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Bevilacqua A, Li Z, Ho P. Metabolic dynamics instructs CD8
+
T cell differentiation and functions. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:541-549. [PMID: 35253907 PMCID: PMC9314626 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells are a key element of the adaptative immune system to protect the organism against infections and malignant cells. During their activation and response, T cells undergo different metabolic pathways to support their energetic needs according to their localization and function. However, it has also been recently appreciated that this metabolic reprogramming also directly supports T‐cell lineage differentiation. Accordingly, metabolic deficiencies and prolonged stress exposure can impact T‐cell differentiation and skew them into an exhausted state. Here, we review how metabolism defines CD8+ T‐cell differentiation and function. Moreover, we cover the principal metabolic dysregulation that promotes the exhausted phenotype under tumor or chronic virus conditions. Finally, we summarize recent strategies to reprogram impaired metabolic pathways to promote CD8+ T‐cell effector function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Bevilacqua
- Department of Fundamental Oncology University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Fundamental Oncology University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei P. R. China
| | - Ping‐Chih Ho
- Department of Fundamental Oncology University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research University of Lausanne Epalinges Switzerland
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202
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Hu J, Pei W, Jiang M, Huang Y, Dong F, Jiang Z, Xu Y, Li Z. DFNA5 regulates immune cells infiltration and exhaustion. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:107. [PMID: 35248047 PMCID: PMC8897971 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DFNA5 (GSDME) belongs to Gasdermin familily that is involved in a variety of cancers and triggers cell pyroptosis after chemical treatment. However, the relationship in DFNA5 between prognosis and immune cells in diverse cancers has been receiving little attention. Tumor immune cells infiltration and exhaustion may associate with patients prognosis. The roles of DFNA5 in tumor immune cells infiltration and exhaustion have not been clarified. Methods The expression level of DFNA5 was determined by the Tumour Immune Estimation Resource and the Oncomine database. Then the impacts of DFNA5 in prognosis were assessed by Kaplan–Meier plotter and ULACAN. The correlations between DFNA5 and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were explored by TIMER. In addition, the relationships in the expression levels of DFNA5 and typical genes combination of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were analysed by GEPIA and TIMER. In this study, we screened the chemokine and immune related proteins interacted with DFNA5 using TurboID system to explore the instantaneous or weak interactions. Results DFNA5 significantly influences the prognosis in different cancers according to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The expression levels of DFNA5 showed positive correlations to the infiltration of macrophages, CD8 + T cells, CD4 + T cells in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). DFNA5 expression displayed obvious correlations with multiple lymphocytes gene makers in COAD, LIHC and LUAD. DFNA5 expression has effects on the prognosis of liver hepatocellular carcinoma and LUAD. DFNA5 upregulated the expression levels of PDCD1 and CD274 in a dose-dependent manner. Chemokine and immune related proteins interact with DFNA5. Conclusions These results indicate that DFNA5 is related to patient prognosis and immune cells, consisting of macrophages, CD4 + T cells, and CD8 + T cells, in diverse cancers. In addition, DFNA5 expression might contribute to the regulation of T cell exhaustion, tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), and Tregs in COAD, LIHC and LUAD. DFNA5 may regulate immune infiltration via EIF2AK2. IFNGR1 was related to the functions of PD-L1 expression and PD-1 checkpoint pathway. These results indicate that DFNA5 levels may be act as a prognostic factor and predict the degrees of immune cells infiltration in LIHC and LUAD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-022-02487-0.
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203
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Møller SH, Hsueh PC, Yu YR, Zhang L, Ho PC. Metabolic programs tailor T cell immunity in viral infection, cancer, and aging. Cell Metab 2022; 34:378-395. [PMID: 35235773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Productive T cell responses to infection and cancer rely on coordinated metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic remodeling among the immune cells. In particular, T cell effector and memory differentiation, exhaustion, and senescence/aging are tightly regulated by the metabolism-epigenetics axis. In this review, we summarize recent advances of how metabolic circuits combined with epigenetic changes dictate T cell fate decisions and shape their functional states. We also discuss how the metabolic-epigenetic axis orchestrates T cell exhaustion and explore how physiological factors, such as diet, gut microbiota, and the circadian clock, are integrated in shaping T cell epigenetic modifications and functionality. Furthermore, we summarize key features of the senescent/aged T cells and discuss how to ameliorate vaccination- and COVID-induced T cell dysfunctions by metabolic modulations. An in-depth understanding of the unexplored links between cellular metabolism and epigenetic modifications in various physiological or pathological contexts has the potential to uncover novel therapeutic strategies for fine-tuning T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Hedlund Møller
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Pei-Chun Hsueh
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yi-Ru Yu
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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204
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Wu L, Yin X, Jiang K, Yin J, Yu H, Yang L, Ma C, Yan S. Comprehensive profiling of the TRIpartite motif family to identify pivot genes in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Med 2022; 11:1712-1731. [PMID: 35142083 PMCID: PMC8986146 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION TRIpartite motif (TRIM) proteins are important members of the Really Interesting New Gene-finger-containing E3 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and are involved in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the diverse expression patterns of TRIMs and their roles in prognosis and immune infiltrates in HCC have yet to be analyzed. MATERIALS Combined with previous research, we used an Oncomine database and the Human Protein Atlas to compare TRIM family genes' transcriptional levels between tumor samples and normal liver tissues, as verified by the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis database. We investigated the patient survival data of TRIMs from the Kaplan-Meier plotter database. Clinicopathologic characteristics associations and potential diagnostic and prognostic values were validated with clinical and expressional data collected from the cancer genome atlas. RESULTS We identified TRIM28, TRIM37, TRIM45, and TRIM59 as high-priority members of the TRIMs family that modulates HCC. Low expression of TRIM28 was associated with shorter overall survival (OS) than high expression (log-rank p = 0.009). The same trend was identified for TRIM37 (p = 0.001), TRIM45 (p = 0.013), and TRIM59 (p = 0.011). Multivariate analysis indicated that the level of TRIM37 was a significant independent prognostic factor for both OS (p = 0.043) and progression-free interval (p = 0.044). We performed expression and mutation analysis and functional pathways and tumor immune infiltration analysis of the changes in TRIM factors. CONCLUSION These data suggested that TRIM28, TRIM37, TRIM45, and TRIM59 could serve as efficient prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kan Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chiyuan Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Senxiang Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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205
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Nicotinamide Breaks Effector CD8 T cell Responses by Targeting mTOR Signaling. iScience 2022; 25:103932. [PMID: 35243268 PMCID: PMC8886054 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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206
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Dotsu Y, Muraoka D, Ogo N, Sonoda Y, Yasui K, Yamaguchi H, Yagita H, Mukae H, Asai A, Ikeda H. Chemical augmentation of mitochondrial electron transport chains tunes T cell activation threshold in tumors. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e003958. [PMID: 35115364 PMCID: PMC8814813 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer immunotherapy shows insufficient efficacy for low immunogenic tumors. Furthermore, tumors often downregulate antigen and major histocompatibility complex expression to escape recognition by T cells, resulting in insufficient T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, augmenting TCR-mediated recognition of tumor antigens is a useful strategy to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. METHODS We screened 310 small molecules from our library and identified PQDN, a small molecule that activates CD8 T cells after TCR engagement, even when antigen stimulation is too weak for their activation. We used inhibitors of mitochondrial functions and Seahorse Flux Analyzer to investigate the mechanism underlying the effect of PQDN on T cells. Effect of PQDN on tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells was examined using flow cytometry and TCR repertoire analysis. RESULTS PQDN increased mitochondrial reciprocal capacity through enhancement of electron transport chains (ETCs) and facilitated glycolysis via mTOR/AKT signaling, resulting in augmented CD8 T cell activation, even when antigen stimulation is extremely weak. Intratumoral administration of this compound into tumor-bearing mice tunes inactivated T cell with tumor antigen recognition potent and expanded functional T cell receptor diversity of tumor-infiltrating T cells, augmenting antitumor immune responses and retarding tumor growth. Furthermore, PQDN has a synergistic potent with T cell dependent immunotherapy, such as checkpoint inhibitory therapy or adoptive cell therapy, even in a low immunogenic tumor. We also demonstrated that this compound enhances the activation of human CD8 T cells. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that tuning the T cell activation threshold by chemical activation of mitochondrial ETC is a new strategy for improving therapeutic efficacy through the activation of low-avidity tumor-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Dotsu
- Department of Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daisuk Muraoka
- Department of Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Division of Translational Oncoimmunology, Aichi Cancer Research Institute, Naogya, Japan
| | - Naohisa Ogo
- Center for Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yudai Sonoda
- Center for Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yasui
- Department of Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akira Asai
- Center for Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ikeda
- Department of Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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207
