201
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van der Geest KSM, Abdulahad WH, Tete SM, Lorencetti PG, Horst G, Bos NA, Kroesen BJ, Brouwer E, Boots AMH. Aging disturbs the balance between effector and regulatory CD4+ T cells. Exp Gerontol 2014; 60:190-6. [PMID: 25449852 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Healthy aging requires an optimal balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune responses. Although CD4+ T cells play an essential role in many immune responses, few studies have directly assessed the effect of aging on the balance between effector T (Teff) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells. Here, we determined if and how aging affects the ratio between Treg and Teff cells. Percentages of both naive Treg (nTreg; CD45RA+CD25(int)FOXP3(low)) and memory Treg (memTreg; CD45RA-CD25(high)FOXP3(high)) cells were determined by flow cytometry in peripheral blood samples of healthy individuals of various ages (20-84 years). Circulating Th1, Th2 and Th17 effector cells were identified by intracellular staining for IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17, respectively, upon in vitro stimulation with PMA and calcium ionophore. Whereas proportions of nTreg cells declined with age, memTreg cells increased. Both Th1 and Th2 cells were largely maintained in the circulation of aged humans, whereas Th17 cells were decreased. Similar to memTreg cells, the 3 Teff subsets resided primarily in the memory CD4+ T cell compartment. Overall, Treg/Teff ratios were increased in the memory CD4+ T cell compartment of aged individuals when compared to that of young individuals. Finally, the relative increase of memTreg cells in elderly individuals was associated with poor responses to influenza vaccination. Taken together, our findings imply that aging disturbs the balance between Treg cells and Teff cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelis S M van der Geest
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wayel H Abdulahad
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah M Tete
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro G Lorencetti
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerda Horst
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas A Bos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart-Jan Kroesen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Brouwer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke M H Boots
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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202
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Ellestad KK, Thangavelu G, Ewen CL, Boon L, Anderson CC. PD-1 is not required for natural or peripherally induced regulatory T cells: Severe autoimmunity despite normal production of regulatory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3560-72. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristofor K. Ellestad
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
- Alberta Diabetes and Transplant Institutes; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Govindarajan Thangavelu
- Alberta Diabetes and Transplant Institutes; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
- Department of Surgery; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Catherine L. Ewen
- Alberta Diabetes and Transplant Institutes; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | | | - Colin C. Anderson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
- Alberta Diabetes and Transplant Institutes; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
- Department of Surgery; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
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203
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Annunziato F, Cosmi L, Liotta F, Maggi E, Romagnani S. Human Th1 dichotomy: origin, phenotype and biologic activities. Immunology 2014; 144:343-351. [PMID: 25284714 PMCID: PMC4557671 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The great variety of pathogens present in the environment has obliged the immune system to evolve different mechanisms for tailored and maximally protective responses. Initially, two major types of CD4+ T helper (Th) effector cells were identified, and named as type 1 (Th1) and type (Th2) cells because of the different cytokines they produce. More recently, a third type of CD4+ Th effectors has been identified and named as Th17 cells. Th17 cells, however, have been found to exhibit high plasticity because they rapidly shift into the Th1 phenotype in the inflammatory sites. Therefore, in these sites usually there is a dichotomic mixture of classic and non classic (Th17-derived) Th1 cells. In humans, non classic Th1 cells express CD161, as well as the retinoic acid orphan receptor C, IL-17 receptor E, IL-1RI, CCR6, and IL-4-induced gene 1 and Tob-1, which are all virtually absent from classic Th1 cells. The possibility to distinguish these two cell subsets may allow the opportunity to better establish their respective pathogenic role in different chronic inflammatory disorders. In this review, we discuss the different origin, the distinctive phenotypic features and the major biologic activities of classic and non classic Th1 cells. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Centre, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
- Regenerative Medicine Unit and Immunology and Cellular Therapy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera CareggiFlorence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Centre, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
- Regenerative Medicine Unit and Immunology and Cellular Therapy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera CareggiFlorence, Italy
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Centre, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
- Regenerative Medicine Unit and Immunology and Cellular Therapy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera CareggiFlorence, Italy
| | - Enrico Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Centre, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
- Regenerative Medicine Unit and Immunology and Cellular Therapy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera CareggiFlorence, Italy
| | - Sergio Romagnani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Centre, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
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204
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Trimble CL. HPV Infection-Associated Cancers: Next-Generation Technology for Diagnosis and Treatment. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:937-42. [PMID: 25281321 PMCID: PMC4185412 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Disease caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) remains common, despite preventive vaccines and screening strategies. Globally, HPVs cause one third of infection-associated cancers. The indolent clinical course of the precursor intraepithelial lesions provides an opportunity to understand immunologic obstacles posed by the microenvironment of incipient disease, and how they might be overcome. Results from recent therapeutic HPV vaccine clinical trials suggest that relevant immune responses may be sequestered at the lesion site and are difficult to detect in the circulation. In this Cancer Immunology at the Crossroads article, we outline the current understanding of the risk, diagnosis, and treatment of HPV infection-associated cancers and suggest that quantitative tissue-based endpoints should be included whenever possible in the evaluation of immune-based therapies.
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205
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Verwaerde C, Debrie AS, Dombu C, Legrand D, Raze D, Lecher S, Betbeder D, Locht C. HBHA vaccination may require both Th1 and Th17 immune responses to protect mice against tuberculosis. Vaccine 2014; 32:6240-50. [PMID: 25252198 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Almost one century after the discovery of the BCG vaccine, tuberculosis remains a major cause of global mortality and morbidity, emphasizing the urgent need to design more efficient vaccines. The heparin-binding haemagglutinin (HBHA) appears to be a promising vaccine candidate, as it was shown to afford protection to mice against a challenge infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis when combined with the strong adjuvant DDA/MPL (dimethyldioctadecyl-ammonium bromide/monophosphoryl lipid A), a TLR4 ligand. In this study, we investigated the immunological response and protection of mice immunized with HBHA formulated in lipid-containing nanoparticles and adjuvanted with CpG, a TLR9 ligand. Subcutaneous immunization with this HBHA formulation led to a marked Th1 response, characterized by high IFN-γ levels, but no significant IL-17 production, both in spleen and lung, in contrast to DDA/MPL MPL-formulated HBHA, which induced both IFN-γ and IL-17. This cytokine profile was also observed in BCG-primed mice and persisted after M. tuberculosis infection. No significant protection was obtained against challenge infection after vaccination with the nanoparticle-CpG formulation, and this was associated with a failure to mount a memory immune response. These results suggest the importance of both Th1 and Th17 immune responses for vaccine-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudie Verwaerde
- Inserm U1019, Lille, France; CNRS UMR8204, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.
