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Sergejeva O, Botov R, Liutkevičienė R, Kriaučiūnienė L. Genetic factors associated with the development of age-related macular degeneration. MEDICINA-LITHUANIA 2016; 52:79-88. [PMID: 27170480 DOI: 10.1016/j.medici.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects the macula and is the leading cause of significant and irreversible central visual loss. It is the most common cause of visual loss in people aged more than 60 years. This disease affects 2.5 million individuals in Europe. AMD is caused by both environmental and genetic factors. Numerous risk factors have been reported, but the pathogenesis of AMD is complex and fairly understood. Age, female gender, obesity, race, education status, family history, hyperopia, iris color, cigarette smoking, previous cataract surgery, history of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, sunlight exposure and many other factors have been shown to be associated with AMD development. Scientific evidence shows that genes may play a role in the development of nearly 3 out of 4 cases of this devastating eye disease. The genes that have been shown to be associated with AMD are genes encoding complement system components such as CFH, C2, C3, CFB, and other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sergejeva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Roman Botov
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Liutkevičienė
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania; Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Loresa Kriaučiūnienė
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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202
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Savige J, Amos L, Ierino F, Mack HG, Symons RCA, Hughes P, Nicholls K, Colville D. Retinal disease in the C3 glomerulopathies and the risk of impaired vision. Ophthalmic Genet 2016; 37:369-376. [PMID: 26915021 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2015.1101777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dense deposit disease and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome are often caused by Complement Factor H (CFH) mutations. This study describes the retinal abnormalities in dense deposit disease and, for the first time, atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome. It also reviews our understanding of drusen pathogenesis and their relevance for glomerular disease. METHODS Six individuals with dense deposit disease and one with atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome were studied from 2 to 40 years after presentation. Five had renal transplants. All four who had genetic testing had CFH mutations. Individuals underwent ophthalmological review and retinal photography, and in some cases, optical coherence tomography, and further tests of retinal function. RESULTS All subjects with dense deposit disease had impaired night vision and retinal drusen or whitish-yellow deposits. Retinal atrophy, pigmentation, and hemorrhage were common. In late disease, peripheral vision was restricted, central vision was distorted, and there were scotoma from sub-retinal choroidal neovascular membranes and atypical serous retinopathy. Drusen were present but less prominent in the young person with atypical uremic syndrome due to a heterozygous CFH mutation. CONCLUSIONS Drusen are common in forms of C3 glomerulopathy caused by compound heterozygous or heterozygous CFH mutations. They are useful diagnostically but also impair vision. Drusen have an identical composition to glomerular deposits. They are also identical to the drusen of age-related macular degeneration, and may respond to the same treatments. Individuals with a C3 glomerulopathy should be assessed ophthalmologically at diagnosis, and monitored regularly for vision-threatening complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Savige
- a University of Melbourne Department of Medicine , Melbourne Health and Northern Health, Royal Melbourne Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Nephrology , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - L Amos
- a University of Melbourne Department of Medicine , Melbourne Health and Northern Health, Royal Melbourne Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - Frank Ierino
- c Department of Nephrology , Austin Health , Heidelberg , Victoria , Australia
| | - H G Mack
- d University of Melbourne Department of Ophthalmology , Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital , East Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - R C Andrew Symons
- e Department of Ophthalmology , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Parkville Victoria , Australia.,f University of Melbourne Department of Surgery , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Parkville Victoria , Australia
| | - P Hughes
- b Department of Nephrology , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - K Nicholls
- b Department of Nephrology , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - D Colville
- a University of Melbourne Department of Medicine , Melbourne Health and Northern Health, Royal Melbourne Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
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203
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Lechner J, Chen M, Hogg RE, Toth L, Silvestri G, Chakravarthy U, Xu H. Higher plasma levels of complement C3a, C4a and C5a increase the risk of subretinal fibrosis in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: Complement activation in AMD. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2016; 13:4. [PMID: 26884800 PMCID: PMC4754842 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-016-0060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the plasma levels of complement C3a, C4a, and C5a in different types of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and whether the levels were related to patients’ responsiveness to anti-VEGF therapy. Results Ninety-six nAMD patients (including 61 with choroidal neovascularisation (CNV), 17 with retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP), 14 with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and 4 unclassified patients) and 43 controls were recruited to this case–control study. Subretinal fibrosis was observed in 45 nAMD patients and was absent in 51 nAMD patients. In addition, the responsiveness to anti-VEGF (Lucentis) therapy was also evaluated in nAMD patients. Forty-four patients were complete responders, 48 were partially responders, and only 4 patients did not respond to the therapy. The plasma levels of C3a, C4a and C5a were significantly higher in nAMD patients compared to controls. Further analysis of nAMD subgroups showed that the levels of C3a, C4a and C5a were significantly increased in patients with CNV but not RAP and PCV. Significantly increased levels of C3a, C4a and C5a were also observed in nAMD patients with subretinal fibrosis but not in those without subretinal fibrosis. Higher levels of C3a were observed in nAMD patients who responded partially to anti-VEGF therapy. Conclusions Our results suggest increased systemic complement activation in nAMD patients with CNV but not RAP and PCV. Our results also suggest that higher levels of systemic complement activation may increase the risk of subretinal fibrosis in nAMD patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12979-016-0060-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Lechner
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
| | - Mei Chen
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
| | - Ruth E Hogg
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
| | - Levente Toth
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
| | - Giuliana Silvestri
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
| | - Usha Chakravarthy
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
| | - Heping Xu
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
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204
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Ye Z, Shuai P, Zhai Y, Li F, Jiang L, Lu F, Wen F, Huang L, Zhang D, Liu X, Lin Y, Luo H, Zhang H, Zhu X, Wu Z, Yang Z, Gong B, Shi Y. Associations of 6p21.3 Region with Age-related Macular Degeneration and Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20914. [PMID: 26861912 PMCID: PMC4748259 DOI: 10.1038/srep20914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) are leading causes of blindness in aging populations. This study was conducted to investigate the associations of chromosome 6p21.3 region, including CFB-SKIV2L-TNXB-FKBPL-NOTCH4 genes, with both neovascular AMD and PCV. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this region and two known AMD-associated SNPs in CFH (rs800292) and HTRA1 (rs11200638) were genotyped in a Han Chinese cohort composed of 490 neovascular AMD patients, 419 PCV patients and 1316 controls. Among the SNPs, TNXB rs12153855 and FKBPL rs9391734 conferred an increased susceptibility to neovascular AMD (P = 2.8 × 10−4 and 0.001, OR = 1.80 and 1.76, respectively), while SKIV2L exerted a protective effect on neovascular AMD (P = 2.2 × 10−4, OR = 0.49). Rs12153855C and rs9391734A alleles could further increase the susceptibility to AMD in subjects with rs800292, rs11200638 and rs429608 risk alleles. However, only the association of SKIV2L rs429608 remained significant after adjusting for rs800292, rs11200638 and the other 5 SNPs. The protective haplotype AATGAG exhibited significant association with neovascular AMD (permutation P = 0.015, OR = 0.34). None of the SNPs in this region was associated with PCV. Association profiles of 6p21.3 region showed discrepancy between neovascular AMD and PCV, indicating possible molecular and pathological differences between these two retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimeng Ye
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, School of Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Shuai
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, School of Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaru Zhai
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, School of Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Li
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, School of Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Department of ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingxi Jiang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, School of Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Lu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, School of Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Wen
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lulin Huang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, School of Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dingding Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, School of Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, School of Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, School of Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaichao Luo
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, School of Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Clinical Medicine Department, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, China
| | - Houbin Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, School of Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, School of Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengzheng Wu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, School of Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Department of ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, School of Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Gong
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, School of Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, School of Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
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205
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Klettner A. Fucoidan as a Potential Therapeutic for Major Blinding Diseases--A Hypothesis. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E31. [PMID: 26848666 PMCID: PMC4771984 DOI: 10.3390/md14020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan is a heterogeneous group of sulfated polysaccharide with a high content of l-fucose, which can be extracted from brown algae and marine invertebrates. It has many beneficial biological activities that make fucoidan an interesting candidate for therapeutic application in a variety of diseases. Age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy are major causes for vision loss and blindness in the industrialized countries and increasingly in the developing world. Some of the characteristics found in certain fucoidans, such as its anti-oxidant activity, complement inhibition or interaction with the Vascular Endothelial Growth factor, which would be of high interest for a potential application of fucoidan in age-related macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy. However, the possible usage of fucoidan in ophthalmological diseases has received little attention so far. In this review, biological activities of fucoidan that could be of interest regarding these diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Klettner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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206
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Triebwasser MP, Roberson EDO, Yu Y, Schramm EC, Wagner EK, Raychaudhuri S, Seddon JM, Atkinson JP. Rare Variants in the Functional Domains of Complement Factor H Are Associated With Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:6873-8. [PMID: 26501415 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has a substantial genetic risk component, as evidenced by the risk from common genetic variants uncovered in the first genome-wide association studies. More recently, it has become apparent that rare genetic variants also play an independent role in AMD risk. We sought to determine if rare variants in complement factor H (CFH) played a role in AMD risk. METHODS We had previously collected DNA from a large population of patients with advanced age-related macular degeneration (A-AMD) and controls for targeted deep sequencing of candidate AMD risk genes. In this analysis, we tested for an increased burden of rare variants in CFH in 1665 cases and 752 controls from this cohort. RESULTS We identified 65 missense, nonsense, or splice-site mutations with a minor allele frequency ≤ 1%. Rare variants with minor allele frequency ≤ 1% (odds ratio [OR] = 1.5, P = 4.4 × 10⁻²), 0.5% (OR = 1.6, P = 2.6 × 10⁻²), and all singletons (OR = 2.3, P = 3.3 × 10⁻²) were enriched in A-AMD cases. Moreover, we observed loss-of-function rare variants (nonsense, splice-site, and loss of a conserved cysteine) in 10 cases and serum levels of FH were decreased in all 5 with an available sample (haploinsufficiency). Further, rare variants in the major functional domains of CFH were increased in cases (OR = 3.2; P = 1.4 × 10⁻³) and the magnitude of the effect correlated with the disruptive nature of the variant, location in an active site, and inversely with minor allele frequency. CONCLUSIONS In this large A-AMD cohort, rare variants in the CFH gene were enriched and tended to be located in functional sites or led to low serum levels. These data, combined with those indicating a similar, but even more striking, increase in rare variants found in CFI, strongly implicate complement activation in A-AMD etiopathogenesis as CFH and CFI interact to inhibit the alternative pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Triebwasser
- Washington University School of Medicine Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Elisha D O Roberson
- Washington University School of Medicine Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States 2Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Yi Yu
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Schramm
- Washington University School of Medicine Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Erin K Wagner
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 4Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Sackler School of Graduate Medical Sciences, Tufts Universi
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 4Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Sackler School of Graduate Medical Sciences, Tufts Universi
| | - Johanna M Seddon
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 4Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Sackler School of Graduate Medical Sciences, Tufts Universi
| | - John P Atkinson
- Washington University School of Medicine Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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207
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Dinculescu A, Min SH, Dyka FM, Deng WT, Stupay RM, Chiodo V, Smith WC, Hauswirth WW. Pathological Effects of Mutant C1QTNF5 (S163R) Expression in Murine Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:6971-80. [PMID: 26513502 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The mutation S163R in complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein-5 (C1QTNF5) causes an autosomal dominant disorder known as late-onset retinal degeneration (L-ORD). In this study, our goal is to evaluate the consequences of mutant S163R C1QTNF5 expression in mouse RPE following its delivery using an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector. METHODS We generated AAV vectors containing either human wild-type C1QTNF5 or mutant S163R C1QTNF5 driven by an RPE-specific BEST1 promoter, and delivered them subretinally into one eye of adult C57BL/6 mice. Transgene expression was detected by immunohistochemistry. Retinal function was assessed by full-field ERG. Pathological changes were further examined by digital fundus imaging and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). RESULTS We show that the AAV-expressed mutant S163R leads to pathological effects similar to some of those found in patients with advanced L-ORD, including RPE thinning, RPE cell loss, and retinal degeneration. In addition, we provide in vivo evidence that mutant S163R C1QTNF5 can form large, transparent, spherical intracellular aggregates throughout the RPE, which are detectable by light microscopy. In contrast to AAV-expressed wild-type C1QTNF5, which is secreted apically from the RPE toward the photoreceptor cells and the outer limiting membrane, the S163R mutant is primarily routed toward the basal side of RPE, where it forms thick, extracellular deposits over time. CONCLUSIONS Adeno-associated viral-targeted expression of mutant S163R in the RPE represents a useful approach for quickly generating animal models that mimic pathological features of L-ORD and offers the potential to understand disease mechanisms and develop therapeutic strategies.