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van Genugten EAJ, Weijers JAM, Heskamp S, Kneilling M, van den Heuvel MM, Piet B, Bussink J, Hendriks LEL, Aarntzen EHJG. Imaging the Rewired Metabolism in Lung Cancer in Relation to Immune Therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 11:786089. [PMID: 35070990 PMCID: PMC8779734 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.786089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is recognized as one of the hallmarks of cancer. Alterations in the micro-environmental metabolic characteristics are recognized as important tools for cancer cells to interact with the resident and infiltrating T-cells within this tumor microenvironment. Cancer-induced metabolic changes in the micro-environment also affect treatment outcomes. In particular, immune therapy efficacy might be blunted because of somatic mutation-driven metabolic determinants of lung cancer such as acidity and oxygenation status. Based on these observations, new onco-immunological treatment strategies increasingly include drugs that interfere with metabolic pathways that consequently affect the composition of the lung cancer tumor microenvironment (TME). Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has developed a wide array of tracers targeting metabolic pathways, originally intended to improve cancer detection and staging. Paralleling the developments in understanding metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells, as well as its effects on stromal, immune, and endothelial cells, a wave of studies with additional imaging tracers has been published. These tracers are yet underexploited in the perspective of immune therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of currently available PET tracers for clinical studies and discuss their potential roles in the development of effective immune therapeutic strategies, with a focus on lung cancer. We report on ongoing efforts that include PET/CT to understand the outcomes of interactions between cancer cells and T-cells in the lung cancer microenvironment, and we identify areas of research which are yet unchartered. Thereby, we aim to provide a starting point for molecular imaging driven studies to understand and exploit metabolic features of lung cancer to optimize immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien A J van Genugten
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jetty A M Weijers
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sandra Heskamp
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Manfred Kneilling
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Berber Piet
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johan Bussink
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboudumc, Netherlands
| | - Lizza E L Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre (UMC), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Erik H J G Aarntzen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, Netherlands
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208
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Chapman NM, Chi H. Metabolic adaptation of lymphocytes in immunity and disease. Immunity 2022; 55:14-30. [PMID: 35021054 PMCID: PMC8842882 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses mediated by T cells and B cells are crucial for protective immunity against pathogens and tumors. Differentiation and function of immune cells require dynamic reprogramming of cellular metabolism. Metabolic inputs, pathways, and enzymes display remarkable flexibility and heterogeneity, especially in vivo. How metabolic plasticity and adaptation dictate functional specialization of immune cells is fundamental to our understanding and therapeutic modulation of the immune system. Extensive progress has been made in characterizing the effects of metabolic networks on immune cell fate and function in discrete microenvironments or immunological contexts. In this review, we summarize how rewiring of cellular metabolism determines the outcome of adaptive immunity in vivo, with a focus on how metabolites, nutrients, and driver genes in immunometabolism instruct cellular programming and immune responses during infection, inflammation, and cancer in mice and humans. Understanding context-dependent metabolic remodeling will manifest legitimate opportunities for therapeutic intervention of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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209
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Alavi S, Emran AA, Tseng HY, Tiffen JC, McGuire HM, Hersey P. Nicotinamide Inhibits T Cell Exhaustion and Increases Differentiation of CD8 Effector T Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020323. [PMID: 35053490 PMCID: PMC8774026 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the limitations of immunotherapy is the development of a state referred to as T cell exhaustion (TEx) whereby T cells express inhibitory receptors (IRs) and lose production of effectors involved in killing of their targets. In the present studies we have used the repeated stimulation model with anti CD3 and anti CD28 to understand the factors involved in TEx development and treatments that may reduce changes of TEx. The results show that addition of nicotinamide (NAM) involved in energy supply to cells prevented the development of inhibitory receptors (IRs). This was particularly evident for the IRs CD39, TIM3, and to a lesser extent LAG3 and PD1 expression. NAM also prevented the inhibition of IL-2 and TNFα expression in TEx and induced differentiation of CD4+ and CD8 T cells to effector memory and terminal effector T cells. The present results showed that effects of NAM were linked to regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) consistent with previous studies implicating ROS in upregulation of TOX transcription factors that induce TEx. These effects of NAM in reducing changes of TEx and in increasing the differentiation of T cells to effector states appears to have important implications for the use of NAM supplements in immunotherapy against cancers and viral infections and require further exploration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Alavi
- Melanoma Immunology and Oncology Program, The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (S.A.); (A.A.E.); (H.-Y.T.); (J.C.T.)
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Crows Nest, Sydney 2065, Australia
- Melanoma Epigenetics Lab, The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Abdullah Al Emran
- Melanoma Immunology and Oncology Program, The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (S.A.); (A.A.E.); (H.-Y.T.); (J.C.T.)
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Crows Nest, Sydney 2065, Australia
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hsin-Yi Tseng
- Melanoma Immunology and Oncology Program, The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (S.A.); (A.A.E.); (H.-Y.T.); (J.C.T.)
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Crows Nest, Sydney 2065, Australia
- Melanoma Epigenetics Lab, The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Jessamy C. Tiffen
- Melanoma Immunology and Oncology Program, The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (S.A.); (A.A.E.); (H.-Y.T.); (J.C.T.)
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Crows Nest, Sydney 2065, Australia
- Melanoma Epigenetics Lab, The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Helen Marie McGuire
- Melanoma Immunology and Oncology Program, The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (S.A.); (A.A.E.); (H.-Y.T.); (J.C.T.)
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
- Correspondence: (H.M.M.); (P.H.); Tel.: +61-2-9565-6001 (P.H.)
| | - Peter Hersey
- Melanoma Immunology and Oncology Program, The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (S.A.); (A.A.E.); (H.-Y.T.); (J.C.T.)
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Crows Nest, Sydney 2065, Australia
- Correspondence: (H.M.M.); (P.H.); Tel.: +61-2-9565-6001 (P.H.)
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210
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Li J, Bolyard C, Xin G, Li Z. Targeting Metabolic Pathways of Myeloid Cells Improves Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:747863. [PMID: 34988072 PMCID: PMC8721007 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.747863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells are a prominent pro-tumorigenic immune cell population that limit host anti-tumor immunity and present a significant obstacle for many cancer immunotherapies. Targeting the mechanisms regulating myeloid cell function within the tumor microenvironment may overcome immunotherapy resistance in some cancers. Recent discoveries in the emerging field of immunometabolism reveal that the metabolic profiles of intratumoral myeloid cells are rewired to adapt to the nutrition-limited tumor microenvironment, and this shapes their pro-tumor phenotypes. Interestingly, metabolic modulation can shift these myeloid cells toward the immune-stimulating anti-tumor phenotype. In this review, we will highlight the roles of specific metabolic pathways in the activation and function of myeloid cells, and discuss the therapeutic value of metabolically reprogramming myeloid cells to augment and improve outcomes with cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Li
- Pelotonia Institute of Immuno-Oncology, the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Chelsea Bolyard
- Pelotonia Institute of Immuno-Oncology, the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gang Xin
- Pelotonia Institute of Immuno-Oncology, the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, the Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zihai Li
- Pelotonia Institute of Immuno-Oncology, the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Medical Oncology, the Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
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211
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Stirling ER, Bronson SM, Mackert JD, Cook KL, Triozzi PL, Soto-Pantoja DR. Metabolic Implications of Immune Checkpoint Proteins in Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:179. [PMID: 35011741 PMCID: PMC8750774 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of immune checkpoint proteins restrict immunosurveillance in the tumor microenvironment; thus, FDA-approved checkpoint inhibitor drugs, specifically PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors, promote a cytotoxic antitumor immune response. Aside from inflammatory signaling, immune checkpoint proteins invoke metabolic reprogramming that affects immune cell function, autonomous cancer cell bioenergetics, and patient response. Therefore, this review will focus on the metabolic alterations in immune and cancer cells regulated by currently approved immune checkpoint target proteins and the effect of costimulatory receptor signaling on immunometabolism. Additionally, we explore how diet and the microbiome impact immune checkpoint blockade therapy response. The metabolic reprogramming caused by targeting these proteins is essential in understanding immune-related adverse events and therapeutic resistance. This can provide valuable information for potential biomarkers or combination therapy strategies targeting metabolic pathways with immune checkpoint blockade to enhance patient response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Stirling
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (E.R.S.); (K.L.C.); (P.L.T.)
| | - Steven M. Bronson
- Department of Pathology, Section of Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jessica D. Mackert
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
| | - Katherine L. Cook
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (E.R.S.); (K.L.C.); (P.L.T.)
