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Lin SY, Chang HH, Lai YH, Lin CH, Chen MH, Chang GC, Tsai MF, Chen JJW. Digoxin Suppresses Tumor Malignancy through Inhibiting Multiple Src-Related Signaling Pathways in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123305. [PMID: 25955608 PMCID: PMC4425490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer is the predominant type of lung cancer, resulting in high mortality worldwide. Digoxin, a cardiac glycoside, has recently been suggested to be a novel chemotherapeutic agent. Src is an oncogene that plays an important role in cancer progression and is therefore a potential target for cancer therapy. Here, we investigated whether digoxin could suppress lung cancer progression through the inhibition of Src activity. The effects of digoxin on lung cancer cell functions were investigated using colony formation, migration and invasion assays. Western blotting and qPCR assays were used to analyze the mRNA and protein expression levels of Src and its downstream proteins, and a cell viability assay was used to measure cellular cytotoxicity effects. The results of the cell function assays revealed that digoxin inhibited the proliferation, invasion, migration, and colony formation of A549 lung cancer cells. Similar effects of digoxin were also observed in other lung cancer cell lines. Furthermore, we found that digoxin significantly suppressed Src activity and its protein expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner as well as reduced EGFR and STAT3 activity. Our data suggest that digoxin is a potential anticancer agent that may suppress lung cancer progression through inhibiting Src and the activity of related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yi Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Hui Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Lai
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiung Lin
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hsuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Gee-Chen Chang
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Feng Tsai
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Dayeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MFT); (JJWC)
| | - Jeremy J. W. Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MFT); (JJWC)
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202
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Tang Q, Huang W, Guan J, Jin L, Che T, Fu Y, Hu Y, Tian S, Wang D, Jiang Z, Li X, Li M. Transcriptomic analysis provides insight into high-altitude acclimation in domestic goats. Gene 2015; 567:208-16. [PMID: 25958351 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Domestic goats are distributed in a wide range of habitats and have acclimated to their local environmental conditions. To investigate the gene expression changes of goats that are induced by high altitude stress, we performed RNA-seq on 27 samples from the three hypoxia-sensitive tissues (heart, lung, and skeletal muscle) in three indigenous populations from distinct altitudes (600 m, 2000 m, and 3000 m). We generated 129Gb of high-quality sequencing data (~4Gb per sample) and catalogued the expression profiles of 12,421 annotated hircine genes in each sample. The analysis showed global similarities and differences of high-altitude transcriptomes among populations and tissues as well as revealed that the heart underwent the most high-altitude induced expression changes. We identified numerous differentially expressed genes that exhibited distinct expression patterns, and nonsynonymous single nucleotide variant-containing genes that were highly differentiated between the high- and low-altitude populations. These genes have known or potential roles in hypoxia response and were enriched in functional gene categories potentially responsible for high-altitude stress. Therefore, they are appealing candidates for further investigation of the gene expression and associated regulatory mechanisms related to high-altitude acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianzi Tang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wenyao Huang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiuqiang Guan
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Long Jin
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tiandong Che
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuhua Fu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Lab of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yaodong Hu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shilin Tian
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhi Jiang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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203
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Tatti O, Gucciardo E, Pekkonen P, Holopainen T, Louhimo R, Repo P, Maliniemi P, Lohi J, Rantanen V, Hautaniemi S, Alitalo K, Ranki A, Ojala PM, Keski-Oja J, Lehti K. MMP16 Mediates a Proteolytic Switch to Promote Cell-Cell Adhesion, Collagen Alignment, and Lymphatic Invasion in Melanoma. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2083-94. [PMID: 25808867 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic invasion and accumulation of continuous collagen bundles around tumor cells are associated with poor melanoma prognosis, but the underlying mechanisms and molecular determinants have remained unclear. We show here that a copy-number gain or overexpression of the membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase MMP16 (MT3-MMP) is associated with poor clinical outcome, collagen bundle assembly around tumor cell nests, and lymphatic invasion. In cultured WM852 melanoma cells derived from human melanoma metastasis, silencing of MMP16 resulted in cell-surface accumulation of the MMP16 substrate MMP14 (MT1-MMP) as well as L1CAM cell adhesion molecule, identified here as a novel MMP16 substrate. When limiting the activities of these trans-membrane protein substrates toward pericellular collagen degradation, cell junction disassembly, and blood endothelial transmigration, MMP16 supported nodular-type growth of adhesive collagen-surrounded melanoma cell nests, coincidentally steering cell collectives into lymphatic vessels. These results uncover a novel mechanism in melanoma pathogenesis, whereby restricted collagen infiltration and limited mesenchymal invasion are unexpectedly associated with the properties of the most aggressive tumors, revealing MMP16 as a putative indicator of adverse melanoma prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Tatti
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Translational Cancer Biology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erika Gucciardo
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirita Pekkonen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tanja Holopainen
- Translational Cancer Biology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riku Louhimo
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pauliina Repo
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pilvi Maliniemi
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Lohi
- Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Rantanen
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sampsa Hautaniemi
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Translational Cancer Biology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annamari Ranki
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi M Ojala
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. Finnish Cancer Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Keski-Oja
- Translational Cancer Biology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Lehti
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Finnish Cancer Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
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204
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SCF, regulated by HIF-1α, promotes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell progression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121338. [PMID: 25799412 PMCID: PMC4370420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) both have important functions in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This study aims to analyze the expression and clinicopathological significance of SCF and HIF-1α in PDAC specimens and explore the molecular mechanism at PDAC cells in vitro and in vivo. We showed that the expression of SCF was significantly correlated with HIF-1α expression via Western blot, PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, and luciferase assay analysis. The SCF level was also correlated with lymph node metastasis and the pathological tumor node metastasis (pTNM) stage in PDAC samples. The SCF higher-expression group had significantly lower survival rates than the SCF lower-expression group (p<0.05). Hypoxia up-regulated the expression of SCF through the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α in PDAC cells at the protein and RNA levels. When HIF-1α was knocked down by RNA interference, the SCF level decreased significantly. Additionally, ChIP and luciferase results demonstrated that HIF-1α can directly bind to the hypoxia response element (HRE) region of the SCF promoter and activate the SCF transcription under hypoxia. The results of colony formation, cell scratch, and transwell migration assay showed that SCF promoted the proliferation and invasion of PANC-1 cells under hypoxia. Furthermore, the down-regulated ability of cell proliferation and invasion following HIF-1α knockdown was rescued by adding exogenous SCF under hypoxia in vitro. Finally, when the HIF-1α expression was inhibited by digoxin, the tumor volume and the SCF level decreased, thereby proving the relationship between HIF-1α and SCF in vivo. In conclusion, SCF is an important factor for the growth of PDAC. In our experiments, we proved that SCF, a downstream gene of HIF-1α, can promote the development of PDAC under hypoxia. Thus, SCF might be a potential therapeutic target for PDAC.
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205
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Cellular memory of hypoxia elicits neuroblastoma metastasis and enables invasion by non-aggressive neighbouring cells. Oncogenesis 2015; 4:e138. [PMID: 25664931 PMCID: PMC4338426 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2014.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies targeting cancer metastasis are challenging owing to the complexity of the metastatic process and the high number of effectors involved. Although tumour hypoxia has previously been associated with increased aggressiveness as well as resistance to radio- and chemotherapy, the understanding of a direct link between the level and duration of hypoxia and the individual steps involved in metastasis is still missing. Using live imaging in a chick embryo model, we have demonstrated that the exposure of neuroblastoma cells to 1% oxygen for 3 days was capable of (1) enabling cell migration towards blood vessels, (2) slowing down their velocity within blood vessels to facilitate extravasation and (3) promoting cell proliferation in primary and secondary sites. We have shown that cells do not have to be hypoxic anymore to exhibit these acquired capabilities as a long-term memory of prior hypoxic exposure is kept. Furthermore, non-hypoxic cells can be influenced by neighbouring hypoxic preconditioned cells and be entrained in the metastatic progression. The acquired aggressive phenotype relies on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-dependent transcription of a number of genes involved in metastasis and can be impaired by HIF inhibition. Altogether, our results demonstrate the need to consider both temporal and spatial tumour heterogeneity because cells can 'remember' an earlier environment and share their acquired phenotype with their close neighbours. As a consequence, it is necessary to monitor the correct hypoxic markers to be able to predict the consequences of the cells' history on their behaviour and their potential response to therapies.