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208
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Genetic variations in complement factors in patients with congenital thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with renal insufficiency. Int J Hematol 2016; 103:283-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-015-1933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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209
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Iannaccone A, Giorgianni F, New DD, Hollingsworth TJ, Umfress A, Alhatem AH, Neeli I, Lenchik NI, Jennings BJ, Calzada JI, Satterfield S, Mathews D, Diaz RI, Harris T, Johnson KC, Charles S, Kritchevsky SB, Gerling IC, Beranova-Giorgianni S, Radic MZ. Circulating Autoantibodies in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Recognize Human Macular Tissue Antigens Implicated in Autophagy, Immunomodulation, and Protection from Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145323. [PMID: 26717306 PMCID: PMC4696815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated sera from elderly subjects with and without age-related macular degeneration (AMD) for presence of autoantibodies (AAbs) against human macular antigens and characterized their identity. METHODS Sera were collected from participants in the Age-Related Maculopathy Ancillary (ARMA) Study, a cross-sectional investigation ancillary to the Health ABC Study, enriched with participants from the general population. The resulting sample (mean age: 79.2±3.9 years old) included subjects with early to advanced AMD (n = 131) and controls (n = 231). Sera were tested by Western blots for immunoreactive bands against human donor macular tissue homogenates. Immunoreactive bands were identified and graded, and odds ratios (OR) calculated. Based on these findings, sera were immunoprecipitated, and subjected to 2D gel electrophoresis (GE). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify the targets recognized by circulating AAbs seen on 2D-GE, followed by ELISAs with recombinant proteins to confirm LC-MS/MS results, and quantify autoreactivities. RESULTS In AMD, 11 immunoreactive bands were significantly more frequent and 13 were significantly stronger than in controls. Nine of the more frequent bands also showed stronger reactivity. OR estimates ranged between 4.06 and 1.93, and all clearly excluded the null value. Following immunoprecipitation, 2D-GE and LC-MS/MS, five of the possible autoreactivity targets were conclusively identified: two members of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family, HSPA8 and HSPA9; another member of the HSP family, HSPB4, also known as alpha-crystallin A chain (CRYAA); Annexin A5 (ANXA5); and Protein S100-A9, also known as calgranulin B that, when complexed with S100A8, forms calprotectin. ELISA testing with recombinant proteins confirmed, on average, significantly higher reactivities against all targets in AMD samples compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with other evidence supporting the role of inflammation and the immune system in AMD pathogenesis, AAbs were identified in AMD sera, including early-stage disease. Identified targets may be mechanistically linked to AMD pathogenesis because the identified proteins are implicated in autophagy, immunomodulation, and protection from oxidative stress and apoptosis. In particular, a role in autophagy activation is shared by all five autoantigens, raising the possibility that the detected AAbs may play a role in AMD via autophagy compromise and downstream activation of the inflammasome. Thus, we propose that the detected AAbs provide further insight into AMD pathogenesis and have the potential to contribute to disease biogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Iannaccone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Francesco Giorgianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - David D. New
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - T. J. Hollingsworth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Allison Umfress
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Albert H. Alhatem
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Indira Neeli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Nataliya I. Lenchik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Barbara J. Jennings
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Jorge I. Calzada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Charles Retina Institute, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Suzanne Satterfield
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Dennis Mathews
- Eye Specialty Group, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Southern College of Optometry, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Rocio I. Diaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Charles Retina Institute, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Tamara Harris
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Karen C. Johnson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Steve Charles
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Charles Retina Institute, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Kritchevsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Ivan C. Gerling
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Sarka Beranova-Giorgianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Marko Z. Radic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
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Relationship between Oxidative Stress, Circadian Rhythms, and AMD. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:7420637. [PMID: 26885250 PMCID: PMC4738726 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7420637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This work reviews concepts regarding oxidative stress and the mechanisms by which endogenous and exogenous factors produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). It also surveys the relationships between oxidative stress, circadian rhythms, and retinal damage in humans, particularly those related to light and photodamage. In the first section, the production of ROS by different cell organelles and biomolecules and the antioxidant mechanisms that antagonize this damage are reviewed. The second section includes a brief review of circadian clocks and their relationship with the cellular redox state. In the third part of this work, the relationship between retinal damage and ROS is described. The last part of this work focuses on retinal degenerative pathology, age-related macular degeneration, and the relationships between this pathology, ROS, and light. Finally, the possible interactions between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), circadian rhythms, and this pathology are discussed.