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
- Wake Forest School of Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Pierre L. Triozzi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (E.R.S.); (K.L.C.); (P.L.T.)
- Wake Forest School of Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - David R. Soto-Pantoja
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (E.R.S.); (K.L.C.); (P.L.T.)
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
- Wake Forest School of Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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212
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Tian H, Wang G, Wang Q, Zhang B, Jiang G, Li H, Chai D, Fang L, Wang M, Zheng J. C1QBP regulates T cells mitochondrial fitness to affect their survival, proliferation and anti-tumor immune function. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:875-890. [PMID: 34978120 PMCID: PMC8898709 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells survival, proliferation, and anti–tumor response are closely linked to their mitochondrial health. Complement C1q binding protein (C1QBP) promotes mitochondrial fitness through regulation of mitochondrial metabolism and morphology. However, whether C1QBP regulates T cell survival, proliferation, and anti–tumor immune function remains unclear. Our data demonstrated that C1QBP knockdown induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential to impair T cell mitochondrial fitness. At the same time, C1QBP insufficiency reduced the recruitment of the anti–apoptotic proteins, including Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐XL, and repressed caspase‐3 activation and poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase cleavage, which consequently accelerated the T cell apoptotic process. In contrast, C1QBP knockdown rendered T cells with relatively weaker proliferation due to the inhibition of AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. To investigate the exact role of C1QBP in anti–tumor response, C1QBP+/− and C1QBP+/+ mice were given a subcutaneous injection of murine MC38 cells. We found that C1QBP deficiency attenuated T cell tumor infiltration and aggravated tumor‐infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL) exhaustion. Moreover, we further clarified the potential function of C1QBP in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapy. Our data showed that C1QBP+/− CAR T cells exhibited relatively weaker anti–tumor response than the corresponding C1QBP+/+ CAR T cells. Given that C1QBP knockdown impairs T cells’ anti–apoptotic capacity, proliferation as well as anti–tumor immune function, development of the strategy for potentiation of T cells’ mitochondrial fitness through C1QBP could potentially optimize the efficacy of the related immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tian
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China
| | - Qiping Wang
- Jiangyin Clinical Medical College, Jiangsu University, Jiangyin city, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China
| | - Baofu Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China
| | - Guan Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China
| | - Huizhong Li
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China
| | - Dafei Chai
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China
| | - Lin Fang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China
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213
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy G Baldwin
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, Department of Functional Immune Cell Modulation, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Luca Gattinoni
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, Department of Functional Immune Cell Modulation, Regensburg, Germany.
- University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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214
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Stine ZE, Schug ZT, Salvino JM, Dang CV. Targeting cancer metabolism in the era of precision oncology. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 21:141-162. [PMID: 34862480 PMCID: PMC8641543 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
One hundred years have passed since Warburg discovered alterations in cancer metabolism, more than 70 years since Sidney Farber introduced anti-folates that transformed the treatment of childhood leukaemia, and 20 years since metabolism was linked to oncogenes. However, progress in targeting cancer metabolism therapeutically in the past decade has been limited. Only a few metabolism-based drugs for cancer have been successfully developed, some of which are in - or en route to - clinical trials. Strategies for targeting the intrinsic metabolism of cancer cells often did not account for the metabolism of non-cancer stromal and immune cells, which have pivotal roles in tumour progression and maintenance. By considering immune cell metabolism and the clinical manifestations of inborn errors of metabolism, it may be possible to isolate undesirable off-tumour, on-target effects of metabolic drugs during their development. Hence, the conceptual framework for drug design must consider the metabolic vulnerabilities of non-cancer cells in the tumour immune microenvironment, as well as those of cancer cells. In this Review, we cover the recent developments, notable milestones and setbacks in targeting cancer metabolism, and discuss the way forward for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chi V Dang
- The Wistar Institute Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research New York, New York, NY, USA.
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215
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Smith PL, Piadel K, Dalgleish AG. Directing T-Cell Immune Responses for Cancer Vaccination and Immunotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1392. [PMID: 34960140 PMCID: PMC8708201 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccination and immunotherapy revolutionised the treatment of cancer, a result of decades of research into the immune system in health and disease. However, despite recent breakthroughs in treating otherwise terminal cancer, only a minority of patients respond to cancer immunotherapy and some cancers are largely refractive to immunotherapy treatment. This is due to numerous issues intrinsic to the tumour, its microenvironment, or the immune system. CD4+ and CD8+ αβ T-cells emerged as the primary effector cells of the anti-tumour immune response but their function in cancer patients is often compromised. This review details the mechanisms by which T-cell responses are hindered in the setting of cancer and refractive to immunotherapy, and details many of the approaches under investigation to direct T-cell function and improve the efficacy of cancer vaccination and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lawrence Smith
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. Georges University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK; (K.P.); (A.G.D.)
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216
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Luby A, Alves-Guerra MC. Targeting Metabolism to Control Immune Responses in Cancer and Improve Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5912. [PMID: 34885023 PMCID: PMC8656934 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, advances in cancer immunotherapy through PD1-PDL1 and CTLA4 immune checkpoint blockade have revolutionized the management of cancer treatment. However, these treatments are inefficient for many cancers, and unfortunately, few patients respond to these treatments. Indeed, altered metabolic pathways in the tumor play a pivotal role in tumor growth and immune response. Thus, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) reprograms the behavior of immune cells by altering their cellular machinery and nutrient availability to limit antitumor functions. Today, thanks to a better understanding of cancer metabolism, immunometabolism and immune checkpoint evasion, the development of new therapeutic approaches targeting the energy metabolism of cancer or immune cells greatly improve the efficacy of immunotherapy in different cancer models. Herein, we highlight the changes in metabolic pathways that regulate the differentiation of pro- and antitumor immune cells and how TME-induced metabolic stress impedes their antitumor activity. Finally, we propose some drug strategies to target these pathways in the context of cancer immunotherapy.
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217
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Fabri M, Villa M, Stanczak MA, Edwards-Hicks J, Corrado M, Pearce EL. Research Techniques Made Simple: Profiling Cellular Energy Metabolism. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2767-2774.e2. [PMID: 34802549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of cellular metabolism is attracting increasing interest. Glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation are intertwined with one another and dozens of other pathways to ultimately produce energy and maintain cellular fitness. However, cellular metabolism is much more than this. Metabolism underlies the proliferation, differentiation, and function of cells as well as the coordination of intercellular communication. Investigating metabolism allows the interpretation of cellular behavior in health and disease. In this article, we aim to demystify the complexity of cellular metabolism and explain the common approaches to study it. Whereas the analysis of cellular metabolism by western blot or flow cytometry might be accessible to most investigators, the functional and comprehensive analyses obtained with a Seahorse Analyzer or mass spectrometer come with monetary and logistical hurdles. We believe that the application of these techniques, together with collaborative efforts between scientists and clinicians, will uncover disease mechanisms and open novel therapeutic avenues for unmet clinical needs in the field of dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fabri
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
| | - Matteo Villa
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Michal A Stanczak
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joy Edwards-Hicks
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Mauro Corrado
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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218
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Targeting lysosomes in human disease: from basic research to clinical applications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:379. [PMID: 34744168 PMCID: PMC8572923 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, accumulating evidence has elucidated the role of lysosomes in dynamically regulating cellular and organismal homeostasis. Lysosomal changes and dysfunction have been correlated with the development of numerous diseases. In this review, we interpreted the key biological functions of lysosomes in four areas: cellular metabolism, cell proliferation and differentiation, immunity, and cell death. More importantly, we actively sought to determine the characteristic changes and dysfunction of lysosomes in cells affected by these diseases, the causes of these changes and dysfunction, and their significance to the development and treatment of human disease. Furthermore, we outlined currently available targeting strategies: (1) targeting lysosomal acidification; (2) targeting lysosomal cathepsins; (3) targeting lysosomal membrane permeability and integrity; (4) targeting lysosomal calcium signaling; (5) targeting mTOR signaling; and (6) emerging potential targeting strategies. Moreover, we systematically summarized the corresponding drugs and their application in clinical trials. By integrating basic research with clinical findings, we discussed the current opportunities and challenges of targeting lysosomes in human disease.