| | - Anne-Sophie Debrie
- Inserm U1019, Lille, France; CNRS UMR8204, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | | | - Damien Legrand
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Dominique Raze
- Inserm U1019, Lille, France; CNRS UMR8204, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Sophie Lecher
- Inserm U1019, Lille, France; CNRS UMR8204, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | | | - Camille Locht
- Inserm U1019, Lille, France; CNRS UMR8204, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
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206
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Abstract
Combined with TCR stimuli, extracellular cytokine signals initiate the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells into specialized effector T-helper (Th) and regulatory T (Treg) cell subsets. The lineage specification and commitment process occurs through the combinatorial action of multiple transcription factors (TFs) and epigenetic mechanisms that drive lineage-specific gene expression programs. In this article, we review recent studies on the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of distinct Th cell lineages. Moreover, we review current study linking immune disease-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms with distal regulatory elements and their potential role in the disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash K Tripathi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and
Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
- National Doctoral Programme in Informational and
Structural BiologyTurku, Finland
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine (TuDMM),
University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and
Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
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207
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Rebhahn JA, Deng N, Sharma G, Livingstone AM, Huang S, Mosmann TR. An animated landscape representation of CD4+ T-cell differentiation, variability, and plasticity: insights into the behavior of populations versus cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2216-29. [PMID: 24945794 PMCID: PMC4209377 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in understanding CD4(+) T-cell differentiation suggest that previous models of a few distinct, stable effector phenotypes were too simplistic. Although several well-characterized phenotypes are still recognized, some states display plasticity, and intermediate phenotypes exist. As a framework for reexamining these concepts, we use Waddington's landscape paradigm, augmented with explicit consideration of stochastic variations. Our animation program "LAVA" visualizes T-cell differentiation as cells moving across a landscape of hills and valleys, leading to attractor basins representing stable or semistable differentiation states. The model illustrates several principles, including: (i) cell populations may behave more predictably than individual cells; (ii) analogous to reticulate evolution, differentiation may proceed through a network of interconnected states, rather than a single well-defined pathway; (iii) relatively minor changes in the barriers between attractor basins can change the stability or plasticity of a population; (iv) intrapopulation variability of gene expression may be an important regulator of differentiation, rather than inconsequential noise; (v) the behavior of some populations may be defined mainly by the behavior of outlier cells. While not a quantitative representation of actual differentiation, our model is intended to provoke discussion of T-cell differentiation pathways, particularly highlighting a probabilistic view of transitions between states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Rebhahn
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical SchoolRochester, NY, USA
| | - Nan Deng
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical SchoolRochester, NY, USA
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of RochesterRochester, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra M Livingstone
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical SchoolRochester, NY, USA
| | - Sui Huang
- Institute for Systems BiologySeattle, WA, USA
| | - Tim R Mosmann
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical SchoolRochester, NY, USA
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208
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Araya N, Sato T, Ando H, Tomaru U, Yoshida M, Coler-Reilly A, Yagishita N, Yamauchi J, Hasegawa A, Kannagi M, Hasegawa Y, Takahashi K, Kunitomo Y, Tanaka Y, Nakajima T, Nishioka K, Utsunomiya A, Jacobson S, Yamano Y. HTLV-1 induces a Th1-like state in CD4+CCR4+ T cells. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3431-42. [PMID: 24960164 PMCID: PMC4109535 DOI: 10.1172/jci75250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is linked to multiple diseases, including the neuroinflammatory disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma. Evidence suggests that HTLV-1, via the viral protein Tax, exploits CD4+ T cell plasticity and induces transcriptional changes in infected T cells that cause suppressive CD4+CD25+CCR4+ Tregs to lose expression of the transcription factor FOXP3 and produce IFN-γ, thus promoting inflammation. We hypothesized that transformation of HTLV-1-infected CCR4+ T cells into Th1-like cells plays a key role in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. Here, using patient cells and cell lines, we demonstrated that Tax, in cooperation with specificity protein 1 (Sp1), boosts expression of the Th1 master regulator T box transcription factor (T-bet) and consequently promotes production of IFN-γ. Evaluation of CSF and spinal cord lesions of HAM/TSP patients revealed the presence of abundant CD4+CCR4+ T cells that coexpressed the Th1 marker CXCR3 and produced T-bet and IFN-γ. Finally, treatment of isolated PBMCs and CNS cells from HAM/TSP patients with an antibody that targets CCR4+ T cells and induces cytotoxicity in these cells reduced both viral load and IFN-γ production, which suggests that targeting CCR4+ T cells may be a viable treatment option for HAM/TSP.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Gene Products, tax/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/genetics
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/virology
- Receptors, CCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CCR4/immunology
- Receptors, CCR4/metabolism
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/immunology
- T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics
- T-Box Domain Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/virology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/virology
- Viral Load/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Araya
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tomoo Sato
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hitoshi Ando
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Utano Tomaru
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ariella Coler-Reilly
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Naoko Yagishita
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Atsuhiko Hasegawa
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mari Kannagi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Hasegawa
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katsunori Takahashi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yasuo Kunitomo
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Toshihiro Nakajima
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kusuki Nishioka
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Rossi M, Bot A. The Th17 cell population and the immune homeostasis of the gastrointestinal tract. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 32:471-4. [PMID: 24164337 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.843983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Th17 cells are a recently discovered subset of CD4(+) T lymphocytes filling a hole in the repertoire of effector T cells. Th17 cells produce multiple cytokines, with pivotal impact on immune homeostasis, inflammation, and influencing a wide range of intestinal cell targets. The current issue of the International Reviews of Immunology is entirely dedicated to the various roles of Th17 T cells in the immune homeostasis and inflammation occurring in the gut. In addition to describing diverse Th17-mediated molecular pathways, a specific focus is being given to Th17 cell plasticity. This enables the Th17 cells to shift towards a Th1 profile, or to express IL-22, a protective cytokine in experimental colitis. Participation of microbiota-specific Th17 cells to normal immune homeostasis, and their role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or of gluten specific-Th17 cells in celiac disease, are also being discussed. Neutralizing antibodies against IL-17A and IL-17F have commenced clinical testing in IBD. In conclusion, Th17 cells emerge as a key immune cell population and further elucidation of their roles and functional plasticity are warranted to support the discovery of novel therapies against IBD and other intestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Rossi
- Section Editor, International Reviews of Immunology, Senior Researcher Institute of Food Sciences , CNR, Avellino , Italy
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210
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Derycke L, Eyerich S, Van Crombruggen K, Pérez-Novo C, Holtappels G, Deruyck N, Gevaert P, Bachert C. Mixed T helper cell signatures in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without polyps. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97581. [PMID: 24911279 PMCID: PMC4049589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) different phenotypes have been reported based on cytokine profile and inflammatory cell patterns. The aim of this study was to characterize the intracytoplasmatic cytokines of T cells infiltrating the inflamed sinonasal mucosa. METHODS Infiltrated T cells and tissue homogenates from sinonasal mucosal samples of 7 healthy subjects, 9 patients with CRS without nasal polyp (CRSsNP), 15 with CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and 5 cystic fibrosis patients (CF-NP) were analyzed for cytokine expression using flow cytometry and multiplex analysis respectively. Intracytoplasmic cytokinesin T cells were analyzed after stimulation of nasal polyps with Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B for 24 hours. RESULTS The number of T cells per total living cells was significantly higher in patients with CRSwNP vs. CRSsNP and controls. 85% of the CD4(+) T cells showed to be memory T cells. The effector T cells present in all tissues have a predominant Th1 phenotype. Only in CRSwNP, a significant fraction of T cells produced the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5, while nasal polyps from CF patients were characterized by a higher CD4/CD8 T cell ratio and an increased number of Th17 cells. 24 h stimulation with SEB resulted in a significant induction of CD4(+) T cells producing IL-10 (Tr1 cells). CONCLUSION T cell cytokine patterns in healthy and inflamed sinonasal mucosa revealed that Th2 cells (IL-4 and IL-5 producing cells) are significantly increased in CRSwNP mucosal inflammation. Exposure to SEB stimulates Tr1 cells that may contribute to the Th2 bias in CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Derycke
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Koen Van Crombruggen
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claudina Pérez-Novo
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gabriele Holtappels
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Natalie Deruyck
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philippe Gevaert
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Division of ENT Diseases, KarolinskaInstitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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211
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Mechanisms of innate lymphoid cell and natural killer T cell activation during mucosal inflammation. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:546596. [PMID: 24987710 PMCID: PMC4058452 DOI: 10.1155/2014/546596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces in the airways and the gastrointestinal tract are critical for the interactions of the host with its environment. Due to their abundance at mucosal tissue sites and their powerful immunomodulatory capacities, the role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and natural killer T (NKT) cells in the maintenance of mucosal tolerance has recently moved into the focus of attention. While NKT cells as well as ILCs utilize distinct transcription factors for their development and lineage diversification, both cell populations can be further divided into three polarized subpopulations reflecting the distinction into Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells in the adaptive immune system. While bystander activation through cytokines mediates the induction of ILC and NKT cell responses, NKT cells become activated also through the engagement of their canonical T cell receptors (TCRs) by (glyco)lipid antigens (cognate recognition) presented by the atypical MHC I like molecule CD1d on antigen presenting cells (APCs). As both innate lymphocyte populations influence inflammatory responses due to the explosive release of copious amounts of different cytokines, they might represent interesting targets for clinical intervention. Thus, we will provide an outlook on pathways that might be interesting to evaluate in this context.