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206
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Seguin L, Desgrosellier JS, Weis SM, Cheresh DA. Integrins and cancer: regulators of cancer stemness, metastasis, and drug resistance. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:234-40. [PMID: 25572304 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between cancer cells and their surroundings can trigger essential signaling cues that determine cell fate and influence the evolution of the malignant phenotype. As the primary receptors involved in cell-matrix adhesion, integrins present on the surface of tumor and stromal cells have a profound impact on the ability to survive in specific locations, but in some cases, these receptors can also function in the absence of ligand binding to promote stemness and survival in the presence of environmental and therapeutic stresses. Understanding how integrin expression and function is regulated in this context will enable the development of new therapeutic approaches to sensitize tumors to therapy and suppress their metastatic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Seguin
- Department of Pathology and the Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jay S Desgrosellier
- Department of Pathology and the Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sara M Weis
- Department of Pathology and the Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David A Cheresh
- Department of Pathology and the Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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207
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Zhao T, Ren H, Li J, Chen J, Zhang H, Xin W, Sun Y, Sun L, Yang Y, Sun J, Wang X, Gao S, Huang C, Zhang H, Yang S, Hao J. LASP1 is a HIF1α target gene critical for metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2015; 75:111-9. [PMID: 25385028 PMCID: PMC4286473 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
LASP1 is an actin-binding protein associated with actin assembly dynamics in cancer cells. Here, we report that LASP1 is overexpressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) where it promotes invasion and metastasis. We found that LASP1 overexpression in PDAC cells was mediated by HIF1α through direct binding to a hypoxia response element in the LASP1 promoter. HIF1α stimulated LASP1 expression in PDAC cells in vitro and mouse tumor xenografts in vivo. Clinically, LASP1 overexpression in PDAC patient specimens was associated significantly with lymph node metastasis and overall survival. Overall, our results defined LASP1 as a direct target gene for HIF1α upregulation that is critical for metastatic progression of PDAC.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Heterografts
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- LIM Domain Proteins/genetics
- LIM Domain Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
- Pancreatic Neoplasms
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiansuo Zhao
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China. Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - He Ren
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China. Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Li
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China. Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China. Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China. Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Xin
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China. Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China. Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China. Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongwei Yang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China. Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Junwei Sun
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China. Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuchao Wang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China. Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Song Gao
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China. Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Chongbiao Huang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China. Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shengyu Yang
- Department of Tumor Biology and Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jihui Hao
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China. Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.
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208
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Wang L, Chen G, Lu X, Wang S, Han S, Li Y, Ping G, Jiang X, Li H, Yang J, Wu C. Novel chalcone derivatives as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 inhibitor: Synthesis, anti-invasive and anti-angiogenic properties. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 89:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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209
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Wong CCL, Au SLK, Tse APW, Xu IMJ, Lai RKH, Chiu DKC, Wei LL, Fan DNY, Tsang FHC, Lo RCL, Wong CM, Ng IOL. Switching of pyruvate kinase isoform L to M2 promotes metabolic reprogramming in hepatocarcinogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115036. [PMID: 25541689 PMCID: PMC4277479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive tumor, with a high mortality rate due to late symptom presentation and frequent tumor recurrences and metastasis. It is also a rapidly growing tumor supported by different metabolic mechanisms; nevertheless, the biological and molecular mechanisms involved in the metabolic reprogramming in HCC are unclear. In this study, we found that pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) was frequently over-expressed in human HCCs and its over-expression was associated with aggressive clinicopathological features and poor prognosis of HCC patients. Furthermore, knockdown of PKM2 suppressed aerobic glycolysis and cell proliferation in HCC cell lines in vitro. Importantly, knockdown of PKM2 hampered HCC growth in both subcutaneous injection and orthotopic liver implantation models, and reduced lung metastasis in vivo. Of significance, PKM2 over-expression in human HCCs was associated with a down-regulation of a liver-specific microRNA, miR-122. We further showed that miR-122 interacted with the 3UTR of the PKM2 gene. Re-expression of miR-122 in HCC cell lines reduced PKM2 expression, decreased glucose uptake in vitro, and suppressed HCC tumor growth in vivo. Our clinical data and functional studies have revealed a novel biological mechanism involved in HCC metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Chak-Lui Wong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, HKSAR
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, HKSAR
| | | | - Aki Pui-Wah Tse
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, HKSAR
| | - Iris Ming-Jing Xu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, HKSAR
| | - Robin Kit-Ho Lai
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, HKSAR
| | | | - Larry Lai Wei
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, HKSAR
| | | | | | - Regina Cheuk-Lam Lo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, HKSAR
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, HKSAR
| | - Chun-Ming Wong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, HKSAR
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, HKSAR
| | - Irene Oi-Lin Ng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, HKSAR
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, HKSAR
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210
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Hypoxia-inducible factors are required for chemotherapy resistance of breast cancer stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E5429-38. [PMID: 25453096 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1421438111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are defined by the lack of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression, and are treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy such as paclitaxel or gemcitabine, with a durable response rate of less than 20%. TNBCs are enriched for the basal subtype gene expression profile and the presence of breast cancer stem cells, which are endowed with self-renewing and tumor-initiating properties and resistance to chemotherapy. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and their target gene products are highly active in TNBCs. Here, we demonstrate that HIF expression and transcriptional activity are induced by treatment of MDA-MB-231, SUM-149, and SUM-159, which are human TNBC cell lines, as well as MCF-7, which is an ER(+)/PR(+) breast cancer line, with paclitaxel or gemcitabine. Chemotherapy-induced HIF activity enriched the breast cancer stem cell population through interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 signaling and increased expression of multidrug resistance 1. Coadministration of HIF inhibitors overcame the resistance of breast cancer stem cells to paclitaxel or gemcitabine, both in vitro and in vivo, leading to tumor eradication. Increased expression of HIF-1α or HIF target genes in breast cancer biopsies was associated with decreased overall survival, particularly in patients with basal subtype tumors and those treated with chemotherapy alone. Based on these results, clinical trials are warranted to test whether treatment of patients with TNBC with a combination of cytotoxic chemotherapy and HIF inhibitors will improve patient survival.
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211
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The Robustness of Pathway Analysis in Identifying Potential Drug Targets in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma. MICROARRAYS 2014; 3:212-25. [PMID: 27600345 PMCID: PMC4979055 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays3040212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The identification of genes responsible for causing cancers from gene expression data has had varied success. Often the genes identified depend on the methods used for detecting expression patterns, or on the ways that the data had been normalized and filtered. The use of gene set enrichment analysis is one way to introduce biological information in order to improve the detection of differentially expressed genes and pathways. In this paper we show that the use of network models while still subject to the problems of normalization is a more robust method for detecting pathways that are differentially overrepresented in lung cancer data. Such differences may provide opportunities for novel therapeutics. In addition, we present evidence that non-small cell lung carcinoma is not a series of homogeneous diseases; rather that there is a heterogeny within the genotype which defies phenotype classification. This diversity helps to explain the lack of progress in developing therapies against non-small cell carcinoma and suggests that drug development may consider multiple pathways as treatment targets.