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219
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Xie Y, Xie F, Zhang L, Zhou X, Huang J, Wang F, Jin J, Zhang L, Zeng L, Zhou F. Targeted Anti-Tumor Immunotherapy Using Tumor Infiltrating Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101672. [PMID: 34658167 PMCID: PMC8596143 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, T cells, B cells, and many other cells play important and distinct roles in anti-tumor immunotherapy. Although the immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell transfer can elicit durable clinical responses, only a few patients benefit from these therapies. Increased understanding of tumor-infiltrating immune cells can provide novel therapies and drugs that induce a highly specific anti-tumor immune response to certain groups of patients. Herein, the recent research progress on tumor-infiltrating B cells and T cells, including CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and exhausted T cells and their role in anti-tumor immunity, is summarized. Moreover, several anti-tumor therapy approaches are discussed based on different immune cells and their prospects for future applications in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xie
- School of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhou310015China
- College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Feng Xie
- Institutes of Biology and Medical ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityRui'an325200China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Jun Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Fangwei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Jin Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Long Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Linghui Zeng
- School of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhou310015China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
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220
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Di Conza G, Tsai CH, Gallart-Ayala H, Yu YR, Franco F, Zaffalon L, Xie X, Li X, Xiao Z, Raines LN, Falquet M, Jalil A, Locasale JW, Percipalle P, Masson D, Huang SCC, Martinon F, Ivanisevic J, Ho PC. Tumor-induced reshuffling of lipid composition on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane sustains macrophage survival and pro-tumorigenic activity. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1403-1415. [PMID: 34686867 PMCID: PMC7611917 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) display pro-tumorigenic phenotypes for supporting tumor progression in response to microenvironmental cues imposed by tumor and stromal cells. However, the underlying mechanisms by which tumor cells instruct TAM behavior remain elusive. Here, we uncover that tumor-cell-derived glucosylceramide stimulated unconventional endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses by inducing reshuffling of lipid composition and saturation on the ER membrane in macrophages, which induced IRE1-mediated spliced XBP1 production and STAT3 activation. The cooperation of spliced XBP1 and STAT3 reinforced the pro-tumorigenic phenotype and expression of immunosuppressive genes. Ablation of XBP1 expression with genetic manipulation or ameliorating ER stress responses by facilitating LPCAT3-mediated incorporation of unsaturated lipids to the phosphatidylcholine hampered pro-tumorigenic phenotype and survival in TAMs. Together, we uncover the unexpected roles of tumor-cell-produced lipids that simultaneously orchestrate macrophage polarization and survival in tumors via induction of ER stress responses and reveal therapeutic targets for sustaining host antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Di Conza
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Chin-Hsien Tsai
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Hector Gallart-Ayala
- Metabolomics Platform, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yi-Ru Yu
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Franco
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Lea Zaffalon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Xin Xie
- Program in Biology, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Zhengtao Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Institute of Infections and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Lydia N Raines
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Maryline Falquet
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Jalil
- Lipids Nutrition Cancer-LNC, INSERM-Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Piergiorgio Percipalle
- Program in Biology, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Masson
- Lipids Nutrition Cancer-LNC, INSERM-Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Stanley Ching-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fabio Martinon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Julijana Ivanisevic
- Metabolomics Platform, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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221
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Reina-Campos M, Scharping NE, Goldrath AW. CD8 + T cell metabolism in infection and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:718-738. [PMID: 33981085 PMCID: PMC8806153 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells play a key role in the elimination of intracellular infections and malignant cells and can provide long-term protective immunity. In the response to infection, CD8+ T cell metabolism is coupled to transcriptional, translational and epigenetic changes that are driven by extracellular metabolites and immunological signals. These programmes facilitate the adaptation of CD8+ T cells to the diverse and dynamic metabolic environments encountered in the circulation and in the tissues. In the setting of disease, both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic metabolic cues contribute to CD8+ T cell dysfunction. In addition, changes in whole-body metabolism, whether through voluntary or disease-induced dietary alterations, can influence CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity. Defining the metabolic adaptations of CD8+ T cells in specific tissue environments informs our understanding of how these cells protect against pathogens and tumours and maintain tissue health at barrier sites. Here, we highlight recent findings revealing how metabolic networks enforce specific CD8+ T cell programmes and discuss how metabolism is integrated with CD8+ T cell differentiation and function and determined by environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Reina-Campos
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicole E. Scharping
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ananda W. Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,
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222
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Han C, Ge M, Ho PC, Zhang L. Fueling T-cell Antitumor Immunity: Amino Acid Metabolism Revisited. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:1373-1382. [PMID: 34716193 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T cells are the key players in eliminating malignant tumors. Adoptive transfer of tumor antigen-specific T cells and immune checkpoint blockade has yielded durable antitumor responses in the clinic, but not all patients respond initially and some that do respond eventually have tumor progression. Thus, new approaches to enhance the utility of immunotherapy are needed. T-cell activation and differentiation status are tightly controlled at the transcriptional, epigenetic, and metabolic levels. Amino acids are involved in multiple steps of T-cell antitumor immunity, including T-cell activation, proliferation, effector function, memory formation as well as functional exhaustion. In this review, we briefly discuss how amino acid metabolism is linked to T-cell fate decisions and summarize how amino acid deprivation or accumulation of certain amino acid metabolites within the tumor microenvironment diminishes T-cell functionality. Furthermore, we discuss potential strategies for immunotherapy via modulating amino acid metabolism either in T cells intrinsically or extrinsically to achieve therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfeng Han
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Minmin Ge
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. .,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
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223
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Fan C, Kam S, Ramadori P. Metabolism-Associated Epigenetic and Immunoepigenetic Reprogramming in Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205250. [PMID: 34680398 PMCID: PMC8534280 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic changes have been characterized as hallmarks of liver cancer. Independently of etiology, oncogenic pathways as well as the availability of different energetic substrates critically influence cellular metabolism, and the resulting perturbations often cause aberrant epigenetic alterations, not only in cancer cells but also in the hepatic tumor microenvironment. Metabolic intermediates serve as crucial substrates for various epigenetic modulations, from post-translational modification of histones to DNA methylation. In turn, epigenetic changes can alter the expression of metabolic genes supporting on the one hand, the increased energetic demand of cancer cells and, on the other hand, influence the activity of tumor-associated immune cell populations. In this review, we will illustrate the most recent findings about metabolic reprogramming in liver cancer. We will focus on the metabolic changes characterizing the tumor microenvironment and on how these alterations impact on epigenetic mechanisms involved in the malignant progression. Furthermore, we will report our current knowledge about the influence of cancer-specific metabolites on epigenetic reprogramming of immune cells and we will highlight how this favors a tumor-permissive immune environment. Finally, we will review the current strategies to target metabolic and epigenetic pathways and their therapeutic potential in liver cancer, alone or in combinatorial approaches.
