared with expression in normal RTE cells. DNA from the tumor-derived cell lines lacked transforming activity, but expression of several oncogenes (fos, abl, Ki-ras, Ha-ras, and p53) was higher in the transformed cells than in normal RTE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Walker
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Pathobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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223
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Cook PW, Weintraub WH, Swanson KT, Machen TE, Firestone GL. Glucocorticoids confer normal serum/growth factor-dependent growth regulation to Fu5 rat hepatoma cells in vitro. Sequential expression of cell cycle-regulated genes without changes in intracellular calcium or pH. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)77634-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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224
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Abstract
Expression of 16 oncogenes was investigated in a series of human meningiomas showing a normal chromosome complement or the characteristic monosomy 22 but no structural aberrations detectable by banding analysis. By dot hybridization, the only expressed sequence detected was KRAS. The expression was elevated approximately 6--8-fold in comparison to matrix tissue (meninges) and to fibroblasts of the corresponding patient. Northern blot analysis displayed the typical banding pattern and an 8--10-fold overexpression. DNA analysis did not reveal gene amplification or major rearrangements in the KRAS gene structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Carstens
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of the Saar, Homburg, F.R.G
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225
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Christie NT, Tummolo DM, Biggart NW, Murphy EC. Chromosomal changes in cell lines from mouse tumors induced by nickel sulfide and methylcholanthrene. Cell Biol Toxicol 1988; 4:427-45. [PMID: 3228711 DOI: 10.1007/bf00117770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcomas were induced in mice by intramuscular injections of crystalline nickel sulfide and 3-methylcholanthrene. At early passage, karyotypes were performed by G-banding for four nickel sulfide cell lines and for three 3-methylcholanthrene cell lines. Six cell lines were near-diploid and one nickel sulfide line was near-tetraploid. Three of the nickel sulfide cell lines were characterized by a rearranged marker chromosome which was present in a majority of the cells of each line. The rearrangements leading to the formation of marker chromosomes were different in each nickel sulfide cell line but involved chromosome 4 in two of the nickel sulfide cell lines. Extra copies of chromosome 15 were present in two nickel sulfide cell lines. Possible rearrangement and/or gene activation was examined for the c-mos oncogene on chromosome 4 and the c-myc oncogene on chromosome 15, but no alteration or activation was observed. None of the 3-methylcholanthrene cell lines contained rearranged marker chromosomes; however, one MCA cell line did contain large numbers of double minutes. In all cell lines, minichromosomes (small atypical acrocentric chromosomes) were observed that contained distinct centromeric regions but no other G-positive bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Christie
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York 10987
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226
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Miyaki M, Tanaka K, Sato C, Akamatsu N, Mori T, Tsuchida N. Increased formation of unintegrated viral DNA in skin fibroblasts from patients with familial polyposis coli shortly after infection with Kirsten murine sarcoma virus. Int J Cancer 1988; 42:739-43. [PMID: 2846448 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910420519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Skin fibroblasts from patients with familial polyposis coli (FPC) exhibit increased frequency of morphological transformation, anchorage-independent growth, and enhanced production of viral RNA and viral particles after infection with murine sarcoma virus(murine leukemia virus), MSV(MLV). These FPC fibroblasts form greater amounts of unintegrated viral DNA as compared to normal fibroblasts during the first 4 to 24 hr after infection with Kirsten MSV(KiMLV), suggesting that increased susceptibility of FPC cells to MSV is determined at an early stage of viral transformation. Several MSV-transformed clones of both FPC and normal fibroblasts, isolated from agarose gel, were non-producers having integrated viral genome which was expressed into viral RNA and rescued by infection with MLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
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227