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212
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Lee RW, Nicholson LB, Sen HN, Chan CC, Wei L, Nussenblatt RB, Dick AD. Autoimmune and autoinflammatory mechanisms in uveitis. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:581-94. [PMID: 24858699 PMCID: PMC4186974 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The eye, as currently viewed, is neither immunologically ignorant nor sequestered from the systemic environment. The eye utilises distinct immunoregulatory mechanisms to preserve tissue and cellular function in the face of immune-mediated insult; clinically, inflammation following such an insult is termed uveitis. The intra-ocular inflammation in uveitis may be clinically obvious as a result of infection (e.g. toxoplasma, herpes), but in the main infection, if any, remains covert. We now recognise that healthy tissues including the retina have regulatory mechanisms imparted by control of myeloid cells through receptors (e.g. CD200R) and soluble inhibitory factors (e.g. alpha-MSH), regulation of the blood retinal barrier, and active immune surveillance. Once homoeostasis has been disrupted and inflammation ensues, the mechanisms to regulate inflammation, including T cell apoptosis, generation of Treg cells, and myeloid cell suppression in situ, are less successful. Why inflammation becomes persistent remains unknown, but extrapolating from animal models, possibilities include differential trafficking of T cells from the retina, residency of CD8+ T cells, and alterations of myeloid cell phenotype and function. Translating lessons learned from animal models to humans has been helped by system biology approaches and informatics, which suggest that diseased animals and people share similar changes in T cell phenotypes and monocyte function to date. Together the data infer a possible cryptic infectious drive in uveitis that unlocks and drives persistent autoimmune responses, or promotes further innate immune responses. Thus there may be many mechanisms in common with those observed in autoinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Lee
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Bristol NHS, Foundation Trust, and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Kwon SJ, Crespo-Barreto J, Zhang W, Wang T, Kim DS, Krensky A, Clayberger C. KLF13 cooperates with c-Maf to regulate IL-4 expression in CD4+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5703-9. [PMID: 24821970 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Kruppel-like factor (KLF) 13 is a transcription factor that positively regulates expression of the chemokine RANTES 3-5 d after activation of T cells. In this study, we document a key role for KLF13 in the expression of IL-4 in CD4(+) T cells. Gene expression analysis in activated T cells from Klf13(-/-) mice showed that IL-4, along with other Th2 cytokine genes, was downregulated when compared with cells from wild-type mice. The decreased levels of IL-4 were not associated with changes in expression of the Th2-inducing transcription factors GATA3 or c-Maf. Additional analysis revealed that KLF13 directly binds to IL-4 promoter regions and synergizes with c-Maf to positively regulate IL-4 expression. These results indicate that KLF13 is a positive regulator for differentiation of Th2 cells, as part of the transcriptional machinery that regulates IL-4 production in Th2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Joo Kwon
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Juan Crespo-Barreto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Wei Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tianhong Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Dong Seok Kim
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alan Krensky
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611; and Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Carol Clayberger
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611; and
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214
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Vasoactive intestinal peptide maintains the nonpathogenic profile of human th17-polarized cells. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:512-25. [PMID: 24805298 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine microenvironment modulates CD4 T cell differentiation causing the shift of naïve CD4 T cells into different cell subsets. This process is also regulated by modulators such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a neuropeptide with known immunomodulatory properties on CD4 T cells that exert this action through specific receptors, vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor (VPAC)1 and VPAC2. Our results show that the pattern of VIP receptors expression ratio is modified during Th17 differentiation. In this report, we evaluate the capacity of VIP to modulate naïve human cells into Th17 cells in vitro by analyzing their functional phenotype. The presence of VIP maintains the nonpathogenic profile of Th17-polarized cells, increases the proliferation rate, and decreases their Th1 potential. VIP induces the upregulation of the STAT3 gene interaction with the VPAC1 receptor during the onset of Th17 differentiation. Moreover, RAR-related orphan receptor C (RORC), RAR-related orphan receptor A (RORA), and interleukin (IL)-17A genes are upregulated in the presence of VIP through interaction with VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors. Interestingly, VIP induces the expression of the IL-23R gene through interaction with the VPAC2 receptor during the expansion phase. This is the first report that describes the differentiation of naïve human T cells to Th17-polarized cells in the presence of VIP and demonstrates how this differentiation regulates the expression of the VIP receptors.
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215
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Rothenberg EV. The chromatin landscape and transcription factors in T cell programming. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:195-204. [PMID: 24703587 PMCID: PMC4039984 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T cell development from multipotent progenitors to specialized effector subsets of mature T cells is guided by the iterative action of transcription factors. At each stage, transcription factors interact not only with an existing landscape of histone modifications and nucleosome packing, but also with other bound factors, while they modify the landscape for later-arriving factors in ways that fundamentally affect the control of gene expression. This review covers insights from genome-wide analyses of transcription factor binding and resulting chromatin conformation changes that reveal roles of cytokine signaling in effector T cell programming, the ways in which one factor can completely transform the impacts of previously bound factors, and the ways in which the baseline chromatin landscape is established during early T cell lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
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216
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Inflammation converts human mesoangioblasts into targets of alloreactive immune responses: implications for allogeneic cell therapy of DMD. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1342-1352. [PMID: 24736278 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is a promising approach to regenerate healthy tissues starting from a limited amount of self-renewing cells. Immunological rejection of cell therapy products might represent a major limitation. In this study, we investigated the immunological functional profile of mesoangioblasts, vessel-associated myogenic stem cells, currently tested in a phase 1-2a trial, active in our Institute, for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We report that in resting conditions, human mesoangioblasts are poorly immunogenic, inefficient in promoting the expansion of alloreactive T cells and intrinsically resistant to T-cell killing. However, upon exposure to interferon-γ or differentiation into myotubes, mesoangioblasts acquire the ability to promote the expansion of alloreactive T cells and acquire sensitivity to T-cell killing. Resistance of mesoangioblasts to T-cell killing is largely due to the expression of the intracellular serine protease inhibitor-9 and represents a relevant mechanism of stem cell immune evasion.
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217
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van Ree R, Hummelshøj L, Plantinga M, Poulsen LK, Swindle E. Allergic sensitization: host-immune factors. Clin Transl Allergy 2014; 4:12. [PMID: 24735802 PMCID: PMC3989850 DOI: 10.1186/2045-7022-4-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic sensitization is the outcome of a complex interplay between the allergen and the host in a given environmental context. The first barrier encountered by an allergen on its way to sensitization is the mucosal epithelial layer. Allergic inflammatory diseases are accompanied by increased permeability of the epithelium, which is more susceptible to environmental triggers. Allergens and co-factors from the environment interact with innate immune receptors, such as Toll-like and protease-activated receptors on epithelial cells, stimulating them to produce cytokines that drive T-helper 2-like adaptive immunity in allergy-prone individuals. In this milieu, the next cells interacting with allergens are the dendritic cells lying just underneath the epithelium: plasmacytoid DCs, two types of conventional DCs (CD11b + and CD11b-), and monocyte-derived DCs. It is now becoming clear that CD11b+, cDCs, and moDCs are the inflammatory DCs that instruct naïve T cells to become Th2 cells. The simple paradigm of non-overlapping stable Th1 and Th2 subsets of T-helper cells is now rapidly being replaced by that of a more complex spectrum of different Th cells that together drive or control different aspects of allergic inflammation and display more plasticity in their cytokine profiles. At present, these include Th9, Th17, Th22, and Treg, in addition to Th1 and Th2. The spectrum of co-stimulatory signals coming from DCs determines which subset-characteristics will dominate. When IL-4 and/or IL-13 play a dominant role, B cells switch to IgE-production, a process that is more effective at young age. IgE-producing plasma cells have been shown to be long-lived, hiding in the bone-marrow or inflammatory tissues where they cannot easily be targeted by therapeutic intervention. Allergic sensitization is a complex interplay between the allergen in its environmental context and the tendency of the host’s innate and adaptive immune cells to be skewed towards allergic inflammation. These data and findings were presented at a 2012 international symposium in Prague organized by the Protein Allergenicity Technical Committee of the International Life Sciences Institute’s Health and Environmental Sciences Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald van Ree
- Departments of Experimental Immunology and Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Room K0-130, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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218