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224
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Kumar S, Ashraf R, C K A. Mitochondrial dynamics regulators: implications for therapeutic intervention in cancer. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 38:377-406. [PMID: 34661828 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09662-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regardless of the recent advances in therapeutic developments, cancer is still among the primary causes of death globally, indicating the need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Mitochondria, a dynamic organelle, continuously undergo the fusion and fission processes to meet cell requirements. The balanced fission and fusion processes, referred to as mitochondrial dynamics, coordinate mitochondrial shape, size, number, energy metabolism, cell cycle, mitophagy, and apoptosis. An imbalance between these opposing events alters mitochondWangrial dynamics, affects the overall mitochondrial shape, and deregulates mitochondrial function. Emerging evidence indicates that alteration of mitochondrial dynamics contributes to various aspects of tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Therefore, targeting the mitochondrial dynamics regulator could be a potential therapeutic approach for cancer treatment. This review will address the role of imbalanced mitochondrial dynamics in mitochondrial dysfunction during cancer progression. We will outline the clinical significance of mitochondrial dynamics regulators in various cancer types with recent updates in cancer stemness and chemoresistance and its therapeutic potential and clinical utility as a predictive biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Karkambadi Road, Rami Reddy Nagar, Mangalam, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India.
| | - Rahail Ashraf
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Karkambadi Road, Rami Reddy Nagar, Mangalam, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India
| | - Aparna C K
- Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Karkambadi Road, Rami Reddy Nagar, Mangalam, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India
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225
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Ma F, Vayalil J, Lee G, Wang Y, Peng G. Emerging role of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles in T cell suppression and dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003217. [PMID: 34642246 PMCID: PMC8513270 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic drugs including immune checkpoint blockade antibodies have been approved to treat patients in many types of cancers. However, some patients have little or no reaction to the immunotherapy drugs. The mechanisms underlying resistance to tumor immunotherapy are complicated and involve multiple aspects, including tumor-intrinsic factors, formation of immunosuppressive microenvironment, and alteration of tumor and stromal cell metabolism in the tumor microenvironment. T cell is critical and participates in every aspect of antitumor response, and T cell dysfunction is a severe barrier for effective immunotherapy for cancer. Emerging evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by tumor is one of the major factors that can induce T cell dysfunction. Tumor-derived EVs are widely distributed in serum, tissues, and the tumor microenvironment of patients with cancer, which serve as important communication vehicles for cancer cells. In addition, tumor-derived EVs can carry a variety of immune suppressive signals driving T cell dysfunction for tumor immunity. In this review, we explore the potential mechanisms employed by tumor-derived EVs to control T cell development and effector function within the tumor microenvironment. Especially, we focus on current understanding of how tumor-derived EVs molecularly and metabolically reprogram T cell fates and functions for tumor immunity. In addition, we discuss potential translations of targeting tumor-derived EVs to reconstitute suppressive tumor microenvironment or to develop antigen-based vaccines and drug delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiya Ma
- Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jensen Vayalil
- Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Grace Lee
- Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Guangyong Peng
- Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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226
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Somarribas Patterson LF, Vardhana SA. Metabolic regulation of the cancer-immunity cycle. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:975-993. [PMID: 34610889 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cancer-immunity cycle (CIC) comprises a series of events that are required for immune-mediated control of tumor growth. Interruption of one or more steps of the CIC enables tumors to evade immunosurveillance. However, attempts to restore antitumor immunity by reactivating the CIC have had limited success thus far. Recently, numerous studies have implicated metabolic reprogramming of tumor and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) as key contributors to immune evasion. In this opinion, we propose that alterations in cellular metabolism during tumorigenesis promote both initiation and disruption of the CIC. We also provide a rationale for metabolically targeting the TME, which may assist in improving tumor responsiveness to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-transduced T cells or immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Somarribas Patterson
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Santosha A Vardhana
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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227
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Ross SH, Rollings CM, Cantrell DA. Quantitative Analyses Reveal How Hypoxia Reconfigures the Proteome of Primary Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712402. [PMID: 34603285 PMCID: PMC8484760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic and nutrient-sensing pathways play an important role in controlling the efficacy of effector T cells. Oxygen is a critical regulator of cellular metabolism. However, during immune responses T cells must function in oxygen-deficient, or hypoxic, environments. Here, we used high resolution mass spectrometry to investigate how the proteome of primary murine CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is reconfigured in response to hypoxia in vitro. We identified and quantified over 7,600 proteins and discovered that hypoxia increased the abundance of a selected number of proteins in CTLs. This included glucose transporters, metabolic enzymes, transcription factors, cytolytic effector molecules, checkpoint receptors and adhesion molecules. While some of these proteins may augment the effector functions of CTLs, others may limit their cytotoxicity. Moreover, we determined that hypoxia could inhibit IL-2-induced proliferation cues and antigen-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in CTLs. These data provide a comprehensive resource for understanding the magnitude of the CTL response to hypoxia and emphasise the importance of oxygen-sensing pathways for controlling CD8+ T cells. Additionally, this study provides new understanding about how hypoxia may promote the effector function of CTLs, while contributing to their dysfunction in some contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Ross
- Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Christina M Rollings
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Doreen A Cantrell
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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228
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Rostamian H, Khakpoor-Koosheh M, Fallah-Mehrjardi K, Mirzaei HR, Brown CE. Mitochondria as Playmakers of CAR T-cell Fate and Longevity. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:856-861. [PMID: 34344697 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has led to a paradigm shift in cancer treatment. However, patients often do not benefit from CAR T-cell therapy due to poor persistence of the adoptively transferred cells. Development of strategies based on the generation and maintenance of long-lasting memory T cells may expand the therapeutic effects of CAR T cells. Mitochondrial metabolic pathways play crucial roles in regulating the fate, function, and longevity of T cells. Here, we discuss how reprogramming of mitochondrial metabolic pathways influences function, persistence, and determination of CAR T-cell fate toward a memory phenotype. Moreover, we explore how mitochondrial activity determines persistence and the clinical outcome of CAR T-cell therapy. In addition, we review some strategies for manipulating CAR T-cell mitochondria to improve the survival of CAR T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Rostamian
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khakpoor-Koosheh
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keyvan Fallah-Mehrjardi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid R Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Christine E Brown
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California. .,Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
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229
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Leone RD, Powell JD. Fueling the Revolution: Targeting Metabolism to Enhance Immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:255-260. [PMID: 33648947 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The success of immune-checkpoint blockade and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies has established the remarkable capacity of the immune system to fight cancer. Over the past several years, it has become clear that immune cell responses to cancer are critically dependent upon metabolic programs that are specific to both immune cell type and function. Metabolic features of cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment impose constraints on immune cell metabolism that can favor immunosuppressive phenotypes and block antitumor responses. Advances in both preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that metabolic interventions can dramatically enhance the efficacy of immune-based therapies for cancer. As such, understanding the metabolic requirements of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, as well as the limitations imposed therein, can have significant benefits for informing both current practice and future research in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Leone
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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230
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Dolina JS, Van Braeckel-Budimir N, Thomas GD, Salek-Ardakani S. CD8 + T Cell Exhaustion in Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:715234. [PMID: 34354714 PMCID: PMC8330547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.715234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A paradigm shift in the understanding of the exhausted CD8+ T cell (Tex) lineage is underway. Originally thought to be a uniform population that progressively loses effector function in response to persistent antigen, single-cell analysis has now revealed that CD8+ Tex is composed of multiple interconnected subpopulations. The heterogeneity within the CD8+ Tex lineage is comprised of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) permissive and refractory subsets termed stem-like and terminally differentiated cells, respectively. These populations occupy distinct peripheral and intratumoral niches and are characterized by transcriptional processes that govern transitions between cell states. This review presents key findings in the field to construct an updated view of the spatial, transcriptional, and functional heterogeneity of anti-tumoral CD8+ Tex. These emerging insights broadly call for (re-)focusing cancer immunotherapies to center on the driver mechanism(s) underlying the CD8+ Tex developmental continuum aimed at stabilizing functional subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Dolina
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Graham D Thomas
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer, San Diego, CA, United States
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231
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Transforming growth factor-β-regulated mTOR activity preserves cellular metabolism to maintain long-term T cell responses in chronic infection. Immunity 2021; 54:1698-1714.e5. [PMID: 34233154 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in chronic viral infections and tumors functionally deteriorate, a process known as exhaustion. Exhausted T cells are sustained by precursors of exhausted (Tpex) cells that self-renew while continuously generating exhausted effector (Tex) cells. However, it remains unknown how Tpex cells maintain their functionality. Here, we demonstrate that Tpex cells sustained mitochondrial fitness, including high spare respiratory capacity, while Tex cells deteriorated metabolically over time. Tpex cells showed early suppression of mTOR kinase signaling but retained the ability to activate this pathway in response to antigen receptor signals. Early transient mTOR inhibition improved long-term T cell responses and checkpoint inhibition. Transforming growth factor-β repressed mTOR signaling in exhausted T cells and was a critical determinant of Tpex cell metabolism and function. Overall, we demonstrate that the preservation of cellular metabolism allows Tpex cells to retain long-term functionality to sustain T cell responses during chronic infection.