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Vuorio T, Wärri A, Sandberg M, Alitalo K, Vuorio E. Expression of the c-Ha-ras and neu oncogenes in DMBA-induced, anti-estrogen-treated rat mammary tumors. Int J Cancer 1988; 42:774-9. [PMID: 2972630 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910420524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumors were analyzed for the structure and expression of the oncogenes c-Ha-ras and neu and the effects of anti-estrogen treatment. Tumor samples were divided into 3 groups, the first consisting of untreated tumors, the second of anti-estrogen (toremifene)-treated unresponsive (growing) tumors, and the third of toremifene-treated responsive (regressing) tumors. DNA and RNA derived from normal tissues of the same experimental animals were also analyzed. In Southern blot analysis of genomic DNAs, 2 tumors out of 23 contained a new Xbal site in the Ha-ras gene, indicating a point mutation in the second nucleotide of codon 61. Both of these tumors belonged to the group that had not received toremifene. No amplifications of the Ha-ras or the neu genes were observed. Although greatly variable, the levels of Ha-ras mRNA were highest in untreated tumors, lower in toremifene-treated, unresponsive tumors and even lower in toremifene-treated, regressing tumors, corresponding approximately to the levels detected in normal liver and uterus of untreated animals. Expression of the neu mRNA was variable and considerably lower than that of Ha-ras mRNA. It was similar in all 3 groups and somewhat elevated than in several non-malignant control tissues. Localization of c-Ha-ras expression by in situ hybridization revealed a relatively even distribution of the mRNA throughout the mammary tissue. The results suggest that mechanisms other than activation of the c-Ha-ras or neu genes are important for progression and regression of DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinomas.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
- Animals
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific/metabolism
- Estrogen Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, ras
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Oncogenes
- RNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Tamoxifen/analogs & derivatives
- Tamoxifen/therapeutic use
- Toremifene
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vuorio
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland
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228
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Lin AH, Groppi VE, Gorman RR. Platelet-derived growth factor does not induce c-fos in NIH 3T3 cells expressing the EJ-ras oncogene. Mol Cell Biol 1988; 8:5052-5. [PMID: 3145405 PMCID: PMC365601 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.11.5052-5055.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), the calcium ionophore A23187, and the tumor promoter phorbol myristate acetate stimulated c-fos mRNA levels in control NIH 3T3 cells. However, NIH 3T3 cells transformed by EJ-ras DNA transfection, which have diminished PDGF-stimulated phospholipase C activity, showed a 95% reduction in PDGF-stimulated c-fos mRNA levels. The responses to A23187 and phorbol myristate acetate were also attenuated, but not as severely as the PDGF-mediated induction. The reduction in PDGF-stimulated c-fos induction did not appear to be a general result of cellular transformation, since src-transformed NIH 3T3 cells displayed a strong PDGF-stimulated c-fos induction. Despite the reduction in PDGF-stimulated c-fos induction, EJ-ras-transformed cells still responded mitogenically to PDGF. These data suggest that the magnitude of c-fos induction cannot be directly correlated with PDGF-stimulated mitogenesis in EJ-ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Lin
- Cell Biology Department, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
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229
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Smeland EB, Blomhoff HK, Ohlsson R, De Lange Davies C, Funderud S, Boye E. Transcription of protooncogenes during stimulation of normal human B lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 1988; 18:1847-50. [PMID: 3060364 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830181131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Protooncogenes play important roles in the regulation of growth and differentiation of normal cells. In this study we have examined the cell cycle-dependent regulation of transcription of various protooncogenes after stimulation of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes. The transcriptional rate of various genes was determined by means of a nuclear run-on assay. We found that several protooncogenes were transcriptionally activated after stimulation (myc, p53, K-ras, H-ras, sis and ets), but with different kinetics of induction. In contrast, some oncogenes, especially those encoding membrane-associated or cytoplasmatic proteins like abl, rel or mil/raf, were transcribed at a relatively constant rate during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Smeland
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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230