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Haabeth OAW, Tveita AA, Fauskanger M, Schjesvold F, Lorvik KB, Hofgaard PO, Omholt H, Munthe LA, Dembic Z, Corthay A, Bogen B. How Do CD4(+) T Cells Detect and Eliminate Tumor Cells That Either Lack or Express MHC Class II Molecules? Front Immunol 2014; 5:174. [PMID: 24782871 PMCID: PMC3995058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells contribute to tumor eradication, even in the absence of CD8+ T cells. Cytotoxic CD4+ T cells can directly kill MHC class II positive tumor cells. More surprisingly, CD4+ T cells can indirectly eliminate tumor cells that lack MHC class II expression. Here, we review the mechanisms of direct and indirect CD4+ T cell-mediated elimination of tumor cells. An emphasis is put on T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic models, where anti-tumor responses of naïve CD4+ T cells of defined specificity can be tracked. Some generalizations can tentatively be made. For both MHCIIPOS and MHCIINEG tumors, presentation of tumor-specific antigen by host antigen-presenting cells (APCs) appears to be required for CD4+ T cell priming. This has been extensively studied in a myeloma model (MOPC315), where host APCs in tumor-draining lymph nodes are primed with secreted tumor antigen. Upon antigen recognition, naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into Th1 cells and migrate to the tumor. At the tumor site, the mechanisms for elimination of MHCIIPOS and MHCIINEG tumor cells differ. In a TCR-transgenic B16 melanoma model, MHCIIPOS melanoma cells are directly killed by cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in a perforin/granzyme B-dependent manner. By contrast, MHCIINEG myeloma cells are killed by IFN-γ stimulated M1-like macrophages. In summary, while the priming phase of CD4+ T cells appears similar for MHCIIPOS and MHCIINEG tumors, the killing mechanisms are different. Unresolved issues and directions for future research are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Audun Werner Haabeth
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Anders Aune Tveita
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Marte Fauskanger
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Fredrik Schjesvold
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Kristina Berg Lorvik
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Peter O Hofgaard
- KG Jebsen Centre for Research on Influenza Vaccines, Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Hilde Omholt
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ludvig A Munthe
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Zlatko Dembic
- Faculty of Dentistry, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Alexandre Corthay
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Tumor Immunology Group, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; KG Jebsen Centre for Research on Influenza Vaccines, Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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219
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Sayegh ET, Bloch O, Parsa AT. Complement anaphylatoxins as immune regulators in cancer. Cancer Med 2014; 3:747-58. [PMID: 24711204 PMCID: PMC4303144 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the complement system in innate immunity is well characterized. However, a recent body of research implicates the complement anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a as insidious propagators of tumor growth and progression. It is now recognized that certain tumors elaborate C3a and C5a and that complement, as a mediator of chronic inflammation and regulator of immune function, may in fact foster rather than defend against tumor growth. A putative mechanism for this function is complement-mediated suppression of immune effector cells responsible for immunosurveillance within the tumor microenvironment. This paradigm accords with models of immune dysregulation, such as autoimmunity and infectious disease, which have defined a pathophysiological role for abnormal complement signaling. Several types of immune cells express the cognate receptors for the complement anaphylatoxins, C3aR and C5aR, and demonstrate functional modulation in response to complement stimulation. In turn, impairment of antitumor immunity has been intimately tied to tumor progression in animal models of cancer. In this article, the literature was systematically reviewed to identify studies that have characterized the effects of the complement anaphylatoxins on the composition and function of immune cells within the tumor microenvironment. The search identified six studies based upon models of lymphoma and ovarian, cervical, lung, breast, and mammary cancer, which collectively support the paradigm of complement as an immune regulator in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli T Sayegh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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220
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Cholecystokinin octapeptide regulates the differentiation and effector cytokine production of CD4(+) T cells in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 20:307-15. [PMID: 24704498 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), an immunomodulatory peptide, can promote or suppress the development or function of specific CD4(+) T cell subsets by regulating antigen-presenting cell functions. In the current study, we investigated whether CCK-8 exerts a direct effect on T cells through influencing differentiation and cytokine production of distinct CD4(+) T cell subsets in vitro. Our results showed that CCK-8 differentially affects the development and function of CD4(+) T cell populations, with a negative influence on Th1 and Th17 cells and positive regulatory effect on inducible T regulatory cells (iTreg). Notably, CCK-8 suppressed Th1 while slightly enhancing Th2 development and cytokine production. Similarly, CCK-8 inhibited the differentiation of Th17 cells and promoted Foxp3 expression. L-364,718 and LY-288,513, selective antagonists of CCK1R and CCK2R, respectively, suppressed the effects of CCK-8 on CD4(+) T cell subset-specific transcription factors. Our findings strongly indicate that CCK-8 exerts a direct effect on T cells, which is dependent on CCKRs, particularly CCK2R. The collective results aid in further clarifying the mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects of CCK-8.
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221
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Therapeutic effect of anti-αv integrin mAb on Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 268:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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222
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Salerno F, van Lier RAW, Wolkers MC. Better safe than sorry: TOB1 employs multiple parallel regulatory pathways to keep Th17 cells quiet. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:646-9. [PMID: 24497109 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Th17 cells are key players in antibacterial and antifungal immunity, but have also been implicated in autoimmunity. Interestingly, Th17 cells poorly proliferate upon stimulation, a phenotype that was attributed to a decreased sensitivity to T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, and to low IL-2 production by Th17 cells. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Santarlasci et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2014. 44: 654-661] shed further light on the molecular mechanism that keeps Th17 cells at bay. They identify the transcriptional regulator TOB1, which not only impairs IL-2 production in Th17 cells, but also blocks the expression of cell cycle genes. Strikingly, TOB1 suppresses Th17-cell proliferation through several pathways, including impaired signal transduction, transcription, and possibly also post-transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiamma Salerno
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research/Landsteiner laboratory AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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223
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Peiser M, Hitzler M, Luch A. On the role of co-inhibitory molecules in dendritic cell: T helper cell coculture assays aimed to detect chemical-induced contact allergy. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2014; 104:115-35. [PMID: 24214622 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0726-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T cells play a pivotal role in sensitization and elicitation of type IV allergic reactions. While T helper cells sustain and maintain the differentiation of further effector cells, regulatory T cells are involved in control of cytokine release and proliferation, and T killer cells execute cellular lysis, thereby leading to certain levels of tissue damage. According to their central role, the widely applied and OECD-supported test method for the assessment of the sensitization potential of a chemical, i.e., the local lymph node assay (LLNA), relies on the detection of the immune-responsive proliferation of lymphocytes. However, most sensitization assays recently developed take advantage of the initiators of sensitization, dendritic cells (DCs) or DC-like cell lines. Here, we focus on inhibitory molecules expressed on the surface of DCs and their corresponding receptors on T cells. We summarize insight into the function of CTLA-4, the ligands of inducible co-stimulators (ICOSs), and on the inhibitory receptor programmed death (PD). The targeting of immune cell surface receptors by inhibitory molecules holds some promise with regard to the development of T cell-based sensitization assays. Firstly, a broader and more sensitive dynamic range of detection could be achieved by blocking inhibitors or by removing inhibiting regulatory T cells from the assays. Secondly, the actual expression levels of inhibitory molecules could be also a valuable indicator for the process of sensitization. Finally, inhibitory molecules in coculture test systems are supposed to have a major influence on DCs by reverse signaling, thereby affecting their differentiation and maturation status in a feedback loop. In conclusion, inhibitory ligands of DC surface receptors and/or their cognate receptors on T cells could serve as useful tools in cell-based assays, directly influencing toxicological endpoints such as sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Peiser
- Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany,
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224
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Ulivieri C, Baldari CT. T-cell-based immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:297-310. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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225
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Liszewski MK, Kolev M, Le Friec G, Leung M, Bertram PG, Fara AF, Subias M, Pickering MC, Drouet C, Meri S, Arstila TP, Pekkarinen PT, Ma M, Cope A, Reinheckel T, Rodriguez de Cordoba S, Afzali B, Atkinson JP, Kemper C. Intracellular complement activation sustains T cell homeostasis and mediates effector differentiation. Immunity 2013; 39:1143-57. [PMID: 24315997 PMCID: PMC3865363 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Complement is viewed as a critical serum-operative component of innate immunity, with processing of its key component, C3, into activation fragments C3a and C3b confined to the extracellular space. We report here that C3 activation also occurred intracellularly. We found that the T cell-expressed protease cathepsin L (CTSL) processed C3 into biologically active C3a and C3b. Resting T cells contained stores of endosomal and lysosomal C3 and CTSL and substantial amounts of CTSL-generated C3a. While “tonic” intracellular C3a generation was required for homeostatic T cell survival, shuttling of this intracellular C3-activation-system to the cell surface upon T cell stimulation induced autocrine proinflammatory cytokine production. Furthermore, T cells from patients with autoimmune arthritis demonstrated hyperactive intracellular complement activation and interferon-γ production and CTSL inhibition corrected this deregulated phenotype. Importantly, intracellular C3a was observed in all examined cell populations, suggesting that intracellular complement activation might be of broad physiological significance. Complement C3 is activated intracellularly in human T cells by cathepsin L Intracellular C3 activation mediates cell survival and Th1 induction Increased intracellular C3 activation underlies T effector dysregulation in arthritis Patients with serum C3-deficiency retain intracellular C3a generation