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232
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Wortman JC, He TF, Solomon S, Zhang RZ, Rosario A, Wang R, Tu TY, Schmolze D, Yuan Y, Yost SE, Li X, Levine H, Atwal G, Lee PP, Yu CC. Spatial distribution of B cells and lymphocyte clusters as a predictor of triple-negative breast cancer outcome. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:84. [PMID: 34210991 PMCID: PMC8249408 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00291-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While tumor infiltration by CD8+ T cells is now widely accepted to predict outcomes, the clinical significance of intratumoral B cells is less clear. We hypothesized that spatial distribution rather than density of B cells within tumors may provide prognostic significance. We developed statistical techniques (fractal dimension differences and a box-counting method 'occupancy') to analyze the spatial distribution of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Our results indicate that B cells in good outcome tumors (no recurrence within 5 years) are spatially dispersed, while B cells in poor outcome tumors (recurrence within 3 years) are more confined. While most TILs are located within the stroma, increased numbers of spatially dispersed lymphocytes within cancer cell islands are associated with a good prognosis. B cells and T cells often form lymphocyte clusters (LCs) identified via density-based clustering. LCs consist either of T cells only or heterotypic mixtures of B and T cells. Pure B cell LCs were negligible in number. Compared to tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), LCs have fewer lymphocytes at lower densities. Both types of LCs are more abundant and more spatially dispersed in good outcomes compared to poor outcome tumors. Heterotypic LCs in good outcome tumors are smaller and more numerous compared to poor outcome. Heterotypic LCs are also closer to cancer islands in a good outcome, with LC size decreasing as they get closer to cancer cell islands. These results illuminate the significance of the spatial distribution of B cells and LCs within tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Wortman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ting-Fang He
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Shawn Solomon
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Robert Z Zhang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Rosario
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Roger Wang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Travis Y Tu
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Schmolze
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Susan E Yost
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Xuefei Li
- Department of Bioengineering and the Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Herbert Levine
- Department of Bioengineering and the Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gurinder Atwal
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Peter P Lee
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.
| | - Clare C Yu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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233
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Madden MZ, Rathmell JC. The Complex Integration of T-cell Metabolism and Immunotherapy. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1636-1643. [PMID: 33795235 PMCID: PMC8295173 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune oncology approaches of adoptive cell therapy and immune checkpoint blockade aim to activate T cells to eliminate tumors. Normal stimulation of resting T cells induces metabolic reprogramming from catabolic and oxidative metabolism to aerobic glycolysis in effector T cells, and back to oxidative metabolism in long-lived memory cells. These metabolic reprogramming events are now appreciated to be essential aspects of T-cell function and fate. Here, we review these transitions, how they are disrupted by T-cell interactions with tumors and the tumor microenvironment, and how they can inform immune oncology to enhance T-cell function against tumors. SIGNIFICANCE: T-cell metabolism plays a central role in T-cell fate yet is altered in cancer in ways that can suppress antitumor immunity. Here, we discuss challenges and opportunities to stimulate effector T-cell metabolism and improve cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Z Madden
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
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234
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PGC1s and Beyond: Disentangling the Complex Regulation of Mitochondrial and Cellular Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136913. [PMID: 34199142 PMCID: PMC8268830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is the central engine of living organisms as it provides energy and building blocks for many essential components of each cell, which are required for specific functions in different tissues. Mitochondria are the main site for energy production in living organisms and they also provide intermediate metabolites required for the synthesis of other biologically relevant molecules. Such cellular processes are finely tuned at different levels, including allosteric regulation, posttranslational modifications, and transcription of genes encoding key proteins in metabolic pathways. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ coactivator 1 (PGC1) proteins are transcriptional coactivators involved in the regulation of many cellular processes, mostly ascribable to metabolic pathways. Here, we will discuss some aspects of the cellular processes regulated by PGC1s, bringing up some examples of their role in mitochondrial and cellular metabolism, and how metabolic regulation in mitochondria by members of the PGC1 family affects the immune system. We will analyze how PGC1 proteins are regulated at the transcriptional and posttranslational level and will also examine other regulators of mitochondrial metabolism and the related cellular functions, considering approaches to identify novel mitochondrial regulators and their role in physiology and disease. Finally, we will analyze possible therapeutical perspectives currently under assessment that are applicable to different disease states.
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235
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Braun MY. The Natural History of T Cell Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136779. [PMID: 34202553 PMCID: PMC8269353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cells of the immune system, particularly the T lymphocytes, have two main features that distinguish them from the cells of other tissues. They proliferate after activation and have the ability to move in tissues and organs. These characteristics compel them to develop metabolic plasticity in order to fulfil their immune function. This review focuses on the different known mechanisms that allow T cells to adapt their metabolism to the real-life circumstances they operate in, whether it is to exit quiescence, to differentiate into effector cells, or to participate in immune memory formation. Some of the metabolic adaptations to environmental variations that T cells are likely to undergo in their immune monitoring function are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Y Braun
- Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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236
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Carrasco E, Gómez de Las Heras MM, Gabandé-Rodríguez E, Desdín-Micó G, Aranda JF, Mittelbrunn M. The role of T cells in age-related diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 22:97-111. [PMID: 34099898 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Age-related T cell dysfunction can lead to failure of immune tolerance mechanisms, resulting in aberrant T cell-driven cytokine and cytotoxic responses that ultimately cause tissue damage. In this Review, we discuss the role of T cells in the onset and progression of age-associated conditions, focusing on cardiovascular disorders, metabolic dysfunction, neuroinflammation and defective tissue repair and regeneration. We present different mechanisms by which T cells contribute to inflammageing and might act as modulators of age-associated diseases, including through enhanced pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity, defective clearance of senescent cells or regulation of the gut microbiota. Finally, we propose that 'resetting' immune system tolerance or targeting pathogenic T cells could open up new therapeutic opportunities to boost resilience to age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Carrasco
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias (UAM); Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias (UAM); Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel M Gómez de Las Heras
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias (UAM); Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Gabandé-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias (UAM); Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriela Desdín-Micó
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias (UAM); Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Aranda
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias (UAM); Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Mittelbrunn
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias (UAM); Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
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237
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Abhimanyu, Ontiveros CO, Guerra-Resendez RS, Nishiguchi T, Ladki M, Hilton IB, Schlesinger LS, DiNardo AR. Reversing Post-Infectious Epigenetic-Mediated Immune Suppression. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688132. [PMID: 34163486 PMCID: PMC8215363 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response must balance the pro-inflammatory, cell-mediated cytotoxicity with the anti-inflammatory and wound repair response. Epigenetic mechanisms mediate this balance and limit host immunity from inducing exuberant collateral damage to host tissue after severe and chronic infections. However, following treatment for these infections, including sepsis, pneumonia, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, tuberculosis (TB) or schistosomiasis, detrimental epigenetic scars persist, and result in long-lasting immune suppression. This is hypothesized to be one of the contributing mechanisms explaining why survivors of infection have increased all-cause mortality and increased rates of unrelated secondary infections. The mechanisms that induce epigenetic-mediated immune suppression have been demonstrated in-vitro and in animal models. Modulation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) or nuclear receptor (NR4A) pathways is able to block or reverse the development of detrimental epigenetic scars. Similarly, drugs that directly modify epigenetic enzymes, such as those that inhibit histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitors, DNA hypomethylating agents or modifiers of the Nucleosome Remodeling and DNA methylation (NuRD) complex or Polycomb Repressive Complex (PRC) have demonstrated capacity to restore host immunity in the setting of cancer-, LCMV- or murine sepsis-induced epigenetic-mediated immune suppression. A third clinically feasible strategy for reversing detrimental epigenetic scars includes bioengineering approaches to either directly reverse the detrimental epigenetic marks or to modify the epigenetic enzymes or transcription factors that induce detrimental epigenetic scars. Each of these approaches, alone or in combination, have ablated or reversed detrimental epigenetic marks in in-vitro or in animal models; translational studies are now required to evaluate clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanyu
- The Global Tuberculosis Program, William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Immigrant and Global Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Carlos O Ontiveros
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States.,UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Rosa S Guerra-Resendez
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Graduate Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tomoki Nishiguchi
- The Global Tuberculosis Program, William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Immigrant and Global Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Malik Ladki
- The Global Tuberculosis Program, William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Immigrant and Global Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Isaac B Hilton
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Graduate Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Andrew R DiNardo
- The Global Tuberculosis Program, William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Immigrant and Global Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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238