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Sawczuk IS, Olsson CA, Buttyan R, Nguyen-Huu MC, Zimmerman KA, Alt FW, Zakeri Z, Wolgemuth D, Reitelman C. Gene expression in renal growth and regrowth. J Urol 1988; 140:1145-8. [PMID: 3054158 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)41983-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the molecular events associated with postnatal and compensatory renal growth, the expression of growth/differentiation genes (c-fos, c-myc, c-H-ras, c-K-ras), a stress-related gene (HSP70) and a structural gene (collagen type IV, alpha 1 and 2) were examined. Northern analysis of messenger ribonucleic acid from the newborn mouse reveals high levels of expression of HSP70, c-H-ras, and c-K-ras during the first week of life. By day 40 HSP70-related and c-H-ras expression decreases somewhat, c-K-ras remains unchanged and collagen type IV, which encodes for the renal glomerular basement membrane, expression decreases significantly. During compensatory renal growth increased expression of HSP70, c-H-ras and c-K-ras occurs. The results seem to indicate that growth/differentiation genes may be necessary for continued cell growth (hypertrophy) in postnatal and compensatory renal growth, and that collagen type IV formation continues up through week 2 of postnatal growth consistent with the interval of glomerular basement membrane formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Sawczuk
- Department of Urology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
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231
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A recessive cellular mutation in v-fes-transformed mink cells restores contact inhibition and anchorage-dependent growth. Mol Cell Biol 1988. [PMID: 3261387 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.6.2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A contact-inhibited revertant of mink cells transformed by the Gardner-Arnstein strain of feline sarcoma virus was isolated by fluorescence-activated sorting of cells stained with the mitochondria-specific dye rhodamine 123. The revertant cell line exhibited a decrease in its proliferative rate and saturation density and a complete loss of its capacity for anchorage-independent growth, but it remained tumorigenic when inoculated into nude mice. The revertant cells retained a rescuable Gardner-Arnstein feline sarcoma provirus, expressed high levels of the v-fes oncogene product and its associated tyrosine kinase activity, manifested elevated levels of phosphotyrosine-containing cellular proteins similar to those observed in v-fes-transformed cells, and were refractory to retransformation by retroviruses containing the v-fes, v-fms, and v-ras oncogenes. Fusion of the revertant and parental cells generated somatic cell hybrids which formed colonies in semisolid medium, indicating that the block in transformation was recessive. These data together with the observation that the revertant phenotype is unstable in continuous culture suggest that the loss of transformation is due to the presence of limiting quantities of a gene product which functions downstream of the v-fes-coded kinase in the mitogenic pathway.
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232
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Manly KF, Anderson GR, Stoler DL. Harvey sarcoma virus genome contains no extensive sequences unrelated to those of other retroviruses except ras. J Virol 1988; 62:3540-3. [PMID: 2841504 PMCID: PMC253486 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.62.9.3540-3543.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Harvey murine sarcoma virus genome contains two rat-derived sets of genetic information recombined with the Moloney mouse leukemia virus. The rat sequences represent a ras oncogene and a rat VL30 element. The VL30 sequences have several discrete regions of similarity with retroviral sequences which were detected by searching a protein database for similarities with predicted polypeptide sequences from the VL30 regions. On the 5' side, the most similar sequences were those of feline sarcoma viruses; on the 3' side, murine leukemia viruses were the most similar. Some of the regions of similarity could also be detected directly by searching a nucleic acid sequence database with the viral DNA sequences. The most extensive region of similarity was that which corresponded to the endonuclease in the pol gene of a murine leukemia virus. The majority of the rat-derived sequences present in the Harvey sarcoma virus genome can now be attributed exclusively to ras or retrovirus- or retrotransposon-related sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Manly
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
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233