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212
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Sun YW, Chen YF, Li J, Huo YM, Liu DJ, Hua R, Zhang JF, Liu W, Yang JY, Fu XL, Yan T, Hong J, Cao H. A novel long non-coding RNA ENST00000480739 suppresses tumour cell invasion by regulating OS-9 and HIF-1α in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:2131-41. [PMID: 25314054 PMCID: PMC4260035 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasion and metastasis are the distinct biologic characteristics of cancer, resulting in an exceptionally low 5-year survival rate in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Understanding in detail the mechanisms underlying PDAC metastasis is critical for prevention and effective interventions. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been documented as having a critical role in cancer development and progression. METHODS We examined the expression levels of lncRNA ENST00000480739 and osteosarcoma amplified-9 (OS-9) mRNA in a cohort of 35 PDAC patients. Cell proliferation, invasion and migration were examined with and without ENST00000480739 overexpression in PDAC cells. RESULTS We determined that the ENST00000480739 expression level was remarkably decreased in tumorous tissues compared with their corresponding non-tumorous tissues. The expression of ENST00000480739 was negatively associated with tumour node metastasis stage and lymph node metastasis. In addition, ENST0000048073 was an independent prognostic factor of survival time in PDAC patients following surgery. Besides, enforced expression of ENST00000480739 suppressed PDAC cells' invasion in vitro. Overexpression of ENST00000480739 significantly increased both mRNA and protein levels of OS-9, and the luciferase assays confirmed that ENST00000480739 positively regulates OS-9 by activating the transcription level of the OS-9 promoter. We further found that ENST00000480739 may target hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression by upregulating OS-9. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the frequently downregulated ENST00000480739 in PDAC contributes to tumour metastasis and progression by regulating HIF-1α. Long non-coding RNA ENST00000480739 may provide not only a therapeutic potential to suppress metastasis but it may also be a novel biomarker for risk prognostication and personal therapy screening of PDAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-W Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Y-F Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - J Li
- Department of General Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Y-M Huo
- Department of General Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - D-J Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - R Hua
- Department of General Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - J-F Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - W Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - J-Y Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - X-L Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - T Yan
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - J Hong
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - H Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
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Swales C, Athanasou NA, Knowles HJ. Angiopoietin-like 4 is over-expressed in rheumatoid arthritis patients: association with pathological bone resorption. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109524. [PMID: 25289668 PMCID: PMC4188739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoclasts are responsible for the bone loss associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The secreted adipokine angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) specifically increases osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. We have investigated expression of ANGPTL4 and its regulatory transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), in osteoclasts and other cells within rheumatoid synovium. We have also examined whether circulating levels of ANGPTL4 differ in RA patients compared with that in normal controls or patients with osteoarthritis (OA). RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that bone-apposing osteoclasts within the rheumatoid synovium express both ANGPTL4 and HIF-1α. ANGPTL4 was also strongly expressed in synovial lining cells, endothelial cells, stromal cells, CD68+ macrophages and plasma cells within RA synovium. Little ANGPTL4 was evident in normal synovial tissue. This reflected the over-expression of HIF-1α in rheumatoid versus normal synovial tissue. The concentration of ANGPTL4 was higher in both the serum and the synovial fluid of RA patients than in patients with OA or normal controls. High serum ANGPTL4 associated with elevated levels of the serum marker of bone resorption, receptor activator for nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL). CONCLUSIONS Over-expression of ANGPTL4 in multiple cell types within the rheumatoid synovium potentially provides a local pool of ANGPTL4 to stimulate osteoclast-mediated bone resorption in RA. Additionally, correlation of high serum ANGPTL4 with circulating RANKL suggests that ANGPTL4 may represent a novel marker for bone destruction in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Swales
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas A Athanasou
- Pathology Department, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen J Knowles
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Endo M, Yamamoto Y, Nakano M, Masuda T, Odagiri H, Horiguchi H, Miyata K, Kadomatsu T, Motokawa I, Okada S, Iwase H, Oike Y. Serum ANGPTL2 levels reflect clinical features of breast cancer patients: implications for the pathogenesis of breast cancer metastasis. Int J Biol Markers 2014; 29:e239-e245. [PMID: 24585434 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide, and its metastasis is a major cause of disease mortality. Therefore, identification of the mechanisms underlying breast cancer metastasis is crucial for the development of therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. Our recent study of immunodeficient female mice transplanted with MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells demonstrated that tumor cell-derived angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2) accelerates metastasis through both increasing tumor cell migration in an autocrine/paracrine manner, and enhancing tumor angiogenesis. To determine whether ANGPTL2 contributes to its clinical pathogenesis, we asked whether serum ANGPTL2 levels reflect the clinical features of breast cancer progression. METHODS We monitored the levels of secreted ANGPTL2 in supernatants of cultured proliferating MDA-MB231 cells. We also determined whether the circulating ANGPTL2 levels were positively correlated with cancer progression in an in vivo breast cancer xenograft model using MDA-MB231 cells. Finally, we investigated whether serum ANGPTL2 levels were associated with clinical features in breast cancer patients. RESULTS Both in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that the levels of ANGPTL2 secreted from breast cancer cells increased with cell proliferation and cancer progression. Serum ANGPTL2 levels in patients with metastatic breast cancer were significantly higher than those in healthy subjects or in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ or non-metastatic invasive ductal carcinoma. Serum ANGPTL2 levels in patients negative for estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors, particularly triple-negative cases, reflected histological grades. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that serum ANGPTL2 levels in breast cancer patients could represent a potential marker of breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyoshi Endo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto - Japan
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Boursi B, Haynes K, Mamtani R, Yang YX. Digoxin use and the risk for colorectal cancer. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2014; 23:1147-53. [PMID: 25263572 DOI: 10.1002/pds.3717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cardiac glycosides affect several pathways central for tumor formation. We sought to evaluate the association between digoxin use and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study using The Health Improvement Network (THIN), a medical record database representative of the broader UK population. Study cases were defined as those with a diagnostic code for CRC. Each case was matched to up to four eligible controls on age, sex, practice site, and duration of follow-up before index date using incidence density sampling. Exposure of interest was digoxin therapy before index date. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CRC associated with digoxin use were estimated using conditional logistic regression analysis, adjusted for BMI, alcoholism, smoking history, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, chronic NSAIDs use and previous screening colonoscopies. RESULTS The case-control analysis included 20 990 CRC patients and 82 054 controls whose mean follow-up time before index date was 6.5 years (SD 4.0). The adjusted OR for CRC among current digoxin users was increased compared with non-users with an adjusted ORs of 1.41 (95%CI 1.25-1.59, p < 0.0001), 1.45 (95%CI 1.22-1.72, p < 0.0001) and 1.41 (95%CI 1.00-1.99, p = 0.049) for first prescriptions 1-5 years, 5-10 years and more than 10 years before index date respectively. Similar results were observed when cumulative duration and number of digoxin prescriptions were analyzed. The risk was not elevated for past digoxin users. CONCLUSIONS Current digoxin use is associated with increased CRC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Boursi
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; The Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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216
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Huang D, Li T, Li X, Zhang L, Sun L, He X, Zhong X, Jia D, Song L, Semenza G, Gao P, Zhang H. HIF-1-Mediated Suppression of Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases and Fatty Acid Oxidation Is Critical for Cancer Progression. Cell Rep 2014; 8:1930-1942. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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217
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Ng KTP, Xu A, Cheng Q, Guo DY, Lim ZXH, Sun CKW, Fung JHS, Poon RTP, Fan ST, Lo CM, Man K. Clinical relevance and therapeutic potential of angiopoietin-like protein 4 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:196. [PMID: 25148701 PMCID: PMC4149052 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Development of novel adjuvant therapy to eradicate tumor angiogenesis and metastasis is a pressing need for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to investigate the clinical relevance and therapeutic potential of angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) in HCC. Methods ANGPTL4 mRNA levels in tumor and non-tumor liver tissues of HCC patients were analyzed to investigate its clinical relevance. The mechanisms of deregulation of ANGPTL4 in HCC were studied by copy number variation (CNV) and CpG methylation analyses. The orthotopic liver tumor nude mice model was applied using a human metastatic cell line. ANGPTL4-overexpressing adenovirus (Ad-ANGPTL4) was injected via portal vein to investigate its anti-tumorigenic and anti-metastatic potentials. Results HCC tissues expressed significantly lower levels of ANGPTL4 mRNA than non-tumor tissues. The copy number of ANGPTL4 gene in tumor tissues was significantly lower than in non-tumor tissues of HCC patients. Higher frequency of methylation of CpG sites of ANGPTL4 promoter was detected in tumor tissues compared to non-tumor tissues. Downregulation of ANGPTL4 mRNA in HCC was significantly associated with advanced tumor stage, presence of venous infiltration, poor differentiation, higher AFP level, appearance of tumor recurrence, and poor postoperative overall and disease-free survivals of HCC patients. Treatment with Ad-ANGPTL4 significantly inhibited the in vivo tumor growth, invasiveness and metastasis by promoting tumoral apoptosis, inhibiting tumoral angiogenesis and motility, and suppressing tumor-favorable microenvironment. Moreover, administration of recombinant ANGPTL4 protein suppressed the motility of HCC cells and altered the secretion profile of cytokines from macrophages. Conclusion ANGPTL4 is a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for HCC patients and a potential therapeutic agent to suppress HCC growth, angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kwan Man
- Department of Surgery and Centre for Cancer Research, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Room L9-55, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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218