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kathryn Liszewski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Martin Kolev
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Gaelle Le Friec
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Marilyn Leung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paula G Bertram
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Antonella F Fara
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Marta Subias
- Departamento de Immunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Matthew C Pickering
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Christian Drouet
- Université Joseph Fourier, GREPI/AGIM CNRS FRE3405, Grenoble, F-38041, France
| | - Seppo Meri
- Haartman Institute and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - T Petteri Arstila
- Haartman Institute and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Pirkka T Pekkarinen
- Haartman Institute and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Margaret Ma
- Biomedical Research Centre, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK; Academic Department of Rheumatology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andrew Cope
- Biomedical Research Centre, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK; Academic Department of Rheumatology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, D-79104, Germany
| | - Santiago Rodriguez de Cordoba
- Departamento de Immunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Behdad Afzali
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK; Biomedical Research Centre, King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - John P Atkinson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Claudia Kemper
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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226
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Annunziato F, Santarlasci V, Maggi L, Cosmi L, Liotta F, Romagnani S. Reasons for rarity of Th17 cells in inflammatory sites of human disorders. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:299-304. [PMID: 24211040 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells have been reported to be responsible for several chronic inflammatory diseases. However, a peculiar feature of human Th17 cells is that they are very rare in the inflammatory sites in comparison with Th1 cells. The first reason for this rarity is the existence of some self-regulatory mechanisms that limit their expansion. The limited expansion of human Th17 cells is related to the retinoic acid orphan (ROR)C-dependent up-regulation of the interleukin (IL)-4 induced gene 1 (IL4I1), which encodes for a l-phenylalanine oxidase, that has been shown to down-regulate CD3ζ expression in T cells. This results in abnormalities of the molecular pathway which is responsible for the impairment of IL-2 production and therefore for the lack of cell proliferation in response to T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling. IL4I1 up-regulation also associates with the increased expression of Tob1, a member of the Tob/BTG anti-proliferative protein family, which is involved in cell cycle arrest. A second reason for the rarity of human Th17 cells in the inflammatory sites is their rapid shifting into the Th1 phenotype, which is mainly related to the activity of IL-12 and TNF-α. We have named these Th17-derived Th1 cells as non-classic because they differ from classic Th1 cells for the expression of molecules specific for Th17 cells, such as RORC, CD161, CCR6, IL4I1, and IL-17 receptor E. This distinction may be important for defining the respective pathogenic role of Th17, non-classic Th1 and classic Th1 cells in many human inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy; Regenerative Medicine Unit and Immunology and Cellular Therapy Unit of Azienda Ospedaliera Careggi, Florence 50134, Italy.
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227
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Esterhuyse MM, Kaufmann SH. Diagnostic biomarkers are hidden in the infected host's epigenome. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2013; 13:625-37. [PMID: 23895131 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2013.811897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The success of our immune system depends on its ability to react efficiently, which in turn is supported by a large degree of plasticity as well as memory. Some aspects of this plasticity and memory are now known to be under epigenetic control - determined both by default, during differentiation, and by responses to environmental factors, including infectious agents. Thus, epigenetic marks in the immune system can occur as predetermined or as responsive marks and as such can potentially serve as diagnostic markers for disease susceptibility and disease progression or treatment response. Here, the authors review some examples of epigenetic control and epigenetic marks during the differentiation process of the immune system and memory formation, followed by some examples of epigenetic marks in the immune system subsequent to infection. These are used to illustrate the potential use of epigenetic marks as diagnostic markers in adverse immune system conditions and treatment thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Esterhuyse
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
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228
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Bailis W, Yashiro-Ohtani Y, Fang TC, Hatton RD, Weaver CT, Artis D, Pear WS. Notch simultaneously orchestrates multiple helper T cell programs independently of cytokine signals. Immunity 2013; 39:148-59. [PMID: 23890069 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Two models are proposed to explain Notch function during helper T (Th) cell differentiation. One argues that Notch instructs one Th cell fate over the other, whereas the other posits that Notch function is dictated by cytokines. Here we provide a detailed mechanistic study investigating the role of Notch in orchestrating Th cell differentiation. Notch neither instructed Th cell differentiation nor did cytokines direct Notch activity, but instead, Notch simultaneously regulated the Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell genetic programs independently of cytokine signals. In addition to regulating these programs in both polarized and nonpolarized Th cells, we identified Ifng as a direct Notch target. Notch bound the Ifng CNS-22 enhancer, where it synergized with Tbet at the promoter. Thus, Notch acts as an unbiased amplifier of Th cell differentiation. Our data provide a paradigm for Notch in hematopoiesis, with Notch simultaneously orchestrating multiple lineage programs, rather than restricting alternate outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Bailis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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229
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Kimber I, Pallardy M. The Use of T Cells in Hazard Characterization of Chemical and Drug Allergens and Integration in Testing Strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 104:1-7. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0726-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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230
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De Simone V, Pallone F, Monteleone G, Stolfi C. Role of T H17 cytokines in the control of colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e26617. [PMID: 24498548 PMCID: PMC3902118 DOI: 10.4161/onci.26617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune/inflammatory cells infiltrate almost all human solid tumors and affect all stages of carcinogenesis as they produce different cytokine subsets. The overproduction of TH17 cytokines marks the early stages of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and negatively influences the prognosis of CRC patients. Studies with murine models of CRC have delineated the mechanisms by which TH17 cytokines, notably, interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22, regulate oncogenesis and tumor progression, paving the way to the development of novel anticancer drugs. In this review article, we discuss experimental data supporting the role of TH17 cytokines in the modulation of colorectal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Pallone
- Department of Systems Medicine; University of Tor Vergata; Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carmine Stolfi
- Department of Systems Medicine; University of Tor Vergata; Rome, Italy
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231
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Weinmann AS. Regulatory mechanisms that control T-follicular helper and T-helper 1 cell flexibility. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 92:34-9. [PMID: 24080769 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Following antigenic stimulation, CD4(+) T cells have the potential to differentiate into a number of specialized effector cell subtypes. To date, much progress has been made in defining the basic molecular mechanisms that regulate initial helper T-cell differentiation decisions. Emerging research in the field is now uncovering more complexity in the series of events that control helper T-cell commitment decisions than was previously appreciated. During the commitment process, helper T cells need to integrate both signals derived from the T-cell receptor and from the surrounding microenvironment. These external signals are then translated into internal changes in gene expression potential to ultimately define the functional characteristics of the cell. In this review, this topic will be discussed from the perspective of T-follicular helper (Tfh) and T-helper type 1 (Th1) cell differentiation. The focus will be on examining how the cytokine environment is perceived by signaling through signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family proteins to initiate fate choices. The activities of STAT proteins are then in turn translated into changes in the molecular balance between B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6) and T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet), the helper T-cell lineage-specifying transcription factors that regulate Tfh and Th1 effector cell differentiation, respectively. Collectively, the knowledge of the molecular pathways that regulate Tfh and Th1 commitment have provided insight into the relationship between these two specialized helper T-cell subtypes and the potential for flexibility in their gene programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Weinmann
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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232