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211
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van Lookeren Campagne M, Strauss EC, Yaspan BL. Age-related macular degeneration: Complement in action. Immunobiology 2015; 221:733-9. [PMID: 26742632 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The complement system plays a key role in host-defense against common pathogens but must be tightly controlled to avoid inflammation and tissue damage. Polymorphisms in genes encoding two important negative regulators of the alternative complement pathway, complement factor H (CFH) and complement factor I (CFI), are associated with the risk for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of vision impairment in the ageing population. In this review, we will discuss the genetic basis of AMD and the potential impact of complement de-regulation on disease pathogenesis. Finally, we will highlight recent therapeutic approaches aimed at controlling complement activation in patients with AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erich C Strauss
- Clinical Science, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Brian L Yaspan
- Human Genetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
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212
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Hautamäki A, Seitsonen S, Holopainen JM, Moilanen JA, Kivioja J, Onkamo P, Järvelä I, Immonen I. The genetic variant rs4073 A→T of the Interleukin-8 promoter region is associated with the earlier onset of exudative age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 2015; 93:726-33. [PMID: 26154559 PMCID: PMC4758390 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To study the association of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4073 in the interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) promoter region with the diagnosis and age of onset of exudative age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) in association with the known genetic risk factors for AMD and tobacco smoking. Methods Medical records, smoking history and angiograms or fundus photographs of 301 patients with exudative AMD, 72 patients with dry AMD and 119 control subjects were analysed retrospectively. The associations of IL‐8 rs4073 A→T, CFH rs1061170 T→C, ARMS2 rs10490924 G→T and C3 rs2230199 C→G SNPs with the presence of AMD and with the age of onset of exudative AMD were analysed. Results Younger age of exudative AMD onset was associated with the homozygous AA genotype of IL‐8 rs4073 (p = 0.009, Mann–Whitney U‐test), CC genotype of CFH rs1061170 (p = 0.016), TT genotype of ARMS2 rs10490924 (p = 0.001) and with current smoking (p = 0.002). The risk alleles C in CFH rs1061170 (p < 0.0001, Pearson chi‐square) and T in ARMS2 rs10490924 (p < 0.0001), as well as smoking (p < 0.0001), were more prevalent in AMD patients compared with controls. No association was found between the IL‐8 rs4073 genotype and the presence of AMD. Conclusion Out of the factors associated with the earlier onset of exudative AMD, only the genotype of IL‐8 rs4073 did not appear as a risk factor for AMD in general. IL‐8 may have a role in accelerating the development of the choroidal neovascularization in exudative AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asta Hautamäki
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Sanna Seitsonen
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Juha M. Holopainen
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Jukka A. Moilanen
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Jarno Kivioja
- Department of Medical Genetics University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Päivi Onkamo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Irma Järvelä
- Department of Medical Genetics University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Ilkka Immonen
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
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213
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Chen Z, Zhai Y, Zhang W, Teng Y, Yao K. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of the Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) Gene are Associated With age-Related Macular Degeneration in Chinese Han Individuals: A Case-Control Pilot Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e2238. [PMID: 26656366 PMCID: PMC5008511 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether 3 variants in sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) gene contributed differently in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a Chinese Han population.We conducted a case-control study in a group of Chinese patients with AMD (n = 253) and contrasted the results against a control group (n = 292). Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of SIRT1 gene including rs12778366, rs3740051, and rs4746720 were genotyped using improved multiplex ligase detection reaction. The association between targeted SNPs and AMD was then analyzed by codominant, dominant, recessive, and allelic models.The genotyping data of rs12778366, rs3740051, and rs4746720 revealed significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium tests in the AMD group but not in the control group.We detected significantly differences of rs12778366 allele distribution between 2 groups in recessive and codominant model (P < 0.05). Homozygous carriers of the risk allele C displayed a higher chance of developing AMD (P = 0.036, odds ratio = 3.227; 95% confidence interval: 1.015-10.265).Our study, for the first time, raises the possibility that genetic variations of SIRT1 could be implicated in the pathophysiology of AMD in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Chen
- From the Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (ZC, YZ, YT, KY); Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China (ZC, YZ, YT, KY); and Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (WZ)
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214
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Grassmann F, Ach T, Brandl C, Heid IM, Weber BH. What Does Genetics Tell Us About Age-Related Macular Degeneration? Annu Rev Vis Sci 2015; 1:73-96. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-082114-035609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Ach
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, D-97080, Germany
| | - Caroline Brandl
- Institute of Human Genetics and
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany;
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93042, Germany
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany;
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215
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Lechner J, Chen M, Hogg RE, Toth L, Silvestri G, Chakravarthy U, Xu H. Alterations in Circulating Immune Cells in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16754. [PMID: 26572732 PMCID: PMC4648089 DOI: 10.1038/srep16754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in developed countries. Recent advances have highlighted the essential role of inflammation in the development of the disease. In addition to local retinal chronic inflammatory response, systemic immune alterations have also been observed in AMD patients. In this study we investigated the association between the frequency of circulating leukocyte populations and the prevalence as well as clinical presentations of nAMD. Leukocyte subsets of 103 nAMD patients (most of them were receiving anti-VEGF therapy prior to enrolment) and 26 controls were analysed by flow cytometry by relative cell size, granularity and surface markers. Circulating CD11b(+) cells and CD16(hi)HLA-DR(-) neutrophils were significantly increased (P = 0.015 and 0.009 respectively) in nAMD when compared to controls. The percentage of circulating CD4(+) T-cells was reduced in nAMD patients without subretinal fibrosis (P = 0.026) compared to patients with subretinal fibrosis. There was no correlation between the percentage of circulating leukocytes and the responsiveness to anti-VEGF therapy in nAMD patients. Our results suggest that higher levels of circulating CD11b(+) cells and neutrophils are associated with nAMD and that reduced levels of CD4(+) T-cells are associated with the absence of subretinal fibrosis in nAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Lechner
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Mei Chen
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ruth E Hogg
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Levente Toth
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Giuliana Silvestri
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Usha Chakravarthy
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Heping Xu
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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216
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Hanus J, Zhao F, Wang S. Current therapeutic developments in atrophic age-related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 100:122-7. [PMID: 26553922 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-306972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a degenerative disorder of the central retina, is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. The underlying mechanism of the advanced form of dry AMD, also named geographic atrophy (GA) or atrophic AMD, remains unclear. Consequently, no cure is available for dry AMD or GA. The only prevention option currently available is the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) formulation, which has been demonstrated to slow down the progression of dry AMD. This review summarises recent advances in therapy for dry AMD and GA. Building on the new understanding of the disease and recent technological breakthroughs, numerous ongoing clinical trials have the goal of meeting the need to cure AMD. Therapeutic agents are being developed to target the key features of the disease, including inhibiting the complement pathway and other inflammatory pathways, reducing oxidative stress and protecting retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, inhibiting lipofuscin and visual cycle, regenerating RPE cells from stem cells and restoring choroidal blood flow. Some of these therapeutic options, especially the stem cell-based therapy, hold great promise, which brings great hope for this devastating blinding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Hanus
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Fangkun Zhao
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Shusheng Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA Department of Ophthalmology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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217
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Rastogi N, Smith RT. Association of age-related macular degeneration and reticular macular disease with cardiovascular disease. Surv Ophthalmol 2015; 61:422-33. [PMID: 26518628 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of adult blindness in the developed world. Thus, major endeavors to understand the risk factors and pathogenesis of this disease have been undertaken. Reticular macular disease is a proposed subtype of age-related macular degeneration correlating histologically with subretinal drusenoid deposits located between the retinal pigment epithelium and the inner segment ellipsoid zone. Reticular lesions are more prevalent in females and in older age groups and are associated with a higher mortality rate. Risk factors for developing age-related macular degeneration include hypertension, smoking, and angina. Several genes related to increased risk for age-related macular degeneration and reticular macular disease are also associated with cardiovascular disease. Better understanding of the clinical and genetic risk factors for age-related macular degeneration and reticular macular disease has led to the hypothesis that these eye diseases are systemic. A systemic origin may help to explain why reticular disease is diagnosed more frequently in females as males suffer cardiovascular mortality at an earlier age, before the age of diagnosis of reticular macular disease and age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelesh Rastogi
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - R Theodore Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
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218
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Kleinman ME, Ambati J. Complement Activation and Inhibition in Retinal Diseases. DEVELOPMENTS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2015; 55:46-56. [PMID: 26501209 DOI: 10.1159/000431141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Within the past several decades, a brigade of dedicated researchers from around the world has provided essential insights into the critical niche of immune-mediated inflammation in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Yet, the question has lingered as to whether disease-initiating events are more or less dependent on isolated immune-related responses, unimpeded inflammation, endogenous pathways of age-related cell senescence and oxidative stress, or any of the other numerous molecular derangements that have been identified in the natural history of AMD. There is now an abundant cache of data signifying immune system activation as an impetus in the pathogenesis of this devastating condition. Furthermore, recent rigorous investigations have revealed multiple inciting factors, including several important complement-activating components, thus creating a new array of disease-modulating targets for the research and development of molecular therapeutic interventions. While the precise in vivo effects of complement activation and inhibition in the progression and treatment of AMD remain to be determined, ongoing clinical trials of the first generation of complement-targeted therapeutics are hoped to yield critical data on the contribution of this pathway to the disease process.
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219
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Auton A, Brooks LD, Durbin RM, Garrison EP, Kang HM, Korbel JO, Marchini JL, McCarthy S, McVean GA, Abecasis GR. A global reference for human genetic variation. Nature 2015; 526:68-74. [PMID: 26432245 PMCID: PMC4750478 DOI: 10.1038/nature15393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10667] [Impact Index Per Article: 1185.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The 1000 Genomes Project set out to provide a comprehensive description of common human genetic variation by applying whole-genome sequencing to a diverse set of individuals from multiple populations. Here we report completion of the project, having reconstructed the genomes of 2,504 individuals from 26 populations using a combination of low-coverage whole-genome sequencing, deep exome sequencing, and dense microarray genotyping. We characterized a broad spectrum of genetic variation, in total over 88 million variants (84.7 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 3.6 million short insertions/deletions (indels), and 60,000 structural variants), all phased onto high-quality haplotypes. This resource includes >99% of SNP variants with a frequency of >1% for a variety of ancestries. We describe the distribution of genetic variation across the global sample, and discuss the implications for common disease studies. Results for the final phase of the 1000 Genomes Project are presented including whole-genome sequencing, targeted exome sequencing, and genotyping on high-density SNP arrays for 2,504 individuals across 26 populations, providing a global reference data set to support biomedical genetics. The 1000 Genomes Project has sought to comprehensively catalogue human genetic variation across populations, providing a valuable public genomic resource. The data obtained so far have found applications ranging from association studies and fine mapping studies to the filtering of likely neutral variants in rare-disease cohorts. The authors now report on the final phase of the project, phase 3, which covers previously uncharacterized areas of human genetic diversity in terms of the populations sampled and categories of characterized variation. The sample now includes more than 2,500 individuals from 26 global populations, with low coverage whole-genome and deep exome sequencing, as well as dense microarray genotyping. They find that while most common variants are shared across populations, rarer variants are often restricted to closely related populations. The authors also demonstrate the use of the phase 3 dataset as a reference panel for imputation to improve the resolution in genetic association studies.
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220
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Complement pathway biomarkers and age-related macular degeneration. Eye (Lond) 2015; 30:1-14. [PMID: 26493033 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2015.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the age-related macular degeneration (AMD) 'inflammation model', local inflammation plus complement activation contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of the disease. Multiple genetic associations have now been established correlating the risk of development or progression of AMD. Stratifying patients by their AMD genetic profile may facilitate future AMD therapeutic trials resulting in meaningful clinical trial end points with smaller sample sizes and study duration.
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221
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Abstract
Complement is a key component of immunity with crucial inflammatory and opsonic properties; inappropriate activation of complement triggers or exacerbates inflammatory disease. Complement dysregulation is a core feature of some diseases and contributes to pathology in many others. Approved agents have been developed for and are highly effective in some orphan applications, but their progress to use in more common diseases has been slow. Numerous challenges, such as target concentration or high turnover, limit the efficacy of these agents in humans. Numerous novel agents targeting different parts of the complement system in different ways are now emerging from pre-clinical studies and are entering Phase I/II trials; these agents bring the potential for more-effective and more-specific anti-complement therapies in disease. Other agents, both biologic and small molecule, are in Phase II or III trials for both rare and common diseases — administration routes include localized (for example, intravitreal) and systemic routes. There is an urgent need to develop biomarkers and imaging methods that enable monitoring of the effects and efficacy of anti-complement agents.