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Tanaka J, Irié T, Yamamoto G, Yasuhara R, Isobe T, Hokazono C, Tachikawa T, Kohno Y, Mishima K. ANGPTL4 regulates the metastatic potential of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 44:126-33. [PMID: 25060575 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis is a major factor for poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the molecular mechanisms of lymph node metastasis are unclear. We determined that angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) mRNA and protein expression were increased in OSCC cells established from the primary site in metastatic cases. In addition, ANGPTL4 expression in biopsy specimens was correlated with the presence of lymph node metastasis. Therefore, our initial findings suggest that OSCC cells expressing ANGPTL4 may possess metastatic ability. Furthermore, cell culture supernatants from OSCC cells that metastasized to the lymph node contain ANGPTL4 and promote invasive ability. These findings suggest that secreted ANGPTL4 may affect the invasive ability of OSCC. Moreover, the rates of positive ANGPTL4 expression at the primary site were significantly higher in the lymph node metastasis group. These results demonstrate that ANGPTL4 contributes to OSCC metastasis by stimulating cell invasion. Therefore, ANGPTL4 is a potential therapeutic target for preventing cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Tanaka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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219
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Takano N, Sarfraz Y, Gilkes DM, Chaturvedi P, Xiang L, Suematsu M, Zagzag D, Semenza GL. Decreased expression of cystathionine β-synthase promotes glioma tumorigenesis. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1398-406. [PMID: 24994751 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) catalyzes metabolic reactions that convert homocysteine to cystathionine. To assess the role of CBS in human glioma, cells were stably transfected with lentiviral vectors encoding shRNA targeting CBS or a nontargeting control shRNA, and subclones were injected into immunodeficient mice. Interestingly, decreased CBS expression did not affect proliferation in vitro but decreased the latency period before rapid tumor xenograft growth after subcutaneous injection and increased tumor incidence and volume following orthotopic implantation into the caudate-putamen. In soft-agar colony formation assays, CBS knockdown subclones displayed increased anchorage-independent growth. Molecular analysis revealed that CBS knockdown subclones expressed higher basal levels of the transcriptional activator hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2α/EPAS1). HIF2α knockdown counteracted the effect of CBS knockdown on anchorage-independent growth. Bioinformatic analysis of mRNA expression data from human glioma specimens revealed a significant association between low expression of CBS mRNA and high expression of angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) and VEGF transcripts, which are HIF2 target gene products that were also increased in CBS knockdown subclones. These results suggest that decreased CBS expression in glioma increases HIF2α protein levels and HIF2 target gene expression, which promotes glioma tumor formation. IMPLICATIONS CBS loss-of-function promotes glioma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoharu Takano
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasmeen Sarfraz
- Microvascular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Daniele M Gilkes
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pallavi Chaturvedi
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lisha Xiang
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David Zagzag
- Microvascular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York. Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Hypoxia-inducible factors and RAB22A mediate formation of microvesicles that stimulate breast cancer invasion and metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3234-42. [PMID: 24938788 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1410041111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles such as exosomes and microvesicles (MVs) are shed by cancer cells, are detected in the plasma of cancer patients, and promote cancer progression, but the molecular mechanisms regulating their production are not well understood. Intratumoral hypoxia is common in advanced breast cancers and is associated with an increased risk of metastasis and patient mortality that is mediated in part by the activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). In this paper, we report that exposure of human breast cancer cells to hypoxia augments MV shedding that is mediated by the HIF-dependent expression of the small GTPase RAB22A, which colocalizes with budding MVs at the cell surface. Incubation of naïve breast cancer cells with MVs shed by hypoxic breast cancer cells promotes focal adhesion formation, invasion, and metastasis. In breast cancer patients, RAB22A mRNA overexpression in the primary tumor is associated with decreased overall and metastasis-free survival and, in an orthotopic mouse model, RAB22A knockdown impairs breast cancer metastasis.
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Abstract
Of the deaths attributed to cancer, 90% are due to metastasis, and treatments that prevent or cure metastasis remain elusive. Emerging data indicate that hypoxia and the extracellular matrix (ECM) might have crucial roles in metastasis. During tumour evolution, changes in the composition and the overall content of the ECM reflect both its biophysical and biological properties and these strongly influence tumour and stromal cell properties, such as proliferation and motility. Originally thought of as independent contributors to metastatic spread, recent studies have established a direct link between hypoxia and the composition and the organization of the ECM, which suggests a new model in which multiple microenvironmental signals might converge to synergistically influence metastatic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele M Gilkes
- 1] Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. [2] Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Gregg L Semenza
- 1] Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. [2] Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA. [3] Departments of Pediatrics, Oncology, Medicine, Radiation Oncology and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Denis Wirtz
- 1] Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA. [2] Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA. [3] Departments of Oncology and Pathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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222
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Gilkes DM, Semenza GL. Role of hypoxia-inducible factors in breast cancer metastasis. Future Oncol 2014; 9:1623-36. [PMID: 24156323 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast tumors contain regions of hypoxia in which cells that are located far from a functional blood vessel have significantly reduced oxygen concentrations when compared with normal mammary tissue. Breast cancer cells adapt to hypoxic conditions by increasing levels of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which induce the expression of multiple genes involved in angiogenesis, glucose utilization, resistance to oxidative stress, cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, invasion and metastasis. Breast cancer patients with increased HIF expression levels in primary tumor biopsies are at increased risk of metastasis. This is an important finding since 90% of breast cancer deaths are the result of metastasis, primarily to the bone, lungs, liver, brain and regional lymph nodes. Although the prognostic significance of reduced oxygen levels in primary breast tumors of cancer patients is well recognized, the mechanisms underlying hypoxia-induced, HIF-dependent breast cancer metastasis are just beginning to be uncovered. Recent studies have implicated HIF target genes in every step of the metastatic process. Drugs, such as digoxin, show the potential therapeutic effects of blocking HIF activity by decreasing primary tumor growth, vascularization, invasion and metastasis in animal models of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele M Gilkes
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Salvo E, Garasa S, Dotor J, Morales X, Peláez R, Altevogt P, Rouzaut A. Combined targeting of TGF-β1 and integrin β3 impairs lymph node metastasis in a mouse model of non-small-cell lung cancer. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:112. [PMID: 24884715 PMCID: PMC4049383 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) acts as a tumor suppressor early in carcinogenesis but turns into tumor promoter in later disease stages. In fact, TGF-β is a known inducer of integrin expression by tumor cells which contributes to cancer metastatic spread and TGF-β inhibition has been shown to attenuate metastasis in mouse models. However, carcinoma cells often become refractory to TGF-β-mediated growth inhibition. Therefore identifying patients that may benefit from anti-TGF-β therapy requires careful selection. Methods We performed in vitro analysis of the effects of exposure to TGF-β in NSCLC cell chemotaxis and adhesion to lymphatic endothelial cells. We also studied in an orthotopic model of NSCLC the incidence of metastases to the lymph nodes after inhibition of TGF-β signaling, β3 integrin expression or both. Results We offer evidences of increased β3-integrin dependent NSCLC adhesion to lymphatic endothelium after TGF-β exposure. In vivo experiments show that targeting of TGF-β and β3 integrin significantly reduces the incidence of lymph node metastasis. Even more, blockade of β3 integrin expression in tumors that did not respond to TGF-β inhibition severely impaired the ability of the tumor to metastasize towards the lymph nodes. Conclusion These findings suggest that lung cancer tumors refractory to TGF-β monotherapy can be effectively treated using dual therapy that combines the inhibition of tumor cell adhesion to lymphatic vessels with stromal TGF-β inhibition.
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224
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Lin SC, Liao WL, Lee JC, Tsai SJ. Hypoxia-regulated gene network in drug resistance and cancer progression. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:779-792. [PMID: 24812122 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214532755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common phenomenon of solid tumors and contributes to aggressive phenotype and treatment failure. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), a versatile transcription factor that regulates more than 5% of total human genes, not only plays important roles in controlling physiological processes, but is also a crucial mediator in hypoxia-induced tumor progression and chemoresistance. Overexpression of HIF-1α is detected in a wide spectrum of cancers via different kinds of mechanisms, including reduced oxygen concentration, loss-of-function of tumor suppressor gene, activating mutation of oncogenes, and hyperactivation of protein kinase signaling pathways. HIF-regulated genes involve in many pathological processes such as metabolic switch, drug efflux, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and anti-apoptosis, which ultimately leads to increased tumor growth and drug resistance. Due to the common failure of classic chemotherapeutic agents in treating hypoxic cancers, novel strategies have been developed to target tumors under hypoxic conditions including inhibition of HIF activity and administration of bioreductive drugs. These new strategies may provide more effective and specific methods in targeting hypoxic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Chieh Lin
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Lin Liao
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jenq-Chang Lee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Shaw-Jenq Tsai
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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Evaluating the cancer therapeutic potential of cardiac glycosides. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:794930. [PMID: 24895612 PMCID: PMC4033509 DOI: 10.1155/2014/794930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides, also known as cardiotonic steroids, are a group of natural products that share a steroid-like structure with an unsaturated lactone ring and the ability to induce cardiotonic effects mediated by a selective inhibition of the Na+/K+-ATPase. Cardiac glycosides have been used for many years in the treatment of cardiac congestion and some types of cardiac arrhythmias. Recent data suggest that cardiac glycosides may also be useful in the treatment of cancer. These compounds typically inhibit cancer cell proliferation at nanomolar concentrations, and recent high-throughput screenings of drug libraries have therefore identified cardiac glycosides as potent inhibitors of cancer cell growth. Cardiac glycosides can also block tumor growth in rodent models, which further supports the idea that they have potential for cancer therapy. Evidence also suggests, however, that cardiac glycosides may not inhibit cancer cell proliferation selectively and the potent inhibition of tumor growth induced by cardiac glycosides in mice xenografted with human cancer cells is probably an experimental artifact caused by their ability to selectively kill human cells versus rodent cells. This paper reviews such evidence and discusses experimental approaches that could be used to reveal the cancer therapeutic potential of cardiac glycosides in preclinical studies.