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Lasarte S, Elsner D, Guía-González M, Ramos-Medina R, Sánchez-Ramón S, Esponda P, Muñoz-Fernández MA, Relloso M. Female sex hormones regulate the Th17 immune response to sperm and Candida albicans. Hum Reprod 2013; 28:3283-91. [PMID: 24065277 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What role do female sex hormones play in the antisperm immune response? SUMMARY ANSWER We found that sperm induce a Th17 immune response and that estradiol down-regulates the antisperm Th17 response by dendritic cells. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Estradiol down-regulates the immune response to several pathogens and impairs the triggering of dendritic cell maturation by microbial products. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Ex vivo and in vivo murine models of vaginal infection with sperm and Candida albicans were used to study the induction of Th17 and its hormonal regulation. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS We analyzed the induction of Th17 cytokines and T cells in splenocytes obtained from BALB/c mice challenged with sperm and C. albicans. For the in vivo vaginal infection models, we used ovariectomized mice treated with vehicle, estradiol or progesterone, and we assessed the effect of these hormones on the immune response in the lymph nodes. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Th17 cytokines and T cells were induced by sperm antigens in both ex vivo and in vivo experiments. Estrus levels of estradiol down-regulated the Th17 response to sperm and C. albicans in vivo. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study was conducted using murine models; whether or not the results are applicable to humans is not known. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our results describe an adaptive mechanism that reconciles immunity and reproduction and further explains why unregulated Th17 could be linked to infertility and recurrent infections. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by research grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) (PI10/00897) and Fundación Mutua Madrileña to M.R. M.R. holds a Miguel Servet contract from the ISCIII (CP08/00228). M.A.M.-F. was supported by (ISCIII) INTRASALUD PI09/02029. We have no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lasarte
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Dr. Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
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233
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Kaczmarek K, Morales A, Henderson AJ. T Cell Transcription Factors and Their Impact on HIV Expression. Virology (Auckl) 2013; 2013:41-47. [PMID: 24436634 PMCID: PMC3891646 DOI: 10.4137/vrt.s12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
By targeting CD4+ effector T cells, HIV has a dramatic impact on the depletion, expansion and function of the different polarized T cell subsets. The maturation of T cell lineages is in part driven by intrinsic transcription factors that potentially influence how efficiently HIV replicates. In this review, we explore whether transcription factors that are required for polarizing T cells influence HIV replication. In particular, we examine provirus transcription as well as the establishment and maintenance of HIV latency. Furthermore, it is suggested these factors may provide novel cell-specific therapeutic strategies for targeting the HIV latent reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kaczmarek
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Ayana Morales
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew J Henderson
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. ; Section of Infectious Diseases and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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234
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Collins E, Gilkeson G. Hematopoetic and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in the treatment of refractory systemic lupus erythematosus — Where are we now? Clin Immunol 2013; 148:328-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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235
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Baumjohann D, Ansel KM. MicroRNA-mediated regulation of T helper cell differentiation and plasticity. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:666-78. [PMID: 23907446 PMCID: PMC3980848 DOI: 10.1038/nri3494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T helper (TH) cells regulate appropriate cellular and humoral immune responses to a wide range of pathogens and are central to the success of vaccines. However, their dysregulation can cause allergies and autoimmune diseases. The CD4(+) T cell population is characterized not only by a range of distinct cell subsets, such as TH1, TH2 and TH17 cells, regulatory T cells and T follicular helper cells--each with specific functions and gene expression programmes--but also by plasticity between the different TH cell subsets. In this Review, we discuss recent advances and emerging ideas about how microRNAs--small endogenously expressed oligonucleotides that modulate gene expression--are involved in the regulatory networks that determine TH cell fate decisions and that regulate their effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Baumjohann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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236
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Pollard KM, Cauvi DM, Toomey CB, Morris KV, Kono DH. Interferon-γ and systemic autoimmunity. DISCOVERY MEDICINE 2013; 16:123-131. [PMID: 23998448 PMCID: PMC3934799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The term interferon describes a family of proteins consisting of three major types (I, II, and III) which differ in their primary protein sequences, cognate receptors, genetic loci, and cell types responsible for their production. The interferons, including types I and II, overlap significantly in the genes they control resulting in a shared spectrum of diverse biological effects which includes regulation of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. As such, the interferons are major effectors in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity, especially systemic autoimmunity. The type I IFNs, because they are produced during the early stages of the innate immune response, are thought to play the foremost role in autoimmune responses. However, numerous studies have found that the single type II IFN, IFN-γ, plays an essential role in the development and severity of systemic autoimmunity, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus. This is supported by animal studies where IFN-γ is uniformly required in both spontaneous and induced models of lupus. Although expression of IFN-γ in cells of the innate immune system is almost immediate after activation, expression in adaptive immunity requires a complex orchestration of cellular interactions, signaling events, and epigenetic modifications. The multifaceted nature of IFN-γ in adaptive immunity identifies numerous possible therapeutic targets that, because of the essential contribution of IFN-γ to systemic autoimmunity, have the potential for producing benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Pollard
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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237
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Holbrook BC, Yammani RD, Blevins LK, Alexander-Miller MA. In vivo modulation of avidity in highly sensitive CD8(+) effector T cells following viral infection. Viral Immunol 2013; 26:302-13. [PMID: 23971914 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2013.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated a critical role for T cell avidity in predicting in vivo efficacy. Even though the measurement of avidity is now a routine assessment for the analysis of effector and memory T cell populations, our understanding of how this property is controlled in vivo at both the population and individual cell levels is limited. Our previous studies have identified high avidity as a property of the initial effector population generated in mice following respiratory virus infection. As the response progresses, lower avidity cells appear in the effector pool. The studies described here investigate the mechanistic basis of this in vivo regulation of avidity. We present data supporting in vivo avidity modulation within the early high avidity responders that results in a population of lower avidity effector cells. Changes in avidity were correlated with decreased lck expression and increased sensitivity to lck inhibitors in effector cells present at late versus early times postinfection. The possibility of tuning within select individual effectors is a previously unappreciated mechanism for the control of avidity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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238
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Stable T-bet(+)GATA-3(+) Th1/Th2 hybrid cells arise in vivo, can develop directly from naive precursors, and limit immunopathologic inflammation. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001633. [PMID: 23976880 PMCID: PMC3747991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The stable lineage commitment of naïve T helper cells to a hybrid Th1/2 phenotype reveals the cell-intrinsic reconciliation of two opposing T cell differentiation programs and provides a self-limiting mechanism to dampen immunopathology. Differentiated T helper (Th) cell lineages are thought to emerge from alternative cell fate decisions. However, recent studies indicated that differentiated Th cells can adopt mixed phenotypes during secondary immunological challenges. Here we show that natural primary immune responses against parasites generate bifunctional Th1 and Th2 hybrid cells that co-express the lineage-specifying transcription factors T-bet and GATA-3 and co-produce Th1 and Th2 cytokines. The integration of Th1-promoting interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-12 signals together with Th2-favoring IL-4 signals commits naive Th cells directly and homogeneously to the hybrid Th1/2 phenotype. Specifically, IFN-γ signals are essential for T-bet+GATA-3+ cells to develop in vitro and in vivo by breaking the dominance of IL-4 over IL-12 signals. The hybrid Th1/2 phenotype is stably maintained in memory cells in vivo for months. It resists reprogramming into classic Th1 or Th2 cells by Th1- or Th2-promoting stimuli, which rather induce quantitative modulations of the combined Th1 and Th2 programs without abolishing either. The hybrid phenotype is associated with intermediate manifestations of both Th1 and Th2 cell properties. Consistently, hybrid Th1/2 cells support inflammatory type-1 and type-2 immune responses but cause less immunopathology than Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively. Thus, we propose the self-limitation of effector T cells based on the stable cell-intrinsic balance of two opposing differentiation programs as a novel concept of how the immune system can prevent excessive inflammation. T helper (Th) cells, a subgroup of white blood cells important in the immune system, can differentiate into diverse lineages, for example Th1 and Th2, whose effector mechanisms target different types of pathogens but cause problems if not properly regulated. Lineage commitment is driven by cytokine signals that control the expression of distinct lineage-specifying “master regulator” transcription factor molecules. Lineage commitment is thought to reflect alternative cell-fate decisions because the initiated differentiation programs have self-amplifying and mutually repressive features. Here we show that the Th1 and Th2 differentiation programs are more compatible with each other than previously thought. Individual naive T cells can simultaneously integrate Th1- and Th2-polarizing signals and develop into hybrid Th1/2 cells that stably co-express both the Th1 master regulator T-bet and the Th2 master regulator GATA-3. We find that hybrid Th1/2 cells arise naturally during parasite infections and that the two opposing differentiation programs can stably co-exist in resting memory Th1/2 cells for periods of months. Th1- or Th2-polarizing stimuli induced quantitative modulations in the hybrid state but did not extinguish either program. The cell-intrinsic antagonism gives the hybrid Th1/2 cells properties that are quantitatively intermediate between those of Th1 and Th2 cells. Thus, in typical Th1 and Th2 immune responses, hybrid Th1/2 cells cause less immunopathology than their classic Th1 or Th2 counterparts, demonstrating a cell-intrinsic self-limiting mechanism that can prevent excessive inflammation.