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Viel A, Maestro R, Pistello M, Dolcetti R, De Re V, Boiocchi M. Activation by Point Mutation of Ki-ras Gene Occurring in Transfected Human Normal dna. TUMORI JOURNAL 1988; 74:499-506. [PMID: 3064370 DOI: 10.1177/030089168807400501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A mutation-activated human Ki-ras gene was detected in NIH 3T3 cells transfected with high molecular weight DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes of a healthy blood donor. A deoxyguanosine at position 35 of the first exon was substituted by deoxythymidine. Nevertheless, cloning and sequencing of seven independent Ki-ras first exons, isolated from the same human genomic DNA used to transfect NIH 3T3 cells, failed to reveal the expected point mutation. Since transfected DNA is susceptible to mutagenesis in mammalian cells, we hypothesize that a base substitution occurred during the transfection assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Viel
- Experimental Oncology 1, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Pordenone, Italia
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234
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Zhang XK, Wang Z, Lee A, Huang DP, Chiu JF. Differential expression of cellular oncogenes during rat liver development. Cancer Lett 1988; 41:147-55. [PMID: 2456853 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(88)90111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The expression of a number of proto-oncogenes (myc, erb B, Ha-ras, bas, rel, mos, sis, myb, ki-ras, fms, src and fos) was studied in developing rat liver. Northern blot hybridization shows that cellular counterpart of erb B, Ha-ras, and fos oncogenes were in an early stage of liver development, and the expressions of these proto-oncogenes gradually decreased as the liver developed, while c-myc transcript was found only in the rat fetal liver. The transcripts of these oncogenes were found in high level in Morris hepatoma 7777. Bas proto-oncogene was found in high expression at early stages of rat liver development but was not in hepatoma 7777. The expression of other proto-oncogenes studied (src, fm, rel, mos, sis, myb and ki-ras) did not change significantly during liver development and was almost the same in hepatoma and normal adult liver. Southern blot analysis demonstrates that gene amplification and apparent gene rearrangement were not responsible for the change in expression of erb B, Ha-ras, myc and fos proto-oncogenes. Our study gives further evidence that erb B, myc, Ha-ras and fos proto-oncogenes are involved in the control of cell growth and in the process of rat hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X K Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
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235
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Dolcetti R, De Re V, Viel A, Pistello M, Tavian M, Boiocchi M. Nuclear oncogene amplification or rearrangement is not involved in human colorectal malignancies. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER & CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 1988; 24:1321-8. [PMID: 3181252 DOI: 10.1016/0277-5379(88)90223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have examined 44 cases of human colonic and rectal carcinomas for structural rearrangement and amplification of c-myc, N-myc, L-myc, c-myb and p53 oncogenes. DNA hybridization showed evidence of c-myc amplification in only one of the samples tested. In addition, the same tumour also showed a rearrangement immediately 3' to the c-myc locus. No rearrangement could be found at the c-myc locus in the other 43 cases. Moreover, our molecular analysis of N-myc, L-myc, c-myb and p53 genes indicated no relevant alteration of the copy number and/or genomic structure of these nuclear oncogenes. Thus, at least in human colorectal malignancies, it is unlikely that nuclear oncogene structural alterations and/or amplification plays a major role in tumour induction or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dolcetti
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano (Pordenone), Italy
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236
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Taylor GM, Morten JE, Morten H, Dodge AB, Ridway JC, Jones PM, Harris R. Expression of human CD4 by two human-mouse interlineage hybrids. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS 1988; 15:197-208. [PMID: 2471746 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.1988.tb00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Two hybrid cell lines expressing human CD4 were prepared by fusing human B-lymphoid cells with the mouse T-lymphoma BW5147. Hybrid TF42 was derived from a human B-lymphoblastoid line and TF53.1 from a human B-ALL. Variants of these hybrids expressing or lacking CD4 were isolated by sorting cells stained with the monoclonal antibody (mAb) OKT4 on a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). Cytogenetic, isoenzyme and DNA analysis confirmed the presence of human chromosome 12 in the CD4+ hybrids, and revealed that CD4 expression by TF42 was associated with multiple copies of this chromosome. Of seventy mAb recognizing human T-cell antigens screened on the CD4+ and CD4- variants of the two hybrids, only mAb recognizing CD4 and Leu 8 reacted with the CD4+ cells. These hybrids should be useful in the preparation, screening and analysis of anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies, and in studies of CD4 epitopes recognized by HIV.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Cell Fusion