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226
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Hypoxia-inducible factor-dependent signaling between triple-negative breast cancer cells and mesenchymal stem cells promotes macrophage recruitment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E2120-9. [PMID: 24799675 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406655111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intratumoral hypoxia induces the recruitment of stromal cells, such as macrophages and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which stimulate invasion and metastasis by breast cancer cells (BCCs). Production of macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) by BCCs is required for macrophage recruitment, but the mechanisms underlying CSF1 expression have not been delineated. Triple-negative breast cancers have increased expression of genes regulated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). In this study, we delineate two feed-forward signaling loops between human MDA-MB-231 triple-negative BCCs and human MSCs that drive stromal cell recruitment to primary breast tumors. The first loop, in which BCCs secrete chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 (CXCL16) that binds to C-X-C chemokine receptor type 6 (CXCR6) on MSCs and MSCs secrete chemokine CXCL10 that binds to receptor CXCR3 on BCCs, drives recruitment of MSCs. The second loop, in which MSCs secrete chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 that binds to C-C chemokine receptor type 5 on BCCs and BCCs secrete cytokine CSF1 that binds to the CSF1 receptor on MSCs, drives recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. These two signaling loops operate independent of each other, but both are dependent on the transcriptional activity of HIFs, with hypoxia serving as a pathophysiological signal that synergizes with chemokine signals from MSCs to trigger CSF1 gene transcription in triple-negative BCCs.
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Unwith S, Zhao H, Hennah L, Ma D. The potential role of HIF on tumour progression and dissemination. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:2491-503. [PMID: 24729302 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the second cause of mortality worldwide, primarily owing to failure to cure metastatic disease. The need to target the metastatic process to reduce mortality is clear and research over the past decade has shown hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) to be one of the promising targets. In order for metastatic disease to be established, multiple steps need to be taken whereby the tumour cells escape into the bloodstream and survive, disseminate and then establish at a premetastatic niche. HIF-1 mediates hypoxia-induced proangiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which promote extravasation and chemotaxis. The migration of tumour cells is mediated by loss of E-cadherin, which results in a more invasive phenotype; dissemination of the tumour cells by increased vascular permeability and survival in the bloodstream through resistance to apoptosis as well as adhesion at the premetastatic niche are all controlled by factors under the influence of HIF-1. The overexpression of HIF in many aggressive cancer types as well as its role in the establishment of metastatic disease and treatment resistance demonstrate its potential target in therapeutics. Taken together, the role of HIF-1 in cancer and metastatic disease is clear and the need for better treatment targeting metastases is paramount; more aggressive phenotypes with less response to treatment are associated with HIF-1 expression. Our research has shown promise but many questions still remain to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Unwith
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and, Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The effect of redox signaling on hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function is not clearly understood. RECENT ADVANCES A growing body of evidence suggests that adult HSCs reside in the hypoxic bone marrow microenvironment or niche during homeostasis. It was recently shown that primitive HSCs in the bone marrow prefer to utilize anaerobic glycolysis to meet their energy demands and have lower rates of oxygen consumption and lower ATP levels. Hypoxia-inducible factor-α (Hif-1α) is a master regulator of cellular metabolism. With hundreds of downstream target genes and crosstalk with other signaling pathways, it regulates various aspects of metabolism from the oxidative stress response to glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. Hif-1α is highly expressed in HSCs, where it regulates their function and metabolic phenotype. However, the regulation of Hif-1α in HSCs is not entirely understood. The homeobox transcription factor myeloid ecotropic viral integration site 1 (Meis1) is expressed in the most primitive HSCs populations, and it is required for primitive hematopoiesis. Recent reports suggest that Meis1 is required for normal adult HSC function by regulating the metabolism and redox state of HSCs transcriptionally through Hif-1α and Hif-2α. CRITICAL ISSUES Given the profound effect of redox status on HSC function, it is critical to fully characterize the intrinsic, and microenvironment-related mechanisms of metabolic and redox regulation in HSCs. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Future studies will be needed to elucidate the link between HSC metabolism and HSC fates, including quiescence, self-renewal, differentiation, apoptosis, and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cheng Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Physiology and Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Hesham A. Sadek
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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230
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Hypoxia-inducible factors regulate human and rat cystathionine β-synthase gene expression. Biochem J 2014; 458:203-11. [PMID: 24328859 DOI: 10.1042/bj20131350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Increased catalytic activity of CBS (cystathionine β-synthase) was recently shown to mediate vasodilation of the cerebral microcirculation, which is initiated within minutes of the onset of acute hypoxia. To test whether chronic hypoxia was a stimulus for increased CBS expression, U87-MG human glioblastoma and PC12 rat phaeochromocytoma cells were exposed to 1% or 20% O2 for 24-72 h. CBS mRNA and protein expression were increased in hypoxic cells. Hypoxic induction of CBS expression was abrogated in cells transfected with vector encoding shRNA targeting HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) 1α or 2α. Exposure of rats to hypobaric hypoxia (0.35 atm; 1 atm=101.325 kPa) for 3 days induced increased CBS mRNA, protein and catalytic activity in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, which was blocked by administration of the HIF inhibitor digoxin. HIF-binding sites, located 0.8 and 1.2 kb 5' to the transcription start site of the human CBS and rat Cbs genes respectively, were identified by ChIP assays. A 49-bp human sequence, which encompassed an inverted repeat of the core HIF-binding site, functioned as a hypoxia-response element in luciferase reporter transcription assays. Thus HIFs mediate tissue-specific CBS expression, which may augment cerebral vasodilation as an adaptive response to chronic hypoxia.
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231
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Kuiper C, Dachs GU, Munn D, Currie MJ, Robinson BA, Pearson JF, Vissers MCM. Increased Tumor Ascorbate is Associated with Extended Disease-Free Survival and Decreased Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Activation in Human Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:10. [PMID: 24551593 PMCID: PMC3912592 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate is a co-factor for the hydroxylases that regulate the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, which provides cancer cells with a metabolic and survival advantage in the hypoxic environment of solid tumors. However, whether ascorbate affects tumor development is a highly debated issue. We aimed to determine whether tumor ascorbate was associated with HIF-1 activation and patient disease-free survival. In this study, we undertook a retrospective observational analysis of tissue-banked tumor and paired normal tissue from 49 colorectal cancer patients, measuring ascorbate levels, HIF-1α and its downstream gene products BNIP3, and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF). Patient survival was monitored for the first 6 years after surgery. We found that ascorbate levels were lower in tumor tissue compared to normal tissue (p < 0.001) but overall levels varied considerably. HIF-1α, VEGF, and BNIP3 were elevated in tumor samples (p < 0.01). There was an inverse relationship between tumor ascorbate content and HIF-1 pathway activation (p = 0.002) and tumor size (p = 0.018). Higher tumor ascorbate content was associated with significantly improved disease-free survival in the first 6 years after surgery (p = 0.006), with 141–1,094 additional disease-free days. This was independent of tumor grade and stage. Survival advantage was associated with the amount of ascorbate in the tumor, but not with the amount in adjacent normal tissue. Our results demonstrate that higher tumor ascorbate content is associated with decreased HIF-1 activation, most likely due to the co-factor activity of ascorbate for the regulatory HIF hydroxylases. Our findings support the need for future studies to determine whether raising tumor ascorbate is possible with clinical intervention and whether this results in modification of hydroxylase-dependent pathways in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kuiper
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Gabi U Dachs
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Delwyn Munn
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Margaret J Currie
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Bridget A Robinson
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch , Christchurch , New Zealand ; Canterbury Regional Cancer and Blood Service, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch Hospital , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - John F Pearson
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Unit, Department of Public Health and General Practice, University of Otago Christchurch , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Margreet C M Vissers
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch , Christchurch , New Zealand
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Bersini S, Jeon JS, Moretti M, Kamm RD. In vitro models of the metastatic cascade: from local invasion to extravasation. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:735-42. [PMID: 24361339 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A crucial event in the metastatic cascade is the extravasation of circulating cancer cells from blood capillaries to the surrounding tissues. The past 5 years have been characterized by a significant evolution in the development of in vitro extravasation models, which moved from traditional transmigration chambers to more sophisticated microfluidic devices, enabling the study of complex cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in multicellular, controlled environments. These advanced assays could be applied to screen easily and rapidly a broad spectrum of molecules inhibiting cancer cell endothelial adhesion and extravasation, thus contributing to the design of more focused in vivo tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bersini
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milano, Italy
| | - J S Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matteo Moretti
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milano, Italy.
| | - R D Kamm
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Hypoxia-inducible factors mediate coordinated RhoA-ROCK1 expression and signaling in breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 111:E384-93. [PMID: 24324133 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1321510111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of Rho kinase 1 (ROCK1) and the G protein RhoA is implicated in breast cancer progression, but oncogenic mutations are rare, and the molecular mechanisms that underlie increased ROCK1 and RhoA expression have not been determined. RhoA-bound ROCK1 phosphorylates myosin light chain (MLC), which is required for actin-myosin contractility. RhoA also activates focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling. Together, these pathways are critical determinants of the motile and invasive phenotype of cancer cells. We report that hypoxia-inducible factors coordinately activate RhoA and ROCK1 expression and signaling in breast cancer cells, leading to cell and matrix contraction, focal adhesion formation, and motility through phosphorylation of MLC and FAK. Thus, intratumoral hypoxia acts as an oncogenic stimulus by triggering hypoxia-inducible factor → RhoA → ROCK1 → MLC → FAK signaling in breast cancer cells.