The complement cascade, a key regulator of innate immunity, is a rich source of potential therapeutic targets for diseases including autoimmune, inflammatory and degenerative disorders. Morgan and Harris discuss the progress made in modulating the complement system and the existing challenges, including dosing, localization of the drug to the target and how to interfere with protein–protein interactions. The complement system is a key innate immune defence against infection and an important driver of inflammation; however, these very properties can also cause harm. Inappropriate or uncontrolled activation of complement can cause local and/or systemic inflammation, tissue damage and disease. Complement provides numerous options for drug development as it is a proteolytic cascade that involves nine specific proteases, unique multimolecular activation and lytic complexes, an arsenal of natural inhibitors, and numerous receptors that bind to activation fragments. Drug design is facilitated by the increasingly detailed structural understanding of the molecules involved in the complement system. Only two anti-complement drugs are currently on the market, but many more are being developed for diseases that include infectious, inflammatory, degenerative, traumatic and neoplastic disorders. In this Review, we describe the history, current landscape and future directions for anti-complement therapies.
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222
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Hall JB, Cooke Bailey JN, Hoffman JD, Pericak-Vance MA, Scott WK, Kovach JL, Schwartz SG, Agarwal A, Brantley MA, Haines JL, Bush WS. Estimating cumulative pathway effects on risk for age-related macular degeneration using mixed linear models. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:329. [PMID: 26467978 PMCID: PMC4606903 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0760-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible visual loss in the elderly in developed countries and typically affects more than 10 % of individuals over age 80. AMD has a large genetic component, with heritability estimated to be between 45 % and 70 %. Numerous variants have been identified and implicate various molecular mechanisms and pathways for AMD pathogenesis but those variants only explain a portion of AMD’s heritability. The goal of our study was to estimate the cumulative genetic contribution of common variants on AMD risk for multiple pathways related to the etiology of AMD, including angiogenesis, antioxidant activity, apoptotic signaling, complement activation, inflammatory response, response to nicotine, oxidative phosphorylation, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. While these mechanisms have been associated with AMD in literature, the overall extent of the contribution to AMD risk for each is unknown. Methods In a case–control dataset with 1,813 individuals genotyped for over 600,000 SNPs we used Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis (GCTA) to estimate the proportion of AMD risk explained by SNPs in genes associated with each pathway. SNPs within a 50 kb region flanking each gene were also assessed, as well as more distant, putatively regulatory SNPs, based on DNaseI hypersensitivity data from ocular tissue in the ENCODE project. Results We found that 19 previously associated AMD risk SNPs contributed to 13.3 % of the risk for AMD in our dataset, while the remaining genotyped SNPs contributed to 36.7 % of AMD risk. Adjusting for the 19 risk SNPs, the complement activation and inflammatory response pathways still explained a statistically significant proportion of additional risk for AMD (9.8 % and 17.9 %, respectively), with other pathways showing no significant effects (0.3 % – 4.4 %). Discussion Our results show that SNPs associated with complement activation and inflammation significantly contribute to AMD risk, separately from the risk explained by the 19 known risk SNPs. We found that SNPs within 50 kb regions flanking genes explained additional risk beyond genic SNPs, suggesting a potential regulatory role, but that more distant SNPs explained less than 0.5 % additional risk for each pathway. Conclusions From these analyses we find that the impact of complement SNPs on risk for AMD extends beyond the established genome-wide significant SNPs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-015-0760-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Hall
- Graduate Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Jessica N Cooke Bailey
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Joshua D Hoffman
- Graduate Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - William K Scott
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Jaclyn L Kovach
- Department of Ophthalmology at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Stephen G Schwartz
- Department of Ophthalmology at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Anita Agarwal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Milam A Brantley
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Institute for Computational Biology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - William S Bush
- Institute for Computational Biology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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223
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Pichi F, Carrai P, Srivastava SK, Lowder CY, Nucci P, Neri P. Genetic of uveitis. Int Ophthalmol 2015; 36:419-33. [PMID: 26453112 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-015-0136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated uveitis may be associated with a systemic disease or may be localized to the eye. T-cell-dependent immunological events are increasingly being regarded as extremely important in the pathogenesis of uveitis. Several studies have also shown that macrophages are major effectors of tissue damage in uveitis. Uveitis phenotypes can differ substantially, and most uveitis diseases are considered polygenic with complex inheritance patterns. This review attempts to present the current state of knowledge from in vitro and in vivo research on the role of genetics in the development and clinical course of uveitis. A review of the literature in the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases was conducted to identify clinical trials, comparative studies, case series, and case reports describing host genetic factors as well as immune imbalance which contribute to the development of uveitis. The search was limited to primary reports published in English with human subjects from 1990 to the present, yielding 3590 manuscripts. In addition, referenced articles from the initial searches were hand searched to identify additional relevant reports. After title and abstract selection, duplicate elimination, and manual search, 55 papers were selected for analysis and reviewed by the authors for inclusion in this review. Studies have demonstrated associations between various genetic factors and the development and clinical course of intraocular inflammatory conditions. Genes involved included genes expressing interleukins, chemokines, chemokine receptors, and tumor necrosis factor and genes involved in complement system. When considering the genetics of uveitis, common threads can be identified. Genome-wide scans and other genetic methods are becoming increasingly successful in identifying genetic loci and candidate genes in many inflammatory disorders that have a uveitic component. It will be important to test these findings as uveitis-specific genetic factors. Therefore, the burgeoning understanding of the human genome promises to result in new insight into the pathogenesis of uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pichi
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- San Giuseppe Hospital, University Eye Clinic, via San Vittore 12, 20123, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paola Carrai
- San Giuseppe Hospital, University Eye Clinic, via San Vittore 12, 20123, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Nucci
- San Giuseppe Hospital, University Eye Clinic, via San Vittore 12, 20123, Milan, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Neri
- The Ocular Immunology Service, The Eye Clinic, Università Politecnica dele Marche, Ancona, Italy
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224
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Ferrara D, Seddon JM. Phenotypic Characterization of Complement Factor H R1210C Rare Genetic Variant in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. JAMA Ophthalmol 2015; 133:785-91. [PMID: 25880396 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.0814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The complement factor H R1210C rare variant confers the strongest genetic risk for age-related macular degeneration and earlier age at onset; however, its associated phenotype has not been well characterized. OBJECTIVE To describe specific fundus features of a white population with the R1210C rare variant. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Fundus features specific for diagnosis and disease staging were retrospectively characterized by systematic review of all available fundus images for each patient, including color photography, fluorescein angiography, fundus autofluorescence, and optical coherence tomography, at a tertiary ophthalmologic referral center. For this retrospective observational study conducted from 2012 to 2014, enrolled patients with the variant and their family members without the variant were identified from the Age-Related Macular Degeneration Study for a family-based study arm. For patients with the variant but without a family member enrolled in the study, age-matched comparison individuals without the variant were selected randomly from the database. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The presence of drusen in the macula (macular drusen score) and estimated number (total macular drusen score) were assessed. The presence of drusen in the extramacular regions (extramacular drusen score), pigmentary abnormalities, and disease staging were also evaluated. Binary logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between rare variant status and ocular phenotypes. RESULTS Images from a total of 143 patients (283 eyes), including 62 patients with the rare variant, were analyzed. Drusen score covariates were associated with the R1210C rare variant. A larger proportion of patients carrying the variant had the highest level of macular and total macular drusen scores compared with those without the variant (57.9% vs 16.7% and 52.9% vs 14.2%, respectively; P for trend < .001 for both scores). Patients carrying the rare variant had a much greater likelihood of having advanced disease (odds ratio, 7.0; 95% CI, 3.1-16.2; P < .001). A higher prevalence of geographic atrophy was observed among patients carrying the variant (odds ratio, 13.7; 95% CI, 5.0-37.7; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The typical phenotype of the complement factor H R1210C rare variant is associated with extensive drusen accumulation in the macula and throughout the fundus, as well as with a high risk for having advanced disease. Better characterization of genetic profiles in age-related macular degeneration may be important for screening and future therapeutic strategies for this vision-threatening condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ferrara
- New England Eye Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Johanna M Seddon
- New England Eye Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts2Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Georgiannakis A, Burgoyne T, Lueck K, Futter C, Greenwood J, Moss SE. Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Mitigate the Effects of Complement Attack by Endocytosis of C5b-9. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3382-9. [PMID: 26324770 PMCID: PMC4574521 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell death is a hallmark of age-related macular degeneration. The alternative pathway of complement activation is strongly implicated in RPE cell dysfunction and loss in age-related macular degeneration; therefore, it is critical that RPE cells use molecular strategies to mitigate the potentially harmful effects of complement attack. We show that the terminal complement complex C5b-9 assembles rapidly on the basal surface of cultured primary porcine RPE cells but disappears over 48 h without any discernable adverse effects on the cells. However, in the presence of the dynamin inhibitor dynasore, C5b-9 was almost completely retained at the cell surface, suggesting that, under normal circumstances, it is eliminated via the endocytic pathway. In support of this idea, we observed that C5b-9 colocalizes with the early endosome marker EEA1 and that, in the presence of protease inhibitors, it can be detected in lysosomes. Preventing the endocytosis of C5b-9 by RPE cells led to structural defects in mitochondrial morphology consistent with cell stress. We conclude that RPE cells use the endocytic pathway to prevent the accumulation of C5b-9 on the cell surface and that processing and destruction of C5b-9 by this route are essential for RPE cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Georgiannakis
- Department of Cell Biology, University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Burgoyne
- Department of Cell Biology, University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Katharina Lueck
- Department of Cell Biology, University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Futter
- Department of Cell Biology, University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V9EL, United Kingdom
| | - John Greenwood
- Department of Cell Biology, University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen E Moss
- Department of Cell Biology, University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V9EL, United Kingdom
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Copy number variations and gene polymorphisms of complement components in ocular Behcet's disease and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12989. [PMID: 26269006 PMCID: PMC4534762 DOI: 10.1038/srep12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement is involved in many immune-mediated diseases. However, the association of its copy number variations (CNVs) and polymorphisms with Behcet’s disease (BD) and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (VKH) is unknown. We examined copy number and mRNA expression by real-time PCR. Cytokine production by stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in genotyped individuals was measured by ELISA. The frequencies of having more than two copies of C3 were significantly increased in BD and VKH, whereas CNV of C5 was only associated with BD. Increased frequencies of the GG genotype of C3 rs408290 and C5 rs2269067 were found in BD. No association was observed between C3 and C5 SNPs and VKH. mRNA expression in the high CNV group and GG cases of C3 and C5 was significantly higher compared to other genotypes. Increased interleukin-17 and IFN-γ was observed in the high CNV group and GG genotype cases of C3. Interleukin-17 but not IFN-γ was increased in the high CNV group and GG genotype cases of C5. No effect of C3 or C5 genetic variants was seen on the production of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1β, MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-8. Our study thus provides further evidence for a role of complement in the pathogenesis of uveitis.