- DNA/analysis
- Epitopes/analysis
- Herpesvirus 4, Human
- Humans
- Hybrid Cells/immunology
- Leukemia, B-Cell
- Lymphoma
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Phenotype
- Rabbits
- T-Lymphocytes
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Taylor
- Department of Medical Genetics, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
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237
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Downward J, de Gunzburg J, Riehl R, Weinberg RA. p21ras-induced responsiveness of phosphatidylinositol turnover to bradykinin is a receptor number effect. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:5774-8. [PMID: 2901087 PMCID: PMC281847 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.16.5774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins encoded by ras genes have recently been reported to couple certain growth factor receptors to phospholipase C, the enzyme catalyzing phosphatidylinositol breakdown. To investigate this hypothesis, the normal and the transforming Ha-, Ki-, and N-ras genes were each transfected into Rat-1 fibroblasts under the control of strong promoters. Several cell lines, both normal and transformed, were selected that expressed high levels of p21ras. Phosphatidylinositol turnover was measured in these cells in response to a wide variety of peptide factors; bradykinin was found to have a greatly enhanced effect on the p21ras overexpressors relative to the parental and control cells. Bradykinin receptor numbers were measured in these lines and found to be up to 40-fold higher in the p21ras overexpressors than in the parental cells. This was found to be the case for both normal and transforming forms of all three varieties of ras genes. Receptor number correlated well with the bradykinin-dependent phosphatidylinositol turnover response in all cases. These data indicate that the effects of p21ras on cellular responses to the peptide hormone bradykinin are due to changes in receptor number rather than to direct coupling by p21ras between the receptor and phospholipase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Downward
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
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238
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Adams SE, Rathjen PD, Stanway CA, Fulton SM, Malim MH, Wilson W, Ogden J, King L, Kingsman SM, Kingsman AJ. Complete nucleotide sequence of a mouse VL30 retro-element. Mol Cell Biol 1988; 8:2989-98. [PMID: 2850474 PMCID: PMC363524 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.8.2989-2998.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of a mouse retro-element is presented. The cloned element is composed of 4,834 base pairs (bp) with long terminal repeats of 568 bp separated by an internal region of 3,698 bp. The element did not appear to have any open reading frames that would be capable of encoding the functional proteins that are normally produced by retro-elements. However, some regions of the genome showed some homology to retroviral gag and pol open reading frames. There was no region in VL30 corresponding to a retroviral env gene. This implies that VL30 is related to retrotransposons rather than to retroviruses. The sequence also contained regions that were homologous to known reverse transcriptase priming sites and viral packaging sites. These observations, combined with the known transcriptional capacity of the VL30 promoter, suggest that VL30 relies on protein functions of other retro-elements, such as murine leukemia virus, while maintaining highly conserved cis-active promoter, packaging, and priming sites necessary for its replication and cell-to-cell transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Adams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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239
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Stably transmitted triple-promoter retroviral vectors and their use in transformation of primary mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol 1988. [PMID: 2837655 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.4.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviral vectors were constructed which coexpressed three inserted genes from independent transcriptional promoters in singly infected cells. Several such triple-promoter vectors were constructed with various combinations of oncogenes and selectable drug resistance genes. All expressed three mRNAs of the expected size in infected cells. One vector expressing the v-Ha-ras, v-myc, and neo genes was characterized in detail. This retrovirus did not undergo rearrangement during the process of infection, as judged by Southern analysis, and infection of primary rat embryo fibroblasts demonstrated that ras-myc-cotransformed cells could be selected in G418. This demonstration that retroviral vectors can be used to express three cistrons independently increases their value as gene transfer vehicles, particularly for studies involving oncogene cooperation in primary cells.