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234
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Xiang L, Gilkes DM, Chaturvedi P, Luo W, Hu H, Takano N, Liang H, Semenza GL. Ganetespib blocks HIF-1 activity and inhibits tumor growth, vascularization, stem cell maintenance, invasion, and metastasis in orthotopic mouse models of triple-negative breast cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 92:151-64. [PMID: 24248265 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Targeted therapy against triple-negative breast cancers, which lack expression of the estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors, is not available and the overall response to cytotoxic chemotherapy is poor. One of the molecular hallmarks of triple-negative breast cancers is increased expression of genes that are transcriptionally activated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which are implicated in many critical aspects of cancer progression including metabolism, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and stem cell maintenance. Ganetespib is a second-generation inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), a molecular chaperone that is essential for the stability and function of multiple client proteins in cancer cells including HIF-1α. In this study, human MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435 triple-negative breast cancer cells were injected into the mammary fat pad of immunodeficient mice that received weekly intravenous injections of ganetespib or vehicle following the development of palpable tumors. Ganetespib treatment markedly impaired primary tumor growth and vascularization, and eliminated local tissue invasion and distant metastasis to regional lymph nodes and lungs. Ganetespib treatment also significantly reduced the number of Aldefluor-positive cancer stem cells in the primary tumor. Primary tumors of ganetespib-treated mice had significantly reduced levels of HIF-1α (but not HIF-2α) protein and of HIF-1 target gene mRNAs encoding proteins that play key roles in angiogenesis, metabolism, invasion, and metastasis, thereby providing a molecular basis for observed effects of the drug on the growth and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer. KEY MESSAGES Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) respond poorly to available chemotherapy. TNBCs overexpress genes regulated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Ganetespib induces degradation of HSP90 client proteins, including HIF-1α. Ganetespib inhibited TNBC orthotopic tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Ganetespib inhibited expression of HIF-1 target genes involved in TNBC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Xiang
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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235
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The impact of hypoxia in hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis. Front Med 2013; 8:33-41. [PMID: 24234682 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-013-0301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common phenomenon in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hypoxia stabilizes transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), to activate gene transcription. Expression of HIF is closely associated with metastasis and poor prognosis in HCC. HIF mediates expression of genes that are involved in every step of HCC metastasis including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion of the extracellular matrix, intravasation, extravasation, and secondary growth of the metastases. Because HIF is the central regulator of HCC metastasis, HIF inhibitors are attractive tools when used alone or as combined treatment to curb HCC metastasis. This review will summarize the current findings on the impact of hypoxia/HIF in HCC, with a particular focus on cancer metastasis.
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Drager LF, Yao Q, Hernandez KL, Shin MK, Bevans-Fonti S, Gay J, Sussan TE, Jun JC, Myers AC, Olivecrona G, Schwartz AR, Halberg N, Scherer PE, Semenza GL, Powell DR, Polotsky VY. Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces atherosclerosis via activation of adipose angiopoietin-like 4. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188:240-8. [PMID: 23328524 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201209-1688oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Obstructive sleep apnea is a risk factor for dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis, which have been attributed to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). Intermittent hypoxia inhibits a key enzyme of lipoprotein clearance, lipoprotein lipase, and up-regulates a lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4), in adipose tissue. The effects and mechanisms of Angptl4 up-regulation in sleep apnea are unknown. OBJECTIVES To examine whether CIH induces dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis by increasing adipose Angptl4 via hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). METHODS ApoE(-/-) mice were exposed to intermittent hypoxia or air for 4 weeks while being treated with Angptl4-neutralizing antibody or vehicle. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In vehicle-treated mice, hypoxia increased adipose Angptl4 levels, inhibited adipose lipoprotein lipase, increased fasting levels of plasma triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased the size of atherosclerotic plaques. The effects of CIH were abolished by the antibody. Hypoxia-induced increases in plasma fasting triglycerides and adipose Angptl4 were not observed in mice with germline heterozygosity for a HIF-1α knockout allele. Transgenic overexpression of HIF-1α in adipose tissue led to dyslipidemia and increased levels of adipose Angptl4. In cultured adipocytes, constitutive expression of HIF-1α increased Angptl4 levels, which was abolished by siRNA. Finally, in obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery, the severity of nocturnal hypoxemia predicted Angptl4 levels in subcutaneous adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS HIF-1-mediated increase in adipose Angptl4 and the ensuing lipoprotein lipase inactivation may contribute to atherosclerosis in patients with sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano F Drager
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Weinspach D, Seubert B, Schaten S, Honert K, Sebens S, Altevogt P, Krüger A. Role of L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) in the metastatic cascade: promotion of dissemination, colonization, and metastatic growth. Clin Exp Metastasis 2013; 31:87-100. [PMID: 24002299 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-013-9613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) is frequently increased in cancer patients compared to healthy individuals and also linked with bad prognosis of solid tumours. Previously, we could show that full-length L1CAM promotes metastasis formation via up-regulation of gelatinolytic activity in fibrosarcoma. In this study, we aimed to extend this finding to haematogenous malignancies and carcinomas, and to specifically elucidate the impact of L1CAM on major steps of the metastatic cascade. In a well-established T-cell lymphoma spontaneous metastasis model, silencing of L1CAM significantly improved survival of the mice, while intradermal tumour growth remained unaltered. This correlated with significantly decreased spontaneous metastasis formation. L1CAM suppression abrogated the metastatic potential of T-cell lymphoma as well as carcinoma cells as demonstrated by reduced migration and invasion in vitro and reduced formation of experimental metastasis in vivo. At the molecular level, silencing of L1CAM led to reduced expression of gelatinases MMP-2 and -9 in vitro and decreased gelatinolytic activity in primary tumours and metastases in vivo. In accordance, knock down of L1CAM had similar suppressive effects on migration, invasion and in vivo-gelatinolytic activity as treatment with the specific gelatinase inhibitor SB-3CT. This newly discovered impact of L1CAM on distinct steps of the metastatic cascade and MMP activity highlights the potential of possible L1CAM-directed therapies to inhibit metastatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Weinspach
- Institute for Experimental Oncology and Therapy Research, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
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238
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Semenza GL. HIF-1 mediates metabolic responses to intratumoral hypoxia and oncogenic mutations. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3664-71. [PMID: 23999440 DOI: 10.1172/jci67230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 954] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia occurs frequently in human cancers and induces adaptive changes in cell metabolism that include a switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, increased glycogen synthesis, and a switch from glucose to glutamine as the major substrate for fatty acid synthesis. This broad metabolic reprogramming is coordinated at the transcriptional level by HIF-1, which functions as a master regulator to balance oxygen supply and demand. HIF-1 is also activated in cancer cells by tumor suppressor (e.g., VHL) loss of function and oncogene gain of function (leading to PI3K/AKT/mTOR activity) and mediates metabolic alterations that drive cancer progression and resistance to therapy. Inhibitors of HIF-1 or metabolic enzymes may impair the metabolic flexibility of cancer cells and make them more sensitive to anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg L Semenza
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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239
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Abstract
Cardiac function is required for blood circulation and systemic oxygen delivery. However, the heart has intrinsic oxygen demands that must be met to maintain effective contractility. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that functions as a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis in all metazoan species. HIF-1 controls oxygen delivery, by regulating angiogenesis and vascular remodeling, and oxygen utilization, by regulating glucose metabolism and redox homeostasis. Analysis of animal models suggests that by activation of these homeostatic mechanisms, HIF-1 plays a critical protective role in the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease and pressure-overload heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg L Semenza
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering; Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Oncology, Radiation Oncology, and Biological Chemistry; and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205;
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Cao Y, Eble JM, Moon E, Yuan H, Weitzel DH, Landon CD, Nien CYC, Hanna G, Rich JN, Provenzale JM, Dewhirst MW. Tumor cells upregulate normoxic HIF-1α in response to doxorubicin. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6230-42. [PMID: 23959856 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a master transcription factor that controls cellular homeostasis. Although its activation benefits normal tissue, HIF-1 activation in tumors is a major risk factor for angiogenesis, therapeutic resistance, and poor prognosis. HIF-1 activity is usually suppressed under normoxic conditions because of rapid oxygen-dependent degradation of HIF-1α. Here, we show that, under normoxic conditions, HIF-1α is upregulated in tumor cells in response to doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat many cancers. In addition, doxorubicin enhanced VEGF secretion by normoxic tumor cells and stimulated tumor angiogenesis. Doxorubicin-induced accumulation of HIF-1α in normoxic cells was caused by increased expression and activation of STAT1, the activation of which stimulated expression of iNOS and its synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) in tumor cells. Mechanistic investigations established that blocking NO synthesis or STAT1 activation was sufficient to attenuate the HIF-1α accumulation induced by doxorubicin in normoxic cancer cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report that a chemotherapeutic drug can induce HIF-1α accumulation in normoxic cells, an efficacy-limiting activity. Our results argue that HIF-1α-targeting strategies may enhance doxorubicin efficacy. More generally, they suggest a broader perspective on the design of combination chemotherapy approaches with immediate clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Cao