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227
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Ardeljan CP, Ardeljan D, Abu-Asab M, Chan CC. Inflammation and Cell Death in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: An Immunopathological and Ultrastructural Model. J Clin Med 2015; 3:1542-60. [PMID: 25580276 PMCID: PMC4287551 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3041542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) remains elusive despite the characterization of many factors contributing to the disease in its late-stage phenotypes. AMD features an immune system in flux, as shown by changes in macrophage polarization with age, expression of cytokines and complement, microglial accumulation with age, etc. These point to an allostatic overload, possibly due to a breakdown in self vs. non-self when endogenous compounds and structures acquire the appearance of non-self over time. The result is inflammation and inflammation-mediated cell death. While it is clear that these processes ultimately result in degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor, the prevalent type of cell death contributing to the various phenotypes is unknown. Both molecular studies as well as ultrastructural pathology suggest pyroptosis, and perhaps necroptosis, are the predominant mechanisms of cell death at play, with only minimal evidence for apoptosis. Herein, we attempt to reconcile those factors identified by experimental AMD models and integrate these data with pathology observed under the electron microscope—particularly observations of mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA leakage, autophagy, and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Ardeljan
- Histology Core, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1857, MD, USA; E-Mails: (C.P.A.); (M.A.-A.)
| | - Daniel Ardeljan
- Human Genetics Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, MD, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Mones Abu-Asab
- Histology Core, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1857, MD, USA; E-Mails: (C.P.A.); (M.A.-A.)
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Histology Core, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1857, MD, USA; E-Mails: (C.P.A.); (M.A.-A.)
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1857, MD, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-301-496-0417
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Osthoff M, Dean MM, Baird PN, Richardson AJ, Daniell M, Guymer RH, Eisen DP. Association Study of Mannose-Binding Lectin Levels and Genetic Variants in Lectin Pathway Proteins with Susceptibility to Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Case-Control Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134107. [PMID: 26207622 PMCID: PMC4514807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In age-related macular degeneration (AMD) the complement system is thought to be activated by chronic oxidative damage with genetic variants identified in the alternative pathway as susceptibility factors. However, the involvement of the lectin pathway of complement, a key mediator of oxidative damage, is controversial. This study investigated whether mannose-binding lectin (MBL) levels and genetic variants in lectin pathway proteins, are associated with the predisposition to and severity of AMD. METHODS MBL levels and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MBL2 and the ficolin-2 (FCN2) gene were determined in 109 patients with AMD and 109 age- and sex-matched controls. RESULTS MBL expression levels were equally distributed in both cases (early and late AMD) and controls (p>0.05). However, there was a trend towards higher median MBL levels in cases with late AMD compared to cases with early AMD (1.0 vs. 0.4 μg/ml, p = 0.09) and MBL deficiency (<0.5 μg/ml) was encountered less frequently in the late AMD group (35% vs 56%, p = 0.03). FCN2 and MBL2 allele frequencies were similarly distributed in early and late AMD cases compared with controls (p>0.05 for all analyses) as were MBL2 genotypes. Similarly, there was no significant difference in allele frequencies in any SNPs in either the MBL2 or FCN2 gene in cases with early vs. late AMD. CONCLUSIONS SNPs of lectin pathway proteins investigated in this study were not associated with AMD or AMD severity. However, MBL levels deserve further study in a larger cohort of early vs. late AMD patients to elucidate any real effect on AMD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Osthoff
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service at the Doherty Institute, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melinda M. Dean
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul N. Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrea J. Richardson
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Daniell
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn H. Guymer
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damon P. Eisen
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service at the Doherty Institute, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abdel Rasol HA, Helmy H, Aziz MA. Serum complement factor H and Tyr4O2 His gene polymorphism among Egyptians with multiple sclerosis. Neurol Res 2015; 37:845-52. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132815y.0000000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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230
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Yip JLY, Khawaja AP, Chan MPY, Broadway DC, Peto T, Tufail A, Luben R, Hayat S, Bhaniani A, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT, Foster PJ. Cross Sectional and Longitudinal Associations between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Age Related Macular Degeneration in the EPIC-Norfolk Eye Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132565. [PMID: 26176222 PMCID: PMC4503731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine the cross sectional and longitudinal relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a large British cohort study. Methods The EPIC Norfolk Eye study is nested in a larger prospective cohort study. Data on cardiovascular risk factors were collected at baseline (1993-1997) and follow up (2006-2011) via clinical examination, validated lifestyle questionnaires and serum blood samples. AMD was ascertained using standardised grading of fundus photographs at the follow up. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between baseline and follow up risk factors with AMD. Results 5,344 pairs (62.0% of total 8623) of fundus photographs were of sufficient quality for grading of AMD in participants with mean age of 67.4 years old (range 44-91) at diagnosis. There were 28 cases of late AMD (0.5%, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.3-0.8%) and 645 cases of early AMD (12.1%, 95%CI=11.2-13.0.%). In multivariable analysis, older people with higher levels of baseline high density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL-C ) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were more likely to have any signs of AMD, after adjusting for sex, education, smoking, and systolic blood pressure. In cross sectional analysis, only older age and higher HDL were significantly associated with AMD. Conclusions We have found that older age and higher levels of CRP and HDL-C were associated with increased odds of AMD in this population in the longitudinal analysis, but older age and HDL-C, not CRP was significantly associated with AMD in the cross sectional analysis. The prevalence of AMD in this cohort was low compared to other cohorts in Europe, the US and Australia, and probably reflects the some selection biases in follow up participation as well as the low rate of smoking among our healthy participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Y. Yip
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Anthony P. Khawaja
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle P. Y. Chan
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Broadway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Tunde Peto
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adnan Tufail
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Luben
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shabina Hayat
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Bhaniani
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Foster
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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Morrison MA, Magalhaes TR, Ramke J, Smith SE, Ennis S, Simpson CL, Portas L, Murgia F, Ahn J, Dardenne C, Mayne K, Robinson R, Morgan DJ, Brian G, Lee L, Woo SJ, Zacharaki F, Tsironi EE, Miller JW, Kim IK, Park KH, Bailey-Wilson JE, Farrer LA, Stambolian D, DeAngelis MM. Ancestry of the Timorese: age-related macular degeneration associated genotype and allele sharing among human populations from throughout the world. Front Genet 2015. [PMID: 26217379 PMCID: PMC4496576 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We observed that the third leading cause of blindness in the world, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), occurs at a very low documented frequency in a population-based cohort from Timor-Leste. Thus, we determined a complete catalog of the ancestry of the Timorese by analysis of whole exome chip data and haplogroup analysis of SNP genotypes determined by sequencing the Hypervariable I and II regions of the mitochondrial genome and 17 genotyped YSTR markers obtained from 535 individuals. We genotyped 20 previously reported AMD-associated SNPs in the Timorese to examine their allele frequencies compared to and between previously documented AMD cohorts of varying ethnicities. For those without AMD (average age > 55 years), genotype and allele frequencies were similar for most SNPs with a few exceptions. The major risk allele of HTRA1 rs11200638 (10q26) was at a significantly higher frequency in the Timorese, as well as 3 of the 5 protective CFH (1q32) SNPs (rs800292, rs2284664, and rs12066959). Additionally, the most commonly associated AMD-risk SNP, CFH rs1061170 (Y402H), was also seen at a much lower frequency in the Korean and Timorese populations than in the assessed Caucasian populations (C ~7 vs. ~40%, respectively). The difference in allele frequencies between the Timorese population and the other genotyped populations, along with the haplogroup analysis, also highlight the genetic diversity of the Timorese. Specifically, the most common ancestry groupings were Oceanic (Melanesian and Papuan) and Eastern Asian (specifically Han Chinese). The low prevalence of AMD in the Timorese population (2 of 535 randomly selected participants) may be due to the enrichment of protective alleles in this population at the 1q32 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux A Morrison
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tiago R Magalhaes
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Dublin, Ireland ; Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Silvia E Smith
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sean Ennis
- Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland ; National Centre for Medical Genetics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire L Simpson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura Portas
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Baltimore, MD, USA ; Institute of Population Genetics, The National Research Council Sassari, Italy
| | - Federico Murgia
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Baltimore, MD, USA ; Institute of Population Genetics, The National Research Council Sassari, Italy
| | - Jeeyun Ahn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea ; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center Seoul, South Korea
| | - Caitlin Dardenne
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Katie Mayne
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Rosann Robinson
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Denise J Morgan
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Garry Brian
- The Fred Hollows Foundation New Zealand Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lucy Lee
- The Fred Hollows Foundation New Zealand Auckland, New Zealand ; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London London, UK
| | - Se J Woo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea ; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seoungnam, South Korea
| | - Fani Zacharaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Thessaly School of Medicine Larissa, Greece
| | - Evangelia E Tsironi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Thessaly School of Medicine Larissa, Greece
| | - Joan W Miller
- Retina Service and Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ivana K Kim
- Retina Service and Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kyu H Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea ; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seoungnam, South Korea
| | - Joan E Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Departments of Medicine, Ophthalmology, Neurology, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Margaret M DeAngelis