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Martins CP, New LA, O’Connor EC, Previte DM, Cargill KR, Tse IL, Sims- Lucas S, Piganelli JD. Glycolysis Inhibition Induces Functional and Metabolic Exhaustion of CD4 + T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669456. [PMID: 34163475 PMCID: PMC8216385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), CD4+ T cells initiate autoimmune attack of pancreatic islet β cells. Importantly, bioenergetic programs dictate T cell function, with specific pathways required for progression through the T cell lifecycle. During activation, CD4+ T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to the less efficient aerobic glycolysis, similarly to highly proliferative cancer cells. In an effort to limit tumor growth in cancer, use of glycolytic inhibitors have been successfully employed in preclinical and clinical studies. This strategy has also been utilized to suppress T cell responses in autoimmune diseases like Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). However, modulating T cell metabolism in the context of T1D has remained an understudied therapeutic opportunity. In this study, we utilized the small molecule PFK15, a competitive inhibitor of the rate limiting glycolysis enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6- biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3). Our results confirmed PFK15 inhibited glycolysis utilization by diabetogenic CD4+ T cells and reduced T cell responses to β cell antigen in vitro. In an adoptive transfer model of T1D, PFK15 treatment delayed diabetes onset, with 57% of animals remaining euglycemic at the end of the study period. Protection was due to induction of a hyporesponsive T cell phenotype, characterized by increased and sustained expression of the checkpoint molecules PD-1 and LAG-3 and downstream functional and metabolic exhaustion. Glycolysis inhibition terminally exhausted diabetogenic CD4+ T cells, which was irreversible through restimulation or checkpoint blockade in vitro and in vivo. In sum, our results demonstrate a novel therapeutic strategy to control aberrant T cell responses by exploiting the metabolic reprogramming of these cells during T1D. Moreover, the data presented here highlight a key role for nutrient availability in fueling T cell function and has implications in our understanding of T cell biology in chronic infection, cancer, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina P. Martins
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lee A. New
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Erin C. O’Connor
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Dana M. Previte
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kasey R. Cargill
- Department of Pediatrics, Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Isabelle L. Tse
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sunder Sims- Lucas
- Department of Pediatrics, Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jon D. Piganelli
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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239
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Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, but efficacy remains limited in most clinical settings. Cancer is a systemic disease that induces many functional and compositional changes to the immune system as a whole. Immunity is regulated by interactions of diverse cell lineages across tissues. Therefore, an improved understanding of tumour immunology must assess the systemic immune landscape beyond the tumour microenvironment (TME). Importantly, the peripheral immune system is required to drive effective natural and therapeutically induced antitumour immune responses. In fact, emerging evidence suggests that immunotherapy drives new immune responses rather than the reinvigoration of pre-existing immune responses. However, new immune responses in individuals burdened with tumours are compromised even beyond the TME. Herein, we aim to comprehensively outline the current knowledge of systemic immunity in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamir J Hiam-Galvez
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Breanna M Allen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew H Spitzer
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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240
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Raynor JL, Chapman NM, Chi H. Metabolic Control of Memory T-Cell Generation and Stemness. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a037770. [PMID: 33820774 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The formation of long-lived memory T cells is a critical feature of the adaptive immune response. T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to establish a functional memory population. While initial studies characterized key metabolic pathways necessary for memory T-cell development, recent findings highlight that metabolic regulation of memory T-cell subsets is diverse. Here we describe the different requirements for metabolic programs and metabolism-related signaling pathways in memory T-cell development. We further discuss the contribution of cellular metabolism to memory T-cell functional reprogramming and stemness within acute and chronic inflammatory environments. Last, we highlight knowledge gaps and propose approaches to determine the roles of metabolites and metabolic enzymes in memory T-cell fate. Understanding how cellular metabolism regulates a functionally diverse memory population will undoubtedly provide new therapeutic insights to modulate protective T-cell immunity in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana L Raynor
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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241
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Metabolic reprogramming of terminally exhausted CD8 + T cells by IL-10 enhances anti-tumor immunity. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:746-756. [PMID: 34031618 PMCID: PMC7610876 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
T cell exhaustion presents one of the major hurdles to cancer immunotherapy. Among exhausted CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), the terminally exhausted subset contributes directly to tumor cell killing owing to its cytotoxic effector function. However, this subset does not respond to immune checkpoint blockades and is difficult to be reinvigorated with restored proliferative capacity. Here, we show that a half-life–extended interleukin (IL)-10/Fc fusion protein directly and potently enhanced expansion and effector function of terminally exhausted CD8+ TILs by promoting oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), a process independent of the progenitor exhausted T cells. IL-10/Fc was a safe and highly efficient metabolic intervention that synergized with adoptive T cell transfer immunotherapy, leading to eradication of established solid tumors and durable cures in a majority of treated mice. These findings show that metabolic reprogramming by upregulating mitochondrial pyruvate carrier-dependent OXPHOS can revitalize terminally exhausted T cells and enhance the response to cancer immunotherapy.
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242
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Mittelbrunn M, Kroemer G. Hallmarks of T cell aging. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:687-698. [PMID: 33986548 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aged adaptive immune system is characterized by progressive dysfunction as well as increased autoimmunity. This decline is responsible for elevated susceptibility to infection and cancer, as well as decreased vaccination efficacy. Recent evidence indicates that CD4+ T cell-intrinsic alteratins contribute to chronic inflammation and are sufficient to accelerate an organism-wide aging phenotype, supporting the idea that T cell aging plays a major role in body-wide deterioration. In this Review, we propose ten molecular hallmarks to represent common denominators of T cell aging. These hallmarks are grouped into four primary hallmarks (thymic involution, mitochondrial dysfunction, genetic and epigenetic alterations, and loss of proteostasis) and four secondary hallmarks (reduction of the TCR repertoire, naive-memory imbalance, T cell senescence, and lack of effector plasticity), and together they explain the manifestation of the two integrative hallmarks (immunodeficiency and inflammaging). A major challenge now is weighing the relative impact of these hallmarks on T cell aging and understanding their interconnections, with the final goal of defining molecular targets for interventions in the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mittelbrunn
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France. .,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. .,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France. .,Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China. .,Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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243
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Bai K, Li X, Zhong J, Ng EHY, Yeung WSB, Lee CL, Chiu PCN. Placenta-Derived Exosomes as a Modulator in Maternal Immune Tolerance During Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:671093. [PMID: 34046039 PMCID: PMC8144714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.671093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles with an average diameter of ~100nm. Exosomes are released by all cells through an endosome-dependent pathway and carry nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, cytokines and metabolites, mirroring the state of the originating cells. The function of exosomes has been implicated in various reproduction processes, such as embryo development, implantation, decidualization and placentation. Placenta-derived exosomes (pEXO) can be detected in the maternal blood as early as 6 weeks after conception and their levels increase with gestational age. Importantly, alternations in the molecular signatures of pEXO are observed in pregnancy-related complications. Thus, these differentially expressed molecules could be the potential biomarkers for diagnosis of the pregnancy-associated diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that pEXO play a key role in the establishment of maternal immune tolerance, which is critical for a successful pregnancy. To gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanism, we highlighted the advanced studies of pEXO on immune cells in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunfeng Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xintong Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jiangming Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ernest H Y Ng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - William S B Yeung
- The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheuk-Lun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Philip C N Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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244
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Abstract
Autophagy is a regulated mechanism that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular components and recycles metabolic substrates. In response to stress signals in the tumour microenvironment, the autophagy pathway is altered in tumour cells and immune cells - thereby differentially affecting tumour progression, immunity and therapy. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of the immunologically associated roles and modes of action of the autophagy pathway in cancer progression and therapy, and discuss potential approaches targeting autophagy to enhance antitumour immunity and improve the efficacy of current cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houjun Xia
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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245
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Abstract
Several non-redundant features of the tumour microenvironment facilitate immunosuppression and limit anticancer immune responses. These include physical barriers to immune infiltration, the recruitment of suppressive immune cells and the upregulation of ligands on tumour cells that bind to inhibitory receptors on immune cells. Recent insights into the importance of the metabolic restrictions imposed by the tumour microenvironment on antitumour T cells have begun to inform immunotherapeutic anticancer strategies. Therapeutics that target metabolic restrictions, such as low glucose levels, a low pH, hypoxia and the generation of suppressive metabolites, have shown promise as combination therapies for different types of cancer. In this Review, we discuss the metabolic aspects of the antitumour T cell response in the context of immune checkpoint blockade, adoptive cell therapy and treatment with oncolytic viruses, and discuss emerging combination strategies.