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240
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Purification and characterization of a GTP-binding protein with a molecular weight of 20,000 in bovine brain membranes. Identification as the rho gene product. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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241
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Carloni G, Champ B, Vilarem MJ, Lavialle C, Cassingena R. Activation of c-Ki-ras coexists with c-myc amplification in cells from a nude mouse tumor induced by the human breast carcinoma cell line SW 613-S. FEBS Lett 1988; 233:268-72. [PMID: 3289968 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In vitro transfection experiments have shown that cooperation between two different oncogenes can confer a fully malignant phenotype to primary rodent cells. We have previously reported that SW 613-Tul cells, derived from a tumor induced in a nude mouse by the human breast carcinoma cell line SW 613-S, showed a 30-fold amplification of the c-myc gene. In the present work, we show that these cells also harbor an activated c-Ki-ras gene capable of inducing the formation of foci upon transfection of NIH 3T3 cells with SW 613-Tul genomic DNA. Our results suggest that both the c-myc and c-Ki-ras oncogenes, activated by two different mechanisms, may cooperate in the full expression of the tumorigenic phenotype of SW 613-Tul cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Carloni
- Laboratoire de Génétique Cellulaire, ER 278, CNRS, Institut de Recherches Scientifiques sur le Cancer, Villejuif, France
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242
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Haynes JR, Downing JR. A recessive cellular mutation in v-fes-transformed mink cells restores contact inhibition and anchorage-dependent growth. Mol Cell Biol 1988; 8:2419-27. [PMID: 3261387 PMCID: PMC363440 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.6.2419-2427.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A contact-inhibited revertant of mink cells transformed by the Gardner-Arnstein strain of feline sarcoma virus was isolated by fluorescence-activated sorting of cells stained with the mitochondria-specific dye rhodamine 123. The revertant cell line exhibited a decrease in its proliferative rate and saturation density and a complete loss of its capacity for anchorage-independent growth, but it remained tumorigenic when inoculated into nude mice. The revertant cells retained a rescuable Gardner-Arnstein feline sarcoma provirus, expressed high levels of the v-fes oncogene product and its associated tyrosine kinase activity, manifested elevated levels of phosphotyrosine-containing cellular proteins similar to those observed in v-fes-transformed cells, and were refractory to retransformation by retroviruses containing the v-fes, v-fms, and v-ras oncogenes. Fusion of the revertant and parental cells generated somatic cell hybrids which formed colonies in semisolid medium, indicating that the block in transformation was recessive. These data together with the observation that the revertant phenotype is unstable in continuous culture suggest that the loss of transformation is due to the presence of limiting quantities of a gene product which functions downstream of the v-fes-coded kinase in the mitogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Haynes
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38101
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243
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Sinha S, Webber C, Marshall CJ, Knowles MA, Proctor A, Barrass NC, Neal GE. Activation of ras oncogene in aflatoxin-induced rat liver carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:3673-7. [PMID: 3287372 PMCID: PMC280280 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.11.3673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of activated transforming genes was investigated in four primary aflatoxin-induced rat liver tumors in male Fischer rats, in two cell lines generated from such tumors, in an epithelial liver-derived nontransformed cell line, and in the latter cell line after transformation by aflatoxin B1 in vitro. When DNA extracted from these sources was transfected into NIH 3T3 cells, negative results were obtained from focus assays. Cotransfection of these DNA samples with a gene for resistance to G418, followed by selection for resistance to that antibiotic, and tumorigenicity testing in nude mice demonstrated DNA-mediated transfer of the neoplastic phenotype in all cases except for DNA from the nontransformed cell line. DNA extracted from these primary nude mouse tumors used in a secondary round of transfection with NIH 3T3 cells gave positive results in focus assays, which were conserved through succeeding rounds of transfection. By use of appropriate radiolabeled probes, activated ras oncogenes were detected in all samples. N-ras activation was detected in three of the primary rat liver tumors and both hepatoma cell lines. Ki-ras activation was detected in one primary rat liver tumor, and Ha-ras activation was detected in the cell line transformed in vitro with activated aflatoxin B1. The activated Ki-ras oncogene was further characterized by use of synthetic oligonucleotide probes and was shown to contain a G----A transition at the second nucleotide in codon 12.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sinha
- Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Carshalton, Surrey, United Kingdom
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244
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Andeol Y, Nardeux PC, Daya-Grosjean L, Brison O, Cebrian J, Suarez H. Both N-ras and c-myc are activated in the SHAC human stomach fibrosarcoma cell line. Int J Cancer 1988; 41:732-7. [PMID: 3284824 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910410516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A transforming N-ras gene was isolated from the SHAC human stomach fibrosarcoma cell line. A single-point mutation resulting in the substitution of histidine for glutamine at codon 61 was found in the SHAC transforming allele. The N-ras gene is overexpressed in the tumor cells and transformant cells. The N-ras p21 product was studied by immunoprecipitation and showed no alteration in mobility as compared to the normal p21 protein. The c-myc gene is amplified and overexpressed in these cells. This report gives evidence that an amplified c-myc and a mutated N-ras gene are both present in this tumor cell line and provides support for the idea that co-operation of at least 2 activated cellular oncogenes is required for carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Andeol
- Groupe Pluridisciplinaire de Recherches sur le Cancer, ER 278 du CNRSA, Institut de Recherches Scientifiques sur le Cancer, Villejuif, France
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245
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The calcium signal for BALB/MK keratinocyte terminal differentiation counteracts epidermal growth factor (EGF) very early in the EGF-induced proliferative pathway. Mol Cell Biol 1988. [PMID: 2451119 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.2.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BALB/MK mouse epidermal keratinocytes require epidermal growth factor (EGF) for proliferation and terminally differentiate in response to high calcium concentrations. We show that EGF is an extremely potent mitogen, causing BALB/MK cultures to enter the cell cycle in a synchronous manner associated with a greater than 100-fold increase in DNA synthesis. Analysis of the expression of proto-oncogenes which have been reported to be activated during the cascade of events following growth factor stimulation of fibroblasts or lymphoid cells revealed a very rapid but transient 100-fold increase in c-fos RNA but little or no effect on the other proto-oncogenes analyzed. Exposure of EGF-synchronized BALB/MK cells to high levels of calcium was associated with a striking decrease in the early burst of c-fos RNA as well as the subsequent peak of cell DNA synthesis. Since the inhibitory effect of high calcium on c-fos RNA expression was measurable within 30 min, our studies imply that the EGF proliferative and calcium differentiation signals must interact very early in the pathway of EGF-induced proliferation. Our results also establish that c-fos RNA modulation is an important early marker of cell proliferation in epithelial as well as mesenchymal cells.
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246
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H-ras activation in benign and self-regressing skin tumors (keratoacanthomas) in both humans and an animal model system. Mol Cell Biol 1988. [PMID: 3127691 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.2.786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of the ras oncogenes in tumorigenesis was investigated in keratoacanthomas, which are benign and self-regressing skin tumors, both in humans and in a corresponding animal model system. Keratoacanthomas were induced on rabbit ears by repeated applications of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. About 60% of the tumor DNAs produced transformed foci after transfection into NIH 3T3 cells, and in all of them the transforming gene was identified as H-ras by Southern and Northern (RNA) hybridization. Immunoprecipitation experiments suggested that the transforming rabbit H-ras protein carried a mutation in codon 61. In addition, an activated H-ras gene was detected in a human keratoacanthoma by using a nude mouse tumorigenesis assay after transfection of tumor DNA into NIH 3T3 cells. This is the first report of ras activation in a benign human tumor. The transforming human H-ras gene showed a point mutation in codon 61 that would result in leucine instead of the glutamine present in the normal gene product. The finding of ras activation in tumors that are not only benign but also self-regressing indicates that activated ras genes are not sufficient to maintain a neoplastic phenotype, although they likely play a role in early stages of tumorigenesis.