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Merle BMJ, Richard F, Benlian P, Puche N, Delcourt C, Souied EH. CFH Y402H and ARMS2 A69S Polymorphisms and Oral Supplementation with Docosahexaenoic Acid in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Patients: The NAT2 Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130816. [PMID: 26132079 PMCID: PMC4489493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Genetic susceptibility could be modified by environmental factors and may also influence differential responses to treatments for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We investigated whether genotype could influence response to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-supplementation in the occurrence of choroidal new vessels (CNV). Methods The Nutritional AMD Treatment 2 (NAT2) study was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel, comparative study, including 250 patients aged 55 to 85 years with early lesions of age-related maculopathy, visual acuity better than 0.4 Logarithm of Minimum Angle of Resolution units in the study eye and neovascular AMD in the fellow eye. Patients were randomized at baseline to receive either 3 daily fish-oil capsules, each containing 280 mg DHA, 90 mg EPA and 2 mg Vitamin E, or placebo. Results Patients carrying the risk allele (C) for CFH Y402H had no statistically significant increased risk for developing CNV in the study eye (Hazard Ratio (HR)=0.97; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.54-1.76 for heterozygous and HR=1.29; 95%CI: 0.69-2.40 for homozygous). Patients carrying the risk allele (T) for ARMS2 A69S had no statistically significant increased risk for developing CNV in the study eye (HR=1.68; 95%CI: 0.91-3.12) for heterozygous and HR=1.78; 95%CI: 0.90-3.52 for homozygous). A significant interaction was observed between CFH Y402H and DHA-supplementation (p=0.01). We showed a protective effect of DHA-supplementation among homozygous non-risk patients. Among these patients, occurrence of CNV was 38.2% in placebo group versus 16.7% in DHA group (p=0.008). Conclusions These results suggest that a genetic predisposition to AMD conferred by the CFH Y402H variant limits the benefit provided by DHA supplementation. Trial Registration ISRCTN registry 98246501
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte M. J. Merle
- Ophthalmology Department, Hôpital Intercommunal de Créteil, University Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Florence Richard
- Université de Lille Nord de France, INSERM774 Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Université de Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Pascale Benlian
- CHRU de Lille, Lille, France
- APHP - Saint-Antoine Hospital, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease Department, F75012 Paris, France
- Lille 2 University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, F-59045 Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Puche
- Ophthalmology Department, Hôpital Intercommunal de Créteil, University Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Cécile Delcourt
- INSERM, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric H. Souied
- Ophthalmology Department, Hôpital Intercommunal de Créteil, University Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
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Rajeevan MS, Dimulescu I, Murray J, Falkenberg VR, Unger ER. Pathway-focused genetic evaluation of immune and inflammation related genes with chronic fatigue syndrome. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:553-60. [PMID: 26116897 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests immune and inflammatory alterations are important in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). This study was done to explore the association of functionally important genetic variants in inflammation and immune pathways with CFS. Peripheral blood DNA was isolated from 50 CFS and 121 non-fatigued (NF) control participants in a population-based study. Genotyping was performed with the Affymetrix Immune and Inflammation Chip that covers 11K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) following the manufacturer's protocol. Genotyping accuracy for specific genes was validated by pyrosequencing. Golden Helix SVS software was used for genetic analysis. SNP functional annotation was done using SPOT and GenomePipe programs. CFS was associated with 32 functionally important SNPs: 11 missense variants, 4 synonymous variants, 11 untranslated regulatory region (UTR) variants and 6 intronic variants. Some of these SNPs were in genes within pathways related to complement cascade (SERPINA5, CFB, CFH, MASP1 and C6), chemokines (CXCL16, CCR4, CCL27), cytokine signaling (IL18, IL17B, IL2RB), and toll-like receptor signaling (TIRAP, IRAK4). Of particular interest is association of CFS with two missense variants in genes of complement activation, rs4151667 (L9H) in CFB and rs1061170 (Y402H) in CFH. A 5' UTR polymorphism (rs11214105) in IL18 also associated with physical fatigue, body pain and score for CFS case defining symptoms. This study identified new associations of CFS with genetic variants in pathways including complement activation providing additional support for altered innate immune response in CFS. Additional studies are needed to validate the findings of this exploratory study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangalathu S Rajeevan
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens & Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Irina Dimulescu
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens & Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Janna Murray
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens & Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Virginia R Falkenberg
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens & Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Unger
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens & Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Radeke MJ, Radeke CM, Shih YH, Hu J, Bok D, Johnson LV, Coffey PJ. Restoration of mesenchymal retinal pigmented epithelial cells by TGFβ pathway inhibitors: implications for age-related macular degeneration. Genome Med 2015; 7:58. [PMID: 26150894 PMCID: PMC4491894 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness. Most vision loss occurs following the transition from a disease of deposit formation and inflammation to a disease of neovascular fibrosis and/or cell death. Here, we investigate how repeated wound stimulus leads to seminal changes in gene expression and the onset of a perpetual state of stimulus-independent wound response in retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells, a cell-type central to the etiology of AMD. METHODS Transcriptome wide expression profiles of human fetal RPE cell cultures as a function of passage and time post-plating were determined using Agilent 44 K whole genome microarrays and RNA-Seq. Using a systems level analysis, differentially expressed genes and pathways of interest were identified and their role in the establishment of a persistent mesenchymal state was assessed using pharmacological-based experiments. RESULTS Using a human fetal RPE cell culture model that considers monolayer disruption and subconfluent culture as a proxy for wound stimulus, we show that prolonged wound stimulus leads to terminal acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype post-confluence and altered expression of more than 40 % of the transcriptome. In contrast, at subconfluence fewer than 5 % of expressed transcripts have two-fold or greater expression differences after repeated passage. Protein-protein and pathway interaction analysis of the genes with passage-dependent expression levels in subconfluent cultures reveals a 158-node interactome comprised of two interconnected modules with functions pertaining to wound response and cell division. Among the wound response genes are the TGFβ pathway activators: TGFB1, TGFB2, INHBA, INHBB, GDF6, CTGF, and THBS1. Significantly, inhibition of TGFBR1/ACVR1B mediated signaling using receptor kinase inhibitors both forestalls and largely reverses the passage-dependent loss of epithelial potential; thus extending the effective lifespan by at least four passages. Moreover, a disproportionate number of RPE wound response genes have altered expression in neovascular and geographic AMD, including key members of the TGFβ pathway. CONCLUSIONS In RPE cells the switch to a persistent mesenchymal state following prolonged wound stimulus is driven by lasting activation of the TGFβ pathway. Targeted inhibition of TGFβ signaling may be an effective approach towards retarding AMD progression and producing RPE cells in quantity for research and cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monte J. Radeke
- />Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - Carolyn M. Radeke
- />Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - Ying-Hsuan Shih
- />Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - Jane Hu
- />Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurobiology, Jules Stein Eye & Brain Research Institutes, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Dean Bok
- />Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurobiology, Jules Stein Eye & Brain Research Institutes, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Lincoln V. Johnson
- />Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - Pete J. Coffey
- />Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA USA
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235
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Black JRM, Clark SJ. Age-related macular degeneration: genome-wide association studies to translation. Genet Med 2015; 18:283-9. [PMID: 26020418 PMCID: PMC4823638 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2015.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which are able to analyze the contribution to disease of genetic variations that are common within a population, have attracted considerable investment. Despite identifying genetic variants for many conditions, they have been criticized for yielding data with minimal clinical utility. However, in this regard, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common form of blindness in the Western world, is a striking exception. Through GWAS, common genetic variants at a number of loci have been discovered. Two loci in particular, including genes of the complement cascade on chromosome 1 and the ARMS2/HTRA1 genes on chromosome 10, have been shown to convey significantly increased susceptibility to developing AMD. Today, although it is possible to screen individuals for a genetic predisposition to the disease, effective interventional strategies for those at risk of developing AMD are scarce. Ongoing research in this area is nonetheless promising. After providing brief overviews of AMD and common disease genetics, we outline the main recent advances in the understanding of AMD, particularly those made through GWAS. Finally, the true merit of these findings and their current and potential translational value is examined.Genet Med 18 4, 283-289.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R M Black
- Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Simon J Clark
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects approximately one-third of Americans over 70 and is characterized by lipoprotein-rich sub-retinal pigmented epithelium (sub-RPE) deposits. Substantial evidence has emerged that implicates complement factor H (CFH) in the pathogenesis of AMD. Here, we conduct an in vivo analysis to elucidate the role of CFH in AMD pathology. We show that (i) CFH and lipoproteins compete for binding in the sub-RPE extracellular matrix such that decreasing CFH leads to lipoprotein accumulation and sub-RPE deposit formation; and (ii) detrimental complement activation within sub-RPE deposits leads to RPE damage and vision loss. This new understanding of the complicated interactions of CFH in development of AMD-like pathology paves the way for identifying more targeted therapeutic strategies for AMD. Complement factor H (CFH) is a major susceptibility gene for age-related macular degeneration (AMD); however, its impact on AMD pathobiology is unresolved. Here, the role of CFH in the development of AMD pathology in vivo was interrogated by analyzing aged Cfh+/− and Cfh−/− mice fed a high-fat, cholesterol-enriched diet. Strikingly, decreased levels of CFH led to increased sub-retinal pigmented epithelium (sub-RPE) deposit formation, specifically basal laminar deposits, following high-fat diet. Mechanistically, our data show that deposits are due to CFH competition for lipoprotein binding sites in Bruch’s membrane. Interestingly and despite sub-RPE deposit formation occurring in both Cfh+/− and Cfh−/− mice, RPE damage accompanied by loss of vision occurred only in old Cfh+/− mice. We demonstrate that such pathology is a function of excess complement activation in Cfh+/− mice versus complement deficiency in Cfh−/− animals. Due to the CFH-dependent increase in sub-RPE deposit height, we interrogated the potential of CFH as a previously unidentified regulator of Bruch’s membrane lipoprotein binding and show, using human Bruch’s membrane explants, that CFH removes endogenous human lipoproteins in aged donors. Thus, advanced age, high-fat diet, and decreased CFH induce sub-RPE deposit formation leading to complement activation, which contributes to RPE damage and visual function impairment. This new understanding of the complicated interactions of CFH in AMD-like pathology provides an improved foundation for the development of targeted therapies for AMD.