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Radiation Oncology,Surgery, Pathology, and Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham; Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Hypoxic retinal Muller cells promote vascular permeability by HIF-1-dependent up-regulation of angiopoietin-like 4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E3425-34. [PMID: 23959876 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1217091110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vision loss from ischemic retinopathies commonly results from the accumulation of fluid in the inner retina [macular edema (ME)]. Although the precise events that lead to the development of ME remain under debate, growing evidence supports a role for an ischemia-induced hyperpermeability state regulated, in part, by VEGF. Monthly treatment with anti-VEGF therapies is effective for the treatment of ME but results in a major improvement in vision in a minority of patients, underscoring the need to identify additional therapeutic targets. Using the oxygen-induced retinopathy mouse model for ischemic retinopathy, we provide evidence showing that hypoxic Müller cells promote vascular permeability by stabilizing hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and secreting angiogenic cytokines. Blocking HIF-1α translation with digoxin inhibits the promotion of endothelial cell permeability in vitro and retinal edema in vivo. Interestingly, Müller cells require HIF--but not VEGF--to promote vascular permeability, suggesting that other HIF-dependent factors may contribute to the development of ME. Using gene expression analysis, we identify angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) as a cytokine up-regulated by HIF-1 in hypoxic Müller cells in vitro and the ischemic inner retina in vivo. ANGPTL4 is critical and sufficient to promote vessel permeability by hypoxic Müller cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of retinal tissue from patients with diabetic eye disease shows that HIF-1α and ANGPTL4 localize to ischemic Müller cells. Our results suggest that ANGPTL4 may play an important role in promoting vessel permeability in ischemic retinopathies and could be an important target for the treatment of ME.
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242
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Flahavan EM, Sharp L, Bennett K, Barron TI. A cohort study of digoxin exposure and mortality in men with prostate cancer. BJU Int 2013; 113:236-45. [PMID: 23937513 DOI: 10.1111/bju.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between digoxin exposure and mortality in men with prostate cancer using linked Irish National Cancer Registry and pharmacy claims data. PATIENTS AND METHODS Prostate cancer cases were identified from the database and digoxin exposure at prostate cancer diagnosis was identified from prescription claims. Digoxin users were matched to non-users using a propensity score to identify men with similar cardiovascular comorbidity. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for the association between digoxin exposure and all-cause and prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM). Analyses were repeated in the propensity score-matched cohort. Effect modification of treatment with radiation or androgen-deprivation therapy by digoxin exposure was also assessed. RESULTS In all, 5732 men with a prostate cancer diagnosis (2001-2006) were identified (digoxin exposed, 391). The median follow-up was 4.3 years. Digoxin exposure was associated with a small non-significant increase in PCSM in the full cohort (HR 1.13, 95% CI 0.91, 1.42) and the propensity. score-matched cohort (HR 1.17, 95% CI 0.88, 1.57). Adjusted HRs for all-cause mortality were increased for digoxin exposed men (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.07, 1.43). Interactions with treatments received were not significant. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest digoxin exposure is not associated with reduced PCSM. Further investigation of other cardiac glycosides that have shown anti-cancer potential may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn M Flahavan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Yi J, Pan BZ, Xiong L, Song HZ. Clinical significance of angiopoietin-like protein 4 expression in tissue and serum of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients. Med Oncol 2013; 30:680. [PMID: 23925665 PMCID: PMC3755218 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) has been reported to promote tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis under certain conditions. The aim of this study was to examine ANGPTL4 expression in tumor and serum tissues from esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients. A total of 78 ESCC patients treated with radical resection were enrolled in this study. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect ANGPTL4 expression in ESCC tissues. Serum ANGPTL4 levels were determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The receiver operating characteristics curve was constructed to describe diagnostic specificity and sensitivity. There were 52 cases (69.2 %) showing a higher level of ANGPTL4 expression in tumor tissues than that in normal tissues, and the rate of ANGPTL4 protein high/moderate expression in ESCC and normal tissues was 55.1 % (43/78) and 6.4 % (5/78), respectively, with a significant difference (P < 0.001). Moreover, the high/moderate of ANGPTL4 protein was significantly associated with lymph metastasis, clinical stage, and adverse 2-year progression-free survival. In addition, serum ANGPTL4 level in ESCC patients was much higher than that in patients with benign esophageal disease (P < 0.001), and area under the curve was 0.94 (95 % CI 0.886390-0.978173, P < 0.001). But serum ANGPTL4 level was significantly decreased at post-operative 7-10 days (P = 0.004). ANGPTL4 upregulation may play an important role in ESCC development, and serum ANGPTL4 level may be a potential tumor marker for ESCC diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
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244
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Regan Anderson TM, Peacock DL, Daniel AR, Hubbard GK, Lofgren KA, Girard BJ, Schörg A, Hoogewijs D, Wenger RH, Seagroves TN, Lange CA. Breast tumor kinase (Brk/PTK6) is a mediator of hypoxia-associated breast cancer progression. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5810-20. [PMID: 23928995 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Basal-type triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are aggressive and difficult to treat relative to luminal-type breast cancers. TNBC often express abundant Met receptors and are enriched for transcriptional targets regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which independently predict cancer relapse and increased risk of metastasis. Brk/PTK6 is a critical downstream effector of Met signaling and is required for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced cell migration. Herein, we examined the regulation of Brk by HIFs in TNBC in vitro and in vivo. Brk mRNA and protein levels are upregulated strongly in vitro by hypoxia, low glucose, and reactive oxygen species. In HIF-silenced cells, Brk expression relied upon both HIF-1α and HIF-2α, which we found to regulate BRK transcription directly. HIF-1α/2α silencing in MDA-MB-231 cells diminished xenograft growth and Brk reexpression reversed this effect. These findings were pursued in vivo by crossing WAP-Brk (FVB) transgenic mice into the MET(Mut) knockin (FVB) model. In this setting, Brk expression augmented MET(Mut)-induced mammary tumor formation and metastasis. Unexpectedly, tumors arising in either MET(Mut) or WAP-Brk × MET(Mut) mice expressed abundant levels of Sik, the mouse homolog of Brk, which conferred increased tumor formation and decreased survival. Taken together, our results identify HIF-1α/2α as novel regulators of Brk expression and suggest that Brk is a key mediator of hypoxia-induced breast cancer progression. Targeting Brk expression or activity may provide an effective means to block the progression of aggressive breast cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Breast/metabolism
- Breast/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/mortality
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/mortality
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lobular/mortality
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Female
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarah M Regan Anderson
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Center for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and Institute of Physiology and Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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245
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Semenza GL. Oxygen sensing, hypoxia-inducible factors, and disease pathophysiology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2013; 9:47-71. [PMID: 23937437 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012513-104720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 810] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcriptional activators that function as master regulators of oxygen homeostasis, which is disrupted in disorders affecting the circulatory system and in cancer. The role of HIFs in these diseases has been elucidated by clinical studies and by analyses of mouse models. HIFs play a protective role in the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia due to coronary artery disease, limb ischemia due to peripheral arterial disease, pressure-overload heart failure, wound healing, and chronic rejection of organ transplants. In contrast, HIFs contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension, systemic hypertension associated with sleep apnea, ocular neovascularization, hereditary erythrocytosis, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg L Semenza
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering; Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Oncology, Radiation Oncology, and Biological Chemistry; and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205;
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246