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239
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Magombedze G, Reddy PBJ, Eda S, Ganusov VV. Cellular and population plasticity of helper CD4(+) T cell responses. Front Physiol 2013; 4:206. [PMID: 23966946 PMCID: PMC3744810 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates are constantly exposed to pathogens, and the adaptive immunity has most likely evolved to control and clear such infectious agents. CD4+ T cells are the major players in the adaptive immune response to pathogens. Following recognition of pathogen-derived antigens naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into effectors which then control pathogen replication either directly by killing pathogen-infected cells or by assisting with generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or pathogen-specific antibodies. Pathogen-specific effector CD4+ T cells are highly heterogeneous in terms of cytokines they produce. Three major subtypes of effector CD4+ T cells have been identified: T-helper 1 (Th1) cells producing IFN-γ and TNF-α, Th2 cells producing IL-4 and IL-10, and Th17 cells producing IL-17. How this heterogeneity is maintained and what regulates changes in effector T cell composition during chronic infections remains poorly understood. In this review we discuss recent advances in our understanding of CD4+ T cell differentiation in response to microbial infections. We propose that a change in the phenotype of pathogen-specific effector CD4+ T cells during chronic infections, for example, from Th1 to Th2 response as observed in Mycobactrium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection of ruminants, can be achieved by conversion of T cells from one effector subset to another (cellular plasticity) or due to differences in kinetics (differentiation, proliferation, death) of different effector T cell subsets (population plasticity). We also shortly review mathematical models aimed at describing CD4+ T cell differentiation and outline areas for future experimental and theoretical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesham Magombedze
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, USA
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240
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Jhunjhunwala S, Chen LC, Nichols EE, Thomson AW, Raimondi G, Little SR. All-trans retinoic acid and rapamycin synergize with transforming growth factor-β1 to induce regulatory T cells but confer different migratory capacities. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:981-9. [PMID: 23898044 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0312167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tregs play important roles in maintaining immune homeostasis, and thus, therapies based on Treg are promising candidates for the treatment for a variety of immune-mediated disorders. These therapies, however, face the significant challenge of obtaining adequate numbers of Tregs from peripheral blood that maintains suppressive function following extensive expansion. Inducing Tregs from non-Tregs offers a viable alternative. Different methods to induce Tregs have been proposed and involve mainly treating cells with TGF-β-iTreg. However, use of TGF-β alone is not sufficient to induce stable Tregs. ATRA or rapa has been shown to synergize with TGF-β to induce stable Tregs. Whereas TGF-β plus RA-iTregs have been well-described in the literature, the phenotype, function, and migratory characteristics of TGF-β plus rapa-iTreg have yet to be elucidated. Herein, we describe the phenotype and function of mouse rapa-iTreg and reveal that these cells differ in their in vivo homing capacity when compared with mouse RA-iTreg and mouse TGF-β-iTreg. This difference in migratory activity significantly affects the therapeutic capacity of each subset in a mouse model of colitis. We also describe the characteristics of iTreg generated in the presence of TGF-β, RA, and rapa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Jhunjhunwala
- 3.720 Rutland Ave, Room 755A, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. or University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara St., 440 Benedum Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. E-mail: ; Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/@think_little
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Abstract
Discovery of the T-helper 17 (Th17) subset heralded a major shift in T-cell biology and immune regulation. In addition to defining a new arm of the adaptive immune response, studies of the Th17 pathway have led to a greater appreciation of the developmental flexibility, or plasticity, that is a feature of T-cell developmental programs. Since the initial finding that differentiation of Th17 cells is promoted by transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), it became clear that Th17 cell development overlapped that of induced regulatory T (iTreg) cells. Subsequent findings established that Th17 cells are also unusually flexible in their late developmental programming, demonstrating substantial overlap with conventional Th1 cells through mechanisms that are just beginning to be understood but would appear to have important implications for immunoregulation at homeostasis and in immune-mediated diseases. Herein we examine the developmental and functional features of Th17 cells in relation to iTreg cells, Th1 cells, and Th22 cells, as a basis for understanding the contributions of this pathway to host defense, immune homeostasis, and immune-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajatava Basu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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242
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Peng D, Xu B, Wang Y, Guo H, Jiang Y. A high frequency of circulating th22 and th17 cells in patients with new onset graves' disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68446. [PMID: 23874630 PMCID: PMC3708941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
T-helper (Th) 22 and Th17 cells are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, their roles in the pathogenesis of Graves'disease (GD) are unclear. This study is aimed at examining the frequency of peripheral blood Th22, Th17, and Th1 cells and the levels of plasma IL-22, IL-17, and IFN-γ in patients with GD. A total of 27 patients with new onset GD and 27 gender- and age-matched healthy controls (HC) were examined for the frequency of peripheral blood Th22, Th17, and IFN-γ cells by flow cytometry. The concentrations of plasma IL-22, IL-17, and IFN-γ were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of serum TSHR antibodies (A-TSHR), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were examined by radioimmunoassay and chemiluminescent assay, respectively. The levels of serum TSAb were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In comparison with those in the HC, significantly elevated percentages of Th22 and Th17 cells, but not Th1 cells, and increased levels of plasma IL-22 and IL-17, but not IFN-γ, were detected in GD patients (P<0.0001, for both). The percentages of both Th22 and Th17 cells and the levels of plasma IL-22 and IL-17 were correlated positively with the levels of serum TSAb in GD patients (r = 0.7944, P<0.0001; r = 0.8110, P<0.0001; r = 0.7101, p<0.0001; r = 0.7407, p<0.0001, respectively). Th22 and Th17 cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Peng
- Department of Central Laboratory, the Second Part of the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingchuan Xu
- Department of Central Laboratory, the Second Part of the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, the Second Part of the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Central Laboratory, the Second Part of the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Department of Central Laboratory, the Second Part of the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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243
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Global chromatin state analysis reveals lineage-specific enhancers during the initiation of human T helper 1 and T helper 2 cell polarization. Immunity 2013; 38:1271-84. [PMID: 23791644 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Naive CD4⁺ T cells can differentiate into specific helper and regulatory T cell lineages in order to combat infection and disease. The correct response to cytokines and a controlled balance of these populations is critical for the immune system and the avoidance of autoimmune disorders. To investigate how early cell-fate commitment is regulated, we generated the first human genome-wide maps of histone modifications that reveal enhancer elements after 72 hr of in vitro polarization toward T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cell lineages. Our analysis indicated that even at this very early time point, cell-specific gene regulation and enhancers were at work directing lineage commitment. Further examination of lineage-specific enhancers identified transcription factors (TFs) with known and unknown T cell roles as putative drivers of lineage-specific gene expression. Lastly, an integrative analysis of immunopathogenic-associated SNPs suggests a role for distal regulatory elements in disease etiology.
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244
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Suárez-Álvarez B, Baragaño Raneros A, Ortega F, López-Larrea C. Epigenetic modulation of the immune function: a potential target for tolerance. Epigenetics 2013; 8:694-702. [PMID: 23803720 PMCID: PMC3781188 DOI: 10.4161/epi.25201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Great efforts in the field of solid organ transplantation are being devoted to identifying biomarkers that allow a transplanted patient's immune status to be established. Recently, it has been well documented that epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation and histone modifications regulate the expression of immune system-related genes, modifying the development of the innate and adaptive immune responses. An in-depth knowledge of these epigenetic mechanisms could modulate the immune response after transplantation and to develop new therapeutic strategies. Epigenetic modifiers, such as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have considerable potential as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents, but their effect on transplantation has not hitherto been known. Moreover, the detection of epigenetic marks in key immune genes could be useful as biomarkers of rejection and progression among transplanted patients. Here, we describe recent discoveries concerning the epigenetic regulation of the immune system, and how this knowledge could be translated to the field of transplantation.