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237
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Pras E, Kristal D, Shoshany N, Volodarsky D, Vulih I, Celniker G, Isakov O, Shomron N, Pras E. Rare genetic variants in Tunisian Jewish patients suffering from age-related macular degeneration. J Med Genet 2015; 52:484-92. [PMID: 25986072 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the molecular basis of familial, early onset, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with diverse phenotypes, using whole exome sequencing (WES). METHODS We performed WES on four patients (two sibs from two families) manifesting early-onset AMD and searched for disease-causing genetic variants in previously identified macular degeneration related genes. Validation studies of the variants included bioinformatics tools, segregation analysis of mutations within the families and mutation screening in an AMD cohort of patients. RESULTS The index patients were in their 50s when diagnosed and displayed a wide variety of clinical AMD presentations: from limited drusen in the posterior pole to multiple basal-laminar drusen extending peripherally. Severe visual impairment due to extensive geographic atrophy and/or choroidal-neovascularisation was common by the age of 75 years. Approximately, 400 000 genomic variants for each DNA sample were included in the downstream bioinformatics analysis, which ended in the discovery of two novel variants; in one family a single bp deletion was identified in the Hemicentin (HMCN1) gene (c.4162delC), whereas in the other, a missense variant (p.V412M) in the Complement Factor-I (CFI) gene was found. Screening for these variants in a cohort of patients with AMD identified another family with the CFI variant. CONCLUSIONS This report uses WES to uncover rare genetic variants in AMD. A null-variant in HMCN1 has been identified in one AMD family, and a missense variant in CFI was discovered in two other families. These variants confirm the genetic complexity and significance of rare genetic variants in the pathogenesis of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Pras
- The Matlow's Ophthalmo-Genetics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Assaf-Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dana Kristal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edith-Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Nadav Shoshany
- The Matlow's Ophthalmo-Genetics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Assaf-Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | | | - Inna Vulih
- Dyn Labs, Assaf-Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Gershon Celniker
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Functional Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofer Isakov
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Functional Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Shomron
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Functional Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elon Pras
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Danek Gartener Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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238
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The genetics of age-related macular degeneration (AMD)--Novel targets for designing treatment options? Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 95:194-202. [PMID: 25986585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive disease of the central retina and the main cause of legal blindness in industrialized countries. Risk to develop the disease is conferred by both individual as well as genetic factors with the latter being increasingly deciphered over the last decade. Therapeutically, striking advances have been made for the treatment of the neovascular form of late stage AMD while for the late stage atrophic form of the disease, which accounts for almost half of the visually impaired, there is currently no effective therapy on the market. This review highlights our current knowledge on the genetic architecture of early and late stage AMD and explores its potential for the discovery of novel, target-guided treatment options. We reflect on current clinical and experimental therapies for all forms of AMD and specifically note a persisting lack of efficacy for treatment in atrophic AMD. We further explore the current insight in AMD-associated genes and pathways and critically question whether this knowledge is suited to design novel treatment options. Specifically, we point out that known genetic factors associated with AMD govern the risk to develop disease and thus may not play a role in its severity or progression. Treatments based on such knowledge appear appropriate rather for prevention than treatment of manifest disease. As a consequence, future research in AMD needs to be greatly focused on approaches relevant to the patients and their medical needs.
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239
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Perez VL, Caspi RR. Immune mechanisms in inflammatory and degenerative eye disease. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:354-63. [PMID: 25981967 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been recognized that pathology of age-associated degenerative eye diseases such as adult macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, have strong immunological underpinnings. Attempts have been made to extrapolate to age-related degenerative disease insights from inflammatory processes associated with non-infectious uveitis, but these have not yet been sufficiently informative. Here we review recent findings on the immune processes underlying uveitis and those that have been shown to contribute to AMD, discussing in this context parallels and differences between overt inflammation and para-inflammation in the eye. We propose that mechanisms associated with ocular immune privilege, in combination with paucity of age-related antigen(s) within the target tissue, dampen what could otherwise be overt inflammation and result in the para-inflammation that characterizes age-associated neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Perez
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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240
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Li Y, Song D, Song Y, Zhao L, Wolkow N, Tobias JW, Song W, Dunaief JL. Iron-induced Local Complement Component 3 (C3) Up-regulation via Non-canonical Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β Signaling in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11918-34. [PMID: 25802332 PMCID: PMC4424331 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.645903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of iron homeostasis may be a pathogenic factor in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Meanwhile, the formation of complement-containing deposits under the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell layer is a pathognomonic feature of AMD. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which complement component 3 (C3), a central protein in the complement cascade, is up-regulated by iron in RPE cells. Modulation of TGF-β signaling, involving ERK1/2, SMAD3, and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-δ, is responsible for iron-induced C3 expression. The differential effects of spatially distinct SMAD3 phosphorylation sites at the linker region and at the C terminus determined the up-regulation of C3. Pharmacologic inhibition of either ERK1/2 or SMAD3 phosphorylation decreased iron-induced C3 expression levels. Knockdown of SMAD3 blocked the iron-induced up-regulation and nuclear accumulation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-δ, a transcription factor that has been shown previously to bind the basic leucine zipper 1 domain in the C3 promoter. We show herein that mutation of this domain reduced iron-induced C3 promoter activity. In vivo studies support our in vitro finding of iron-induced C3 up-regulation. Mice with a mosaic pattern of RPE-specific iron overload demonstrated co-localization of iron-induced ferritin and C3d deposits. Humans with aceruloplasminemia causing RPE iron overload had increased RPE C3d deposition. The molecular events in the iron-C3 pathway represent therapeutic targets for AMD or other diseases exacerbated by iron-induced local complement dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Li
- From the F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute
| | - Delu Song
- From the F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute
| | - Ying Song
- From the F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute
| | - Liangliang Zhao
- From the F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute
| | - Natalie Wolkow
- From the F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute
| | | | - Wenchao Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- From the F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute,
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241
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Dong Y, Li ZD, Fang XY, Shi XF, Chen S, Tang X. Association between SERPING1 rs2511989 polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration: Meta-analysis. Int J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:385-94. [PMID: 25938061 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.02.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the association between SERPING1 rs2511989 (G>A) polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS A number of electronic databases (up to July 15, 2014) were searched independently by two investigators. A Meta-analysis was performed on the association between SERPING1 rs2511989 polymorphism and AMD. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. RESULTS Eight studies with 16 cohorts consisting of 9163 cases and 6813 controls were included in this Meta-analysis. There was no significant association between rs2511989 polymorphism and AMD under all genetic models in overall estimates (A vs G: OR= 0.938, 95%CI =0.858-1.025; AA vs GG:OR =0.871, 95%CI =0.719-1.056; AG vs GG: OR =0.944, 95%CI =0.845-1.054; AA+AG vs GG: OR =0.927, 95% CI =0.823-1.044; AA vs AG+GG: OR =0.890, 95%CI =0.780-1.034). Cumulative Meta-analyses also showed a trend of no association between rs2511989 polymorphism and AMD as information accumulated by year. Subgroup analysis and Meta-regression analysis indicated that age-matching status was the main source of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis found the results in overall comparisons and subgroup comparisons of white subjects under the allele model were found to have significantly statistical differences after studies deviating from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were excluded (overall: OR=0.918, 95%CI = 0.844-0.999, P =0.049; whites: OR =0.901, 95%CI = 0.817-0.994, P =0.038). However, the results were not sufficiently robust for further sensitivity analysis and statistical differences disappeared on applying Bonferroni correction (with a significance level set at 0.05/25). CONCLUSION This Meta-analysis indicates that SERPING1 rs2511989 polymorphism and AMD tend to have no association with each other. Age matching status is a big confounding factor, and more studies with subtle designs are warranted in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dong
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China ; Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Ze-Dong Li
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China ; Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Xin-Yu Fang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xue-Feng Shi
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Song Chen
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300020, China
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242
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Ma L, Tang SM, Rong SS, Chen H, Young AL, Kumaramanickavel G, Pang CP, Chen LJ. Association of PEDF polymorphisms with age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9497. [PMID: 25820866 PMCID: PMC4377572 DOI: 10.1038/srep09497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assesses the association of the pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) gene with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Publications in MEDLINE and EMBASE up to 21/08/2014 were searched for case-control association studies of PEDF with AMD and/or PCV. Reported studies giving adequate genotype and/or allele information were included. Pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of each polymorphism were estimated. Our literature search yielded 297 records. After excluding duplicates and reports with incomplete information, 8 studies were eligible for meta-analysis, involving 2284 AMD patients versus 3416 controls, and 317 PCV patients versus 371 controls. Four PEDF polymorphisms were meta-analyzed: rs1136287, rs12150053, rs12948385 and rs9913583, but none was significantly associated with AMD or PCV. The most-investigated polymorphism, rs1136287, had a pooled-OR of 1.02 (95% CI: 0.94-1.11, P = 0.64) for AMD. In subgroup analysis by ethnicity, no significant association was identified. Polymorphisms present in single report showed no association. Therefore, existing data in literature does not support the role of PEDF in the genetic susceptibility of AMD and PCV, although replication in specific populations is warranted. Since the pooled-sample size for PCV was small, there is a need of PEDF genotyping in larger samples of PCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shu Min Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shi Song Rong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haoyu Chen
- The Shantou University/Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Alvin L Young
- 1] Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China [2] Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Chi Pui Pang
- 1] Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China [2] Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales hospital, Hong Kong, China [3] The Shantou University/Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li Jia Chen
- 1] Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China [2] Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales hospital, Hong Kong, China
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243
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Age-related macular degeneration and the role of the complement system. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:43-50. [PMID: 25804937 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of visual impairment. It is characterised by damage to a tissue complex composed of the retinal pigment epithelium, Bruch's membrane and choriocapillaris. In early AMD extracellular debris including drusen accumulates in Bruch's membrane and then in late AMD geographic atrophy and/or neovascularisation develop. Variants in genes encoding components of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade have a major influence on AMD risk, especially at the RCA locus on chromosome 1, which contains CFH and the CFHR genes. Immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated complement components in unaffected and AMD macular tissue. Whilst other factors, including oxidative stress, play important roles in AMD pathogenesis, evidence for the central role played by complement dysregulation is discussed in this review.