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246
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Jenkins Y, Zabkiewicz J, Ottmann O, Jones N. Tinkering under the Hood: Metabolic Optimisation of CAR-T Cell Therapy. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10020017. [PMID: 33925949 PMCID: PMC8167549 DOI: 10.3390/antib10020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells are one of the most exciting areas of immunotherapy to date. Clinically available CAR-T cells are used to treat advanced haematological B-cell malignancies with complete remission achieved at around 30-40%. Unfortunately, CAR-T cell success rates are even less impressive when considering a solid tumour. Reasons for this include the paucity of tumour specific targets and greater degree of co-expression on normal tissues. However, there is accumulating evidence that considerable competition for nutrients such as carbohydrates and amino acids within the tumour microenvironment (TME) coupled with immunosuppression result in mitochondrial dysfunction, exhaustion, and subsequent CAR-T cell depletion. In this review, we will examine research avenues being pursued to dissect the various mechanisms contributing to the immunosuppressive TME and outline in vitro strategies currently under investigation that focus on boosting the metabolic program of CAR-T cells as a mechanism to overcome the immunosuppressive TME. Various in vitro and in vivo techniques boost oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial fitness in CAR-T cells, resulting in an enhanced central memory T cell compartment and increased anti-tumoural immunity. These include intracellular metabolic enhancers and extracellular in vitro culture optimisation pre-infusion. It is likely that the next generation of CAR-T products will incorporate these elements of metabolic manipulation in CAR-T cell design and manufacture. Given the importance of immunometabolism and T cell function, it is critical that we identify ways to metabolically armour CAR-T cells to overcome the hostile TME and increase clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Jenkins
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK;
| | - Joanna Zabkiewicz
- Experimental Cancer Medicine Center, Department of Haematology, Heath Hospital, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (J.Z.); (O.O.)
| | - Oliver Ottmann
- Experimental Cancer Medicine Center, Department of Haematology, Heath Hospital, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (J.Z.); (O.O.)
| | - Nicholas Jones
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK;
- Correspondence:
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247
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Rossi A, Pacella I, Piconese S. RNA Flow Cytometry for the Study of T Cell Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083906. [PMID: 33918901 PMCID: PMC8069477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells undergo activation and differentiation programs along a continuum of states that can be tracked through flow cytometry using a combination of surface and intracellular markers. Such dynamic behavior is the result of transcriptional and post-transcriptional events, initiated and sustained by the activation of specific transcription factors and by epigenetic remodeling. These signaling pathways are tightly integrated with metabolic routes in a bidirectional manner: on the one hand, T cell receptors and costimulatory molecules activate metabolic reprogramming; on the other hand, metabolites modify T cell transcriptional programs and functions. Flow cytometry represents an invaluable tool to analyze the integration of phenotypical, functional, metabolic and transcriptional features, at the single cell level in heterogeneous T cell populations, and from complex microenvironments, with potential clinical application in monitoring the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the most recent advances in flow cytometry-based analysis of gene expression, in combination with indicators of mitochondrial activity, with the aim of revealing and characterizing major metabolic pathways in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rossi
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy; (A.R.); (I.P.)
| | - Ilenia Pacella
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy; (A.R.); (I.P.)
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy; (A.R.); (I.P.)
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence:
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248
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Navarro MN, Gómez de Las Heras MM, Mittelbrunn M. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism in the immune response, autoimmunity and inflammageing. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:1839-1856. [PMID: 33817782 PMCID: PMC9292562 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is dynamically regulated to accompany immune cell function, and altered immunometabolism can result in impaired immune responses. Concomitantly, the pharmacological manipulation of metabolic processes offers an opportunity for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory disorders. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a critical metabolic intermediate that serves as enzyme cofactor in redox reactions, and is also used as a co‐substrate by many enzymes such as sirtuins, adenosine diphosphate ribose transferases and synthases. Through these activities, NAD+ metabolism regulates a broad spectrum of cellular functions such as energy metabolism, DNA repair, regulation of the epigenetic landscape and inflammation. Thus, the manipulation of NAD+ availability using pharmacological compounds such as NAD+ precursors can have immune‐modulatory properties in inflammation. Here, we discuss how the NAD+ metabolism contributes to the immune response and inflammatory conditions, with a special focus on multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases and inflammageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N Navarro
- Interactions With The Environment Program, Immune System Development and Function Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel M Gómez de Las Heras
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Mittelbrunn
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
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249
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Buang N, Tapeng L, Gray V, Sardini A, Whilding C, Lightstone L, Cairns TD, Pickering MC, Behmoaras J, Ling GS, Botto M. Type I interferons affect the metabolic fitness of CD8 + T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1980. [PMID: 33790300 PMCID: PMC8012390 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have high expression of type I IFN-stimulated genes. Mitochondrial abnormalities have also been reported, but the contribution of type I IFN exposure to these changes is unknown. Here, we show downregulation of mitochondria-derived genes and mitochondria-associated metabolic pathways in IFN-High patients from transcriptomic analysis of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cells from these patients have enlarged mitochondria and lower spare respiratory capacity associated with increased cell death upon rechallenge with TCR stimulation. These mitochondrial abnormalities can be phenocopied by exposing CD8+ T cells from healthy volunteers to type I IFN and TCR stimulation. Mechanistically these 'SLE-like' conditions increase CD8+ T cell NAD+ consumption resulting in impaired mitochondrial respiration and reduced cell viability, both of which can be rectified by NAD+ supplementation. Our data suggest that type I IFN exposure contributes to SLE pathogenesis by promoting CD8+ T cell death via metabolic rewiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norzawani Buang
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lunnathaya Tapeng
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Victor Gray
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Sardini
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chad Whilding
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Liz Lightstone
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial Lupus Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas D Cairns
- Imperial Lupus Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Matthew C Pickering
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial Lupus Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jacques Behmoaras
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Guang Sheng Ling
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Marina Botto
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Imperial Lupus Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
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250
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Qiao G, Chen M, Mohammadpour H, MacDonald CR, Bucsek MJ, Hylander BL, Barbi JJ, Repasky EA. Chronic Adrenergic Stress Contributes to Metabolic Dysfunction and an Exhausted Phenotype in T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:651-664. [PMID: 33762351 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction and exhaustion in tumor-infiltrating T cells have been linked to ineffectual antitumor immunity and the failure of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. We report here that chronic stress plays a previously unrecognized role in regulating the state of T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Using two mouse tumor models, we found that blocking chronic adrenergic stress signaling using the pan β-blocker propranolol or by using mice lacking the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) results in reduced tumor growth rates with significantly fewer tumor-infiltrating T cells that express markers of exhaustion, with a concomitant increase in progenitor exhausted T cells. We also report that blocking β-AR signaling in mice increases glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), which associated with increased expression of the costimulatory molecule CD28 and increased antitumor effector functions, including increased cytokine production. Using T cells from Nur77-GFP reporter mice to monitor T-cell activation, we observed that stress-induced β-AR signaling suppresses T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Together, these data suggest that chronic stress-induced adrenergic receptor signaling serves as a "checkpoint" of immune responses and contributes to immunosuppression in the TME by promoting T-cell metabolic dysfunction and exhaustion. These results also support the possibility that chronic stress, which unfortunately is increased in many patients with cancer following their diagnoses, could be exerting a major negative influence on the outcome of therapies that depend upon the status of TILs and support the use of strategies to reduce stress or β-AR signaling in combination with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxi Qiao
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Minhui Chen
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Hemn Mohammadpour
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Cameron R MacDonald
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Mark J Bucsek
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Bonnie L Hylander
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Joseph J Barbi
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Elizabeth A Repasky
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York.
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