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245
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Belkaid Y, Bouladoux N, Hand TW. Effector and memory T cell responses to commensal bacteria. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:299-306. [PMID: 23643444 PMCID: PMC3733441 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Barrier surfaces are home to a vast population of commensal organisms that together encode millions of proteins; each of them possessing several potential foreign antigens. Regulation of immune responses to this enormous antigenic load represents a tremendous challenge for the immune system. Tissues exposed to commensals have developed elaborate systems of regulation including specialized populations of resident lymphocytes that maintain barrier function and limit potential responses to commensal antigens. However, in settings of infection and inflammation these regulatory mechanisms are compromised and specific effector responses against commensal bacteria can develop. This review discusses the circumstances controlling the fate of commensal specific T cells and how dysregulation of these responses could lead to severe pathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda 20892, USA.
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246
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Gaudenzio N, Laurent C, Valitutti S, Espinosa E. Human mast cells drive memory CD4+ T cells toward an inflammatory IL-22+ phenotype. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:1400-7.e11. [PMID: 23518141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells are key components of the skin microenvironment in psoriasis, yet their functional role in this T-cell-mediated inflammatory disorder remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE To define the impact of T-cell/mast-cell cognate interactions on the cytokines produced by TH cells. METHODS We used human primary mast cells and effector/memory CD4(+) T cells for in vitro coculture experiments, and we analyzed TH cells responses by using cytometry. CD4(+) T-cell/mast-cell conjugates in skin lesions from patients with psoriasis were analyzed by using 3-color immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. RESULTS We show that IFN-γ-primed human mast cells formed productive immunologic synapses with antigen-experienced CD4(+) T cells. These interactions promoted the generation of TH22 and IL-22/IFN-γ-producing TH cells from the circulating memory CD4(+) T-cell pool via a TNF-α/IL-6-dependent mechanism. An analysis of human psoriatic skin biopsies showed a rich infiltrate of IL-22(+)CD4(+) T cells frequently found in contact with mast cells. Moreover, most of these mast-cell-conjugated lymphocytes coexpressed IFN-γ, suggesting that IL-22(+)IFN-γ(+) CD4(+) T cells are generated in vivo on interaction with mast cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identify human mast cells as functional partners of TH cells, shaping their responses toward IL-22 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gaudenzio
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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247
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Kang KS, Lee N, Shin MS, Kim SD, Yu Y, Mohanty S, Belshe RB, Montgomery RR, Shaw AC, Kang I. An altered relationship of influenza vaccine-specific IgG responses with T cell immunity occurs with aging in humans. Clin Immunol 2013; 147:79-88. [PMID: 23578549 PMCID: PMC3634098 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in T cell immunity occur with aging. Influenza causes significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly. We investigated the relationship of serum IgG responses with hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) antibody titers and the frequency of distinct T cell subsets in young and elderly people who received the inactivated influenza vaccine. Influenza vaccine-specific IgG responses correlated with the increase of HI antibody titers and the frequency of CD4(+) T cells producing IFN-γ and IL-17 in young, but not elderly, people. Also, only in young people, such IgG responses correlated with the frequency of memory T cells, especially central memory cells, CD45RA(-) effector memory CD8(+) T cells and IL-7 receptor alpha high effector memory CD8(+) T cells with potent survival and proliferative capacity. These findings suggest that aging alters the association of influenza-vaccine specific IgG responses with HI antibody titers, cytokine-producing capacity and proportions of memory T cells in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Soo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Naeun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Min Sun Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Sang Doo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746
| | - Yinyi Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Subhasis Mohanty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Robert B. Belshe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Ruth R. Montgomery
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Albert C. Shaw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Insoo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Mari N, Hercor M, Denanglaire S, Leo O, Andris F. The capacity of Th2 lymphocytes to deliver B-cell help requires expression of the transcription factor STAT3. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1489-98. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Mari
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie; Université Libre de Bruxelles; Brussels; Belgium
| | - Mélanie Hercor
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie; Université Libre de Bruxelles; Brussels; Belgium
| | | | - Oberdan Leo
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie; Université Libre de Bruxelles; Brussels; Belgium
| | - Fabienne Andris
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie; Université Libre de Bruxelles; Brussels; Belgium
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Villegas-Mendez A, de Souza JB, Lavelle SW, Gwyer Findlay E, Shaw TN, van Rooijen N, Saris CJ, Hunter CA, Riley EM, Couper KN. IL-27 receptor signalling restricts the formation of pathogenic, terminally differentiated Th1 cells during malaria infection by repressing IL-12 dependent signals. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003293. [PMID: 23593003 PMCID: PMC3623720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The IL-27R, WSX-1, is required to limit IFN-γ production by effector CD4+ T cells in a number of different inflammatory conditions but the molecular basis of WSX-1-mediated regulation of Th1 responses in vivo during infection has not been investigated in detail. In this study we demonstrate that WSX-1 signalling suppresses the development of pathogenic, terminally differentiated (KLRG-1+) Th1 cells during malaria infection and establishes a restrictive threshold to constrain the emergent Th1 response. Importantly, we show that WSX-1 regulates cell-intrinsic responsiveness to IL-12 and IL-2, but the fate of the effector CD4+ T cell pool during malaria infection is controlled primarily through IL-12 dependent signals. Finally, we show that WSX-1 regulates Th1 cell terminal differentiation during malaria infection through IL-10 and Foxp3 independent mechanisms; the kinetics and magnitude of the Th1 response, and the degree of Th1 cell terminal differentiation, were comparable in WT, IL-10R1−/− and IL-10−/− mice and the numbers and phenotype of Foxp3+ cells were largely unaltered in WSX-1−/− mice during infection. As expected, depletion of Foxp3+ cells did not enhance Th1 cell polarisation or terminal differentiation during malaria infection. Our results significantly expand our understanding of how IL-27 regulates Th1 responses in vivo during inflammatory conditions and establishes WSX-1 as a critical and non-redundant regulator of the emergent Th1 effector response during malaria infection. The cytokine interleukin 27 (IL-27), a member of the IL-12 family, is produced by cells of the innate immune system and has been shown to exert mainly suppressive effects during a wide range of inflammatory conditions, including malaria infection, where it suppresses the development of CD4+ T cell-dependent immunopathology. In this study we show that IL-27 suppresses the production of IFN-gamma by CD4+ T cells during blood stage malaria infection by preventing the development of terminally differentiated Th1 cells. We investigated the molecular mechanisms by which IL-27 inhibits the formation of terminally differentiated Th1 cells and found that it does so specifically by restricting IL-12 signals. Importantly, we demonstrate that IL-27 mediates its regulatory effects on the Th1 response through IL-10 and Foxp3+ regulatory T cell independent mechanisms. Thus, we have identified a new pathway though which IL-27 signalling regulates the size and quality of the Th1 response during malaria infection, which we believe will have relevance to many other pro-inflammatory conditions. Manipulation of the IL-27 pathway may therefore represent an amenable therapeutic approach during chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Villegas-Mendez
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - J. Brian de Souza
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seen-Wai Lavelle
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Gwyer Findlay
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tovah N. Shaw
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nico van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan J. Saris
- Department of Inflammation Research, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eleanor M. Riley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin N. Couper
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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250
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Lloyd CM, Saglani S. T cells in asthma: influences of genetics, environment, and T-cell plasticity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:1267-74; quiz 1275. [PMID: 23541326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is classically considered the archetypal T(H)2 disease, with increased circulating IgE levels and eosinophilic inflammation being caused by increased levels of T(H)2-type cytokines. However, this paradigm has been challenged because of the realization that strategies designed to suppress T(H)2 function are not effective for all patients. The clinical phenotype of asthma is notoriously heterogeneous and is affected by genetic and environmental exposures in addition to interactions between airway structural cells, including epithelial cells, and the immune system, as well as contributions from cells other than T(H)2 cells. A combination of genetic and environmental factors is thought to influence whether inflammation resolves or progresses, and the pulmonary epithelium is increasingly recognized to play a key role in this process. This complex interplay has made it increasingly apparent that immune responses are tailored to the individual patient and determined by the weight of each influence, and thus the label of asthma as a T(H)2 disease is too conservative. Indeed, an important concept that needs to be addressed, both in animal models and clinically, is that of T-cell plasticity and how lymphocytic responses are determined by environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Lloyd
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
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