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247
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Pohl J, Radler-Pohl A, Heicappell R, Schirrmacher V. Oncogene expression in related cancer lines differing in metastatic capacity. Clin Exp Metastasis 1988; 6:201-11. [PMID: 3280194 DOI: 10.1007/bf01782480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Various murine tumor cell lines with different metastatic capacities were tested in vitro for oncogene expression, especially of the p21-Ha-ras protein. Small differences were seen in the expression of several distinct oncogenes in the case of a high metastatic lymphoma variant (ESb) and its low metastatic parental line (Eb). In one instance we observed a 30-fold Ha-ras gene amplification in a metastasis-derived cell line from a spontaneous mouse mammary carcinoma. In spite of this amplification we did not find an increased p21 expression in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pohl
- Institute for Immunology and Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg
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248
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Baker VV, Shingleton HM, Hatch KD, Miller DM. Selective inhibition of c-myc expression by the ribonucleic acid synthesis inhibitor mithramycin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 158:762-7. [PMID: 2966584 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(88)90069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the c-myc proto-oncogene has been shown to correlate with the rate of cellular proliferation and malignant transformation in a number of cell types. JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells demonstrate c-myc transcript levels that are greater than those of nonmalignant trophoblastic tissue at any stage of gestation. Southern blot analysis documents c-myc gene amplification in JEG-3 cells, with a gene copy number of approximately 20. The methylation pattern and genomic structure of the amplified c-myc oncogene in JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells are identical to those of normal placenta. Treatment of JEG-3 cells with mithramycin, a ribonucleic acid synthesis inhibitor, results in a dramatic decrease in c-myc expression relative to that of the c-Ha-Ras gene. The apparent selectivity of mithramycin for c-myc expression represents the only example, to date, of the selective pharmacologic modulation of oncogene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Baker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
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249
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Overell RW, Weisser KE, Cosman D. Stably transmitted triple-promoter retroviral vectors and their use in transformation of primary mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol 1988; 8:1803-8. [PMID: 2837655 PMCID: PMC363342 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.4.1803-1808.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviral vectors were constructed which coexpressed three inserted genes from independent transcriptional promoters in singly infected cells. Several such triple-promoter vectors were constructed with various combinations of oncogenes and selectable drug resistance genes. All expressed three mRNAs of the expected size in infected cells. One vector expressing the v-Ha-ras, v-myc, and neo genes was characterized in detail. This retrovirus did not undergo rearrangement during the process of infection, as judged by Southern analysis, and infection of primary rat embryo fibroblasts demonstrated that ras-myc-cotransformed cells could be selected in G418. This demonstration that retroviral vectors can be used to express three cistrons independently increases their value as gene transfer vehicles, particularly for studies involving oncogene cooperation in primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Overell
- Immunex Corporation, Seattle, Washington 98101
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250
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Resnick RJ, Racker E. Phosphorylation of the RAS2 gene product by protein kinase A inhibits the activation of yeast adenylyl cyclase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:2474-8. [PMID: 3128788 PMCID: PMC280019 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.8.2474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The RAS2 gene product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressed in Escherichia coli was phosphorylated by protein kinase A in vitro to approximately 0.5-0.7 mol of phosphate per mol of protein. Neither protein kinase C nor protein kinase P phosphorylated the RAS2 protein significantly. The RAS2 protein is known to activate, in the presence of either Mg2+ and GTP or Mn2+, a yeast membrane preparation with an overexpressed adenylyl cyclase and a deficiency in endogenous RAS1 and RAS2 proteins. When the RAS2 protein was phosphorylated by protein kinase A prior to exposure to the yeast membranes, its capacity to activate the adenylyl cyclase was diminished by 40-60%, while activation by Mn2+ remained unaffected. The phosphorylated protein retained, however, its ability to bind GTP. Incubation of protein kinase A with a specific protein kinase A inhibitor prior to phosphorylation prevented the inhibition. Furthermore, the hydrolysis of GTP was not required for the observed inhibition. These data suggest that phosphorylation of the RAS2 gene product by protein kinase A may function as one mechanism by which the intracellular level of cAMP in yeast is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Resnick
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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