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Eisinger-Mathason TSK, Zhang M, Qiu Q, Skuli N, Nakazawa MS, Karakasheva T, Mucaj V, Shay JES, Stangenberg L, Sadri N, Puré E, Yoon SS, Kirsch DG, Simon MC. Hypoxia-dependent modification of collagen networks promotes sarcoma metastasis. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:1190-205. [PMID: 23906982 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Intratumoral hypoxia and expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) correlate with metastasis and poor survival in patients with sarcoma. We show here that hypoxia controls sarcoma metastasis through a novel mechanism wherein HIF-1α enhances expression of the intracellular enzyme procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2 (PLOD2). We show that loss of HIF-1α or PLOD2 expression disrupts collagen modification, cell migration, and pulmonary metastasis (but not primary tumor growth) in allograft and autochthonous LSL-Kras(G12D/+); Trp53(fl/fl) murine sarcoma models. Furthermore, ectopic PLOD2 expression restores migration and metastatic potential in HIF-1α-deficient tumors, and analysis of human sarcomas reveals elevated HIF1A and PLOD2 expression in metastatic primary lesions. Pharmacologic inhibition of PLOD enzymatic activity suppresses metastases. Collectively, these data indicate that HIF-1α controls sarcoma metastasis through PLOD2-dependent collagen modification and organization in primary tumors. We conclude that PLOD2 is a novel therapeutic target in sarcomas and successful inhibition of this enzyme may reduce tumor cell dissemination. SIGNIFICANCE Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) is a commonly diagnosed and particularly aggressive sarcoma subtype in adults, which frequently and fatally metastasizes to the lung. Here, we show the potential use of a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of metastatic UPS, specifi cally the collagen-modifying enzyme PLOD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Karin Eisinger-Mathason
- 1Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute; 2Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; 3The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of 4Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and 5Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; 6Howard Hughes Medical Institute; 7Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and 8Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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247
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Herrera I, Cisneros J, Maldonado M, Ramírez R, Ortiz-Quintero B, Anso E, Chandel NS, Selman M, Pardo A. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 induces lung alveolar epithelial cell migration and proliferation, protects from apoptosis, and represses mitochondrial oxygen consumption. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25964-25975. [PMID: 23902766 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.459784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating lung disorder of unknown etiology. Although its pathogenesis is unclear, considerable evidence supports an important role of aberrantly activated alveolar epithelial cells (AECs), which produce a large variety of mediators, including several matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), which participate in fibroblast activation and lung remodeling. MMP-1 has been shown to be highly expressed in AECs from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lungs although its role is unknown. In this study, we explored the role of MMP-1 in several AECs functions. Mouse lung epithelial cells (MLE12) transfected with human Mmp-1 showed significantly increased cell growth and proliferation at 36 and 48 h of culture (p < 0.01). Also, MMP-1 promoted MLE12 cell migration through collagen I, accelerated wound closing, and protected cells from staurosporine- and bleomycin-induced apoptosis compared with mock cells (p < 0.01). MLE12 cells expressing human MMP-1 showed a significant repression of oxygen consumption ratio compared with the cells with the empty vector. As under hypoxic conditions hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) mediates a transition from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism, we analyzed activation of HIF-1α. Ηigher activation of this factor was detected in MMP-1-transfected cells under normoxia and hypoxia. Likewise, a significant decrease of both total and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species was observed in MMP-1-transfected cells. Paralleling these findings, attenuation of MMP-1 expression by shRNA in A549 (human) AECs markedly reduced proliferation and migration (p < 0.01) and increased the oxygen consumption ratio. These findings indicate that epithelial expression of MMP-1 inhibits mitochondrial function, increases HIF-1α expression, decreases reactive oxygen species production, and contributes to a proliferative, migratory, and anti-apoptotic AEC phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana Herrera
- From the Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, México
| | - José Cisneros
- the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, México DF 14080, México, and
| | - Mariel Maldonado
- From the Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, México
| | - Remedios Ramírez
- From the Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, México
| | - Blanca Ortiz-Quintero
- the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, México DF 14080, México, and
| | - Elena Anso
- the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Moisés Selman
- the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, México DF 14080, México, and
| | - Annie Pardo
- From the Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, México,.
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248
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Gilkes DM, Chaturvedi P, Bajpai S, Wong CCL, Wei H, Pitcairn S, Hubbi ME, Wirtz D, Semenza GL. RETRACTED: Collagen prolyl hydroxylases are essential for breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Res 2013; 73:3285-96. [PMID: 23539444 PMCID: PMC3674184 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The presence of hypoxia and fibrosis within the primary tumor are two major risk factors for metastasis of human breast cancer. In this study, we demonstrate that hypoxia-inducible factor 1 activates the transcription of genes encoding collagen prolyl hydroxylases that are critical for collagen deposition by breast cancer cells. We show that expression of collagen prolyl hydroxylases promotes cancer cell alignment along collagen fibers, resulting in enhanced invasion and metastasis to lymph nodes and lungs. Finally, we establish the prognostic significance of collagen prolyl hydroxylase mRNA expression in human breast cancer biopsies and show that ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, a prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, decreases tumor fibrosis and metastasis in a mouse model of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele M. Gilkes
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Pallavi Chaturvedi
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Saumendra Bajpai
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Carmen Chak-Lui Wong
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hong Wei
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stephen Pitcairn
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Maimon E. Hubbi
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Gregg L. Semenza
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics, Oncology, Medicine, Radiation Oncology, and Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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249
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Gilkes D, Bajpai S, Wong CCL, Chaturvedi P, Hubbi ME, Wirtz D, Semenza GL. Procollagen lysyl hydroxylase 2 is essential for hypoxia-induced breast cancer metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:456-66. [PMID: 23378577 PMCID: PMC3656974 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of death among patients who have breast cancer. Understanding the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the metastatic process may lead to the development of improved therapies to treat patients with cancer. Intratumoral hypoxia, found in the majority of breast cancers, is associated with an increased risk of metastasis and mortality. We found that in hypoxic breast cancer cells, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) activates transcription of the PLOD1 and PLOD2 genes encoding procollagen lysyl hydroxylases that are required for the biogenesis of collagen, which is a major constituent of the ECM. High PLOD2 expression in breast cancer biopsies is associated with increased risk of mortality. We show that PLOD2 is critical for fibrillar collagen formation by breast cancer cells, increases tumor stiffness, and is required for metastasis to lymph nodes and lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Gilkes
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Radiation Oncology, and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Radiation Oncology, and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Saumendra Bajpai
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Carmen Chak-Lui Wong
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Radiation Oncology, and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Radiation Oncology, and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pallavi Chaturvedi
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Radiation Oncology, and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Radiation Oncology, and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Maimon E. Hubbi
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Radiation Oncology, and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Radiation Oncology, and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Gregg L. Semenza
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Radiation Oncology, and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Radiation Oncology, and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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250
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Hubbi ME, Hu H, Kshitiz, Ahmed I, Levchenko A, Semenza GL. Chaperone-mediated autophagy targets hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) for lysosomal degradation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:10703-14. [PMID: 23457305 PMCID: PMC3624450 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.414771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a heterodimeric transcription factor that mediates adaptive responses to hypoxia. We demonstrate that lysosomal degradation of the HIF-1α subunit by chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a major regulator of HIF-1 activity. Pharmacological inhibitors of lysosomal degradation, such as bafilomycin and chloroquine, increased HIF-1α levels and HIF-1 activity, whereas activators of chaperone-mediated autophagy, including 6-aminonicotinamide and nutrient starvation, decreased HIF-1α levels and HIF-1 activity. In contrast, macroautophagy inhibitors did not increase HIF-1 activity. Transcription factor EB, a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis, also negatively regulated HIF-1 activity. HIF-1α interacts with HSC70 and LAMP2A, which are core components of the CMA machinery. Overexpression of HSC70 or LAMP2A decreased HIF-1α protein levels, whereas knockdown had the opposite effect. Finally, hypoxia increased the transcription of genes involved in CMA and lysosomal biogenesis in cancer cells. Thus, pharmacological and genetic approaches identify CMA as a major regulator of HIF-1 activity and identify interplay between autophagy and the response to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maimon E. Hubbi
- From the Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine
| | - Hongxia Hu
- From the Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine
- Predoctoral Training Program in Human Genetics
| | - Kshitiz
- From the Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | | | - Andre Levchenko
- From the Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Gregg L. Semenza
- From the Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine
- Departments of Medicine, Oncology, Pediatrics, Radiation Oncology, and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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