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244
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Calcium, ARMS2 genotype, and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in early age-related macular degeneration: a multivariate analysis from the Nagahama study. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9345. [PMID: 25792034 PMCID: PMC4366853 DOI: 10.1038/srep09345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although various risk factors have been identified for the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), risk factors of early AMD have been relatively under studied. We aimed to investigate AMD risk factors by evaluating multiple factors in association with large drusen, an important component of AMD, simultaneously. In a community-based cross-sectional survey in Japan, 971 large drusen cases and 3,209 controls were compared for 65 variables, including systemic, environmental, and genetic factors. The association and the effect size of each factor were evaluated with logistic regression analysis using a backward-elimination approach. Multivariate analyses identified a significant association in serum calcium level (odds ratio [OR] = 0.932, P = 1.05 × 10−3), ARMS2 A69S (rs10490924) genotype (OR = 1.046, P < 0.001), Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG (OR = 1.020, P = 0.0440), and age (OR = 1.013, P < 0.001) for large drusen. Hypocalcemia was observed in 7.2% of large drusen cases and in 5.5% of controls (P = 0.0490). C. pneumoniae infections was more frequent in large drusen cases (56.4%) than in conrols (51.7%, P = 0.00956). These results suggest that calcium, ARMS2 genotype, C. pneumonia infection, and age are significant factors in the development of the early stages of AMD.
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245
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Plasma levels of amyloid beta and other proinflammatory mediators in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 253:1347-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-2970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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246
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Whitmore SS, Sohn EH, Chirco KR, Drack AV, Stone EM, Tucker BA, Mullins RF. Complement activation and choriocapillaris loss in early AMD: implications for pathophysiology and therapy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 45:1-29. [PMID: 25486088 PMCID: PMC4339497 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common and devastating disease that can result in severe visual dysfunction. Over the last decade, great progress has been made in identifying genetic variants that contribute to AMD, many of which lie in genes involved in the complement cascade. In this review we discuss the significance of complement activation in AMD, particularly with respect to the formation of the membrane attack complex in the aging choriocapillaris. We review the clinical, histological and biochemical data that indicate that vascular loss in the choroid occurs very early in the pathogenesis of AMD, and discuss the potential impact of vascular dropout on the retinal pigment epithelium, Bruch's membrane and the photoreceptor cells. Finally, we present a hypothesis for the pathogenesis of early AMD and consider the implications of this model on the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Scott Whitmore
- The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, United States
| | - Elliott H Sohn
- The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, United States
| | - Kathleen R Chirco
- The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, United States
| | - Arlene V Drack
- The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, United States
| | - Edwin M Stone
- The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, United States
| | - Budd A Tucker
- The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, United States
| | - Robert F Mullins
- The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, United States
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247
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Dedania VS, Grob S, Zhang K, Bakri SJ. Pharmacogenomics of response to anti-VEGF therapy in exudative age-related macular degeneration. Retina 2015; 35:381-91. [PMID: 25635578 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether there is an association between response to intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents and genotype in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. METHODS Analysis of the current literature evaluating pharmacogenetics of treatment response in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. RESULTS Studies have demonstrated associations between various genotypes and response to intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents. Lower-risk genotypes of the CFH, ARMS2, HTRA1, and VEGF-A genes may be associated with improved visual outcomes. Additionally, frequency of injections may be associated with certain genotypes. CONCLUSION Genetic background may influence an individual's response to treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Further studies to investigate biologic pathways of neovascular age-related macular degeneration and gene products that are directly involved might lead to better understanding of contribution of various genes to treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidehi S Dedania
- *Department of Ophthalmology, Albany Medical Center, Lions Eye Institute, Albany, New York; †Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts; ‡Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Shiley Eye Center, Institute for Genomic Medicine, La Jolla, California; and §Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Qian-Qian Y, Yong Y, Jing Z, Xin B, Tian-Hua X, Chao S, Jia C. Nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the complement component 3 gene are associated with risk of age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis. Gene 2015; 561:249-55. [PMID: 25688879 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in complement component 3 (CC3) are associated with the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), however, this association is not consistent among studies. To thoroughly address this issue, we performed an updated meta-analysis to evaluate the association between nine SNPs in the CC3 gene and AMD risk. A search was conducted of the PubMed database through 3rd Aug, 2014. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of associations. Based on the search criteria for manuscripts reporting AMD susceptibility related to CC3 in nine SNPs, 57 case-control studies from 22 different articles were retrieved. Significantly positive associations were found for the rs2230199 C/G SNP and AMD in the Caucasian population, as well as for the rs1047286 C/T SNP. Moreover, a relationship between the rs11569536 G/A SNP and AMD was detected. By contrast, a negative association was observed between rs2250656 A/G SNP and AMD risk. The present meta-analysis suggests that these four SNPs in the CC3 gene are potentially associated with the risk of AMD development. Further studies using larger sample sizes and accounting for gene-environment interactions should be conducted to elucidate the role of CC3 gene polymorphisms in AMD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qian-Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Yong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhu Jing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bao Xin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xie Tian-Hua
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sun Chao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cao Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Grassmann F, Friedrich U, Fauser S, Schick T, Milenkovic A, Schulz HL, von Strachwitz CN, Bettecken T, Lichtner P, Meitinger T, Arend N, Wolf A, Haritoglou C, Rudolph G, Chakravarthy U, Silvestri G, McKay GJ, Freitag-Wolf S, Krawczak M, Smith RT, Merriam JC, Merriam JE, Allikmets R, Heid IM, Weber BHF. A Candidate Gene Association Study Identifies DAPL1 as a Female-Specific Susceptibility Locus for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Neuromolecular Med 2015; 17:111-20. [PMID: 25680934 PMCID: PMC4419162 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-015-8342-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness among white caucasians over the age of 50 years with a prevalence rate expected to increase markedly with an anticipated increase in the life span of the world population. To further expand our knowledge of the genetic architecture of the disease, we pursued a candidate gene approach assessing 25 genes and a total of 109 variants. Of these, synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs17810398 located in death-associated protein-like 1 (DAPL1) was found to be associated with AMD in a joint analysis of 3,229 cases and 2,835 controls from five studies [combined PADJ = 1.15 × 10−6, OR 1.332 (1.187–1.496)]. This association was characterized by a highly significant sex difference (Pdiff = 0.0032) in that it was clearly confined to females with genome-wide significance [PADJ = 2.62 × 10−8, OR 1.541 (1.324–1.796); males: PADJ = 0.382, OR 1.084 (0.905–1.298)]. By targeted resequencing of risk and non-risk associated haplotypes in the DAPL1 locus, we identified additional potentially functional risk variants, namely a common 897-bp deletion and a SNP predicted to affect a putative binding site of an exonic splicing enhancer. We show that the risk haplotype correlates with a reduced retinal transcript level of two, less frequent, non-canonical DAPL1 isoforms. DAPL1 plays a role in epithelial differentiation and may be involved in apoptotic processes thereby suggesting a possible novel pathway in AMD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Grassmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Chavali VRM, Diniz B, Huang J, Ying GS, Sadda SR, Stambolian D. Association of OCT derived drusen measurements with AMD associated-genotypic SNPs in Amish population. J Clin Med 2015; 4:304-317. [PMID: 25893111 PMCID: PMC4398021 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the association of optical coherence tomography (OCT)-derived drusen measures in Amish age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients with known loci for macular degeneration. Methods: Members of the Old Order Amish community in Pennsylvania ages 50 and older were assessed for drusen area, volume and regions of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy using a Cirrus High-Definition OCT. Measurements were obtained in the macula region within a central circle (CC) of 3 mm in diameter and a surrounding perifoveal ring (PR) of 3 to 5 mm in diameter using the Cirrus OCT RPE analysis software. Other demographic information, including age, gender and smoking status, were collected. Study subjects were further genotyped to determine their risk for the AMD-associated SNPs in the SYN3, LIPC, ARMS2, C3, CFB, CETP, CFI and CFH genes using TaqMan genotyping assays. The association of genotypes with OCT measures were assessed using linear trend p-values calculated from univariate and multivariate generalized linear models. Results: 432 eyes were included in the analysis. Multivariate analysis (adjusted by age, gender and smoking status) confirmed the known significant association between AMD and macular drusen with the number of CFH risk alleles for the drusen area (the area increased 0.12 mm2 for a risk allele increase, p < 0.01), drusen volume (the volume increased 0.01 mm3 for a risk allele increase, p ≤ 0.05) and the area of RPE atrophy (the area increased 0.43 mm2 for a risk allele increase, p = 0.003). SYN3 risk allele G is significantly associated with larger area PR (the area increased 0.09 mm2 for a risk allele increase, p = 0.03) and larger drusen volume in the central circle (the volume increased 0.01 mm3 for a risk allele increase, p = 0.04). Conclusion: Among the genotyped SNPs tested, the CFH risk genotype appears to play a major role in determining the drusen phenotype in the Amish AMD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Ramana Murthy Chavali
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, 313B Stellar-Chance Labs, 422 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Bruno Diniz
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; E-Mails: (B.D.); (S.R.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 09920, Brazil
| | - Jiayan Huang
- Center for Preventive Ophthalmology and Biostatistics, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; E-Mails: (J.H.); (G.-S.Y.)
| | - Gui-Shuang Ying
- Center for Preventive Ophthalmology and Biostatistics, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; E-Mails: (J.H.); (G.-S.Y.)
| | - SriniVas R. Sadda
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; E-Mails: (B.D.); (S.R.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, 313B Stellar-Chance Labs, 422 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-215-898-0305; Fax: +1-215-573-6728
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